Life-Span Development Twelfth Edition Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence ©2009...
-
Upload
emanuel-hodgen -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of Life-Span Development Twelfth Edition Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence ©2009...
Life-Span Development Life-Span Development Twelfth EditionTwelfth Edition
Chapter 12:
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Self-EsteemSelf-EsteemSelf-Esteem is the overall way we evaluate
ourselves◦Girls’ self-esteem tends to decline during
adolescence, while boys’ self-esteem increases Girls’ negative body image during pubertal change Greater interest young adolescent girls take in social
relationships Gender differences may be exaggerated
◦Low self-esteem in adolescence is associated with: Poorer mental and physical health Worse economic prospects Higher levels of criminal behavior
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
IdentityIdentity
Vocational/CareerPoliticalReligiousRelationshipAchievement,
Intellectual
SexualCultural/EthnicInterestsPersonalityPhysical
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
IdentityIdentityErikson’s Identity versus Identity Confusion:◦Psychosocial Moratorium: the gap between
childhood security and adult autonomy Adolescents are generally free to try out different
identities and choose what is right for them
◦Adolescents who resolve the conflict emerge with a refreshing, acceptable sense of self
◦Adolescents who do not successfully resolve the conflict suffer identity confusion Withdrawal and isolation Immersion in peers
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
IdentityIdentityFour statuses of identity based on crisis or
commitment◦ Crisis: a period of identity development during which the
individual is exploring alternatives◦ Commitment: a personal investment in identity
Diffusion: individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments
Foreclosure: individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis
Moratorium: individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are absent or weak
Achievement: individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
IdentityIdentity
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
IdentityIdentityKey changes in identity are more likely to
take place in emerging adulthood than in adolescence◦Especially true for vocational choice
One of emerging adulthood’s themes is not having many social commitments◦Developing a positive identity requires
considerable self-discipline and planningIdentity does not remain stable throughout
life◦“MAMA”: repeated cycles of moratorium to
achievement
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
IdentityIdentityFamily atmosphere is important in the
adolescent’s identity development◦ Individuality (self-assertion and separateness)◦Connectedness (mutuality and permeability)
Ethnic Identity: an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership◦Development of a bicultural identity◦ Identity development tends to be more complex
for members of ethnic minority groups
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
IdentityIdentityDowntrend in religious interest among
adolescents has occurred in the 21st centuryAdolescence and adulthood can serve as a
gateway to a spiritual identity that “transcends, but not necessarily excludes” the childhood religion◦Adolescents higher in religiosity are:
Less likely to smoke, drink, use marijuana Less likely to be truant from school and engage in
delinquent activities Less likely to be depressed
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
FamiliesFamiliesParents often have to weigh competing
needs for autonomy and control, independence and connection
Adolescents’ ability to attain autonomy and gain control over their behavior is acquired through appropriate adult reactions to their desire for control
Boys are often given more independence than girls
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
FamiliesFamiliesRole of Attachment:◦Securely attached adolescents are less likely to
engage in problem behaviors such as juvenile delinquency and drug abuse
◦Securely attached adolescents have better peer relations Correlations are moderate
Balancing Freedom and Control:◦Adolescents still need to stay connected to
families◦Parents who play an active role in monitoring and
guiding adolescents’ development are more likely to have adolescents with positive peer relations and lower drug use
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
FamiliesFamiliesParent–Adolescent Conflict:◦Parent–adolescent conflict increases in early
adolescence Conflict typically involves everyday events of family life
◦Disagreements may serve a positive developmental function Conflicts facilitate the adolescent’s transition from being
dependent to becoming autonomous
◦About one in five families engage in prolonged, intense, repeated, unhealthy conflict Associated with various adolescent problems
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
FamiliesFamilies
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
PeersPeersPeer Relationships: ◦Most teens prefer a smaller number of peer
contacts and more intimacy◦Friends become increasingly important in
meeting social needs during adolescence◦Teens with superficial or no friendships tend
to be lonely and have lower self-esteem◦Characteristics of friends have an important
influence Friends’ grade-point average is a consistent
predictor of positive school achievement
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
PeersPeers
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
PeersPeersPeer Pressure:◦Young adolescents conform more to peer
standards than children do Peaks about 8th and 9th grade 14 to 18 years of age is an especially important time
for developing the ability to stand up for one’s beliefs
◦U.S. adolescents are more likely than Japanese adolescents to put peer pressure on their peers to resist parental influence
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
PeersPeersCliques and Crowds:◦Cliques: small groups (2 to 12 individuals),
typically of the same sex and about the same age Based on friendship or similar activities
◦Crowds: larger than cliques and less personal Based on reputation May not spend much time together Usually appear in early adolescence and become
less prominent in late adolescence
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dating and Romantic RelationshipsDating and Romantic Relationships
Adolescents spend considerable time either dating or thinking about dating
Dating can be a source of:◦Recreation◦Status and achievement◦Learning about close relationships◦Mate selection
Adolescents often begin by hanging out together in mixed-sex groups
Cyberdating has become popular among middle-school students
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dating and Romantic RelationshipsDating and Romantic Relationships
Gay Male and Lesbian Youth:◦Many date other-sex peers, which can help
clarify their sexual orientation or disguise it from others
Sociocultural Contexts:◦Differences in dating patterns among ethnic
