Developing Through the Life Span Chapter 3 1Chapter three Siegerman notes.
Life span chapter 9
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Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence Development in Adolescence 10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age 10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age PowerPoints developed by Jenni PowerPoints developed by Jenni Fauchier, Fauchier, Butchered by Professor Carney Butchered by Professor Carney
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Transcript of Life span chapter 9
Chapter 9Chapter 9
Physical and Cognitive Physical and Cognitive Development in AdolescenceDevelopment in Adolescence
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-AgePowerPoints developed by Jenni Fauchier, PowerPoints developed by Jenni Fauchier,
Butchered by Professor CarneyButchered by Professor Carney
ChallengesChallenges
What were some challenges What were some challenges you had during this time you had during this time period?period?
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
AdolescenceAdolescence
Transitional period Transitional period Continuity & discontinuity with childhoodContinuity & discontinuity with childhood
Time of:Time of: EvaluationEvaluation Decision makingDecision making CommitmentCommitment Finding a place in the worldFinding a place in the world
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Interaction of: Interaction of: GeneticsGenetics BiologyBiology EnvironmentEnvironment Social factors Social factors
Relationships with parents changes.Relationships with parents changes. Example?Example?
AdolescenceAdolescence
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Today’s AdolescentToday’s Adolescent
Temptations Temptations Drug use Drug use Sexual activitySexual activity
What sources?What sources?
Given adequate opportunities & Given adequate opportunities & support to become competent adultssupport to become competent adults Why? Why?
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
PubertyPuberty
Puberty Puberty Rapid physical maturationRapid physical maturation
HormonalHormonalBodily changes Bodily changes
Most noticeable changesMost noticeable changesSigns of sexual maturationSigns of sexual maturationIncreasesIncreases
HeightHeight Weight Weight
PubertyPuberty
PubertyPuberty Most important marker of Most important marker of
beginning of adolescencebeginning of adolescence Ends before adolescence Ends before adolescence
endsends
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Weight & Height Weight & Height The Growth SpurtThe Growth Spurt
Girls Girls Early adolescenceEarly adolescence
Outweigh boysOutweigh boys
Tall or taller than boys Tall or taller than boys Mean age growth spurt at 9 yrs.Mean age growth spurt at 9 yrs.
BoysBoys Mean age growth spurt 11 yrs.Mean age growth spurt 11 yrs.
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Hormonal ChangeHormonal Change
Puberty Puberty interaction of:interaction of: HypothalamusHypothalamus Pituitary glandPituitary gland Gonads Gonads
Particularly Particularly importantimportant
TestesTestes OvariesOvaries
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Hormonal ChangeHormonal ChangeHypothalamusHypothalamus Monitors eating Monitors eating
& sex& sex
Pituitary glandPituitary gland GrowthGrowth Regulates other Regulates other
glandsglandsGonadsGonads
Testes maleTestes male Ovaries femaleOvaries female
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Male Gonads: TestisMale Gonads: Testis
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Hormones: MaleHormones: Male
Gonads: TestosteroneGonads: Testosterone Hormone associated with Hormone associated with
development of:development of:GenitalsGenitals
Increase in heightIncrease in height
Change in voiceChange in voice
1414
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Hormones: FemaleHormones: Female
Ovaries Ovaries 2 groups of female sex hormones 2 groups of female sex hormones
produced in ovariesproduced in ovariesEstrogenEstrogen
Progesterone Progesterone
Estradiol type of estrogenEstradiol type of estrogen Hormone associated with Hormone associated with
development of:development of:BreastBreast
Uterus & vagina Uterus & vagina
SkeletalSkeletal
Distribution of fat Distribution of fat hips, legs, & breast hips, legs, & breast
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Hormones: FemaleHormones: Female
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Hormones: Female & MaleHormones: Female & Male
Testosterone & estradiolTestosterone & estradiol Present in both sexesPresent in both sexes
HormonesHormones
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Age of PubertyAge of PubertyBoysBoys 10-13 ½10-13 ½
GirlsGirls 9-159-15
Affect puberty’s timing & makeupAffect puberty’s timing & makeup NutritionNutrition HealthHealth Other environmental factors?Other environmental factors?
