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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NAliONAL BUREAu Of STANDARDS1963middotA

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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU Of STANDARDSmiddot1963middotA

Technical Bulletin No 816 bull July 1942

Life History Habits and Control of the Beanstalk Weevil (Sternechus paludatus)

in the Estancia Valley N e1V JVlexico1

bull By J G SIUW a$sist(nt entollloOliot JJivision of l~rllitlly Investigations and

r It DOUGLASS ell tOIll ologist Division 0 Trucl Orop m(1 Garden Insect InlCstifllltiOIlS Bureau of Entomologl (ll Plallt Quarantino a

CONTENTS Page Page

Introduction 1 LiCo history nnd hubits-Continued ~y~t(~UUltiC hi~toQ~ nlld (OIlUnnll nnmll 2 (Ihe prcpllpll _ ~ _~_ __ _~ __ ~~ __ 23 Distribution IIncl host lIIlIlS 2 lhepupn 24 Injury to the w texht1Il lo(usL~ 2 ])cclopmcnt oC tho ndult __ 24 Injury to thtl 1llIIIl plllntbull a NUllIber oC generntions 26 EconomiC importnnll bull 5 Sexunl chnracteristics bullbull __ __ __ 26 Dcscript Ion or tho inseeL 7 Longovity or the lIltluIL 26

Tbec~~ _____ ~_ - Oencradmbils oCtho adult 26 lhe hl[11 bullbullbull 7 Hibcrnntion bullbull 26 1he pnpu pll bull bullbull ) l~n1lr~cn(middote from hihernntion~~ 29 rlW THlI)lt _ 9 ApPclIrllnco in the 110Id_ a2 [1middotIIltlult II Nuturll controL 32

l(thods used to obtniu deQlopullultl rNlnls 10 Artificial controLbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 3a ire history nnc h~hits bull 13 iroleduro 33

lh~ c~g 13 I J)i~lns~i()n oC rosnlts 33 Thtlllnu 23 StlInmnry_~~~_ _bull ~ __ bullbull ~ ~ __ _~ bullbull _ 36

- f y INTRODUCTION J-Nothing heretofore hasbeen published )l the life history habits or cOhtrol of )t(IlI(ku~ paludatlM (Casey) as appears from the index f~s of the libnll) of the United States Department of Agriculture l~d as therdore IittLp could be fonnd out about the insect studies were concluded by the authors while assigned to the bean-insect labshyltffittory at Estancia in central New Mexico The fact that this weevil wls a pest of bean plants had bccn discovered by the junior author in lIBl7 when it was found to be damaging bean plants grown in the footshyI~ls of the Mallzano Mountains which border the Estancia Valley 0middot )tmiddotmiddotNI for puhlicll lion lIllY 2 lH 1 ~ruterlul (or thiR bulietin was ussemblecl largely hy the S~llior author from 1030 to

il34 while ho WIlS field assistant and later a8sistant 11eld aide In the Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect IncstlItllons ut the Estancl N Mcx luborntory Tbe juniorall thor wns associu ted wi lh tho work frolll ] 027 to lUa4

bull Acknowledgments are dlle n n Hungerford of the University or Knnsus for his yalllnbio suggestions tlllrln tho preparation of the mlllluscript It L Vallis assistant entomologist nnd Fl B Wiggins assistant fieid aide of the Bureau of Bntolllology and PILnt Qunrtlnlill( who nssist(c in tailing Ikhl and laborutory notes and Mary 1 Benson senior scientific lllllstrator Burellll of Nlltomology and Plant Qunrantinc ~vho mnde the drawings of the life stages of this insect

bull 42iliiH-I--1 1

2 TECHXJCAL BlLIETtX S 16 l - Df~PT OF AGHlClLTlTRE

on the est SineI that year this ins((t hnf 1)(ell illcleasing in nUIllshybels continuollsly and much CO]1((1I1 has been aroused regarding its bull l)Qtentilll economic importance lhis bulletin ltports fitlldies conshyducted up to D((cmber 1034

