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LifeRECONNECTEDRyan KieferDarren Petrucci, DirectorRenata Hejduk, Co-DirectorAdelheid Fischer, ReaderChris Starkey, Reader

May 2016ed. 2

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Urban Biophilic MicrodwellingsThesis 5

Introduction 6

Social Well-being 8

Biophilia 10

Microdwelling 13

Manifestation 20

Final Remarks 42

Bibliography 44

Process&Iterations 47

 

Using biophilic microdwelling community networks to improve the quality of life for people and desert organisms by the transformationofunderutilizedareasandconnectionoffragmented urban landscapes in Downtown Phoenix.

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ThesisWhile there is a growing desire for sustainable urban living, Downtown Phoenix remains a fragmented landscape with vacant land, underutilized areas, and a detrimentalimbalance between commercial and residential uses.

This project aims to fulfill this desire by connecting theselandscapes to formacohesiveandecologicallyviableurbanfabric which will increase the well-being of people and natural systems through increased biodiversity, ecologicalawareness, and a greater occupation of the public sphere.

Biophilic microdwelling communities, strategically insertedinto Downtown Phoenix, can recover underutilized areas,create more urban housing, and introduce native specieswhich will begin to transform vacant sites to create a cohesive urbanfrabric.Aswater,food,andrefugedrawmoreorganisms,abiologicallydiverseurbanecosystemwillemergeandspreadthroughouttheurbanarea,redefiningthefutureofthecity.The increased emphasis on social living in this new biophilic setting will strengthen personal and ecological well-being. 

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Introduction After consideringmany varied interests and lookingat what is most concerning in the world today, this thesis is devoted to the sustainable transformation of Phoenix,Arizona.A relativelynewcity, Phoenix is at a turningpointin its development and is poised on the brink of definingitself for the future. The current paradigms of autocentric sprawl and habitat destruction have been challenged andnew ideasdeveloped.Phoenix is inauniquepositiontobeable to begin a new sustainable type of progress. The process has already begun with high-density buildings and housing infiltratingDowntown,alongwithculturalamenitiesforthenew occupants. However, the city currently remains much as it was after the abandonment of themid 20th centurywhenmostresidentsleftforthesurroundingsuburbs.Vacantlotsandunderutilizedareas fragment theurban landscape,creating an undesirable environment for both humans andnativedesertorganisms.Thelackofresidentialdevelopmentexacerbates the sense of abandonment as the city shuts down after business hours. The housing that does exist istypically high rise luxury apartments or condos wherein the resident is far removed from city life. The growing desire and needforhousingwhichisaffordableforyoungprofessionalsor students and aimed to engage the city and streetscape has notbeendeveloped.Theresultingemptinesshascreatedawound in the urban fabric that is only now beginning to heal, anditishowthiswoundwillhealthatwilldefinethefutureofthecity.Willthefuturedevelopmentforcethetraditional

unsustainable paradigm into being only to inevitably fail, or will a new sustainable paradigm, guided not by typical planningorthoughtprocessesbutbyuniqueconditionsoftheregionandinputfromcontemporaryusers,redefinePhoenixandsetaprecedent for theredevelopmentofothercities? Thisprojectseekstofulfillthesedesiresbyprovidingbiophilic micro housing capable of acting as a catalyst forurban transformation. Some of themost underutilized anddisruptive features of Downtown Phoenix are the parkinggarages. They often occupy an entire block and disruptthe streetscape with the detriment of single functionality.The location of these garages, however, is ideal for anurban housing and ecology catalyst based on surrounding resources and they would serve as insertion points foradditive development. A greater diversity of habitat forboth people and native species through a network ofstrategically placed, biologically loaded microdwelling communitieswhich leverage these underutilized structurescan meet this need and improve the well-being of residents of all species and the natural systems of the urban ecology. Theorists and sociologists have begun to research a trend of perceived discontent or “unhappiness” experienced by many people. According to a study by Tori DeAneglis, American happiness peaked in the late 1950s.1 The prevalence of this phenomenon has been increasing over the past several decades andmany sources indicate that the disconnectionfrom nature felt as a result of simultaneous urbanizationhas had a significant impact while also causing increased

1. Tori DeAneglis. “Consumerism and its Discontents,” American Psychological Association 35, No.6 (2004), 52.

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lethargyandanoverall apatheticandnon-creativesociety.2 Connectingpeoplewithnatureagainwillprovidethemwiththe intrinsic value of nature described in great detail in Timothy Beatley’s book, Biophilic Cities.3 With the implementationof biophilic concepts in both public and private areas there will be an overall improvement of living which will only increasewithpositivefeedbackloops.Notonlywilltherebedirecthumanbenefitbut therewill alsobe indirecthumanbenefit as the rest of the natural environment improves.4 Thehuman-naturedisconnectionprovidesapossiblecause for discontent experienced by people across many areas of their lives. Architectural solutions to this problemare evident as the basic concept of biophilia is to reconnect people to nature. The less defined aspect of the solutionis how to use ideas of biophilia as a catalyst for social and ecological change. The emergence of urban farming and permaculture in Phoenix could be that catalyst. An awareness of natural processes like pollinator migrationpatterns or species preferences combined with a directconnection and interaction with nature would create anexceptionally biophilic environment. Introducing aspects ofbiophiliaintothepublicandprivaterealmwillhavepositiveimpacts on the well-being of humans and other species.5 Inadditiontofosteringarelationshipbetweennatureandpeople,biophilicenvironmentsfostersocialrelationships

2. Timothy Beatley. Biophilic Cities. (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2011), 65.

3. Beatley, Biophilic Cities, 104. Sean B. Cash, “Bringing Corporate Stakeholders to the Table in

Collaborative Ecosystem Management,” in Pragmatic Sustainability, ed. Steven A. Moore (New York: Routledge, 2010), 264.

5. Beatley, Biophilic Cities, 4

between people themselves as more time is spent in thesocialrealmtoenjoythebenefitsofabiophiliccitylifestyle.Biophilia is verifiablydesirableand interpenetratingnaturalsystems is a solution to the basic problem of humandisconnect with nature.6 Other elements of biology based solutionsincludingbiomimicry,biomorphism,andbiodesigncancontributetothegoalsofbiophiliaandaidintheultimategoal of moving toward a healthy and sustainable society.7 Biophilic microdwelling communities, strategicallyinserted to recover underutilized parking structures inDowntown Phoenix can create vital urban housing and introduce native species which will begin to transformvacant sites to create a cohesive urban fabric. As water, food, and refuge draw more organisms, a biologically diverse urban ecosystem will emerge and spread throughout the urban area, redefining the future of the city and settinga new precedent for sustainable urban development.

6. Pijawka, Sustainable Cities, 37. Thomas Knittell, “Generous Cities: Design Informed by Ecologies of

Place” (lecture, Arizona State University, Tempe, March 25, 2015).

Figure 1- Underused Land on 1st Ave in Downtown Phoenix.

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 Social Well-being To begin this project, it is critical to understand thecurrent state of well-being. Well-being consists of physical, mental, and emotional health in equal measure. Mentaland emotional health may sometimes be grouped underthe qualitative term ‘happiness’, as is the case in severalstudies which have sought to discover causes of mental and emotional well-being. Studies support a general consensusthat American society peaked in happiness and perceived prosperity during the late 1950s.8 People today are under the misguided economic theory of happiness, assuming that with more income comes greater happiness. This has, for the most part, been disproved. An empirical study done by Richard A. Easterlinetal.ontherelationshipbetweenacountry’sincomeand happiness has shown that happiness does not increase with income.9 The same results were found in another study by Easterlin:“Asincomeincreasesandthenlevelsoff,happinessremainsunchanged,contradictingtheinferencethatincomeand well-being go together”.10 According to Easterlin, the cause ofthisdiscontentisthedisparitybetweentheamountoftimepeople spend working on pecuniary goals and non-pecuniary goals.Notunderstandingthatdesireconstantlyreassertsitselfintolifenomatterhowmuchmoneyapersonspendscausespeople to work harder to earn more money. Meanwhile, the

8. DeAneglis, 529. Richard A. Easterlin et al. “The happiness–income paradox

revisited.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (2010): 22463–22468.

