Life on the Margins of the Housing Market
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Transcript of Life on the Margins of the Housing Market
European Research Conference, Budapest, 17th September 2010UNDERSTANDING HOMELESSNESS AND HOUSING EXCLUSION IN THE NEW
EUROPEAN CONTEXT
ENHR
Life on the Margins of the Housing Market
GYŐRI, Péter and FEHÉR, Boróka BMSZKI (www.bmszki.hu)
Budapest Methodological Centre of Social Policy and Its Services
Budapest, Hungary
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European Research Conference, Budapest, 17th September 2010UNDERSTANDING HOMELESSNESS AND HOUSING EXCLUSION IN THE NEW
EUROPEAN CONTEXTENHR
Life on the Margins of the Housing Market
Conceptual
Category
Operational Category Generic Definition
ROOFLESS 1 People Living Rough 1.1 Rough Sleeping (no access to 24-
hour accommodation) / No abode2 People staying in a night
shelter
2.1 Overnight shelter
HOUSELESS 3 People in accommodation for
the homeless
3.1
3.2
Homeless hostel
Temporary Accommodation4 People in Women’s Shelter 4.1 Women’s shelter accommodation5 People in accommodation for
immigrants
5.1
5.2
Temporary accommodation /
reception centres (asylum)
Migrant workers accommodation6 People due to be released from
institutions
6.1
6.2
Penal institutions
Medical institutions7 People receiving support (due
to homelessness)
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
Residential care for homeless
people
Supported accommodation
Transitional accommodation with
support
Accommodation with supportINSECURE 8 People living in insecure
accommodation
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Temporarily with family/friends
No legal (sub)tenancy
Illegal occupation of building
Illegal occupation of land 9 People living under threat of
eviction
9.1
9.2
Legal orders enforced (rented)
Re-possession orders (owned)10 People living under threat of
violence
10.
1
Police recorded incidents of
domestic violence INADEQUATE 11 People living in temporary /
non-standard structures
11.
1
11.
2
11.
3
Mobile home / caravan
Non-standard building
Temporary structure
12 People living in unfit housing 12.
1
Unfit for habitation (under national
legislation; occupied)13 People living in extreme
overcrowding
13.
1
Highest national norm of
overcrowding
What is homelessness?ETHOS 2006
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Life on the Margins of the Housing Market
What is homelessness? Hungarian definition
Social Law of 1993
Article 6 and Sections II and III of this Act a person not possessing a registered abode is homeless except for those whose registered abode is the homeless shelter.
Articles 7, 78, 84 and 89 of this Act people who spend their nights in public areas or in premises not built for residential purposes are homeless
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Life on the Margins of the Housing Market
Homeless people within the meaning of the Hungarian Social Act
1 People living rough 1.1 Public spaces or external space
2 People living in emergency accommodation
2.1 Night shelter
3 People living in accommodation for the homeless
3.13.23.3
Homeless hostelTemporary accommodationTransitional supported accommodation
4 People living in Women’s shelter 4.1 Women’s shelter accommodation
7 People receiving long-term (housing) support (due to their being homeless)
7.1 Residential care for older homeless people
11 People living in temporary/non-conventional structures
11.111.211.3
Mobile homesNon-conventional buildingTemporary structures
12 People living in unfit housing 12.1 Occupied dwellings unfit for habitation
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Life on the Margins of the Housing MarketConceptual
Category
Operational Category Generic Definition
ROOFLESS 1 People Living Rough 1.1 Rough Sleeping (no access to 24-
hour accommodation) / No abode2 People staying in a night
shelter
2.1 Overnight shelter
HOUSELESS 3 People in accommodation for
the homeless
3.1
3.2
Homeless hostel
Temporary Accommodation4 People in Women’s Shelter 4.1 Women’s shelter accommodation5 People in accommodation for
immigrants
5.1
5.2
Temporary accommodation /
reception centres (asylum)
Migrant workers accommodation6 People due to be released from
institutions
6.1
6.2
Penal institutions
Medical institutions7 People receiving support (due
to homelessness)
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
Residential care for homeless
people
Supported accommodation
Transitional accommodation with
support
Accommodation with supportINSECURE 8 People living in insecure
accommodation
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Temporarily with family/friends
No legal (sub)tenancy
Illegal occupation of building
Illegal occupation of land
9 People living under threat of
eviction
9.1
9.2
Legal orders enforced (rented)
Re-possession orders (owned)10 People living under threat of
violence
10.1 Police recorded incidents of
domestic violence INADEQUATE 11 People living in temporary /
non-standard structures
11.1
11.2
11.3
Mobile home / caravan
Non-standard building
Temporary structure12 People living in unfit housing 12.1 Unfit for habitation (under
national legislation; occupied)13 People living in extreme
overcrowding
13.1 Highest national norm of
overcrowding
What is homelessness?ETHOS in Hungarian perspective(according to the second definition)
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Who are we thinking about?