SYSTEMATIC HISTOHY A~D CO~lMO~ NAlVIE

St(ImiddotI1(ll1(~ palud((tlls waf ((pscribtd in lR95 hy (aspy undpl tIl( gpnPIie nanl( Pled 1()III()dl~ III I104 Cas(y r synollYlllizrtl Ph 10shy

mode with 8terll((117l~ Rclolllherr Leng in his cataloglle of Co](OPshytpllu also lists til( gNlIlS Pctlomodes as synonymous with BtelmiddotlucW8 Thp latt(1 il1I1H t1w(jorp st u1l1s as thC proper gPllpri~ namC

Since on Iy rCl(ntL~ has Bt(II((tU8 paudatuR htPI1 diseoPImiddot(middotd 10 b(l nil insect () f (conOtn ic i mporta I1(P 110 CO 111 ilion nan( poundotmiddot it has 1gt(PIl ndoptNl by tIl( AIl(ricnn Asso(iatioJ1 of ]~(()n()mi( EntomologistsAs the hua of this ills((~t h)middotls II]gt and down the stalks and the stems of its host plants as if f(pels iillItUlll bpanslalk w((yil is belipved to bE Ery appropliah alld tJlI~ )llfh will lw so dlsignatNI in the llmaindel of thi~ hnllptin bull

DISTBIBlTIOX AXD HOST PLANTS

III til( Elall(ia Ydl(middoty til( htansialk ((il S(PI11S to bp (onI1n((1 to tIll foothilb of titt Mailzallo Mountaills where it is found at denlshyI ions rallging from a bOllt (iROO to 7300 f(pt It has not been found 011 wild 01 (]ollllstieaild host plants above Or h(lo these el(vations ClU~(y in his original d(~eription of til( sppp~i lists it from Arizona

TIll only knowlI wild host plallt oJ till )(anstalk weeyil is Ow Nt

[ltxiean o(lIs( tUo7Jilill I(01luimlll( (iray) which apparently is till peyii nativl food plant Ill( dtlIlH~ti(at((1 host plant UpOIl wtiel it fl(d- lxt(llsinl is till pillto blall (PIs(()(s lul[lwix L) whie] is growll oIllI1lP1Tially ill thl Efialllia Y middotdl Alfalfa (ill((ir([o XIshy

tilll L) ~((llIpd palatahll to this illgt((t 11lt11 f(d to it 1I11ltil1 (ollfiIlPshy1I1(1It Apparlntly for Wlnt of f()IIIti1l1l1g to paj )((t I(~ (IlIPIing from hilwlI1ltion in a eagl ill tillt spring of 1J31 fed 011 StCllalia jmlU 8((11(( 1011 n I)(tlnnial (hicJnppt whieh gr(w lip frolll b(llpath lltt hilHrnatioll 1II1laquorial 111(1 a gtPlOlIt of (amh1 oak ((jill(us (IIIII- bull

bdii Xnti) whicit gll up throllgh th( hibllIwti(l1l lllat(rial in anshyotll(r caw had ilg lpi((ll1Iis [idltllp([ with holeg 111adl by the wNil in ((pding

[Jl ( Y TO THE ~E ilEXlCA~ LOClST

Ill( ((ding of till (middotil- (aItH 1Itl1l~ of tIll (f(lls of til( Xl ~lpxi(all loclI-t to drop ofl Thl (Ityillg III alld (]Path of titl lean- ishythl [(SlIit of f(((lillg 011 til( OU(lr tisgtIIPgt- of titt pptioll alld la(hi~ or axis of Iht (OIllPOlllld ]PaL and on tll( petioluh5 of tlllt leaflets (figs 1 alld ) Fleltiillg Oil tIll 11lIik (If titl twigs also eallS(S lIutieea)ll

bull ($1- PIU-S 1bull (OI)ofIlIUOIOOI4l f111t IS 1 Y bull (middottd ~eiAnn ~ middot1~~i~saR IfgtO