10. Easterlin. “Explaining Happiness.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (2003): 11176–11183.

realm of non-pecuniary aspects of life which include social relationships, family bonds, personal health, and a wholerange of both leisurely and productive activities are oftenneglecteddespitebeingmoreinfluentialonaperson’swell-being.“Mostindividualsspendadisproportionateamountoftheirlivesworkingtomakemoney,andsacrificefamilylifeandhealth,domains inwhichaspirations remain fairly constantas actual circumstances change, andwhere the attainmentofone’sgoalshasamorelastingimpactonhappiness”.11 The economic theory of happiness has been around ever since currency and desirable goods have existed, but it struck a new degree of importance in themiddle of the twentiethcenturywith the increasedsizeof themiddleclass.Wealthand prosperity was previously reserved for a smaller group ofpeopleandthereforethedetrimentaleffectsofobsessive

11. Ibid

Figure 2- This 1954 advertisement from The Saturday Evening Post illustrates the beginning of the consumption competition and collective strive for community unity through processions, which Dean MacCannell argues is a foolish goal. (image source: James Vaughan)

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pecuniaryeffortswerenotwidespread.12 With several new post-warintroductionslikemortgagesandeasycredit,morepeople found themselves in a place of greater economic means.Agreaternumberofaffluentpeoplemultipliedbythecloseproximitytootheraffluentpeopleinsuburbialedtothenowalmost axiomatic idiom ‘keepingupwith the Joneses’.The shear abundance of everything following World War II setoffthemassivecultureofconsumerismthatisstillthrivingtoday.Somuchwassetonthisideaofconsumption-ofanewand disposable society- that people began to believe that in order to be happy they had to be consuming as much as otherpeopleand show itoff.Hence,neighborswereoftencomparing themselves to their neighbors and gauging their ownwell-beingoffofthatcomparison,ratherthanlookingatthenon-objectiverealmoftheirpersonalandfamilylifeformentalandemotionalwell-being.Thissamemindsetappliedtohousesandthehabitof‘biggerequalsbetter’hascontinuedthroughtotodayasdescribedbyfig.2.Manypeoplerespondtosocietalpressures requiring theexhibitionofwealthandstatus, hence the perception of one’s success and worthforcestheperpetuationoflargehouses.13 People’s mental and emotional well-being decreased because they have placedtoo much importance on material goods and monetary gain. Theevidentsolutiontothisdecreasedwell-beingistoshiftone’sfocusfromapecuniarylifetoahealthierandmoresocially-focused life. Given that society has been focused on

12. Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez. “The Evolution of Top Incomes: A Historical and International Perspective.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 96 (2006): 7.

13. Tiny. Directed by Merete Mueller and Christopher Smith. (Speak Thunder Films, 2013), 35:00.

monetary gain and consumerism so strongly for the past sixty years,thiswouldclearlyrequireahugesocialparadigmshift.While certainly a daunting task, there are many schemesto start the movement with solutions that include minorlifestyle changes which gradually become bigger,14 decreasing possessionsandhousesize,15creatinganeconomybasedmoreon services than goods, and providing new infrastructure that returns fundamental human needs to those deprived of contact with nature. One of the strongest trends with the greatest receptionhasbeenthecreationofbiophiliccities.16Notonlydobiophiliccitiesincreasehappiness,17 they also increase the ecological stability of the area18 and improve social equity. 19

14. Ibid, 53:00.15. Ibid, 28:00.16. Beatley, Biophilic Cities, 317. Ibid, 1018. Pijawka, Sustainable Cities, 319. Ibid, 8

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Biophilia It has been shown that connections with natureare extremely beneficial to people on every level. Afterall, humans originally had a very close relationship withnature and people can still feel this inherent connectionwhen visiting the natural environment.20 Physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and social aspects of a person’s lifeall improve drastically within a natural environment.21 The natural sounds found in a vegetated environment have a positive impact much like music offers benefits.22 It is not surprising, therefore, that the decline in happiness coincidedwith children spending lesstimeplayingoutside.In just one generation, the amount of children playingoutside everyday fell from seventy percent to only thirty one percent across the country.23 Tim Beatley discusses in his book Biophilic Cities the importance of children being exposed to and understanding the natural world.24 Also, the ecological stability of an area increases with biophilic practices by promoting biodiversity and creatingmore opportunities for people to come into contact withnature. Biodiversity is more important than many people realize and the topical issue of bees disappearing is just

20. Javier Senosiain Anguilar, Bio-architecture, (Oxford: Architectural Press, 2003), viii.

21. Pijawka, Sustainable Cities, 8; Beatley, Biophilic Cities, 422. Nikki S. Richard and Katrina McFerran, Eds. Lifelong Engagement

with Music: Benefits for Mental Health and Well-being. (New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2012), Ch.8.

23. Rhonda Clements. “An Investigation of the Status of Outdoor Play.” Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 5,1 (2004): 72.

24. Beatley, Biophilic Cities, 138

one example of how ecosystems need stability in order for food to exist and air tobe clean. Thesebenefits createpositive feedback loops and constantly generate additionalhappiness and benevolence between people and nature. There are many features and characteristics ofbiophilic design. The consulting firm Terrapin Bright Green recently published a list entitled 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design which succinctly mentions the mostimportant aspects of a successful biophilic environment:

Nature in the Space1.VisualConnectionwithNature2.Non-VisualConnectionwithNature3.Non-RhythmicSensoryStimuli4.Thermal&AirflowVariability5. Presence of Water6.Dynamic&DiffuseLight7.ConnectionwithNaturalSystemsNatural Analogues8.BiomorphicForms&Patterns9.MaterialConnectionwithNature10. Complexity & OrderNature of the Space11. Prospect12. Refuge13. Mystery14. Risk/Peril

Wheredoesbiophiliabelong? It canbeargued thata biophilic home setting is critical because that is where

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people spend most of their time. However, it can be justas easily argued that a biophilic work place is the most important because that is actually where people spend most of theirwaking time. It can even be argued that themost important place to incorporate nature is in public space between home and work because that is where most human interactionoccursand therefore iswhere thesocialeffectswillmost be felt. These are all valid points of viewand if even one of these was used it would be incredibly beneficialcomparedtoacasewherenoneareused.Typicalbiophilic schemes focus on the public space in transitionzonesbetweenbuildingsbutdonothaveas stronga focusonmoreusedspacesthatpeoplespendmostoftheirtime.However,forthefulleffectbiophiliacanhaveonaperson’shappiness, it should really be used in all domains of life.25 Interpenetrating space and blurred lines are an importantnext step in applying biophilic characteristics to homes,businesses,streets,plazas,andotherurbanareasbecauseitaddresseswherepeopleactuallyspendtimeandallowsthemtheopportunitytopassivelyoractivelyengagewithnaturalelementsatalltimes.Urbanecologicaldesigncantakeallthespacebetweenbuildings-placesofcirculation,gathering,andconnecting-andapplyanappropriatebiophilicoverlay thatwouldbestfitwiththefunctionofthespacesandtheregionof the city.26Abiophilic lifeoffers themostopportunity fora relationshipwith nature, providing exposure at all times.

25. Richard Blaustein. “Urban Biodiversity Gains New Converts.” BioScience 63 (2013):75.

26. Danilo Palazzo and Frederick Steiner, Urban Ecological Design: A Process for Regenerative Places, (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2008), 94.

Case Study

One of the most progressive places for biophilia is the city-state of Singapore. The environment of Singapore has been described not as a garden in a city, which is a fair descriptionofatypicalbiophiliccommunity,butasacityina forest.27 Beginning in 1982, the planting and integrationhas become so intense and abundant that it feels more as if the city was built within the jungle instead of the jungle being brought back into the city. This helps establish a sense of connection between the areas of vegetation.28 When everything weaves together and the planting becomes anintegralpartofthecitystructure,thatiswhenthetransitionfrom garden in a city to city in a garden occurs. This is also what makes the city so successful as a place of biophilia. It is not limited to the home, or to work, or to intermediate public space. It spreads throughout the city and moves between and throughbuildings. Vegetation climbs the sides of buildings,spans interior lobbies, covers roofscapes, canopies roads, and envelopes homes. If one didn’t realize itwas planned,it may be mistaken for an abandoned city that nature has reclaimed. Yet it does have a sense of control that improves the city aesthetic gained from careful plant selection,care, and maintenance.29 The positive effects of nature’sintegrationinthecityhavealreadybeendocumentedattwohospitals. At Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, an incredible building

27. Peter Newman and Tim Beatley. “Singapore: biophilic city” (video) May 7, 2012. 2:00

28. Ibid, 6:00 29. Peter Newman and Tim Beatley. “Singapore: biophilic

city” (video) May 7, 2012. 29:30

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utilizing plants, animals, and open air systems to create ahealing environment, hundreds of new species of birds and butterflies have been found. Patients are experiencing abetterhealingenvironment.Workersreportedthattheyliketo work in that environment for its ambience and that it is betterthanworkingintownsurroundedbywalls.30HOK’sNgTengFongGeneralHospitalintheJurongLakesideDistrict(fig3.)usesverticalhealinggardenstobringnatureanddaylighttoeverypatient.31 With all the interconnectedness of nature and city, everything is highly accessible and is therefore used by many people. From the tree canopy walkways32(fig.4)tothe butterfly trails along shopping areas,33 everybody has an equal opportunity to enjoy the natural environment. This enjoyment is not only for people either. The people of Singapore have taken to the concepts of biophilia so much that

30. Ibid, 25:4531. “Seamless Care in a ‘Vertical Healing Garden’,” HOK, accessed May 14.32. Newman and Beatley. “Singapore: biophilic city”, 4:0033. Blaustein, “Urban Biodiversity Gains New Converts.” ,73.

spacesareoftenseenassharednotonlywithotherpeoplebut also with the plants and the animals they have invited back into the city.34Thisacceptanceiscriticaltothesuccessofbiophilicdesign.Afterall,thefounderofthetermbiophilia’,E.O. Wilson, asked “Is it possible that humanity will love life enoughtosaveit?”35 While those in charge of the project may supportit,ifthedenizensoftheurbanareadonotapproveofnatural elements in the city the project will fail. This becomes particularlydifficultwhencertainspecieswhicharevitalforahealthy ecosystem, such as larger carnivores, are unwelcome because they are potentially dangerous to humans.