Study 2010 Study 2010 1,000 Girls in 3 American Cities1,000 Girls in 3 American Cities
7-year-olds developing breasts:7-year-olds developing breasts: 10% of white girls10% of white girls 25% of African-American girls25% of African-American girls
5 % 10 years ago5 % 10 years ago
Rise in early puberty linked to:Rise in early puberty linked to: Rise in obesity in U.S. childrenRise in obesity in U.S. children EnvironmentEnvironment GeneticsGenetics
Concerns of breast cancers in these girls laterConcerns of breast cancers in these girls later
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Gender Differences in Body Gender Differences in Body ImageImage
Adolescents preoccupied with Adolescents preoccupied with their bodiestheir bodies
Develop images of what their Develop images of what their bodies are like bodies are like
Girls Girls less happy with their bodiesless happy with their bodies more negative body images more negative body images
Boys Boys More satisfied with their body More satisfied with their body
probably due to muscle mass increasesprobably due to muscle mass increases
73% of adolescents healthy self-73% of adolescents healthy self-image image
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Gender Differences in Body Gender Differences in Body ImageImage
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Early and Late MaturationEarly and Late Maturation
Mature earlier or later perceive Mature earlier or later perceive selves differently selves differently In what ways?In what ways?
Early maturation increases vulnerability Early maturation increases vulnerability to problemsto problems More likely to:More likely to:
SmokeSmokeDrinkDrinkDepressedDepressedEating disorderEating disorderEarlier independence from their parentsEarlier independence from their parentsOlder friendsOlder friendsDateDateEarlier sexual experiencesEarlier sexual experiences
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Early & Late MaturationEarly & Late Maturation
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Brain DevelopmentBrain DevelopmentSignificant Structural ChangesSignificant Structural Changes
Corpus callosum Corpus callosum ThickensThickens
Improves ability to process Improves ability to process information information Corpus callosum connects Corpus callosum connects hemisphereshemispheres
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Developing Sexual IdentityDeveloping Sexual Identity
Learning to manage sexual feelingsLearning to manage sexual feelings Sexual arousalSexual arousal AttractionAttraction Developing intimacyDeveloping intimacy Regulate sexual behaviorRegulate sexual behavior
To avoid undesirable consequencesTo avoid undesirable consequences
Sexual identitySexual identity Indication of sexual orientationIndication of sexual orientation
ActivitiesActivitiesInterestsInterests
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Gay & LesbianGay & Lesbian
Some Some Struggle with same sex attractionStruggle with same sex attraction Mid to late adolescence recognize gay or Mid to late adolescence recognize gay or
lesbianlesbian Date heterosexuallyDate heterosexually Don’t date at allDon’t date at all Bi-sexual attractionsBi-sexual attractions
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
TimingTiming
Beginning of sexual initiation Beginning of sexual initiation varies by:varies by: CountryCountry GenderGender Socioeconomic characteristicsSocioeconomic characteristics
Why?Why?What factors are involved?What factors are involved?
11stst intercourse by 17 intercourse by 17 FemalesFemales
Mali = 72%Mali = 72%U.S. = 47%U.S. = 47%Tanzania = 45%Tanzania = 45%
MalesMalesJamaica = 76%Jamaica = 76%U.S. = 64%U.S. = 64%Brazil = 63%Brazil = 63%
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
TimingTiming
Many early adolescents Many early adolescents not not emotionally preparedemotionally prepared to handle to handle sexual experiencessexual experiences Why?Why?