~ tfH-Y 1middotlIn~ Lmiddot ti NOI loa (()LnllI~HA 1~(LlmiddotIHti l~IJ XI-W GrSo~H 1111lt1 EnL W 112-2middot1 IHO L

e IJmiddot~( CI1~HII- ~ (middotImiddotl~tHrImiddot 011 1111- CUJE(IImiddotn OJ 1110(middot ~UH11I (ll~ ~IKXiIO -tiO IlL ~Iont Hno gt Yo 1120

T 11([(rmineltl h~ II lIoT I(ill [p prnfso nf butany lnhsily of Kllnsas

bull

THE BEAXSTALK WEEIL IX TJU EiTAX(JA YALLEY XEW MEXICO

injury and pIOlonged feeding causes the twigs to die and in cases ofbull 3

very severe infestation branches and evell the entire tree may succumb The usual point 01 attack for feeding and egg deposition is on the terminal growth Most of the locust trees found infested by the weevil had the majority of the terminal shoots on the branches killed and toll1l11only n ro~ette growth formed Iwlow the dead wood as shown in figures 1 and 2

In type and appearance the egg pUllctlln~fi made by tlw beanstalk eei I on this locllst are Himila r to those 011 bean plants and are found only in tlH terminal growth ftfalpoundormatioll of tllr locllst stem is ~illlilal to that found on the bean plant Eggs are commonly found dlpositNl in thr IHW ~I~rns INlIlting flom rOSfttf growths

bull

bull FwlllC J-A New llpxiCl1l Iucllst stuutecl lllll partly kilhli 1Jj r~ldillg a 11(1 olipo-litioll or tl1l lwalliitalk wl(middotyil

TlItmiddot lal( hOI( in tIl( pith of till twig frolll tIll spot where tl( Pgg IIPlP depositC(l as is (middotid(II(ld by tI]( tXlIPIIIllIt alld fraiiswhieh prof rultll fltlt]ullIt1y frolll till old egg PUlletllll- Thpy tUlIlld up alld dowlI ill thl twig I(middotting a Ill(n sllt11 for ~lmiddotlIalinel](s and fnshyl[uenly cause til( t wig to dip TIlt IUrll( Illakl Ixit holegt ill tlw twi-l3 lind thr~h twp tll(middotr drop to th soil 101 pupatioll

lXlllHY TO THE BEAX PLANT

In tht SpdIlP as SOOIl as the iJean plant~ (0111(gt through the soil thl lJeullstalk wotwil- I(a( til( ImlIst to 1l(lt1 Oil this (ult iatld (IOp first attacking till plantH at tilt 11 (lrgill of til( 11ltmiddotld lI(UItst thp lO(lISl groves The lJeetll cnls IOIlg dpcp Ilsiolls ill tIll b(anstalks tIll stellls of the

bull plumule till fpaf IlPtioles tillt primal pullillllS (till elongated -wellshymg cOl1l1l(ing tilt lpH f petiolI to tIlt SIltIII) alld tIl( stcondalY pulvinus

4 TECHNICAL BULLElLI S 16 IT S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

(the elollyenated constriction conllecting the leaf and the leaf petiole) 1 bullas shown 1Il fignre 3 The most sedous damage is dOlle to the plumule as illustrated in

iigure 4 Whell the plumule is injured or killed by the feeding of this beetle often below this point a swelling in the stem followed by n rosette gLOwth takes place as shown in figllre 3 As a result the

bull

bull

FIOUltE 2-A Now Mexican locust sprout illjlrcll by feeding and oipositioll of the lJeanstalk weevil Note the ros(Ue growth alit the defoliation of COlUllOUll(1 leaves Approxlmlltely X 00( bull

5 THE BEA(S1ALK WEEVIL IN lHE ES1ANcrA VALLEY NEW MEXICO

bull plant becomes badly deformed FigUlC 4 shovs that severe damage causes the plants to die