Home-less people
People without flat
Effective homeless people
Rough sleepers
International definition of homelessness
Homeless definition before 1945 in Hungary
Recent homeless definition in Hungary
Life on the Margins of the Housing Market
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Data Collection
To understand the scope and depth of the problem...
Who should collect data?(should we count at all?)
How? Whom? Where?
state? service-providers? researchers?
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Data collection: Hungary 1
Since 1999 annual survey in Budapest services (mostly hostels and shelters):
February 3rd working group (service provider initiative)
In 2005 headcount as well
Since 2005, other service-providers in other cities joined
What is it good for?
● Comparison of (concrete) service users from year-to-year – helps to plan the running of the service
● Comparison of services
We can find answers to concrete questions, and be surprised
We can compare data with other groups of the population
We can lobby for policy change based on evidence
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Data collection: Hungary 2
Surprises● ¾ of the homeless move between various forms of accommodation, ¼
stable on the street or in the service – the role of services can be to minimize the time spent between flats
● 60% have some kind of a work income – it is growing – the working poor
● 20-25% are from Roma background (3x as much as national average)
● Health: growth in people with serious health problems, over 60 population not so different from rest of Hun population of that age group – importance of access to health care
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Data collection: Hungary 3
Comparisons● 2002 – health issues
● 2007 – drug use (international)
● 2007 – What do people think of Budapest? - similar questions regarding attitudes towards the homeless
● 2009-2010 employment, finances
http://www.bmszki.hu/english
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Life on the Margins of the Housing Market
Findings of three research projects:
1. National census of 2001
2. February 3rd annual survey (national)
3. In-depth look at life of rough sleepers (Budapest and Debrecen)
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National Census 2001 1People without homes on the basis of the census data[1]
Total number of people not living in housing units 260,653 persons
Of this: persons living in other inhabited housing units[2] 12,267 persons
People living in institutional households[3] 248,386 persons
of which:
in social institutions providing temporary accommodationof which: in homeless accommodation
5,851 persons3,934 persons
in workers’ hostels, mobile structures (barracks), accommodation for employees, etc.
10 ,000 pers.
in stations admitting refugees 1,697 persons
in healthcare children’s homes, hospitals 3,657 persons
in infant and children’s homes, corrective institutions, establishments for homeless children
128,000 persons
in social homes, hospices, etc. 62,000 persons
in detention facilities 17,000 persons
in military accommodation 13,000 persons[1] The housing and life situations described in the summary may overlap each other.[2] Other inhabited housing unit: Those non-housing units (shops, offices, workshops, warehouses, laundries, garages, press houses, etc.) that are used by at least one person for residing without any conversion, as well as temporary, mobile and other facilities (caravans, barges, railway cars, caves, huts, booths, wagons, bus bodies, circus cars, etc.).[3] Institutional households is the group of those living in institutions, and there are provided with community accommodation or accommodation and services, and at the theoretical time of the census they actually stayed at the place of registration, lived there permanently, the persons registered at the given addresses could be regularly contacted, and the most frequently spent their nights there, went to work or study from there. The place of the census can be the registered (permanent) address of the person concerned, the registered (temporary) place of residence, and even non-registered address.
