Life Life ScienceScience

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Advanced Seed Advanced Seed ProducingProducing

Advanced Advanced Seed Producing Vascular Seed Producing Vascular PlantsPlants

Class: Class: GymnospermaeGymnospermae Class: Class: AngiospermaeAngiospermae

Subclass: Subclass: MonocotyledoneaeMonocotyledoneae Subclass: Subclass: DicotyledoneaeDicotyledoneae

Advanced Seed Advanced Seed Producing Vascular Producing Vascular

PlantsPlants All seed plants share two All seed plants share two characteristics:characteristics: The have vascular tissueThe have vascular tissue They use seeds to They use seeds to

reproducereproduce Vascular Tissue: Phloem, Vascular Tissue: Phloem,

Xylem & CambiumXylem & Cambium PhloemPhloem: Carries Food : Carries Food

Down the plantDown the plant XylemXylem: carries water & : carries water &

Minerals up the plantMinerals up the plant CambiumCambium: Makes new : Makes new

Phloem & Xylem cellsPhloem & Xylem cells

Seeds to ReproduceSeeds to Reproduce A Seed has 3 parts: embryo, A Seed has 3 parts: embryo,

stored food and a protective stored food and a protective seed coatseed coat Cotyledon – stored food

used by embryo until leaves start photosynthesisSeed Coat – outside covering that protects the delicate embryo & cotyledonsMicropyle - little pore on the seed coat that allows water in for germinationPlumule – embryonic 1st leafEpicotyl – embryonic stem “above” the cotyledonHypocotyl – embryonic stem “below” the cotyledonRadicle – embryonic rootEndosperm – additional food source

Dicotyledon

Monocotyledon

““Need-to-Knows” Seed Need-to-Knows” Seed PartsParts

Be able to identify the seed parts as they develop into the embryonic plant

““Need-to-Knows” Leaf Need-to-Knows” Leaf StructureStructure

Be able to identify the layers & structures in photos as well as different drawings!

The Typical Vascular Root The Typical Vascular Root XsecXsec

“Need-to-Knows”“Need-to-Knows” Know these termsKnow these terms

Root HairRoot Hair EpidermisEpidermis Cortex Cortex PericyclePericycle XylemXylem PhloemPhloem Cambium Cambium (not shown(not shown))But is located between the But is located between the

Phloem & XylemPhloem & Xylem

Endodermis Endodermis Vascular BundleVascular Bundle

The Typical The Typical Vascular Vascular

RootRoot““Need-to-Knows”Need-to-Knows”

these termsthese terms Root HairRoot Hair Zone of Zone of

MaturationMaturation Zone of Zone of

ElongationElongation Apical MeristemApical Meristem Root CapRoot Cap EpidermisEpidermis Cortex Cortex PericyclePericycle XylemXylem PhloemPhloem

Roots Roots Fibrous Roots- Fibrous Roots- consist of many consist of many

relatively thin, highly branched, spreading relatively thin, highly branched, spreading roots. They intercept water as it filters down roots. They intercept water as it filters down through the soil, capturing the nutrients that through the soil, capturing the nutrients that the water has picked up as it travels through the water has picked up as it travels through the soil –monocot s have fibrous rootsthe soil –monocot s have fibrous roots

Tap Roots - Tap Roots - on the other hand, on the other hand, consist of one or more large main root with consist of one or more large main root with smaller side roots. These head deep into the soil smaller side roots. These head deep into the soil to search for water and nutrients - dicots have to search for water and nutrients - dicots have tap rootstap roots

The Typical Vascular The Typical Vascular StemStem

Know these termsKnow these terms HeartwoodHeartwood- old xylem - old xylem

no longer transports no longer transports water, used for water, used for structural supportstructural support

Sapwood Sapwood – active – active xylem, transports xylem, transports water & Mineralswater & Minerals

CambiumCambium – produces – produces new phloem & xylemnew phloem & xylem

PhloemPhloem – transports – transports food materials down to food materials down to the rest of the plantthe rest of the plant

BarkBark (cork)– dead (cork)– dead phloem cells used to phloem cells used to protect the delicate protect the delicate vascular cellsvascular cells

““Need-to-Knows” Leaf Need-to-Knows” Leaf PartsParts BladeBlade

PetiolePetiole MarginMargin Midrib Midrib

VeinVein Rachis Rachis Sessile Sessile Leaflet Leaflet LobeLobe Stipules Stipules ShapesShapes ArrangemArrangem

entent VenationVenation Base Base

Blade

Petiole

sessile

Palmately compoundPinnately compound

Leaf MarginsLeaf Margins Leaf Margin Leaf Margin - - the boundary area extending along the edge of the the boundary area extending along the edge of the

leaf. There are lots of different types of leaf margins that are leaf. There are lots of different types of leaf margins that are important for plant identification.important for plant identification.