The female beanstalk weevil deposits her eggs within the stems the leaf petioles the stems of the plumule and occasionally hl the primary plllvillllS of the bean plant Discoloration or enlargement or the oviposition scars caused by growing tissue occurs at these egg puncshytures and in its weakened condition the growth of the plant beyond these points is usually alLcstd As many as a dozen eggs have been deposited in It single plant Not infrequently the weight of the roliage will cause the stem to brfak at the point of oviposition

bull

bull FI(lUJUo )-lleall ]llallt that had beell Il(l tiVOli ill thl~ see(Uillg siag by the beall shystalk w(laquovil showing lhe ros(U( ~Iowth caused by lhe feedillg uvon the plumule rlI(gt plallt nlllo shows larg( ovipoilion scnr 011 lhe slalk alld the plimary 11u1-inll or tll to Ilaf petiolls a I thp righl a lid fredillg Scars 011 the leaf vel iol( to till tft rill skrltonizillg of tIll foliage WlS caused hy the feeding of till I(llilt llexitall hpall lJlelles

IlllllHdiately aHe the lutl htte1lPS it bcgins to tunnel through the hollow 01 Jlitlly alta of the SitHl and I(af petiole A single Janf1 l1lltY

liOn frOlll (lilt intPlltode to allotWl The section of the stem infested is yeUktIINl and clis(oIOlNl its grotl j rttarded and htuing of seed pods is hilldeled

ECONOMlC IMPOHTANCE

Not IIl1til the SPHSOIIS of Ifl~a alld lViH were studies made to determine tho economic importance of the beaJlslalk weeyil Duri1lg Ifl33 tests were CQll(llld((i ill t Ill field adjoilling tI( labOlalory to dttennine the

bull

6 TECHNICAL mLLETIN S IG C So DEPT OF AGHI(TL1THE

dfiJ1lIWe this beetle (ould do to a bean crop kept feel of tllE Mexica 11 bull

bean lmetJe (Epilochna V(Wil(8ti8 Muls) the major inect pest of bl1ms in this locality

bull

bull

1middotWUUlmiddotI~Ftll1l hlIli -t(dlill~ 111 killl(1 lu1 two palt1y I1tIoYltlhy lIt Jlt(lillg of h( hllIl1slIlk tlvil Sll I lgmiddot(lpptlitioll elll 11 dllll I((llillg ttl the ri~ht

ThlN plot IOWS WPIl rttIl Xo 1 YllH irrigated Xo ~ (lry-fllll1ll(1

find N) a till (itP(k dly-lalJIlld Thl(( paiH 01 bealltalk l(yils wCllintloltltt(td into (teh Ill plots 1 and d and tlllmwd to JellHtin for 24 hOIl as d(s(Iil)(d in till 1I1(middottilod Ill oiltaining 1illd dplllopllllIllal

bull

7 THE BEANSTALK 1YEEYIL IN THE E~TANCIA YALLEY XE1Y MEXICO

reconls After ~4 homs these adults were removed the plants being left infested with eggs DUlillg this short period feeding by the adults did much damage to the termillal growths and epidermis of the stalIui

Plot 1 yielded 42 ounces of beans plot 2 45 ounces and plot 3 75 ounces Plot 1 hud D8 plants was on poorer soil became illfested with root rot and yielded despite irrigation 3 ounces less of beans thall plot 2 which lUld only 84 plants Good showers fallillg over r(glllar periods (1( also a factor ill aiding the dry-farmed plots to (gtl()(llice so well lgtlots 2 alld 3 each had 84 plants but No2 produced olll 45 ounces of beans to 75 OUllees for No3 the check

