Lifespan Development Lesson 2: Developmental Theories
-
Upload
lumen-learning -
Category
Education
-
view
142 -
download
3
description
Transcript of Lifespan Development Lesson 2: Developmental Theories
Developmental Theories
The Relationship between and Research What is a theory?
An explanationSuggests what, how, or whyIn development, it explains
changein us over time
A guideline for researchHelps us understand research
It is not a fact.
Theories of Motivation
Psychodynamic Theories
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory: Background Freud: (b.1856-
d.1939) Hysteria “talking cure” early childhood Mental illness
and reality
Defense Mechanisms Repression Regression Rationalization Denial Sublimation Displacement Projection Reaction
Formation
Freud’s Parts of the Self
Id Ego Superego
Psychosexual Development
Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Student of Freud’s
Emphasized the Ego
Father of Developmental Psychology
Erikson’s First Four Stages
Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlers)
Initiative vs. Guilt (early childhood)
Industry vs. Inferiority (middle childhood)
Erikson’s Last Four Stages Identity vs. Role
Confusion (teens) Intimacy vs.
Isolation (early adulthood)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (midlife adults)
Integrity vs. Despair (late adults)
Test Yourself Who is the father of developmental
psychology? According to Freud, which part of
the self are we born with? At what age do we establish a basic
sense of trust, per Erikson? Name and describe one defense
mechanism. When does the ego develop? How would you test Freudian
concepts?
Learning Theories
Focus on how we learn and emphasizes behaviors that can be seen rather than internal motivation
Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Learning through
association Feelings or
emotions Gut level reactions
of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
Pavlov’s DogsOne of Pavlov’s Dogs(Robert K. Lawton)
Classical Conditioning Terms
Before conditioning Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response
After conditioning Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response
WHO CARES ABOUT PAVLOV’S DOGS?
Watson and Behaviorism Watson built on
Pavlov’s work Parenting
expert in the 1920s
Kids can be taught to love or hate anything!
Little Albert
Who Else Cares?
ADVERTIZERS
Operant Conditioning Why repeat
actions? Law of Effect Reinforcement
not criticism
Reinforcers
Reinforcer defined Intrinsic or primary reinforcers Extrinsic or secondary
reinforcers
Primary or Secondary?
Food College Degree
Money
Big House Hug Car
Job Compliment Award
Positive Reinforcers
Adding An example? How do you positively
reinforce others?
Negative Reinforcers
Subtraction An example? How do you negatively
reinforce others?
Punishment
Stopping behavior Less effective than reinforcers. Suppresses rather than stops Doesn’t indicate desired
behavior. Leads to a focus on mistakes.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Social Learning Theory
Learn from others without conditioning
Modeling Albert Bandura and the Bobo
Doll Experiment on Aggression
How did you learn?
To kiss? To drive? To be afraid of the dark? To do your job?
Cognitive Theories
How thinking changes over time
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development “father of
cognitive psychology”
how children think and reason
Maturation
Piaget’s Principles: Equilibrium
Cognitive Equilibrium:
A balance between what we see and what we know
Piaget’s Principles: Schema
Schema: Mental box containing a concept
Piaget’s Principles: Assimilation
Assimilation:
Similarity between what we see and what we already know
Piaget’s Principles: Accommodation
Accommodation:
Changing our mind to adjust to new people, objects, experiences, etc.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor (birth to 2) Preoperational (early childhood) Concrete operational (middle
childhood) Formal Operational (adolescence or
adulthood)
Sociocultural Theory: Vygotsky Cognitive
abilities change with guidance
Scaffolding Zone of
Proximal Development: potential
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model
A focus on context
The Ecological Systems Model Microsystems Mesosystems Exosystems Macrosystems Chronosystems