34. Newman and Beatley. “Singapore: biophilic city” 19:0035. Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson. The Biophilia

Hypothesis. (Washington D.C.: Island Press, 1993), 430.

Figure 3- HOK’s Ng Teng Fong General Hospital. Figure 4- Tree top canopies in Singapore bring people up to the level of the tree tops for a different perspective.

(image source: Singapore National Parks)

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Microdwelling Biophilic cities represent a large-scalemovement toincrease general happiness but as mentioned before, it isonly one of several methods currently being used to bring people’s focus back to the intrinsically important aspects of their lives and away from material obsession. As people downsize in the number of goods they own, they alsodownsizehousesize.Beginningwiththeeconomicrecessionof2008,peoplestartedtodecreasethesizeoftheirhouses

outofeconomicneed.USATodayreported then (basedoncensusdata) thatthemeanhousesizedecreased insquarefootage for thefirsttime inoveradecade.36Evenafter theeconomybegan to recover therewas still adesire tomoveaway from large and mostly unnecessary homes and focus more on what is really needed- a smaller house that is easier tomaintainandmoreaffordable. Formany thismeansnothaving a separate room for each function, or reducing thenumber of bedrooms. For others, downsizing to aminimalliving space has become such an important life choice that the challenge became living in the smallest space possible. Many peoplehavefoundthistobeabetterwaytolivewithmorefreedom,moretime,andmoremoneytodowhattheylove.37 The idea of micro-dwelling is not new. Henry David Thoreau was famous for living in a small cabin (fig. 5) innature 150 years ago.38Hewasnotlivinginthetinydwellingbut outside it in the woods and during his walks to town. Accessory buildings around primary residences have been and are still used today as covert housing for extendedfamily, illegal immigrants, or other non-registered residents.39 PhilipJodidiodiscussesinhisbookSmallArchitectureNow!therelativelyrecenttrendofbreakingdownwallsbetweensingle-use spaces and incorporating many functions in asingle area.40 The role of micro-dwellings in the future could

36. Wendy Koch. “Americans are moving on up to smaller, smarter homes.” USA Today, March 17, 2009.

37. Tiny, Directed by Merete Mueller and Christopher Smith. (Speak Thunder Films, 2013), 4:00.

38. Mimi Zeiger. Micro Green: Tiny Houses in Nature. (New York: Rizzoli International Publishers, Inc., 2011), 8.

39. Tiny, Directed by Merete Mueller and Christopher Smith. (Speak Thunder Films, 2013), 14:00.

40. Philip Jodidio. Small Architecture Now! (Cologne: Taschen GMBH, 2014), 7

Figure 5- Thoreau’s Cabin at Walden Pond(image source: walden.org)

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be considerable. Prompted by the recession and sustained by their success, the cheap costs of micro-dwelling make these small houses very attractive to some, andwould gainevenmore popularity if the economy depresses again.41 The idea ofasimplehousethatworksandiscosteffectivecomestothe concept of “usability”.42 This trend of small living has already become more than a trend as micro-dwellings have developed into a new and proven type of architectural language with vitality and promise for the future.43

Intherecentpast,theideaofsmallhousestookoffintheU.S.astheoreticalexercises.Acrossthenationtherearemanycompetitionsforsmalllivingdesignsandconstruction.In Southern California, smaller dwelling units are increasing in areas that have no minimum size limit while legislationisbeingpressuredtoallowsmallerbuildingsincitieswherelimits do exist.44 In the Phoenix area, there is a local annual micro-dwelling event put on by Patrick McCue, a Phoenix firefighter and builder. He has been on the Phoenix FireDepartment for twenty years and has been a builder for at leastaslongwithexperienceinrenovationandbuilding.Heis most well-known for his then-radical home, House of Earth andLight(fig.6)innorthernPhoenixwhichwasfeaturedina Smithsonian Exhibition, designed with Marwan Al Sayedand built himself.45 McCue’s position on micro-dwellings

41. Ryan Mitchell, interview by Lindsay Abrams, “Living large in 150 square feet: Why the tiny house movement is taking off”, Salon, June 28, 2014, accessed March 28, 2015.

42. Patrick McCue, interview by author, Tempe, March 28, 2015.43. Zeiger. 744. Alison Hewitt, “Tiny-dwellings concept grows,” Whittier Daily News, July

30, 2007, accessed March 27, 2015, LexisNexis Academic.45. Karrie Jacobs, “Labor of Love”, Dwell Magazine,

Premiere (October 2000): 60-67.

andbuilding ingeneral camepartially fromhisobservationthat the majority of high-fashion architecture was incredibly expensive and unavailable to the public. To overcome this cost barrier, he implemented salvaged material in his house46 and later focusedhis attentiononmicro-dwellings to reach thesameeffectaswhatislaudedinmagazinesandblogs.47 The PhoenixmicrodwellingexpositionshowcasedbuiltdesignsbyASU student teams and community members interested in the idea of smaller living with both residences and work spaces.48 Micro-dwellings have incredible potential not onlyin sustainability fields but also in human happiness withthis notion of availability. They have become popular inpart because they go against one of the biggest parts of consumerism, the notion that the house is an indicator ofwealth. However, when someone chooses not to display their

46. Ibid47. Patrick McCue, interview by author, Tempe, March 28, 201548. “2015 Contributors”, microdwelling, accessed February 27, 2015.

Figure 6- House of Earth and Light(image source: Dwell)

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wealth in a large house the system breaks down, divisions betweenpeoplecrumble,andhumaninteractioncanbemoregenuine.Theideaandstyleofatraditionalhomecanstillexistwith a micro-dwelling, but on such a small scale it is much moreaffordable,allowingmorepeopleaccesstogooddesign.

Case Study

Two projects completed by Olson Kundig focus on the micro-dwelling as a shelter and tool for living rather than a framework for living.49SolDucCabin(fig.8),builtfrom2010-2011 in Washington is only 388 square feet. It makes up for its smallareawithaloftylivingarea,creatingtheperceptionofalargerspace.Thedwellingfeelsevenloftierbecauseisalsoelevatedofftheterraintoprotectagainstflooding.Thecabinismadeentirelyofsteel,creatingadurableandsurprisinglyinconspicuoushouse.Slidingsteelshuttersallowthedwellingto be completely sealed, offering complete protection andsecurity. To offset the perceived coldness of the exteriorsteel,theinteriorfeatureswarmwoodthroughoutthefloors,walls,andceiling.GulfIslandsCabin(fig.9),builtin2008inBritishColumbia, is amere 194 square feet and features asimilar steel shutter system, allowing the cabin to open tothe natural environment. Each of these micro-dwellings was designed intentionally to encourage livingoutside theunit.