bull

~tllc1ies Wl~Le ((llltllllled ill a similar mallller in 1D3middotb (x(ept that the llwek was t1 row of pll111ls betwpen the irrigated and dry-farmed rows and was llot kept 111( 01 he Mexican bean b(etle Plot 1 with GG plants yield(d 3-1 OIIlI((S of beam plot 2 with DO plant s 17 ounces and the c1llck with H~ plants middot10 Ollllees Approximately 125 percent of the plants in plot ~ died pound011 laek of nwistllr( JlH plants in the clw(k plot were 100 elofc toglther to allow optimulII conditions for growth and production Fronl these ligures it (an 1)( s((n that the potlntial dumagl by tlte bctlllstalk w(eil might Ill as gL(at ns that of tIl( )hxican bean beetle Obslations dLlLing these experiments hoI( out the fact that the gleat(st dantag( is done bv the adlllt weevil whill the plants al(~ still snllll] which is lIsllally l)(fol( the lIexicall lwan bpetips have lwcolll( nlllllPlOlIS in till lield) 1VlterltHr its infesshytation is found the bennstalk p(il making an carly applaranee ill the foothills by migmtion from tltl locllst as soon as t h( lllan plants an lip has takl1l its place along with t he ~[lxi(tln lllall beetle tItl eonl lalwnll (Hdiotiis wlIIi(wl( (fIlm)) til falsl wi(wOlmiddotIl-i (E(or(s spp) and tlH) s(((l-(otll maggot (lllhII1I(( lililIlIa (Rond)) 1 onl or tlIP lIIajor insllt illS or h(IUlo in tili part of Np ~l(xi(o

DESCHIPTJOX OF TIlE l~SECT

TUE E((

bull TIU Pgg (Iig Ii A B) is approximately 10 III Ill ill length by on mill in width and is oyal in ~ltape The freshly dcpositld Pgg is pale yellow ehnnging to a darker yellow II few dnys Jater The covering of (lip egg is plastie and almost filllooth in texture No distinct markshyings can he found on the chorion (ven undl high magnification The tips of 111( l1ltndiblps of tilt lana arc visible through thp egg covershying shorny befoll the (ggs hnllh

TilE LI1

The full-growll lana (lig Ii 1) 11 lLttgl~ aboul s 111111 in Ilngth The head is filighUy (onv(x alld light brown with the mandiLlps ami the anterior margill dark blOwn The (y(spots are distillltt and darker titan the lI1alldiblps The elypCIlS and labrum are also disshytinet rIle antennac IU( sllall segmented and adjacent to the anshyterior exwlIlity of tIIP frontal suture The body is yellow flcshy llWIP 01 IPRS (lIlv((l Ipg-Ipss all(l sparsely coveLcd with fihort hairs It (ollsisis of ~ thora(i( Slglll(lIts alld apPlupntly 10 Illuch-folded

bull

4 TECHNICAL BULLElLI S 16 IT S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

(the elollyenated constriction conllecting the leaf and the leaf petiole) 1 bullas shown 1Il fignre 3 The most sedous damage is dOlle to the plumule as illustrated in

iigure 4 Whell the plumule is injured or killed by the feeding of this beetle often below this point a swelling in the stem followed by n rosette gLOwth takes place as shown in figllre 3 As a result the

bull

bull

FIOUltE 2-A Now Mexican locust sprout illjlrcll by feeding and oipositioll of the lJeanstalk weevil Note the ros(Ue growth alit the defoliation of COlUllOUll(1 leaves Approxlmlltely X 00( bull

5 THE BEA(S1ALK WEEVIL IN lHE ES1ANcrA VALLEY NEW MEXICO

bull plant becomes badly deformed FigUlC 4 shovs that severe damage causes the plants to die

The female beanstalk weevil deposits her eggs within the stems the leaf petioles the stems of the plumule and occasionally hl the primary plllvillllS of the bean plant Discoloration or enlargement or the oviposition scars caused by growing tissue occurs at these egg puncshytures and in its weakened condition the growth of the plant beyond these points is usually alLcstd As many as a dozen eggs have been deposited in It single plant Not infrequently the weight of the roliage will cause the stem to brfak at the point of oviposition

bull

bull FI(lUJUo )-lleall ]llallt that had beell Il(l tiVOli ill thl~ see(Uillg siag by the beall shystalk w(laquovil showing lhe ros(U( ~Iowth caused by lhe feedillg uvon the plumule rlI(gt plallt nlllo shows larg( ovipoilion scnr 011 lhe slalk alld the plimary 11u1-inll or tll to Ilaf petiolls a I thp righl a lid fredillg Scars 011 the leaf vel iol( to till tft rill skrltonizillg of tIll foliage WlS caused hy the feeding of till I(llilt llexitall hpall lJlelles