Entire – A leaf margin that has a continuous, unbroken and smooth edge, without teeth, lobes or indentations.

Undulate – wavy (up & down rippled surface.

Serrate -A leaf margin forming a row of small sharp outward projections pointing toward the apex of the leaf resembling the teeth of a saw.

Lobe - having some type of indentation toward the midrib that can vary in profundity and shape (rounded or pointed) and the incisions go less than halfway to the midrib.

Compound Leaf – Exaggerated form of a lobed leaf where the lobes extend all the way to the mid rib. A double compound leaf is one in which each leaflet of a compound leaf is also made up of secondary leaflets.

Leaf VenationLeaf Venation Parallel, Pinnate, Palmate or Parallel, Pinnate, Palmate or

ArcuateArcuate

Leaf ArrangementLeaf Arrangement Leaf arrangement is determined by the number of leaves Leaf arrangement is determined by the number of leaves

found at each node.found at each node. AlternateAlternate - I n alternate arrangement there is only - I n alternate arrangement there is only

one leaf per node, usually alternating from one side of one leaf per node, usually alternating from one side of the stem to an other as on moves from node to node.the stem to an other as on moves from node to node.

OppositeOpposite - In opposite leaf arrangement there are - In opposite leaf arrangement there are two leaves per node.  Leaves are usually located on two leaves per node.  Leaves are usually located on opposite sides of the node. opposite sides of the node. 

WhorledWhorled - Whorled leaf arrangement has three or - Whorled leaf arrangement has three or more leaves per node which are arranged (whorled) more leaves per node which are arranged (whorled) around the node.  around the node. 

RosetteRosette – Similar to whorled but leaves are arranged – Similar to whorled but leaves are arranged at the base of the plantat the base of the plant

Stems & Stems & TwigsTwigsBe able to identify these Be able to identify these

structuresstructures: : Terminal bud, Terminal bud, Lateral bud, bud scales, node, Lateral bud, bud scales, node, internode, lenticles, leaf scar, internode, lenticles, leaf scar, year’s growth ringyear’s growth ring

““Need-to-Knows” Flower Need-to-Knows” Flower PartsParts A. PetalA. Petal

B. CorollaB. Corolla C. SepalC. Sepal D. CalyxD. Calyx E. PeduncleE. Peduncle F. Stamen F. Stamen G. Anther G. Anther H. Filament H. Filament I. PistilI. Pistil J. Stigma J. Stigma K. StyleK. Style L. OvaryL. Ovary M. OvuleM. Ovule N. Receptacle N. Receptacle O. PollenO. Pollen P. Pollen tube P. Pollen tube

Petiole

““Need-to-Knows” Flower Need-to-Knows” Flower PartsParts

Monocot vs. DicotMonocot vs. Dicot MonocotsMonocots: Corn, wheat, : Corn, wheat,

palms, grasses, orchids, liliespalms, grasses, orchids, lilies Leaf veins usually Leaf veins usually parallelparallel Flower parts in multiples of Flower parts in multiples of threethree Vascular bundles are Vascular bundles are scatteredscattered

in stemin stem Usually Usually fibrous rootfibrous root OneOne cotyledon cotyledon

DicotyledonsDicotyledons: roses, maple, oaks, : roses, maple, oaks, beans, apples,beans, apples,

Leaf veins branched: Leaf veins branched: PalmatePalmate or or PinnatePinnate

Flower –parts in multiples of Flower –parts in multiples of 4 4 or 5or 5

Vascular bundles are arranged Vascular bundles are arranged in a in a ringring in the stem in the stem

Usually Usually tap root tap root systemsystem TwoTwo cotyledons in the seed cotyledons in the seed

We are done We are done w/ Plants!!w/ Plants!!