49. Philip Jodidio. Small Architecture Now! (Cologne: Taschen GMBH, 2014), 242-253.

Figure 9- Gulf Islands Cabin by Olson Kundig

Figure 8- Sol Duc Cabin by Olson Kundig

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micro-dwellingswithintheexistingzoningframeworkdespitethesimilaritiestobothregularhousesandRVs.ElaineWalker,an advocate for the American Tiny House Association, hasbeen working on developing standards for micro-dwellings in anattempt topromote their spreadandacceptance.56 This includes defining exactlywhat constitutes amicro-dwellingor a tiny house, what construction requirements include,whether or not a structure’s portability or disassembly impactsitsclassification,andwhatpurposeitisusedfor.Onesimplewaytogetaroundzoning restrictions is tobuild thedwelling on a trailer, classifying it as a temporary structure free from zoning restrictions.57 However, this presents the concern that the structure then is a trailer and not a house. LikeThoreau’scabin,somepeoplerelyonafoundationand

56. American Tiny House Association.57. Tiny, Directed by Merete Mueller and Christopher

Smith. (Speak Thunder Films, 2013), 3:32

Case Study

In Phoenix there are several apartments nearing completion made out of re-purposed shipping containers(fig.7)50 Though small, they are considered luxury residences showing that style and economy can coexist. The extreme interest and long wait list51 only reinforce the popularity of smaller living. For example, one future tenant, Stephanie Strausser, commented, “I love the thought of all of that — building materials, cost efficiency.”52 Brian Stark, a partner in the project, believes that this residential complex isapproaching the level of microdwellings seen in other parts of the country.53 While a building is technically considered a micro-dwelling at less than 600 square feet (accordingto the Tiny House Association) or around 200 squarefeet (according to the film Tiny), these 740 square feetunits54 are certainly an indication of changing attitudes. Although micro-dwellings appeal to plenty of people, one of the most challenging things blocking the proliferation of micro-dwellings is the issue of land use,zoning regulations, and construction classification.55

Micro-dwellings are typically changeable with modules, trailersformoving,reconstruction,etc.Withthisnewtypeofstructure, planners and regulators are unsure how to classify

50. Bryan West, “Shipping container apartments coming to Phoenix,” 12 News, February 12, 2015, accessed March 24, 2015.

51. Ibid52. Brenna Goth and Sophia Kunthara, “Cargo containers center of Grand Ave.

housing project,” The Republic, January 15, 2015, accessed March 24, 2015.53. West54. West55. McCue

Figure 7-Shipping container apartments in Phoenix, Arizona.

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permanencetogiveasenseofplace toahome,nomatterwhatsize.58 Another argument in favor of a more permanent structure is the safer and more stable communities thatdevelop around owner-occupied homes, according to analyses done by Alexander von Hoffman.59 A permanent presenceconnectsthedwellingandresidentmorefirmlytothe place and leads to more community-oriented behavior like maintenance, neighborly interaction, and communitypride. Permanent occupancy within a city has also been showntobeaviablewaytorevitalizeanarea.60 While there isstillastruggle,someheadwayhasbeenmade.Therearesome construction guidelines for towable and permanentdwellings, analysis of zoning ordinances and codes forminimum house size and land use options, and there aremany resources gathered together for insurance, building inspection, and community assistance.61 As shown in the previouscasestudy,someapplicationsformicro-housingareviableoptionstocircumventzoningrestrictionsforindividualresidences. Other micro-dwelling cases may need to show an exceptional use of an otherwise unusable plot of land.

Case Study

TheRiversideHouse (fig. 10)byKotaMizuishi, builtin 2010 in Tokyo has 592 square feet over two levels and

58. Ibid, 4:0059. Alexander Von Hoffman, Eric S. Belsky, and Kwan Lee, The Impact of Housing

on Community: A Review of Scholarly Theories and Empirical Research, (Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University, 2006), 59.

60. Stuart S. Rosenthal, “Old homes, externalities, and poor neighborhoods: A model of urban decline and renewal”, Journal of Urban Economics 63 (2008), 826.

61. American Tiny House Association.

a loft.62 It takes advantage of an oddly shaped piece of land stuck between a road and a river and utilizes everypossiblepartofit.Theonlyportionofthesiteleftexposedisdesignatedforacombinationgardenandparkingspot,whichis still utilizedby the second level via a cantilever (fig. 11). Theissueoflanduseandzoningrightsisparticularlycrucial to establish because the settingof amicro-dwellingis critical to its success. In anurban setting, residentshave

62. Philip Jodidio. Small Architecture Now! (Cologne: Taschen GMBH, 2014), 236.

Figure 10- Riverside House by Kota Mizuishi

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theadvantageofallofthecity’samenitiesandtransportationis relatively simple. Urban life is also convenient for thoseworking in the city and justifies keeping a small home; ifsomeonewere to spendall of theirtimeeitherworkingorenjoyingtheamenitiesofthecity,therewouldbelittleneedforabighomesittingempty.ThisisthecaseforShawnGroff,a resident of Vancouver living in the city in a 240 squarefoot dwelling.63 As the Vancouver Province illustrates, “He sleeps in 260 square feet but works and plays in a 10-million-squarefoot room called downtown”.64Groffreportedthathewas happy living with what he needed and leaving a smaller environmental footprint.65 Samuel Baron had a similar liberatingexperienceayearlaterin2014,alsoinVancouver.66

Micro-dwellingsinaruralsetting,ontheotherhand,

63. Paul Luke, “Freedom in small spaces; Micro-dwellings are becoming lifestyle choice for many metro residents,” The Vancouver Province, May 26, 2013, accessed February 22, 2015, LexisNexis Academic.

64. Ibid65. Ibid66. Fiona Hughes, “The fine art of micro living; Samuel Baron loves the urban

lifestyle and makes it affordable with a tiny apartment,” The Vancouver Sun, May 15, 2014, accessed March 27, 2015, LexisNexis Academic.

have the benefits of a more tranquil environment awayfrom the noise of the city and completely surrounded by the natural environment. There is also more privacy being away from other people, which is an advantage because so much of micro-dwelling living is spent outside where there is unlimitedfreespace.Italsoofferstheopportunityforamoretransparent barrier between the interior and exterior. For a biophiliclivingspace,itiscertainlyaneffectivesituationwithcoolertemperatures,potentialforagarden,andmorerelaxedliving space. Rural retreats to beaches, forests, mountains, lakes,etc..havehistoricallybeenconsideredvacationspotsfor their isolationand restorativenature. SunsetCabin (fig.12) isanexampleofamicro-dwelling inaruralsetting.Setby a lake in Toronto, the 275 square foot cabin resides insolitude among the trees with blurred boundaries between interiorandexterior,includingapartiallyoutdoorbathroom.67

Thebestofbothsettingscanbefoundinabiophiliccity.Thenaturalelementsofaruralsettingincorporatednotonly around the dwelling but throughout the entire urbanlandscapewouldprovidegreenspacethathasthebenefitsofnaturewiththeamenitiesandconvenienceofthecity.Peoplecould work and play in the garden city and return to their gardenretreatrightaroundthecorner.Noisecanbereducedwith screening plants and other sounds like birds and water, a techniqueusedinLawrenceHalprin’sFreewayParkinSeattle,among other places.68 The abundant nature available to the community would also help regulate the microclimate, an

67. Zeiger, 8968. “Three: Seattle Freeway Park, Seattle, Washington.” Studies in the History of

Gardens & Designed Landscapes: An International Quarterly 26 (2012): 62.

Figure 11 –Riverside House site plan

— 19 —

essential aspect of psychological and physical comfort. 69

Community aspects of biophilic micro-dwellings are also important to consider. Solitary dwellings currently exist, but they lack the community benefits of shared space andinterest. One successful micro-dwelling community is the projectcalledSoeKerTieHias(fig.13),whichmeans“ButterflyHouse”, designed by the Norwegian University of Scienceand Technology. The project is a series of micro-dwellings for orphaned refugees from Burma. While micro-dwellings started offas individual livingunits for seclusionor contemplation,this complex introduces social aspects to tiny-living withthese buildings all put together in a community.70 The Oasis 2000 Community was designed to produce a microclimate that created a comfortable environment for a community that sharedsomefacilitiesbut thatalsovaluedpersonalprivacy

69. Javier Senosiain Anguilar, Bio-architecture, (Oxford: Architectural Press, 2003), 142

70. Zeiger, 23

andreflectionwithinnercourtyardsinthesmallresidences.71 In Mexico City there is a small lot with a community of four organichousesbyJavierSenosiain(fig.14).72 They form their own community within a neighborhood in one of the largest citiesintheworld,utilizingprinciplesofurbaninfill.Creatingdensercitiesalsoreducessprawlandtheloadonsurroundinghabitat. A community of people who can support each other for security and share a common theme, such as biking, farming, building, programming, retirement, entrepreneurship, etc..,offers the potential for a lifestyle focused on good socialand environmental principles and interactions with littlenecessaryconcernformonetaryconditions.This,ofcourse,leads to a condition that promotes genuine happiness.

71. Anguilar, Bio-architecture, (Oxford: Architectural Press, 2003), 157.72. Ibid,155

Figure 12 –Sunset Cabin, Taylor Smyth Architects Figure 13 –Soe Ker Tie Hias, TYIN Tegnestue. Small living space offers shelter for child refugees while mostly outside.