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
TimingTiming
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Early sexual activity is linked with:Early sexual activity is linked with: Risky behaviorsRisky behaviors
Drug useDrug useDelinquencyDelinquencySchool-related problems School-related problems
Low parental monitoring linked to:Low parental monitoring linked to: Early sexual activityEarly sexual activity More sexual partnersMore sexual partners Less likelihood of condom useLess likelihood of condom use
TimingTiming
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Contraceptive UseContraceptive Use
Contraceptives, many:Contraceptives, many: Don't useDon't use Don’t use consistentlyDon’t use consistently Younger adolescentsYounger adolescents
Less likely to use contraceptivesLess likely to use contraceptives
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Adolescent PregnancyAdolescent Pregnancy
U.S.U.S. 1 of highest adolescent pregnancy & 1 of highest adolescent pregnancy &
childbearing rates in industrialized childbearing rates in industrialized worldworld
Recent declines Recent declines Increased contraceptive useIncreased contraceptive use Fear of sexually transmitted infections Fear of sexually transmitted infections
AIDS AIDS
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Health Risks for Adolescent & Health Risks for Adolescent & BabyBaby
More often infants:More often infants: Low birth weightLow birth weight Neurological problemsNeurological problems Illness Illness
More often moms:More often moms: Drop out of school Drop out of school Even if resume educationEven if resume education
Never catch up economically Never catch up economically Risk for rapid subsequent pregnancyRisk for rapid subsequent pregnancy
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Characteristics of Adolescent Characteristics of Adolescent MothersMothers
Low-SES backgrounds Low-SES backgrounds Poor students before pregnant Poor students before pregnant Some mothersSome mothers Do well in schoolDo well in school Have positive outcomesHave positive outcomes
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Sleep Patterns Sleep Patterns 9 – 10 hrs best9 – 10 hrs best@ 1/2 of adolescents > than 8 hrs sleep@ 1/2 of adolescents > than 8 hrs sleep Results in:Results in:
More tired or sleepyMore tired or sleepyCranky Cranky IrritableIrritableFalling asleep in schoolFalling asleep in schoolDepressed moodDepressed moodDrinking caffeinated beveragesDrinking caffeinated beverages
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Leading Causes of Death in Leading Causes of Death in Adolescence Adolescence
3 leading causes of death in 3 leading causes of death in adolescenceadolescence AccidentsAccidents HomicideHomicide SuicideSuicide
More ½ deaths ages 10 - 19 due to More ½ deaths ages 10 - 19 due to accidentsaccidents Most involve motor vehiclesMost involve motor vehicles
HomicideHomicide 22ndnd leading cause of death leading cause of death
Suicide rate has tripled since Suicide rate has tripled since 1950s1950s Why?Why?
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Leading Causes of Death in Leading Causes of Death in Adolescence Adolescence
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Substance Use & AbuseSubstance Use & Abuse
Drug use declined in U.S.Drug use declined in U.S.
Sizeable declines in alcohol use Sizeable declines in alcohol use
Main source for prescription painkillersMain source for prescription painkillers Parents or of friends’ parents medicine Parents or of friends’ parents medicine
cabinetscabinets
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Role of Parents and PeersRole of Parents and Peers
Drinking alcohol before 14 relates to Drinking alcohol before 14 relates to becoming alcohol-dependentbecoming alcohol-dependent
Reduce drug use & alcohol useReduce drug use & alcohol use Positive relationships with parentsPositive relationships with parents Positive relationships with othersPositive relationships with others Fewer friends who use substancesFewer friends who use substances
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Adolescent EgocentrismAdolescent Egocentrism
Adolescent egocentrismAdolescent egocentrism Heightened self-consciousness of adolescentsHeightened self-consciousness of adolescents
Imaginary audience Imaginary audience Always watchedAlways watched
Personal fable Personal fable UniqueUnique Invincibility or invulnerabilityInvincibility or invulnerability Linked to risky behaviorsLinked to risky behaviors
SmokingSmoking
Drinking Drinking
DelinquencyDelinquency
10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age10-12 to 18-22 Years-of-Age
Information ProcessingInformation ProcessingExecutive functioning improvementExecutive functioning improvement Higher-order cognitive activitiesHigher-order cognitive activities
ReasoningReasoning
Making decisionsMaking decisions
Monitoring thinking criticallyMonitoring thinking critically
Monitoring one’s cognitive progressMonitoring one’s cognitive progress
Improvements in executive functioning Improvements in executive functioning permit: permit: More effective learningMore effective learning Making decisionsMaking decisions Better critical thinkingBetter critical thinking