IlllllHdiately aHe the lutl htte1lPS it bcgins to tunnel through the hollow 01 Jlitlly alta of the SitHl and I(af petiole A single Janf1 l1lltY

liOn frOlll (lilt intPlltode to allotWl The section of the stem infested is yeUktIINl and clis(oIOlNl its grotl j rttarded and htuing of seed pods is hilldeled

ECONOMlC IMPOHTANCE

Not IIl1til the SPHSOIIS of Ifl~a alld lViH were studies made to determine tho economic importance of the beaJlslalk weeyil Duri1lg Ifl33 tests were CQll(llld((i ill t Ill field adjoilling tI( labOlalory to dttennine the

bull

6 TECHNICAL mLLETIN S IG C So DEPT OF AGHI(TL1THE

dfiJ1lIWe this beetle (ould do to a bean crop kept feel of tllE Mexica 11 bull

bean lmetJe (Epilochna V(Wil(8ti8 Muls) the major inect pest of bl1ms in this locality

bull

bull

1middotWUUlmiddotI~Ftll1l hlIli -t(dlill~ 111 killl(1 lu1 two palt1y I1tIoYltlhy lIt Jlt(lillg of h( hllIl1slIlk tlvil Sll I lgmiddot(lpptlitioll elll 11 dllll I((llillg ttl the ri~ht

ThlN plot IOWS WPIl rttIl Xo 1 YllH irrigated Xo ~ (lry-fllll1ll(1

find N) a till (itP(k dly-lalJIlld Thl(( paiH 01 bealltalk l(yils wCllintloltltt(td into (teh Ill plots 1 and d and tlllmwd to JellHtin for 24 hOIl as d(s(Iil)(d in till 1I1(middottilod Ill oiltaining 1illd dplllopllllIllal

bull

7 THE BEANSTALK 1YEEYIL IN THE E~TANCIA YALLEY XE1Y MEXICO

reconls After ~4 homs these adults were removed the plants being left infested with eggs DUlillg this short period feeding by the adults did much damage to the termillal growths and epidermis of the stalIui

Plot 1 yielded 42 ounces of beans plot 2 45 ounces and plot 3 75 ounces Plot 1 hud D8 plants was on poorer soil became illfested with root rot and yielded despite irrigation 3 ounces less of beans thall plot 2 which lUld only 84 plants Good showers fallillg over r(glllar periods (1( also a factor ill aiding the dry-farmed plots to (gtl()(llice so well lgtlots 2 alld 3 each had 84 plants but No2 produced olll 45 ounces of beans to 75 OUllees for No3 the check

bull

~tllc1ies Wl~Le ((llltllllled ill a similar mallller in 1D3middotb (x(ept that the llwek was t1 row of pll111ls betwpen the irrigated and dry-farmed rows and was llot kept 111( 01 he Mexican bean b(etle Plot 1 with GG plants yield(d 3-1 OIIlI((S of beam plot 2 with DO plant s 17 ounces and the c1llck with H~ plants middot10 Ollllees Approximately 125 percent of the plants in plot ~ died pound011 laek of nwistllr( JlH plants in the clw(k plot were 100 elofc toglther to allow optimulII conditions for growth and production Fronl these ligures it (an 1)( s((n that the potlntial dumagl by tlte bctlllstalk w(eil might Ill as gL(at ns that of tIl( )hxican bean beetle Obslations dLlLing these experiments hoI( out the fact that the gleat(st dantag( is done bv the adlllt weevil whill the plants al(~ still snllll] which is lIsllally l)(fol( the lIexicall lwan bpetips have lwcolll( nlllllPlOlIS in till lield) 1VlterltHr its infesshytation is found the bennstalk p(il making an carly applaranee ill the foothills by migmtion from tltl locllst as soon as t h( lllan plants an lip has takl1l its place along with t he ~[lxi(tln lllall beetle tItl eonl lalwnll (Hdiotiis wlIIi(wl( (fIlm)) til falsl wi(wOlmiddotIl-i (E(or(s spp) and tlH) s(((l-(otll maggot (lllhII1I(( lililIlIa (Rond)) 1 onl or tlIP lIIajor insllt illS or h(IUlo in tili part of Np ~l(xi(o