— 20 —

Manifestation What form would new microdwelling communitiestake?AspeoplemovedintothesuburbsofPhoenix,theyleftbehind a dying downtown district with the poor and socially segregated who could not move to suburbia.73 Over the past twodecades, in an attempt to rekindle a popular andattractivecityscape,urbaninfillprojectshavebeendevelopedto create housing where there was previously abandoned or polluted land. This housing has brought more people back to thecitytotakeadvantageoftheexistinginfrastructureandconvenience of businesses and work while also enjoying the amenities and social interactions inherent to city living.74 Phoenixisgainingsomeattentionasahubfortalentandinnovationwithtechstart-upcompaniesgrowinginthecity.75 It is unknown whether the people are attracted tothecompanies in thecityor if thecompaniesareattractedto the talentmoving toward thecities,but it isundeniablethat there has been a resurgence in conducting businessandworking in an urban setting.76 There is also a growing interest among other types of people who have been impacted by the recession of 2008 who have become disillusioned of the American suburban dream and are now seeking smaller houses and a reduction in belongings.77

73. Diane R. Suchman, Developing Successful Infill Housing, (Washington, D.C.: ULI-the Urban Land Institute, 2002), vii

74. Ibid, 475. Taylor Soper, “Silicon Desert: How Phoenix is quickly – and quietly –

becoming a hub for innovation”, GeekWire, February 11, 201576. Ibid77. Nielsen, “Millennials Prefer Cities to Suburbs, Subways

to Driveways”, Newswire, March 4, 2014.

Jonathan Cottrell, co-organizer of Phoenix StartupWeek and former manager of Go Daddy commented on the difficulty Phoenix has in attracting or retaining thetype of young workers who are seeking an urban lifestyle: “It’s such a sprawled out community all over the map with differentcitiesandhubs”.78 Combine this with the fact that millennials are relying less on cars and more on shorter public commutes79 and one can see how Phoenix needs some change to meet the demand of the very near future. The introductionofadditionalhousingtotheDowntowndistrict,especially along prominent public transit routes, will begin tomakePhoenixadesirableurban setting inwhich to live.Developers would be trying to attract young adults(millennials) and students seeking an urban lifestylewith shorter commutes and a lively atmosphere.80 The

78. Soper, “Silicon Desert: How Phoenix is quickly – and quietly – becoming a hub for innovation”, GeekWire, February 11, 2015.

79. Tony Dutzik, Jeff Inglis, & Phineas Bazandall, “Millennials in Motion: Changing Travel Habits of Young Americans and the Implications for Public Policy”, U.S. PIRG Education Fund and Frontier Group, October 2014.

80. Eliot Brown, “Young Drive an Urban Rebound”, The Wall Street Journal, January 2, 2015.

Figure 14 –The Satellite House Complex, Javier Senosiain.

— 21 —

development of these infill projects has been very popularwith both government and developers for its high monetary returns and gentrification of the city, making it a moreattractive place where people will spend more time andmoney.81 The typical type of infill development thatwouldoccupy these vacant lots, however, is not the type that will redefinePhoenixorfosterabiophilicenvironment.Abettersolutionwouldbeahousingtypethatputsresidents inthecore of Downtown Phoenix and adds an important permanent presence to the densest part of the city. Microdwellings graftedontoexistingstructurescantakeadvantageofexistinginfrastructure and add multifunctionality to underutilizedresources. Refraining from developing the vacant areas is also important for the passive urban transformation thatwill be done by resident pollinators and other species. The desert environment of Phoenix is a challenging location forbiophilicdesignwith theobvious lackofwater.Wateristhemostcriticalelementofbiophilicdesign;itisthelife-blood of a successful and biologically robust ecosystem. The Sonoran Desert does not receive much rainfall and it is highly wasteful to extract water from municipal water sources or already-depleted groundwater stores. However, it is possible to take advantage of other water resources which would otherwise not be used. There is a vast resource of untapped water within the skyscrapers of the city. The greatest abundance of recyclable water is in the densest part of Downtown where there is the maximum use of air conditioning units (fig. 17). The condensation from HVAC

81. Ibid, 9

Figure 15 –Parking garages serve only one purpose, occupy large areas of land, and fragment the urban environment.

Figure 16 –Underutilized area between buildings in an alley.

— 22 —

units in the dense downtown area can produce around 15,000 gallons of water from condensate per 10,000 square feet of space. The grey water from these same buildings can be added to the condensate to add some essential minerals to theotherwise pure water.82Combinedwithstormwaterretentionand natural rainfall, this water could be used to irrigate the landscaping that will accompany the microdwelling units in order to kick-start the new urban ecosystem. At the University

82. “Condensate Water Introduction,” Alliance for Water Efficiency, 2016.

of Arizona, the building for the College of Architecture,Planning & Landscape Architecture (fig. 25), designed byEddieJonesandLandscapedbyChristyTenEycksuccessfullyuses this strategy to water the surrounding landscape and create a cooling pond environment .83 The water and key plant species will draw more animal species and begin to transform the vacant and fragmented areas of the city throughpollinatinganddispersingseedsofexistingspecies,

83. Vanessa Lentini, “Air conditioners can water plants while cooling air,” Southwest Environmental, 2013.

Figure 17 –Water potential within buildings in Downtown Phoenix. Each blue collumn represents the scaled quantity of water available from HVAC condensation during the summer.

— 23 —

foraging for food and materials, and extending their own transformativeabilitiestootherspecieson-sitethroughtheirmutual interactions.Thereiseventhelucrativeopportunityfor these pollinators to directly serve human industry through thepollinationofurbanfarmsandpermacultureproperties.Without a doubt the increased biological presence will create a stronger and more resilient urban ecology. By integrating biophilic micro-dwelling units with the existinginfrastructure of parking garages, these catalysts for urban change will take advantage of both horizontal and verticalsurfaces within the city and create a visual and functionalnetworkalongCentralAvenue,re-connectinglandscapesandbringing a functional, ecological set of systems to Phoenix. What types of specieswill affect themost change?What is the range of species connections? With theintroduction of key vegetation made possible by recycledwater,animalswillbegintoinhabitthecity.Attractedtotheblooms of saguaros will come migratory pollinators including Rufous hummingbirds, white-wing doves, bees, and other insects and birds. Ocotillo and other flowering plants willattractpermanentandmigratorypollinators,whichmaybeable to reconnect vital pollen corridors which have been disrupted throughdevelopmentandhabitat fragmentation,which is described in The Forgotten Pollinators.84 Re-building these connections would be extremely beneficialnot only for the region but for a much larger area as well. Monarchs, Bats, Doves, and countless other birds and insects migrate north and south each year passing through

84. Stephen L. Buchman and Gary Paul Nabhan, The Forgotten Pollinators, (Washington D.C.: Clearwater Press/Shearwater Books, 1996), 109.

thePhoenix area, countingon a supply of food andnectaralong the way.85 Healthy corridors for these migratory avians are critical for the continuedprogenyofplants (andtherefore animals and humans) throughout their huge range. Ecological resiliency increases with biodiversity, meaning that when there are more species in an ecosystem it will be stronger andbetterabletoadapttoinclementconditions.However,giventhelimitationsofattractingspeciestoanurbanenvironmentit is important to understand which species will be able to enter, live within, and leave the urban environment and design for those species in order to ensure they are able to thrive.

85.

Figure 25 –College of Architecture, Planning, & Landscape: University of Arizona.

— 24 —— 24 —

Figure 18–The Downtown Phoenix site, shown as a white rectangle, sits isolated from surrounding natural areas shown in green by city sprawl. Terrestrial linkages will require cooperati on on a huge municipal scale and involve countless categories of stakeholders. In additi on to logisti c and practi cal problems there are safety concerns associated with linking urban areas of Phoenix with surrounding sites. As in the Singapore case study, many species would not be ‘welcome’ or well received in town. These species would also have less of a transformati ve eff ect on vacant sites than pollinators and aviary primary consumers.

— 25 —

InterviewPaul Beier is Regents’ Professor and wildlife corridor expert at Northern Arizona University.

Q. How much connecti vity should be sought in order to avoid isolati on of the Downtown Phoenix ecology?

A Small parks and even some larger semi-natural areas (Camelback Mtn, Papago Park) are so completely isolated that only limited improvement is possible. South Mountain is not yet isolated, but is threatened by a new highway to be built to the west of it. Some neighborhoods on the fringes with large lots, nati ve landscaping, and conserved washes probably support almost all nati ve species. True downtown may be able to support a few nati ve animals and a lot of nati ve plants, but it will never again be a Sonoran Desert ecosystem. That is not enti rely bad – just what it is.

Q. Would every species need to be able to move through downtown in order for a connecti on to exist? i.e., would a connecti on be made if fl ying species were able to move through the area, but terrestrial species were not?

A Connecti ons are always species-specifi c. Camelback and Papago are connected for birds and bats, and perhaps for urban tolerant mammals like gray fox.

Q. Does Phoenix’s urban ecology need to

be the same as the surrounding Sonoran Desert to be a viable and resilient ecosystem?

A No. It will never be the same as the larger areas of the Sonoran Desert. Nonetheless, natural patches can have great value to repti les, birds, and humans.

Q. To what degree, in an urban environment, will the design for a select set of focal species att ract subsequent additi onal species?

