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Transcript of Lifelong Education in Hong Kong – The Convergence of Higher and Continuing Education Professor...
Lifelong Education in Hong Kong – The Convergence of Higher and Continuing Education
Professor Enoch C. M.YoungDirectorHKU School of Professional and Continuing Education
East Asia Forum for Adult Education6th General Assembly , Tokyo, JapanNovember 19 – 23, 2005
2
Outline
Hong Kong – The EnvironmentChanging Landscape of HEContribution of Lifelong Education to Human Resource DevelopmentPolicies on Lifelong EducationThe Case of HKU & HKU SPACEConclusion
4
Hong Kong in Figures
Total land area: 1,100 km2
Population: 6.9 million (mid-2004)
Working population: 3.5 million (mid-2004)
GDP: HK$1,282 billion (US$165 billion)
Per capita GDP: HK$186,267 (US$23,940)
Source: Census & Statistics Department, HKSAR at http://www.info.gov.hk/censtatd/eng/hkstat/index2.html
5
Regional Hubs
Good telecommunication infrastructure 65% households with Internet connection 3.8m fixed & 4.6m mobile telephone lines
Open & effective information exchange(e.g. e Government)
Highly efficient transport system 0.5 million arrivals/departures per day; 11 million public transport journeys per day
Rapid development of economic ties with the Pearl River Delta
Source: http://www.info.gov.hk/censtatd/eng/hkstat/hkinf/it_index.html ;
http://www.info.gov.hk/censtatd/eng/hkstat/hkinf/transport_index.html
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Human Capital by Types of Industry
Industrial Types Work Force
Service Industry 85.7% Wholesale, retail, import/export trades
31.7%
Transport, storage, communications 11.4%
Financing, business services, insurance
15.3%
Community, social & personal services
27.3%
Construction & Others 14.3%Source: Census & Statistics Department, HKSAR at http://www.info.gov.hk/censtatd/eng/hkstat/hkinf/labour_index.html
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Education (1)
Level Enrollment Percentage
Primary 447,150 45%Secondary 474,050 47%Tertiary 78,750 8%
Total 999,950 100%Source: Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics 2005
Public-funded Sector
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Education (2)
Types Enrollment Percentage
Full-time Tertiary 45,000 3%Part-time Lifelong Education (All levels)*
1,450,000 97%
Total 1,495,000 100%
Self-funded Sector
*Source: Survey on Public Demand of Continuing Education in Hong Kong 2003
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Characteristics of Public-funded HE Sector
Heavily Public-funded US$1.68 billion (5% of 2004/05 Public Expenditure)
Subsidy per student: US$23,500 per year
About 15,000 public-funded First-Year-First-Degree places per yearRepresenting about 18% of relevant age (17-20 years) cohort
Source: Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics 2005
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Characteristics of Self-funded Lifelong Education Sector
Driving force: Extension arms of UniversitiesAlso several large NGOs as major providers, e.g. CaritasFrom the Peripheral (Traditional adult education) to the Mainstream of the Higher Education System (About 1.45m enrollment per year)Firmly established alternative study path to public-funded programmes
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Learners’ Perception of Lifelong Education
Over 73% adult learners regarded Lifelong Education as useful to their career development Obtain recognized qualifications Acquire new skills & knowledge Salary advancement, promotion and change
job or trade
74% plan to further studies within 5 years
Source: Web Survey with Learners in Member Institutions of the Federation for Continuing Education in Tertiary Institutions 2004 (Respondents: 11,857)
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Provision of Higher Education (Full-time )
2004/05Intake
Public-funded
Self-funded Sub-total
Degree 14,830(34%)
1,350(3%)
16,180(37%)
Sub-degree
9,820(23%)
17,080(40%)
26,900(63%)
Sub-total 24,650(57%)
18,430(43%)
43,080*(100%)
*66% of the relevant age cohort in 2004/05
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Economic Development of HK in the last decade
Repositioning itself in the rapid economic development of Great River Delta RegionTransforming to a knowledge-based economyTremendous demand for re-skilling and up-skillingWorking adults’ demand for HE far exceeded the public provision
Self-funded Lifelong Education Sector must grow to close the gap
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Expanding Provision of Higher Education (Part-time )
Awards Enrollment Percentage
Post-graduate 159,000 13%
Bachelor 217,500 19%
Sub-degree 812,000 68%
Total 1,188,500* 100%
Source: Survey on Public Demand of Continuing Education in HK 2003* About 261,000 learners enrolled in Part-time Executive and Short Programmes offered by the Self-funded Higher Education Sector
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Impact of Lifelong Education on Education Profile of Work Force
Attainment/ Year
Lower Secondary or below
Upper Secondary
Tertiary Level
1985 58% 32% 10%
2004 33% 40% 27%
Source: Education and Manpower Bureau, HKSAR athttp://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200511/08/P200511080193.htm
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Upgrading Quality of Work Force through provision of:
Professional courses closely related to the discipline of Accounting, Financial Management, IT, Law, Chinese Medicine & etc.Customized programmes commissioned by employersExecutive Training
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Policies with a Clear Vision
1. Qualifications Framework (QF)2. Reforming Senior Secondary and Hig
her Education3. Increase Post-secondary Opportunit
ies4. Indirect Support to Lifelong Educati
on Sector5. Direct Support to Adult Learners
21
Policy with a Clear Vision:1. Qualifications Framework (QF)
Seven-level QF covering academic, vocational, professional & continuing education sectorObjective standard for different ranks of qualifications & clear pathways for lifelong learningAn associated quality assurance mechanism
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Policy with a Clear Vision:2. Reforming Senior Secondary and HE
“3+3+4” New Academic Structure Diversify the curriculum at the senior
secondary level All students enjoy 6 years of