groups Values, beliefs, and traditions often dictate how and
when adolescents date
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dating and Romantic RelationshipsDating and Romantic RelationshipsDating and Adjustment:◦Adolescents who date are more likely to be
accepted by peers and be perceived as more physically attractive
◦Dating and romantic relationships at an unusually early age have been linked with several problems Lower grades Less active participation in class School-related problems Delinquency Substance use
◦Adolescents who watch soap operas are more likely to date early and have more dating partners
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
CultureCultureCross-Cultural Variations:◦Two-thirds of Asian Indian adolescents accept
marriages arranged by their parents◦Female adolescents in the Philippines sacrifice
their futures to work and send money home◦ In the Middle East, many adolescents are not
allowed to interact with the other sex, even in school
◦Street youth in Kenya survive economically by delinquency or prostitution
◦Russian youth are marrying earlier to legitimize sexual activity
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
CultureCultureHealth:◦Fewer adolescents around the world die from
infectious diseases and malnutrition than in the past
◦Some health-compromising behaviors are increasing in frequency (illicit drug use and unprotected sex)
Gender:◦Experiences of male and female adolescents are
quite different around the world In many countries, adolescent females have much less
freedom than males
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
CultureCultureFamily:◦ In some countries, adolescents grow up in closely
knit families with extensive extended kin networks
◦ In western countries, parenting is less authoritarian and larger numbers of adolescents are growing up in divorced families and stepfamilies
◦Family trends include: Greater family mobility Migration to urban areas Family members working in distant cities or countries Smaller families; fewer extended-family households Increases in mothers’ employment
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
CultureCulturePeers:◦Some cultures give peers a stronger role in
adolescence than others In western nations, peers are prominent in adolescents’
lives In other regions, peer relations are restricted (especially
for girls)Rites of Passage:◦Rite of Passage: ceremony or ritual that marks an
individual’s transition from one status to another◦Vary among cultures
Rich tradition has prevailed in African cultures In the U.S., rites of passage are found in various
religious and social groups
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
EthnicityEthnicityImmigration:◦ Immigrants often experience stressors uncommon
to longtime residents Language barriers Separation from support networks Changes in SES status Struggle to preserve identity and to acculturate
Assimilation: the absorption of ethnic minority groups into the dominant group
Pluralism: the coexistence of distinct ethnic and cultural groups in the same society
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
EthnicityEthnicityEthnicity and Socioeconomic Status:◦Ethnic minorities are overrepresented in the
lower socioeconomic levels of American society
◦Many ethnic minorities experience a double disadvantage: Prejudice, discrimination, and bias Stressful effects of poverty
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
EthnicityEthnicity
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Juvenile DelinquencyJuvenile DelinquencyJuvenile Delinquent: an adolescent who
breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal◦Broad concept that includes many actions, from
littering to murder◦At least 2% of all youth are involved in juvenile
court cases◦More likely to be committed by males, but
involvement by females is increasing◦Property offenses are committed more than any
other crime◦Rates are disproportionately higher for minority
and lower-SES youth
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Juvenile DelinquencyJuvenile DelinquencyShould an adolescent who commits a
crime be charged as an adult?◦One study demonstrated that trying adolescent
offenders as adults increased their crime rateEarly onset (before age 11) antisocial
behavior is associated with more negative outcomes than late onset antisocial behavior◦More likely to persist into adulthood◦More mental health and relationship problems
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Juvenile DelinquencyJuvenile DelinquencyCauses of Delinquency:◦Heredity◦Identity problems◦Community influences◦Family experiences
Parental monitoring is important History of physical abuse Hostile sibling relationships
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Juvenile DelinquencyJuvenile DelinquencyCauses of Delinquency (continued):◦Lower-class culture
Antisocial peer groups and gangs Status given for antisocial behavior Observation of models engaging in criminal
activities Inadequate community resources
◦Cognitive factors Low self-control Low intelligence Lack of sustained attention
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Depression and SuicideDepression and SuicideDepression is more likely to occur in adolescence than
childhood◦ Linear increase from 15 to 22 years of age◦ Earlier onset is linked with more negative outcomes
Depression is consistently higher in girls and women◦ Females tend to ruminate◦ More negative body image◦ Females face more discrimination than males◦ Puberty occurs earlier for girls
Family factors play a role◦ Having a depressed parent◦ Emotionally unavailable parents◦ High marital conflict◦ Parents with financial problems
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Depression and SuicideDepression and SuicidePoor peer relationships are associated
with adolescent depression◦Co-rumination in girls
Depressed adolescents recovered faster when they took an antidepressant and received cognitive behavior therapy than when they received either treatment alone◦Safety concern with certain antidepressants in
adolescence
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Depression and SuicideDepression and SuicideSuicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in
10- to 19-year-oldsFar more adolescents contemplate or attempt
it unsuccessfully than actually commit itFemales are more likely to attempt suicide,
but males are more likely to succeedLesbian and gay male adolescents are only
slightly more likely than heterosexual adolescents to commit suicide
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Depression and SuicideDepression and SuicideOther Risk Factors:◦History of family instability and unhappiness◦Lack of supportive friendships◦Genetic factors◦Depressive symptoms◦Low self-esteem◦High self-blame◦Being overweight
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Depression and SuicideDepression and SuicideSuccessful Intervention Programs
Include:◦Intensive individualized attention◦Community-wide multi-agency collaborative
approaches◦Early identification and intervention
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.