Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and...
-
date post
19-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
2
Transcript of Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and...
![Page 1: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Life in the Ocean
• All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce
– Organisms need energy and ingredients• Energy: the ability to do work
– Metabolism: process by which organisms gain energy from the external environment.
• The ingredients: Biomolecules– Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic
Acids
![Page 2: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Photosynthesis and Respiration
![Page 4: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Nutrients
• Materials needed to make biomolecules.– Raw materials are nutrients, and they include
minerals, vitamins, and other inorganic compounds• Nitrogen and Phosphorus are usually the most important
nutrients in the marine environment.• Often called limiting nutrients because without them they
limit productivity.– Nitrate (NO3-1), the most important form of nitrogen, is used
in making proteins and nucleic acids
– Phosphate (PO4-3), the most important form of phosphorus, is used in making phospholipids, ATP and DNA.
![Page 5: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Primary Production
• Sugars produced by photosynthesis are raw material for the other organic compounds, such as lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
– When autotrophs produce more organic matter than they use, there is an overall gain in organic matter.
– This net increase is called primary production, and it is this primary production that supplies all the heterotrophs, i.e. animals, with food.
![Page 6: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Challenges of Life in the Ocean
• Lack of substrate– They are at constant risk of sinking– They are constantly being thrashed around
by mixing.
![Page 7: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Challenges of Life in the Ocean
• Transparency of seawater– Adequate light for photosynthesis only exists
in the upper part of the ocean, in a region known as the euphotic zone,
• ranges from 10-200m in depth.• The euphotic depth is the depth at which light
levels are 1% of surface light, which is considered to be when light becomes limiting for photosynthesis.
![Page 8: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Challenges of Life in the Ocean
• Lack of Nutrients– Most of the nutrients in the ocean are below
the euphotic zone.• Where there is enough light, there often aren’t
enough nutrients for primary production
![Page 11: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Temp, O2, Nitrate Profiles
![Page 12: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Global Nitrate Profiles
![Page 13: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Global Primary Productivity
![Page 14: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Phytoplankton
• Phytoplankton (plant-wanderer) are the primary producers in the open ocean
– They range in size from 1 - 100m (there are 1000 m in a mm)
– The smaller you are, the less you sink.– When you are that small, you can be thrown around by
breaking waves and it doesn’t affect you at all.– When you’re that small you have a higher surface-to-volume
(S/V) ratio, which increases your ability to pick up nutrients, which may be in very low concentrations. » The larger the organism, the smaller the S/V ratio, the
smaller the organism, the larger the S/V ratio.– Being that small you tend to reproduce quickly, so that your
numbers can increase rapidly under the right circumstances.» During a phytoplankton bloom, some cells will divide as
much as 3 times per day.
![Page 16: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
It’s Good to be Small
• The smaller you are, the less you sink.
• When you are that small, you can be thrown around by breaking waves and it doesn’t affect you at all.
• When you’re that small you have a higher surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio, which increases your ability to pick up nutrients, which may be in very low concentrations.
![Page 17: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Phytoplankton Reproduce Exponentially
• Being that small you tend to reproduce quickly, so that your numbers can increase rapidly under the right circumstances.– During a phytoplankton bloom, some cells
will divide as much as 3 times per day.
![Page 18: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Plankton• Greek for Wanderer or Drifter• Organisms that can’t swim against a
current• Usually small
– Picoplankton: 0.2-2 μm– Netplankton: >20 μm
• Types– Phytoplankton– Zooplankton– Protists
![Page 19: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Phytoplankton
• Greek for Plant Drifter
• Vary in size from 1-100 μm
• Grow very fast– Cells divide as much as 3 times/day
• Make own food but need – Light, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
• Examples– Diatoms, Dinoflagellates
![Page 20: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Dinoflagellates
![Page 22: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Diatoms
![Page 24: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Zooplankton
• Animal Wanderer
• Holoplankton: plankton their entire lives– Ex: Copepods
• Meroplankton: planktonic part of their lives– Ex: Fish, crabs, lobster, barnacles
• Need to eat other things
• Examples– Copepods, Protozoans, Pteropods, Jellies
![Page 34: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Protozoans
![Page 35: Life in the Ocean All living things grow, metabolize, react to the external environment and reproduce –Organisms need energy and ingredients Energy: the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d365503460f94a0dedc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Pteropods