A Probably not much. Black bears, bobcats, mule deer, Coues white-tailed deer, ratt lesnakes, desert tortoise, and javelina are not coming back to downtown Phoenix, even if it becomes a nice place for many other species.

A regional analysis (fig. 18) led to the conclusionthat native pollinators and avian species, both migratoryand permanent, would be most appropriate. A sustainable and effective ecosystem can result from the types ofanimals that will be able to live in Downtown Phoenix, and it is these birds, insects, and other aviary species that need to be considered when designing urban habitats. A more detailed analysis of the Downtown district was donetodeterminepotentialareasofinterventionbasedonresourcesorlackthereof(figs.19-24).ThegeneralDowntownarea in line with and adjacent to the light rail line was selected asthebroadsiteforinvestigation.Thesiteanalysisincludedmapping vegetation, shade, zoning and primary land use,

— 26 —

Figure 20–Existi ng Landscapes and vegetated area are spread across Downtown but are not connected. The largest area is Hance Park, built over the I-10 freeway.

Figure 21–Shade and protecti on is most prevalent in the densest part of Downtown where the buildings are tallest.

Figure 19–The site follows the light rail tracks along Central and 1st Avenue between Chase Field and the Phoenix Art Museum. Light rail stops are shown in red.

— 27 —— 27 —

Figure 24 –Development use distributi on-Black is commercial and magenta is residenti al. There is a highly disproporti onate amount of non-residenti al building in the downtown area considering the density of occupiable square footage.

Figure 22–Vacant and underuti lzed lots. The quanti ty of available land is a result of land banking and an overabundance of surface parking lots.

Figure 23–Latent water is distrubuted with the highest density in the core of Downtown Phoenix where the majority of the large offi ce towers and stadiums are located.

— 28 —

vacantland,factorsdetrimentaltowildlife,verticalsurfaces,horizontalsurfaces,parkinggarages(asanunderutilizedandprevalent infrastructure of the city) and water availability. These maps and drawings showed that the Downtown area with the highest density of high-rise buildings was an ideal location for housing with ample unused areas in the formof parking garages, the highest density of water availability, and large amounts of shade. An axonometric overlay helped visualize the relationship between the most importantfactorswhich informed the locations of themicrodwellingsand the projected spread of transformative avian species.

Thearchitecturaltranslationofthegoalsofthisthesisisbasednotonstructureorhumanhabitationbutontheformof the most important elements of this project -the plants. SelectingspeciesbasedontheirimpactintheSonorandesert,theirbenefittopollinatorsandotheravianspecies,andtheconnectionsbetweenthemselves,apreliminarylistofspecieswasdevelopedandrefinedovertime.Shownontherightaresome of the chosen plant species and subsequent animal species attracted to the resources offered by the plants.Key species like the Saguaro cactus were selected for the shear number of services they provide to other organisms and the intricate relationships they have within the

— 28 —

Figure 25–Axonometric drawing showing building density, water distributi on, vacant land, and underuti lized parking structures. Arrows show aviary species moving into the parking garage landscapes and then, over ti me, spreading out and transforming the city.

— 29 —

Saguaro

Ironwood

Ocotillo

Creosote

Palo Verde

Rufous Hummingbird

Honey Bee

Digger Bee

Monarch

Iron Wood

Indian Blanket

Fairyduster

Barrelcactus

Prickly Pear

Parri’s Agave

Sotol

Beard Tongue

Milkweed

Arizona Lupine

California Poppy

Teddybear Cholla

Desert SageLewis Flax

Acacia

Sand Verbena

Desert Marigold

White-Wing Dove Woodpecker

Great Horned Owl

Peregrine Falcon

Pygmy Owl

Road Runner

Cottonwood

Mesquite Mexican Bird

Aloe

SaguaroSaguaroSaguaro

Lewis FlaxLewis Flax Sand VerbenaSand Verbena

SaguaroSaguaroSaguaro

WoodpeckerWoodpeckerWhite-Wing DoveWhite-Wing Dove

OcotilloOcotillo

Beard Tongue Honey Bee

Digger BeeDigger BeeWoodpecker

Mexican Bird

Honey Bee

Digger BeeDigger Bee

Desert Sage

HummingbirdHummingbird

WoodpeckerWoodpecker

Road RunnerRoad Runner

White-Wing DoveWhite-Wing Dove

SaguaroBarrelcactusBarrelcactus

OcotilloOcotilloSand Verbena

Honey BeeHoney Bee

Lewis FlaxLewis Flax

Beard Tongue Honey Bee

White-Wing DoveWhite-Wing Dove WoodpeckerWoodpeckerWoodpecker

OcotilloOcotillo

Beard TongueBeard Tongue

Digger BeeDigger Bee

AcaciaAcacia

Mesquite

Iron Wood

MesquiteMesquite

Iron Wood

White-Wing DoveWhite-Wing DoveWhite-Wing DoveWhite-Wing DoveWhite-Wing DoveWhite-Wing DoveWhite-Wing DoveWhite-Wing DoveSotolSotolPrickly PearPrickly PearPygmy Owl

Road Runner

Mexican BirdMexican BirdMexican Bird

Honey Bee

Desert SageOcotilloOcotillo

Creosote

Road RunnerRoad RunnerRoad RunnerRoad Runner

Honey BeeHoney Bee

White-Wing Dove

Parri’s AgaveParri’s Agave Road RunnerRoad RunnerFairydusterFairydusterFairyduster

CreosoteCreosote

Digger Bee

California PoppyCalifornia Poppy

Beard TongueBeard Tongue

Digger BeeDigger Bee

Arizona Lupine

— 30 —

ecosystem. For example, the Saguaro cactus is a vital plant for resident pollinators like bees and migratory pollinators like bats and white-wing doves. They provide shelter and protection forwoodpeckers ,wrens, and owls. Their fruit iseaten by many birds and can also be harvested for human use. Theyhave a close relationshipwith creosote andPaloVerdewhich are often nurse plants of young Saguaro. Thequalities of the selected plants all make them helpful indevelopingPhoenix’surbanecologyandattractingtherightspecies that can thrive in an urban environment and play an important role in transforming the landscape (fig. 25). The plants were drawn technically to clearly show theirspecifications(fig.26).Thewidthandheightwasmarkedbut more importantly the depth and spread of the roots was drawn,showingwhatsizeplanterswouldbeneededtopositionthese species on parking garage structures. The planters were drawn as well, derived from the necessary soil for the roots and following the form of the roots themselves. These drawingstranslatedintoliteralplantersforeachspecies(fig.27)asamethodofrepresentingtheunseenstructureoftheplantandasavisualdescriptionofwhichspeciesareincludedin each planter system. The planter systems themselves are a conglomerationofvariousplantertypesmoldedtogethertofitwithintheexistingstructuralframedefinedbytheparkinggarage structure. The planters were joined to a.) improve materialefficiencyandusethemostamountofsoil for theleastamountofplanter,b.) allow the soil tomulti-functionas a thermal buffer, c.) include a varietyof species in eachplanter system for biodiversity, and d.) provide extra room for mutualisticsubsoilecosystemrelationships.The latterpoint

is a result of research that reveals many important ecosystem functions occur sub grade. For example, leguminous trees,likemesquiteorPaloVerde,relyonnitrogenfixingrhizobiumbacteria in the soil to supply the plant with oxygen taken from the air because the soils have poor nitrogen content. In exchange, the tree supplies the bacteria with some of the sugars and photosynthetic resources it produces. In the design of microdwelling housing, the units must

— 31 —

Figure 26–Technical Drawings of important species. Continued pgs. 32-33

— 32 —

— 33 —

— 34 —— 34 —

Figure 27–Planters derived from technical drawings

— 35 —— 35 —

— 36 —

act as the vessel to introduce biophilic elements to the city where they may then develop and spread. For this design, one sample site was chosen at the southeast corner of 1st Avenue and Van Buren St. in Downtown Phoenix (fig. 28).This sitefitswithin the resource-filleddenseurban core, isdirectly on the light rail line, and has a large parking garage occupyingthecorneroftheblock(fig.29).Theparkinggaragestructure followsa sixteen footoncentergridpatternwithfifteen feet of space between columns. In order to fulfillthe objective of turning the parking garage from single-function to multi-function, the parking spaces and roofspace could not be utilized. The biophilic community alsohad to be visible from the street in order for passersby to haveavisualconnectionwithnatureandincreaseecologicalawareness. The vertical faces of the parking garage weretherefore wrapped in microdwellings and landscaping (fig. 31). This parasitic method of grafting took advantageof existing parking garage structure and infrastructurelike stairs, elevators, electricity, and of course parking. Each microdwelling was designed as an individual module based on the 15’ gap between columns. The planter system followed likewise, allowing each individual pair of dwelling/planter to be installed or removed independently of the others. The overall effect is that themicrodwellingsthemselves are obscured by the more important planters and vegetation,making it seemas though the project is purelylandscaping(fig.30).Whilethemicrodwellingunitsareallfairlysimilar,thereisgreatvarietyintheformoftheplanter,creatinga dynamic and intriguing facade. The microdwellings are 145 squarefeeteachandconsistofa3.5’x7’bath,a10’x8’kitchen

Van Buren st.

