Life Life Science Science

SOL SOL ReviewReview

Cell TheoryCell Theory• 3 Key Points3 Key Points

• All living things are All living things are composed of one or composed of one or more cellsmore cells

• All cells come from other All cells come from other cellscells

• All functions may be All functions may be carried out by cellscarried out by cells

Robert Hooke & CellsRobert Hooke & Cells• Looked at cork under a Looked at cork under a

microscopemicroscope• Cork comes from a plantCork comes from a plant• Plant cells look like boxes Plant cells look like boxes

due to their rigid cell walldue to their rigid cell wall• These little “boxes” were These little “boxes” were

the cork cellsthe cork cells

Levels of Cellular Levels of Cellular OrganizationOrganization

• Going from most simple to Going from most simple to most complex:most complex:

Cells Cells Tissues Tissues Organs Organs SystemsSystems

• The cells are the most basicThe cells are the most basic• The systems make up all the The systems make up all the

othersothers

Identifying Organelles & their Identifying Organelles & their FunctionFunction

• ChloroplastChloroplast• ONLY found in plant cells, ONLY found in plant cells,

NOT in animal cellsNOT in animal cells• Organelle used by plants to Organelle used by plants to

generate their own energy generate their own energy or make their own food…or make their own food…used in photosynthesis used in photosynthesis

• Chloroplasts are why the Chloroplasts are why the plant looks greenplant looks green

Identifying Organelles & their Identifying Organelles & their FunctionFunction

• VacuoleVacuole• Responsible for Responsible for STORINGSTORING

food, water, and wastefood, water, and waste

Identifying Organelles & their Identifying Organelles & their FunctionFunction

• NucleusNucleus• Contains DNAContains DNA• Directs the activities of Directs the activities of

the cellthe cell

Identifying Organelles & their Identifying Organelles & their FunctionFunction

• MitochondriaMitochondria• Responsible for the Responsible for the

release of release of ENERGYENERGY to to support cell activitiessupport cell activities

Identifying Organelles & their Identifying Organelles & their FunctionFunction• RibosomesRibosomes

• Site of protein synthesis Site of protein synthesis (where the proteins are (where the proteins are made)made)

• Looks like little black dotsLooks like little black dots• Can be floating around in Can be floating around in

cytoplasm or attached to cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(ER)

Identifying Organelles & their Identifying Organelles & their FunctionFunction

• Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum• Like a highway Like a highway system for the cellsystem for the cell

• Network of Network of membranes membranes

• Important in protein Important in protein transport within the transport within the cellcell

Identifying Organelles & their Identifying Organelles & their FunctionFunction

• Golgi Body or Golgi ApparatusGolgi Body or Golgi Apparatus• Function = package and process the Function = package and process the

products of the endoplasmic products of the endoplasmic reticulum (proteins, lipids, etc.)reticulum (proteins, lipids, etc.)

Organ Systems & FunctionsOrgan Systems & Functions• Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

• BreathingBreathing• Primary organ = lungsPrimary organ = lungs• Need lungs to take in Need lungs to take in

oxygenoxygen• Respiratory system works Respiratory system works

with circulatory (blood) with circulatory (blood) system to pump oxygen to system to pump oxygen to all the body’s cellsall the body’s cells

Organ Systems & FunctionsOrgan Systems & Functions

• Circulatory SystemCirculatory System• RedRed blood cells carry blood cells carry

oxygen from the lungs oxygen from the lungs to the body cellsto the body cells

• Our body’s cells must Our body’s cells must have oxygen to perform have oxygen to perform their basic functionstheir basic functions

Organ Systems & Organ Systems & FunctionsFunctions

• Excretory SystemExcretory System• Purpose = to get rid of wastePurpose = to get rid of waste• Examples:Examples:

• Sweat, #1, & #2 Sweat, #1, & #2 • Another function of sweat Another function of sweat is for temperature control is for temperature control (evaporative cooling)(evaporative cooling)

• Kidneys help filter liquid Kidneys help filter liquid wastewaste

Organ Systems & FunctionsOrgan Systems & Functions• Digestive SystemDigestive System