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National Census 2001 2
Total number of inhabited apartments3,723,509
apartments
Total number of uninhabited apartments341,144
apartments
Total number of households 3,862,702
households
Total number of people living in households 9,944,832 persons
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National Census 2001 3
Dwellers of apartments
People living in uncertain legal statuses[1]
privately owned rented apartment 99,445 apartments
households renting privately owned apartment106,833
households
Members of households renting privately owned apartment 243,581 persons
persons using households under any service title 77,846 persons
households under the legal title of sub-lease or bed lease 20,648 households
member of a household under the legal title of sub-lease 30,607 persons
member of a household under the legal title of bed lease 571 persons
apartment under s. c. “other” legal title 26,790 apartments
household under s. c. “other” legal title34,271
households
Member of a household under any „other” legal title[2] 57,217 persons[1] The uncertain legal status is obviously true for people living in privately owned, rented apartments, and some of those using apartments on favour, which mean actual housing uncertainties.[2] Other legal title: not owned, rented or received on service. E.g. the use of the entire apartment without paying any rental fee, the so-called dweller on favour (sofa surfer), or unauthorized dweller in the given apartment.
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People living under the minimum housing circumstances
six or more people live in a single-room apartment 6,697 persons
two or more families or households live in a single apartment
of which: the apartment has two rooms at the maximum 91,160 apartments
living in such apartments 394,424 persons
family household with an ancestor[1] 192,212 households
living in a household of any “other” composition[2] 103,279 persons
apartment in a socially inappropriate environment[3] 5,759 apartments
apartment with walls from loam, wood or other materials 699,082 apartments
living in apartment with walls from loam, wood or other materials 1,730,578 persons
of which: apartments without proper foundations 189,941 apartments
living in such apartments 462,664 persons
water supply from outside the building plot 95,782 persons
toilet outside the apartment 113,477 persons
no bathroom or shower 806,962 persons
no bathroom and kitchen 89,667 persons
no bathroom and premises for cooking(in other words living in emergency or other apartments)
58,110 persons
no heating facilities 11,756 persons
[1] Multi-generation families cannot obviously be regarded as automatically excluded.[2] Household of other composition: where only such persons live who do not form a family, such as a) co-dwelling relatives forming a family (e.g. sisters and brother, single father or mother living only with the married and/or formerly married child, single grandparent living together with a grandchild of any family status), b) households of not related persons (e.g. friends), c) households consisting of relatives not forming a family and co-dwelling persons not being relatives (e.g. brother and sister with friends).[3] Socially inappropriate residential zone: the residential zones of residential buildings of deteriorated conditions, temporarily built sites, shacks, Gipsy streets, cave houses and similar units.
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National Census 2001 5
living in single-room apartments without conveniences 243,235 persons
“living“ in apartments of 19 sq m at the maximum 337,754 persons
apartments with partial or without conveniences, emergency and other apartments
674,803 apartments
of which: single-room 189,405 apartments
living in apartments with partial or without conveniences, emergency and other apartments
1,662,515 persons
of which: living in single-room 377,714 persons
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National Census 2001 6
10–12% of all the apartments are of substandard quality, without or just partly equipped with conveniences, or emergency apartments. In addition, more than 100 thousand people live at segregated colonies that are hardly suitable for housing. Furthermore, serious structural problems are faced: housing estates, old and deteriorating districts, housing units in depopulating villages with disadvantageous infrastructure, or block-type enclosures being hardly suitable for housing call for different solutions.