1st a

ve.

Figure 28–Site of sample design interventi on.

— 37 —

Figure 28–Parking garage on Van Buren and 1st ave. Across Van Buren, shown in green, is an existi ng disconnected landscape. Shown in blue are highrise buildings capable of providing water to the new biophilic landscape.

— 38 —

and livingspace,anda6’x8’ loft (fig.32).Despitethesmallsize,eachunithasafullbed,privatebathroomwithshower,sink, and water closet, and a kitchen featuring a sink, oven, 3 burner stove, and microwave. There is also integrated storage systems to take advantage of odd structural spaces. Each unit alsohasitsownairconditioningunits,locatedbetweenunits(oron the roof)as show infig.30below.Theouterwall iscomposedlargelyofwindowstoaffordresidentsaconstant

and maximum view of the natural ecology occurring in the plantersystem(fig.33).Theunitsalsoaltertheirfootprintinresponse to theplanter system inorder tobetter integratewith the plant species and include the resident in the biology.

Aesthetically,theentiresystemhasthesenseofbeing hung up to drain as cables support added columns like clotheslines and water stains drip down the outside of the planter, showing use and movement of the most

Transformable Landscape`

Service Cavity`

Ocotillo`Ocotillo`

Pollination ShrubPollination Shrub

CreosoteCreosote

AcaciaAcacia

Common SotolCommon SotolAgaveAgaveAgaveAgave

Ground PlanterGround Planter

ResidencesResidencesLandscapeLandscape

Existing StructureExisting StructureNew StructureNew Structure

Figure 30–Annotated Secti on Drawing. The project is clearly sepparated into the existi ng parking garage covered by a layer of microdwellings and then a fi nal layer of landscaping. The outer focus of the planters connects the natural elements to the city for human and ecological well-being.

— 39 —

importantresourceinthedesert.Thevegetationfallsallthewaytothestreetlevelforacontinuousfacadewithwhichpeople on the street level are able to interact. The hierarchy ofplantersizementionstheinfluenceofviewshedfromhigher level units and street clearance for tall vehicles. Each plantercanbeselfsufficientwithadequatebiodiversityandsoil richness, meaning that no landscape maintenance is required for this facade. The living walls of reborn parking

garages can spread throughout the area and give Phoenix a new future.

Figure 31–Perspecti ve Rendering. The layers of landscapings with the planter systems consisti ng of diff erent combinati ons of pots results in a dynamic facade which presents the plants and their hidden structures to the city. The new facade comes to life and spreads its infl uence throughout the city.

— 40 —Figure 31–Unit Plans TypeA-Level1 TypeB-Level1

TypeA-Level2 TypeB-Level2

— 41 —— 41 —

Figure 32–Interior. Connecti on to biology through windows.

— 42 —

Final Remarks

Biophilia is a connection to the environmentwith visible nature, interaction, and a healthy ecology.Microdwellings limit private space in order to open up the public sphere and expand social interactions.Connections to people and to the environment fosterhealthy awareness and healthy ecosystems. All of these elements combine to create well-being for all the residents of the new Phoenix, human and non-human alike. Biophilic microdwelling communities whichtake advantage of underutilized parking structures inDowntown Phoenix will transform the urban area to foster these connections and awareness. A biologically diverseurban ecosystem will emerge and spread throughout the urban area, redefining the future of the city and settinga new precedent for sustainable urban development.

— 43 —

— 44 —

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SenosiainAnguilar,Javier.Bio-architecture.

Oxford: Architectural Press, 2003.

Soper,Taylor.“SiliconDesert:HowPhoenixisquickly–and

quietly–becomingahubforinnovation.”GeekWire,

February11,2015.AccessedMarch2,2016.http://

www.geekwire.com/2015/silicon-desert-phoenix-

quickly-quietly-becoming-hub-innovation/

— 46 —

Suchman, Diane R. Developing Successful Infill Housing.

Washington,D.C.:ULI-theUrbanLandInstitute,2002.

“Three:SeattleFreewayPark,Seattle,Washington.”Studies

intheHistoryofGardens&DesignedLandscapes:

AnInternationalQuarterly26(2012):57-87.

Terrapin Bright Green. 14 Patterns of Biophilic

Design.TerrapinBrightGreenLLC,New

YorkNY.October16,2014

Tiny. Directed by Merete Mueller and Christopher Smith.

SpeakThunderFilms,2013.Online(Netflix).

VonHoffman,Alexander,EricS.Belsky,andKwanLee.The

Impact of Housing on Community: A Review of Scholarly

Theories and Empirical Research.JointCenterfor

Housing Studies, Harvard University. March 2006.

West, Bryan. “Shipping container apartments coming

to Phoenix.” 12 News, February 12, 2015. Accessed

March24,2015.http://www.azcentral.com/

story/news/12-news/2015/02/12/12-news-

shipping-container-apartments/23320823/.

Zeiger, Mimi. Micro Green: Tiny Houses in Nature.New

York:RizzoliInternationalPublishers,Inc.,2011.

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Process and Iterations

The design process is iterative. Testing a thesisrequiresevenmore trial andexperimentationas the idea isdevelopedand translated.While a thesis projectmay cometoanend,itisneverreallyover.Thereismerelyoneiterationthat is the last. This thesis is therefore not a final productbutarefinediteration.Tofullyunderstandthedevelopmentof this project’s concept, the following pages are dedicated toprocesswork, unaltered fromevery stageof design. Thisillustrationofathesisinprogresscanbethoughtofasamotiondiagram, charting the forward momentum of the project,or as a log book, providing details that can be referenced and drawn from the past to serve the present if necessary.

— 48 —

ProcessWeek1Week one involved site visits, selecting intriguing areas,

and developing a first pass conceptual design. During this

time I explored Downtown Phoenix along the light rail

route and searched out underutilized areas that a single

microdwelling (or a couple) would fit. Potential schemes

involved hanging dwellings under the Central Avenue

where it crosses over the park. Another scheme looked at

allyways and the space between buildings and took on a

biomorphic, spanning concept that connected two alleyways.

— 48 —

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— 50 —

ProcessWeek2This week saw the development of a microdwelling

community which devolved into a standard, high density

housing complex. The original thought was to use principles

ofurbaninfillandinserthousingonaformerparkinglot.

Theintentionofthemicrodwellingcommunitywastocreate

a private courtyard that could be shared biophilic space for

residents.However,thisiterationinvolvedtoomanyunits,

thedensitygrewtoolarge,anditstrueidentityasahousing

complex came to light.

This week also involved preliminary maps of

regional connections and potential wildlife corridors.

Urban systems were also mapped, looking at lots,

shadows, and vegetation. Sites of particular interest were

marked and then a line was drawn to link them together.

— 51 —— 51 —

— 52 —

ProcessWeek3This week returned to the original sites and types of

schemes, exploring the typologies of bridge, armature, and

enclave.Multiplesiteswereanalyzedunderthefilterof

these three typologies.

The regional scale drawing was modified and

detail was added to the corridor sizes and routes.

— 53 —

— 54 —

ProcessWeek4Thisweekwasdevotedtocasestudieswithsomeadditional

iterationsofthepreviousdesigntypes.Casestudiesincluded

Unqlo Cubes, Sol Duc Cabin, Gulf Island Cabin, Maddison

Avenue Dollhouse, Riverside House, MenScience Store, Hills

atValco(asabadexample),andexamplesofwildlifebridges

and desert green walls.

The design focus was more on armatures expanding through

thecityasaliteralseriesofconnectionsandbridges,allowing

motion completely unimpeded by roads. This iteration

centered around sites by the Phoenix Art Museum, which

has under used space on its south side, and the Roosevelt

Lightrailstation,whichsuffersfromhavingonlyonefunction.

Ialsodevelopedaplanthatshowedtheexistingparks,future

developed landscapes, and the new bridge connections.

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— 56 —

ProcessWeek5This week I had a breakthrough with the discovery of water

asaresourcewithinthebuildings.Ihadbeenwantingtouse

water, because of its importance to biophilia, but the desert

climateseemedtoforbidit.ThenIrealizedhowmuchwater

was not being used from the surrounding buildings and that

startedmyinvestigationintootherresourcesavailablein

Downtown Phoenix.

I conducted research to begin investigating what

species would be appropriate and started off

looking at pollinators and migratory animals like

Monarch butterflies, hummingbirds, and bees.

The design focus this week was centered on the light

rail stations on Van Buren next to the transit center. This

scheme for micro housing built on top of the existing

station structure to add another function, but a major

problem was the balance between Biophilia and Housing.