DESCHIPTJOX OF TIlE l~SECT

TUE E((

bull TIU Pgg (Iig Ii A B) is approximately 10 III Ill ill length by on mill in width and is oyal in ~ltape The freshly dcpositld Pgg is pale yellow ehnnging to a darker yellow II few dnys Jater The covering of (lip egg is plastie and almost filllooth in texture No distinct markshyings can he found on the chorion (ven undl high magnification The tips of 111( l1ltndiblps of tilt lana arc visible through thp egg covershying shorny befoll the (ggs hnllh

TilE LI1

The full-growll lana (lig Ii 1) 11 lLttgl~ aboul s 111111 in Ilngth The head is filighUy (onv(x alld light brown with the mandiLlps ami the anterior margill dark blOwn The (y(spots are distillltt and darker titan the lI1alldiblps The elypCIlS and labrum are also disshytinet rIle antennac IU( sllall segmented and adjacent to the anshyterior exwlIlity of tIIP frontal suture The body is yellow flcshy llWIP 01 IPRS (lIlv((l Ipg-Ipss all(l sparsely coveLcd with fihort hairs It (ollsisis of ~ thora(i( Slglll(lIts alld apPlupntly 10 Illuch-folded

bull

5 THE BEA(S1ALK WEEVIL IN lHE ES1ANcrA VALLEY NEW MEXICO

bull plant becomes badly deformed FigUlC 4 shovs that severe damage causes the plants to die

The female beanstalk weevil deposits her eggs within the stems the leaf petioles the stems of the plumule and occasionally hl the primary plllvillllS of the bean plant Discoloration or enlargement or the oviposition scars caused by growing tissue occurs at these egg puncshytures and in its weakened condition the growth of the plant beyond these points is usually alLcstd As many as a dozen eggs have been deposited in It single plant Not infrequently the weight of the roliage will cause the stem to brfak at the point of oviposition

bull

bull FI(lUJUo )-lleall ]llallt that had beell Il(l tiVOli ill thl~ see(Uillg siag by the beall shystalk w(laquovil showing lhe ros(U( ~Iowth caused by lhe feedillg uvon the plumule rlI(gt plallt nlllo shows larg( ovipoilion scnr 011 lhe slalk alld the plimary 11u1-inll or tll to Ilaf petiolls a I thp righl a lid fredillg Scars 011 the leaf vel iol( to till tft rill skrltonizillg of tIll foliage WlS caused hy the feeding of till I(llilt llexitall hpall lJlelles

IlllllHdiately aHe the lutl htte1lPS it bcgins to tunnel through the hollow 01 Jlitlly alta of the SitHl and I(af petiole A single Janf1 l1lltY

liOn frOlll (lilt intPlltode to allotWl The section of the stem infested is yeUktIINl and clis(oIOlNl its grotl j rttarded and htuing of seed pods is hilldeled

ECONOMlC IMPOHTANCE

Not IIl1til the SPHSOIIS of Ifl~a alld lViH were studies made to determine tho economic importance of the beaJlslalk weeyil Duri1lg Ifl33 tests were CQll(llld((i ill t Ill field adjoilling tI( labOlalory to dttennine the

bull

6 TECHNICAL mLLETIN S IG C So DEPT OF AGHI(TL1THE

dfiJ1lIWe this beetle (ould do to a bean crop kept feel of tllE Mexica 11 bull

bean lmetJe (Epilochna V(Wil(8ti8 Muls) the major inect pest of bl1ms in this locality

bull

bull

1middotWUUlmiddotI~Ftll1l hlIli -t(dlill~ 111 killl(1 lu1 two palt1y I1tIoYltlhy lIt Jlt(lillg of h( hllIl1slIlk tlvil Sll I lgmiddot(lpptlitioll elll 11 dllll I((llillg ttl the ri~ht