• Purpose = to get Purpose = to get energy from the food energy from the food we eatwe eat

• Primary OrgansPrimary Organs• StomachStomach• EsophagusEsophagus• Small & Large Small & Large IntestineIntestine

Organ Systems & FunctionsOrgan Systems & Functions• Reproductive SystemReproductive System

• Purpose = to make Purpose = to make babiesbabies

• Primary OrgansPrimary Organs• Sperm & Egg & the Sperm & Egg & the organs that produce organs that produce themthem

Organ Systems & FunctionsOrgan Systems & Functions

• Immune SystemImmune System• Purpose = help keep us Purpose = help keep us

healthyhealthy• Primary Cells: Primary Cells:

• White blood cellsWhite blood cells

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

• Process by which Process by which plants produce their plants produce their own foodown food

• Plants take in carbon Plants take in carbon dioxide & water and dioxide & water and with the help of light with the help of light energy produce energy produce glucose (plant food) glucose (plant food) and oxygenand oxygen

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

carbon dioxide + carbon dioxide + waterwater

light light energyenergy

glucose + glucose + oxygenoxygen

Reactants (Raw Materials)Reactants (Raw Materials) ProductsProducts

This whole process is not only vital for the plants to create their own energy, but vital for humans and all other animals because we NEED OXYGEN…and we don’t want carbon dioxide!

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis • Because plants Because plants produceproduce their own their own food, they are called food, they are called “Producers”“Producers”

• Producers are at the Producers are at the base or the foundation base or the foundation of the food web and of the food web and are a vital part of the are a vital part of the food webfood web

RespirationRespiration• Respiration is kinda like the Respiration is kinda like the

“opposite” of photosynthesis“opposite” of photosynthesis• Photosynthesis produces Photosynthesis produces

oxygen and respiration uses oxygen and respiration uses oxygenoxygen

• ALL CELLS RESPIRE…plant, ALL CELLS RESPIRE…plant, animal, etc. Therefore, both animal, etc. Therefore, both plants and animals need plants and animals need oxygenoxygen

Classification of Life & Classification of Life & CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• One HUGE tool that we use to One HUGE tool that we use to classify organisms is to determine classify organisms is to determine if they have a backbone if they have a backbone

• Another is to determine whether Another is to determine whether they make their own food – they make their own food – animals do NOT make their own animals do NOT make their own food, they must get energy from food, they must get energy from eating something, whereas plants eating something, whereas plants do make their own food do make their own food (photosynthesis)(photosynthesis)

Using Pictures to Determine Using Pictures to Determine FunctionFunction

• In trying to determine if a In trying to determine if a particular animal swims, particular animal swims, look for webbed feetlook for webbed feet

• In trying to determine if a In trying to determine if a seed is carried by wind, seed is carried by wind, look for wingslook for wings

• Be prepared to classify Be prepared to classify animals based on animals based on information in a chart information in a chart

Endoskeleton vs. ExoskeletonEndoskeleton vs. Exoskeleton

• EndoEndoskeleton = bones are skeleton = bones are ininside side • Examples: humans, dogs, cats, Examples: humans, dogs, cats,

deer, etc.deer, etc.

• ExoExoskeleton = skeleton is on skeleton = skeleton is on the the outoutside – it’s crunchyside – it’s crunchy• Examples: insects, lobsters, Examples: insects, lobsters,

crabs, etc. crabs, etc.

Animal & Plant Symmetry Animal & Plant Symmetry • Radial Symmetry = body is equally Radial Symmetry = body is equally

arranged around a central point (like arranged around a central point (like a starburst, or the suna starburst, or the sun

• Bilateral Symmetry = you can draw Bilateral Symmetry = you can draw a line down the middle and the two a line down the middle and the two halves look similar (like a person or halves look similar (like a person or a dog)a dog)

• Asymmetrical = no symmetry at all Asymmetrical = no symmetry at all (like an amoeba) (like an amoeba)

Radial vs. Bilateral Radial vs. Bilateral SymmetrySymmetry

InheritanceInheritance• Some things you get from your Some things you get from your

parents, passed on through your parents, passed on through your DNA (genes), these things are DNA (genes), these things are inheritedinherited • eye color, blood type, height eye color, blood type, height

(to some extent)(to some extent)• Other things depend Other things depend solelysolely on on

your your environmentenvironment (like how much (like how much food you get or how much you food you get or how much you train your body)train your body)• reading skill, endurance, reading skill, endurance,

broken bones, language, etc. broken bones, language, etc.