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National Census 2001 7
The affordability of housing costs represents serious problems for low-income groups, which is not solely associated with low incomes (unemployment, individual disadvantaged situations), but the differing costs of the various housing units (e.g. large costs carried by apartments in housing estates with district heating). In more than 20% of Hungarian households, the proportion of housing costs exceeds 30% of the volume of incomes. In 2003, cc. 500 thousand households had arrears threatening the security of housing, while only 180–200 thousand households received housing support.
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National Census 2001 8
The proportion of lease apartments owned by local governments dropped from 22% to 4% due to the privatization of apartments in the 1990s and the conditions of support–taxation–incentives, while the proportion of privately owned lease apartments was cc. 4%. (Meaning that the proportion of privately owned apartments is outstandingly large within the European Union, i.e. 92%.) Thus, the traditional housing base of social housing policy narrowed (lease apartments of local governments), and on the other hand there emerged no comprehensive system to guarantee the security of housing, and manage social and housing policy elements in a standard manner.
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February 3rd Annual Survey 1
• Since 1999• survey • 03 February • annually
In 1999, 2,539 homeless people responded to the questions, 67 among them rough sleepers.2009, 7,270 homeless people (2,913 rough sleepers) In 2010, we reached 8,075 homeless individuals (3,090 rough sleepers)
In cooperation with the Menhely Foundationand the Oliver Twist Foundation
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February 3rd Annual Survey 2
Egy évvel korábban (teljes, fő)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
egyéb lakás
hajléktalanszállás
intézmény
önálló lakás
közterület
„Where did you sleep on February 3rd one year ago?”
One year ago (individuals)
other
homeless serv.
institution
own apartment
outdoors
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February 3rd Annual Survey 3
„Where did you sleep on February 3rd one year ago?”
Egy évvel korábban (szállók, %)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
egyéb lakás
hajléktalanszállás
intézmény
önálló lakás
közterület
Egy évvel korábban (közterület, %)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
egyéb lakás
hajléktalanszállás
intézmény
önálló lakás
közterület
Shelters/hostels (%)
Rough sleepers (%)
other
homeless serv.
institution
own apartment
outdoors
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February 3rd Annual Survey 4
an average person spent
29 weeks in homeless services 8 weeks on streets 7 weeks in normal housing 4 weeks in hospital 1 week in prison
23% 65 %70%76%96%
„Where did you spend the 52 weeks of last year?”
Not at all
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February 3rd Annual Survey 5
„Where did you sleep one year ago?”
Együtt
Éjjeli menhely
25%
Átmeneti szálló23%
Más lakhatás
18%
Saját lakás
5%
Egyéb9%
Közterül.20%
• own housing 5%
• other housing (usually sofa surfing) 18%
• homeless hostel 23%
• other 9%
• rough sleeping 20%
• shelter 25%
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February 3rd Annual Survey 6
„Where did you sleep one year ago?” (according to sleeping place this year)
Most éjjeli menhelyenSaját lakás
5%
Egyéb5%
Közterül.9%
Éjjeli menhely
55%
Átmeneti szálló
8%
Más lakhatás
18%
Most közterületen
Közterül.46%
Átmeneti szálló
5%Éjjeli
menhely2%
Más lakhatás
21%
Saját lakás12%
Egyéb14%
Most átmeneti szállónEgyéb
5%Saját lakás4%
Közterül.5%
Éjjeli menhely
10%
Más lakhatás
14%
Átmeneti szálló62%
Now sleeping in shelter Now sleeping in hostel
Now sleeping rough
• saját lakás = own housing
• más lakhatás = other housing (usu sofa surfing)
• átmeneti szálló = hostel
• éjjeli menhely = shelter
• közterület = rough sleeping
• egyéb = other
European Research Conference, Budapest, 17th September 2010UNDERSTANDING HOMELESSNESS AND HOUSING EXCLUSION IN THE NEW
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February 3rd Annual Survey 7
„Where will you live one year from now?”