Here, biology and landscape was merely added and served

more as a decoration than as anything useful. Focussing

on balance started to become a much bigger theme.

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ProcessWeek6This week was midterm review. I added more case studies

includingCAPLAatUofAforthecondensationinformation,

GraftTower,GreenacreParkinNY,SingaporeSkyTree,and

Thorncrown Chapel. I also expanded the species to include

thekeystonetreesmesquite,ironwood,andcottonwood,

plus the saguaro cactus. This week also marked the

introductionofusersaskeystonespeciesinthenewurban

ecology and what their needs were.

The design focus was on the same site but was relying less

onthe lightrail station. Inhindsight itwasacompletestep

backward as it did not involve any extra emphasis on biology

andalsodidnotaddtothemultifunctionalityofthestation.

— 59 —

Qanat + Runnel

There is a need for ecosystem connectivity, though the solution may not be literal.

Wildlife networks for non-terrestrial species is more practical for the existing urban environment.

Re-WildingNetworks

WildingNetworks

Wilding

The Hills at Valco- Sand Hill Developers + Rafael Viñoly + OLINCupertino, CA

Revitalizing shopping center. 30 acre green roof covering buildings and streets alike. Lacks a connection to buildings and streetscape.

Failed ConnectionsFailed ConnectionsFailed

Water provides visual and auditory stimulation and is prized in the desert.

Water can be protected below grade because the sight and sound of water can have similar psychological impacts.

Moments of emergence create mystery, intrigue, and refuge.

Biophilia

Green walls are visible reminders of nature. More diversity and complexity will create vitality and useful habitat.

Desert conditions preclude lush foliage, therefore the container is an important aspect of design.

Green Wall StructureGreen walls are visible StructureGreen walls are visible

Saguaro cactus, velvet mesquite, ironwood, Fremont cottonwoodKeystonePlants

Rufous hummingbird, Monarch butterfly, lesser long-nosed bat, white wing doveKeystone Migratory Keystone Migratory Keystone

PollinatorsMigratory PollinatorsMigratory

A successful project in Singapore brought people to a new level of interaction with the natural environment. The previously unfamiliar tree canopy became attainable.

Offering a new perspective of nature within the urban environment is an important part of creating intrigue.

Elevated PerspectiveElevated PerspectiveElevated

Building of NatureBuilding of Nature

Thorncrown Chapel By E. Fay Jones makes the most of its unique site, allowing the natural environment to not only shape the building, but almost become the building.

Isolated OccupationIsolated OccupationIsolated

Greenacre Park, New York City

An isolated park that does not connect to surroundings.Works as a biophilic destination only.

Keystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone Species

Water is the source of life and nature.Water can be found in the city through: Rain Storm Run-off Grey Water Recycling Air conditioning CondensationThe University of Arizona CAPLA building utilizes these strategies to provide water for landscaping.

Use Existing ResourcesUse Existing ResourcesUse Existing

Maddison Avenue (doll)house –REX

2008 New York City

Distinct and separate residence utilizing existing structures for support as it hangs and occupies under utilized urban spaces.

Hanging House

Mensciense Flagship Store –HWKN 2012 New York City 750 sqftDouble store front

Connection, multiple approaches.

Connecting Hall

Uniqlo Cubes –HWKN 2011 New York City 64 sqft

“Pop-up” stores in city taking advantage of unused space and revitalizing “forgotten corners of the city”.

Creates a larger destination/landmark to place the smaller store cubes.

Unused Space

Sol Duc Cabin –Olson Kundig 2010-11 Olympic Peninsula, WA 388 sqft

Elevated to protect against flooding. Steel shutters protect windows and close house to elements when vacant.

Tall living space compensates for small footprint.

Elevated Height

Riverside House –Kota Mizuishi 2010 Suginami, Tokyo, Japan 592 sqft

take advantage of maximum width on narrow site and overhanging second floor to cover the site completely while still having some land open for parking

Unique Site

Gulf Islands Cabin - Olson Kundig 2008 Gulf Islands, British Columbia 194 sqft (345 sqft counting porches)

Intentionally small to encourage being outside and emphasize the experience with nature.

Live Outside

HousingHousingHousing

Endémico Resguardo Silvestre -Jorge Gracia Garcia 2010-11 Each unit 65 sqft.

Respect Nature by lifting units off terrain. Corten weathers naturally. Close to nature but with amenities.

Natural FLow

Graft Tower-vertical Farm + Hotel

Distinct and separate residence utilizing existing structures for support as it hangs and occupies under utilized urban spaces.

Vertical Green

Keystone Users

Young adults seeking an urban lifestyle within a beginning salary budget. Interest in alternative transportation, Innovative and social work, and experiences instead of procession.

KeystoneOccupants

Several theories regarding the increased interest in urban living. There is an increasing number of urban offices after a period of suburban office popularity. As offices are moving back to urban areas, so are people. This could also be interpreted in the reverse if young adults are moving into urban areas and businesses are following the young talent. Among young adults and millennials there is also a sense of disillusionment of the American suburban dream after witnessing the housing recession of 2008.

Factors of Cause

— 60 —

ProcessWeek7ThisweekIreiteratedsomeinformationonkeystone

species, mapped water density throughout the city, and

createdthreemontagesofnatureinfiltratingthecity.The

water was a useful drawing that helped backup the dense

area of Downtown Phoenix as having many resources.

The montages were useful in that they revealed what my

projectisnotabout.Withthepossibleexceptionofthe

RooseveltLightrailstationturnedintoamesquitebosque,

thereisacleardelineationbetweenforeground-natureand

background-cityinthemontages.Becausetheintegration

was important, these products did not convey the correct

experience. Furthermore, the goal of the project to

transform the urban environment passively with the help of

pollinatorsisacompletelydifferenttypeofscaleandproject

thanconvertingpavementandre-purposingmanypartsof

thescaletoactivelydevelopagardencity.

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— 62 —

ProcessWeek8-9Theweekstartedbymappinghorizontalandvertical

surfacestoformacomparisonofwherethemostpotential

areais.Verticalsurfacesweremuchmoreprevalentinthe

dense downtown.

I also investigatedmaps that revealed different detriments

to wildlife. Sources like agriculture, feral animals,

canals, roads, air traffic, and other human-induced

problems showed where wildlife was being hit hardest.

Atlastthebreakthrough!Theparkinggaragehascomeinto

view as the point of intervention. Spread throughout the

city and so dull, it is amazing that it took more than half

thetimeof thisproject to realize.Thisfirst iterationof the

microdwelling community based around a parking garage

did follow the same structural module that was used in the

final.However, theunitsdidnot confine themselves to the

parking garage and ventured all around the block and the

adjacent block, crossing the street to do so, and the structural

guidelines of the parking garage did not hold up away from

the existing columns. Also, this schemewas still incredible

focussed on the microdwelling, rather than the landscape.

This scheme does involve roof gardens on the vaguely formed

dwellingunits,butthereisnointegrationorrealrelationship.

— 63 —— 63 —

— 64 —

ProcessWeek10This week I developed the axonometric maps of the parking

garages, vacant land, buildings, and latent water. I also

applied the wildlife detriment overlays to the axons to see if

any fell within the Downtown area. Of those that did, they

coveredtheentireareawithnospecificpartofdowntown,

so they were considered not incredibly vital to immediate

decisions within the urban core.

I continued working with the same site but constrained

the project to the parking garage. I developed a type

of unit that incorporated the roof of the unit below

it that doubled as a planter. The problems with this

scheme 1.) the multifunctionality of the parking garage

was compromised because some units slid into parking

spaces, 2.) the planters were not deep enough, and 3.) the

entire design was still driven by the unit and the balance

between landscape and housing was terribly inadequate.

— 64 —

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ProcessWeek12-13Thefinalweeksresultsinaflurryofdifferentschemes.

Some, like the half spheres supported by crooked columns,

tookinspirationfrompurelybiomorphicdesign.Schemes

withcontinuousplanterswereconcernedwiththecohesion

ofthefacadeandthebenefitsoflarge,continuoussoil

masses.Theschemeswerereviewed,critiqued,analyzed,

andputasideasthenextiterationcameabout.

Whilemassproducingmany iterationsat the lastminute, I

also began establishing the final presentation outline and

finalizingalloftheaxondrawings,speciesselections,andother

elementsofthethesiswhichbeeninfluxsincethebeginning.

I think there are elements of each stage of the design

process in the final project, and these elements become

more obviously integrated as the iterations progress

towardafinalversion.Yetit isalsoincrediblehowdifferent

the project is when it ends from when it began. Seeing

the development of this thesis in the process reveals not

only the development of the project but a development

in the method of investigation and type of design work.

— 67 —— 67 —

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