Life in a New StateNorth Carolina and the US after the Revolution

Daily Warm-Up 1st/2nd Block

Advances in farming increased southern ties to the land and agriculture during the antebellum period (post revolution). They were:●Cotton Gin- Removes seeds from cotton. Thousands of pounds of cotton processed in a day. Slave labor and lots of land increased cotton production. (backbone of the southern economy) No one diversified people grew cotton b/c it made money●Bright Leaf Tobacco- Grew well in eastern NC sandy soil. A slave curing tobacco ran out of wood, used charcoal instead, and the leaf turned a beautiful rich golden color. Since it grew well/sold well, no one diversified (everyone grew tobacco.

VOCABULARY: Life in A New State/WRITE IN NOTEBOOK

❏ nullify- make something legally invalid or ineffective❏ tariff- a tax on goods coming in or out of a place❏ secede- to leave one country in order to form another country❏ Manifest Destiny- belief that people in America were part of a

special nation which had a mandate from God to spread across the continent

❏ impressments- forcing or kidnapping American sailors to fight in the British navy

❏ abolitionism- the stopping of slavery❏ evangelical- of or pertaining to religion or spirituality❏ humanitarian- a group or person who practices good will and

charity toward others

North Carolina 19th Century:

● Prosperityo Political power- planters and merchantso US demands more- lumber, corn, wheato Technical developments- Eli Whitney (Georgia)

invents cotton gino NC- bright leaf tobacco (grown in sandy soil/cured)o Slave labor- eastern prosperity depended upon it

Free Blacks- NC had a small group of free blacks

1793 Cotton Gin InventedBefore: People separated seeds from cotton fiberAfter: It took less time to clean cotton (which meant more cotton to plant and harvest, and a need for more slaves)

Bright Leaf Tobacco

o 1830’s NC experimented with a new type of Tobacco called “ Bright Leaf” tobacco

o It grew well in Eastern soilo A new “Curing” ( drying out the tobacco) process stimulated

bright leaf productiono The quality of a tobacco leaf depends on how well it is cured.o Slave Stephen Slade discovered the key to the effective technique.

o Using charcoal instead of woodo Charcoal burns hotter than wood and, the extra heat allows the

leaves to turn bright yellow.

Life EnslavedThe East depended on slave labor• Slaves had very few rights• They built there own cultures• Some were able to earn money in there free time

Being out after dark• At night slaves could travel with a pass, to visit loved ones at other plantations• Pattie rollers: white men who patrolled woods checking slaves for passes• Slaves ran to avoid dogs or being whipped, they feared being sold away from

familyBeing a free black• Consisted of a small group that was either

– Born free– Freed by owners– Purchased their own freedom

NC and the War of 1812● Britain and France go to war● US neutral until impressment (Britain kidnapping US

sailors)● President James Madison (4th Pres) declares war

against British-Indian forces● NC Coast

● British raided small towns on the coast for supplies

o NC was not affected by the War of 1812● Francis Scott Key composes versus that become the

“Star-Spangled Banner”

Wake Up NC!!● NC lacked on starting in-state improvements● Wealthy merchants/planters/politicians (eastern NC)

spent money on their needso Saw little reason to spend money on rest of stateo Small-scale, self-sufficient farmers happy with

that, didn't want to spend money on that anyway● NC dubbed as the “Rip Van Winkle” State after the

old story about the man who drank a magic brew and fell asleep for 20 years

Waking up the State!

Western NC had transportation issues• Few Roads• Hilly terrain• Wanted improved roads and waterways knows as internal

improvements

Little government support because most politicians lived in the Eastern part of the State

• Wanted small federal and state governments so taxes were lower

Eastern NC• Had good canals and roads• Private schools and tutors for children

Ambitious Reforms● Achibald Murphey- a humanitarian,

believed government should be used to improve peoples liveso Improved navigation on rivers, irrigation,

transportation, and education reforms in NCo His proposals were listened to but ignoredo Promoted public educationo Supported schools in each countyo Charged small fees for those who could affordo Free for those who could not

Reformers Push Harder● 1830’s- NC need to reform grew strong

o NC losing population● Andrew Jackson elected President● NC Constitution of 1835

o improved voting rights (everyone except women and slaves)

o election of officials instead of being choseno western NC had more seats in the legislature