EgyüttSaját
lakásban14%
Más lakhatás
21%
Átmeneti szálló19%
Éjjeli menhely
15%
Közterül.10%
Egyéb21%
Együtt
Éjjeli menhely
25%
Átmeneti szálló23%
Más lakhatás
18%
Saját lakás
5%
Egyéb9%
Közterül.20%
Next year
Last year
• saját lakás = own housing
• más lakhatás = other housing (usu sofa surfing)
• átmeneti szálló = hostel
• éjjeli menhely = shelter
• közterület = rough sleeping
• egyéb = other
European Research Conference, Budapest, 17th September 2010UNDERSTANDING HOMELESSNESS AND HOUSING EXCLUSION IN THE NEW
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February 3rd Annual Survey 8
Közterületen
Éjjeli menhely
2%
Átmeneti szálló
5%
Más lakhatás
21%
Saját lakásban
12%
Egyéb14%
Közterül.46%
Éjjeli menhelyen Saját lakásban
15%
Egyéb12%Közterület
en1%
Éjjeli menhely
36%
Más lakhatás
23%
Átmeneti szálló13%
Átmeneti szállón
Egyéb25%
Éjjeli menhely
2%
Közterül.1%
Átmeneti szálló40%
Más lakhatás
16%
Saját lakásban
16%
„Where will you live one year from now?”(according to sleeping place this year)
Now sleeping in shelterNow sleeping in hostel
Now sleeping rough
• saját lakás = own housing
• más lakhatás = other housing (usu sofa surfing)
• átmeneti szálló = hostel
• éjjeli menhely = shelter
• közterület = rough sleeping
• egyéb = other
European Research Conference, Budapest, 17th September 2010UNDERSTANDING HOMELESSNESS AND HOUSING EXCLUSION IN THE NEW
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February 3rd Annual Survey 9
WRIGHT, BRADLEY R. (1998): Behavioral Intentions and Opportunities Among Homeless Individuals: A Reinterpretation of the Theory of Reasoned Action. IN: Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 61, No. 4 (dec.) 271-286.
Intentions and optimism?
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In-Depth Study of Rough Sleepers 1
Research leaders: Péter Győri + Péter Breitner + Zoltán Gurály
161 individuals in two cities (Budapest and Debrecen)
Structured interviews More detailed description of previous
housing situation Although focus more one life history
and current lifestyle
Why have you become homeless? (N=155)
Pers. %
Family problems 35 22,6
Divorce (ex-spouse stayed in shared housing)
32 20,6
Was forced to leave housing 17 11,0
Could not keep paying rent 10 6,5
Was evicted 15 9,7
Sold own housing 11 7,0
Housing had been provided by workplace, became unemployed
3 1,9
27,1
Released from state care/prison/hospital
15 9,7
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In-Depth Study of Rough Sleepers 2
7 % never had own housing (whether owned or rented)
25 % was staying where growing up (mostly with family)
50% owned or rented own housing
35% lived in a one-room apartment (15% National Census)
13% lived in a one-room apartment before turning 18.
People tended to move down the housing ladder as approaching homelessness
They did not start from very high, either
„What was your last housing like (before you became homeless)?” (N=155)
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Threat of loosing livelyhood and home
Puffer1
„workers’ hostels”
Puffer3
„prison”
Puffer4
„informal nets„
Puffer2„sublet or bed-let”
Puffers prevent becoming homeless, no contact with social services
The „modell” of social protection – before 1989
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home-less people
People without flat
Effective homeless p.
Rough sleepers
Continuity: those living on the margins may shift to the edges, and then back
Change: who shifts from living on the margins to the edges of the margins
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Threat of loosing livelyhood and home
Those who have lost livelyhood and home
Homeless services
The „modell” of social protection – after 1989
Attempt to catch people falling, with use of social services
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Life on the Margins of the Housing Market
Thank you for your attention.