secondary school education Provide students with multiple
progressive pathways to further studies & employment
Add one extra year to all University courses
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The “3+3+4” New Academic Structure
Senior Secondary (2nd year)
Senior Secondary (3rd year)
Employment
Continuing Education
Junior Secondary (3 years)
Senior Secondary (1st year)
Year 3 & 4
Undergraduate
Year 1 & 2Associate Degree / Higher Diploma
Master
Ph
D
Project Yi Jin
Technicians / Technical Courses
Career-oriented Studies Awards
Re-skilling
Up-skilling
3-year Senior Secondary
3-year Junior Secondary
4-year Under-graduate
24
Policy with a Clear Vision:3. Increase Post-secondary Opportunities
Set policy objective of doubling Post-secondary education provision from 30% to 60% by 2010 Target exceeded (66%) in mid 2005Estimated publicly-funded places around 24,650
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Policy with a Clear Vision:4. Support to Lifelong Education Sector
Multi-faceted indirect support for qualified AD Providers :HK$5 billion of interest free start-up loansLand granted for building Community CollegesGrant Scheme to cover the cost of academic accreditation
26
Policy with a Clear Vision:5. Direct Support to Adult Learners
Multi-faceted support to learnersMaximum Tax Exemption of HK$40,000 per year for individual learnersNon means-tested loan scheme & Means-tested financial assistance scheme for needy studentsLocal AD qualifications accepted for entry to 13 Civil Service gradesContinuing Education Fund (HK$5 billion) for re-imbursement of recognized studies
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Impact of Government Policies on Lifelong Education
Strengthening the Self-funded Sector through multi-faceted supportGreater contribution from learnersStandardization and regularization of QualificationsDiversification of provision
29
University of Hong Kong (HKU)Founded in 1911, Oldest University in HKRanked 39th in the world’s top 200 Universities (UK Times Higher Education Supplement, Nov 2004)
Ranked 3rd in Asia (Asiaweek 2000)
Largest share of research funding among local Universities (Research Grants Council web site)
Admit the best local students39 HKU academic staff as the world’s top 1% scientists (ISI Essential Science Indicators, April 2005)
Source: HKU web site at http://www.hku.hk
30
University of Hong Kong (HKU)
Two agendas:In addition to the traditional Vision & Mission of Research & TeachingThe University also endeavors:
“To provide a comprehensive education, developing fully the intellectual and personal strengths of its students while developing and extending lifelong learning opportunities for the community”Source: HKU web site at http://www.hku.hk
31
HKU School of Professional and Continuing Education (HKU SPACE)
1956 Established as HKU’s Department of Extra-Mural Studies First Continuing Education Unit in the region
1992 Became the School of Professional and Continuing Education1996 Achieved Self-financing Status1999 Incorporated as a non-profit making company limited by guarantee, wholly-owned by HKU
32
Trends in Student Enrollment
Student Enrolments of HKU SPACE(1956-2005)
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
110,000
1956/57 1966/67 1976/77 1986/87 1996/97 2004/05
Academi c Year
Enrol ments107,077
33
HKU SPACE – Great Variety of Academic Programmes
Academic LevelNo. of
CoursesStudent
Enrollment FTE
Postgraduate 66 6,410 1,180Undergraduate 39 24,150 3,350Sub-degree/Higher Diploma 69 5,617 5,583
Diploma/Certificate 161 43,620 5,810Short Courses 671 27,280 2,460Total 1,006 107,077 18,383
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Academic Divisions of HKU SPACE
10 Academic Divisions: Arts and Humanities Accounting Finance Management Studies Marketing Chinese Medicine Health and Applied Sciences Information Technology Law Social Sciences, Urban Studies and Education
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Other Academic Centres of HKU SPACE
HKU SPACE Community CollegeCentre for International Degree ProgrammesCentre for Executive DevelopmentCentre for Language StudiesCentre for Logistics and TransportThe CyberPort Institute of Hong Kong
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Academic Support Units of HKU SPACE
Quality Assurance Finance Human Resources Facilities and Accommodation Public Affairs Information Technology Institutional Research and Business
Development Registry Affairs Alumni Affairs
37
Pioneering Efforts of HKU SPACE
Developed programmes leading to Professional Qualifications Accounting Law Financial Services Chinese Medicine
Collaborated with overseas Universities to bring in programmes that were unavailable in HK
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Pioneering Efforts of HKU SPACE
Development of Associate Degree programme for HK First institution to introduce Associate De
gree programmes in 2000 Commissioned by the Government to co
nduct a Consultancy Study on Associate Degrees in HK
Developed ‘Common Descriptors’ and set the standards for the Sector
39
HKU SPACE as a Major Full-Time HE Provider
Provision of full-time sub-degree education to about 5,700 studentsCollaborated with overseas universities to provide full-time degree education to 800 students
40
HKU SPACE Representative as Policy Advisor
Appointed as member of Manpower Development Committee
assisting to develop & review the QF for Sub-degree & vocational training courses and QA mechanism
Steering Committee on Higher Education Review to inform HE policies
41
A Strong Role in establishing an Academic Quality Assurance System for the Sector
HKU assumes an active role in establishing the Joint Quality Review Committee (JQRC) with other 7 public-funded Universities To oversee the quality of self-funded
sub-degree programmes offered by their CE Units
From self-accreditation to common standards
42
Concluding Remarks
1. Converging of Higher & Continuing Education into a ‘Lifelong Education Paradigm’
2. Government Policy & Learners’ Demand are key forces
3. Convergence will result in greater benefits to learners in terms of greater access & varieties
4. Convergence will result in greater benefits to the Society in terms of Human Resources Capacity Building
Conclusion
The Emergence of Lifelong Education makes the binary line
between Higher Education & Continuing Education disappearing