● Led by Whigs NC began to invest in:o roads, railroads, public schools

Westward Expansion● As NC works to improve, nation moves

westward● Thomas Jefferson made Lousianna

PurchaseBy 1850 US had acquired almost all of present day territory

NC’s Native Americans● 1830- Most of NC’s Indians did not live on

tribal land● Many scattered members throughout NC● NC’s Cherokee remained in traditional

mountain home even though outside of their official territory

● They faced removal

Missouri Compromise, 1820

• Missouri Compromise, 1820 – Established a line at Missouri’s

southern border– All states below = slave states– All states above (except Missouri)

= free states

Kansas- Nebraska Act, 1854

• Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854• Kansas and Nebraska residents could vote

on whether they wanted to allow slavery• Bleeding Kansas• John Brown

•Kansas preacher that launched a bloody raid on a federal arsenal in HF.

•Kansas and Harper’s Ferry, VA

The Indian Removal Act● 1830- Congress passed Indian Removal Act● Indians forced to trade southern land for

western land● Most reluctant to move● Government persuades some and they

move peacefully● NC Cherokee fought (2 advantages)

o lived on land they purchased individuallyo NC leaders not really interested in moving them

Cherokee fight• NC Cherokee fight

– Hide in the woods– Sued the federal government and WON

• Many lived outside tribal boundaries on land they purchased as individuals

• Land not covered by treaties (only tribal lands)• NC leaders not interested in removing the Cherokee

– Hands off approach• Did not force people out• Did not recognize as citizens

Trail of Tears● 1838- 17,000 Native Americans and 2,000 slaves

from NC, GA, AL, and TN head for Oklahomao journey took monthso walked every step of the wayo not enough food, shelter, or medical careo estimated 4,000 of them died on the way (became

known as the Trail of Tears)

Manifest Destiny● 1840- NC native James K. Polk (from

Mecklenburg county) becomes US President● Belief that US is a nation destined by God to

expand westward● Brought about further westward expansion

o Acquired Texas and all land from Texas to California from Mexican Territory (via war)

o Acquired Oregon Territory from Great Britain (via treaty)

11th Pres

This painting portrays the religious symbolism of the Manifest Destiny

US territories acquired by Polk

Abolition● Many Americans talk about ending slavery● NC economy depended upon it● Slaves begin to talk about attaining freedom

o David Walker, free black man, writes “An appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World”

o Harriet Beecher Stowe, preachers daughter, writes “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” a depiction of the cruel treatment of slaves

● Fear of slave revolt spreado Nat Turner led a group of slaves to revolt in VA and NC

border

Economic Divide● Abolitionists and Opponents● Industry vs. Plantations

o North- merchants, trade, shipping (business)o South- land, slaves, cotton, plantations (agriculture)

● Tariffs (taxes on imports) help Northerns but hurt Southernerso Nullification Crisis- state’s rights to follow “federal”

law states threaten to “secede” or leave the Union rather

than pay tariffs

Green- Free States and territories

Red- Slave States

Orange- Open to Slavery

Violence Erupts● 1850’s- tensions over slavery increase● Outbreaks of violence more frequent● 1859 Kansas preacher John Brown launched

a bloody raid on federal armory in Harper’s Ferry, VAo plan to start a revolutiono stole guns, gave to slaves, they planned to take over

arsenalo attempt led to the killing of many of Brown’s followers

Election of 1860● Slavery key component● Republican Party established● Abraham Lincoln nominated (from IL)● Lincoln wins vote of every free state and

election● No one in NC voted for him because his

name wasn’t on the balloto NC had mixed emotions over Lincoln’s election

(views on slavery)

16th Pres

Unrest in North Carolina• Pamphlets condemning slavery and urging slaves to fight

back however they could– Fear of slave rebellion– Slaves hanged for plotting a revolt– Laws made it harder to free slaves– Harsh penalties for teaching slaves to read and write

• Nat Turner’s rebellion on VA and NC border killing at least 55 whites in one night– Panic ensued– Demolished black churches– Banned all visitations between plantations– Turner caught and executed

• Life harder for free blacks and natives– Free black families moved out of the state

Secession Begins● NC leaders begin discussion secession

o more plantation owners than small-scale farmers● SC votes to secede● Thus the beginning of a divided nation…

What images of symbolism are displayed in this illustration from the results of John Brown’s attack on Harper’s Ferry?