DNADNA• DNA has several words that are DNA has several words that are

essentially mean the same thing as itessentially mean the same thing as it• GenesGenes• ChromosomesChromosomes• Hereditary InformationHereditary Information• ChromatidsChromatids• Genetic MaterialGenetic Material• The key to all of these is that they The key to all of these is that they

are contained in the nucleus and are contained in the nucleus and they direct the cells activities and they direct the cells activities and they are passed on from generation they are passed on from generation to generation from the parents to to generation from the parents to the childrenthe children

Homozygous vs. HeterozygousHomozygous vs. Heterozygous• ““Homo” means “same”Homo” means “same”

• AA or aaAA or aa• TT or ttTT or tt

• ““Hetero” means Hetero” means “different”“different”• AaAa• TtTt

Phenotype vs. GenotypePhenotype vs. Genotype• Phenotype Phenotype

• What you actually seeWhat you actually see• Ex: purple pea plantsEx: purple pea plants

• Genotype Genotype • What the genes code What the genes code

forfor• Ex: AA or Aa or aaEx: AA or Aa or aa

Dominant vs. RecessiveDominant vs. Recessive• DominantDominant = denoted by a capital = denoted by a capital

letterlettero Genotype = AA or AaGenotype = AA or Aa

• RecessiveRecessive = denoted by a small letter = denoted by a small lettero Genotype = aaGenotype = aa

• Phenotype ExamplePhenotype Example::• AA = purple plantsAA = purple plants• Aa = purple plantsAa = purple plants• aa = white plantsaa = white plants

• THERFORE…purple is dominant THERFORE…purple is dominant over white over white

Dominant vs. Recessive

DominantPurple Pea PlantAA or Aa

RecessiveWhite Pea Plantaa

Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction• Involves only one Involves only one

parentparent• Offspring’s DNA is Offspring’s DNA is

identical to the DNA of identical to the DNA of the parentthe parent

• Does not contribute to Does not contribute to genetic diversitygenetic diversity

Asexual vs. Sexual Asexual vs. Sexual ReproductionReproduction

Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction• Involves only two parentsInvolves only two parents• Offspring gets half the DNA Offspring gets half the DNA

from one parent (Dad = from one parent (Dad = sperm), half the DNA from sperm), half the DNA from the other parent (Mom = the other parent (Mom = egg)egg)

• Good for genetic diversityGood for genetic diversity

MeiosisMeiosis• Cellular reproduction Cellular reproduction

process used to produce process used to produce sperm and eggsperm and egg

• Sperm and egg have Sperm and egg have only half the DNA that only half the DNA that our body (somatic) cells our body (somatic) cells have WHY?have WHY?• Because sperm & egg Because sperm & egg

combine to create the combine to create the zygote (½ + ½ = 1)zygote (½ + ½ = 1)

MitosisMitosis• Cellular reproduction Cellular reproduction

process used to body cells process used to body cells (like skin, liver, etc.)(like skin, liver, etc.)

• During mitosis, the During mitosis, the doubling of chromosomes doubling of chromosomes ensures that both the new ensures that both the new cells have identical cells have identical genetic makeupgenetic makeup

Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Hybrid VigorHybrid Vigor• Genetic Diversity = a good Genetic Diversity = a good

thingthing• Hybrid = a cross between to Hybrid = a cross between to

different species different species • Example: buffalo & cattleExample: buffalo & cattle• This cross between the two This cross between the two

different species often leads to different species often leads to offspring that is better adapted offspring that is better adapted to the environment than either to the environment than either of their parent species of their parent species