ThlN plot IOWS WPIl rttIl Xo 1 YllH irrigated Xo ~ (lry-fllll1ll(1

find N) a till (itP(k dly-lalJIlld Thl(( paiH 01 bealltalk l(yils wCllintloltltt(td into (teh Ill plots 1 and d and tlllmwd to JellHtin for 24 hOIl as d(s(Iil)(d in till 1I1(middottilod Ill oiltaining 1illd dplllopllllIllal

bull

7 THE BEANSTALK 1YEEYIL IN THE E~TANCIA YALLEY XE1Y MEXICO

reconls After ~4 homs these adults were removed the plants being left infested with eggs DUlillg this short period feeding by the adults did much damage to the termillal growths and epidermis of the stalIui

Plot 1 yielded 42 ounces of beans plot 2 45 ounces and plot 3 75 ounces Plot 1 hud D8 plants was on poorer soil became illfested with root rot and yielded despite irrigation 3 ounces less of beans thall plot 2 which lUld only 84 plants Good showers fallillg over r(glllar periods (1( also a factor ill aiding the dry-farmed plots to (gtl()(llice so well lgtlots 2 alld 3 each had 84 plants but No2 produced olll 45 ounces of beans to 75 OUllees for No3 the check

bull

~tllc1ies Wl~Le ((llltllllled ill a similar mallller in 1D3middotb (x(ept that the llwek was t1 row of pll111ls betwpen the irrigated and dry-farmed rows and was llot kept 111( 01 he Mexican bean b(etle Plot 1 with GG plants yield(d 3-1 OIIlI((S of beam plot 2 with DO plant s 17 ounces and the c1llck with H~ plants middot10 Ollllees Approximately 125 percent of the plants in plot ~ died pound011 laek of nwistllr( JlH plants in the clw(k plot were 100 elofc toglther to allow optimulII conditions for growth and production Fronl these ligures it (an 1)( s((n that the potlntial dumagl by tlte bctlllstalk w(eil might Ill as gL(at ns that of tIl( )hxican bean beetle Obslations dLlLing these experiments hoI( out the fact that the gleat(st dantag( is done bv the adlllt weevil whill the plants al(~ still snllll] which is lIsllally l)(fol( the lIexicall lwan bpetips have lwcolll( nlllllPlOlIS in till lield) 1VlterltHr its infesshytation is found the bennstalk p(il making an carly applaranee ill the foothills by migmtion from tltl locllst as soon as t h( lllan plants an lip has takl1l its place along with t he ~[lxi(tln lllall beetle tItl eonl lalwnll (Hdiotiis wlIIi(wl( (fIlm)) til falsl wi(wOlmiddotIl-i (E(or(s spp) and tlH) s(((l-(otll maggot (lllhII1I(( lililIlIa (Rond)) 1 onl or tlIP lIIajor insllt illS or h(IUlo in tili part of Np ~l(xi(o

DESCHIPTJOX OF TIlE l~SECT

TUE E((

bull TIU Pgg (Iig Ii A B) is approximately 10 III Ill ill length by on mill in width and is oyal in ~ltape The freshly dcpositld Pgg is pale yellow ehnnging to a darker yellow II few dnys Jater The covering of (lip egg is plastie and almost filllooth in texture No distinct markshyings can he found on the chorion (ven undl high magnification The tips of 111( l1ltndiblps of tilt lana arc visible through thp egg covershying shorny befoll the (ggs hnllh

TilE LI1

The full-growll lana (lig Ii 1) 11 lLttgl~ aboul s 111111 in Ilngth The head is filighUy (onv(x alld light brown with the mandiLlps ami the anterior margill dark blOwn The (y(spots are distillltt and darker titan the lI1alldiblps The elypCIlS and labrum are also disshytinet rIle antennac IU( sllall segmented and adjacent to the anshyterior exwlIlity of tIIP frontal suture The body is yellow flcshy llWIP 01 IPRS (lIlv((l Ipg-Ipss all(l sparsely coveLcd with fihort hairs It (ollsisis of ~ thora(i( Slglll(lIts alld apPlupntly 10 Illuch-folded

bull

6 TECHNICAL mLLETIN S IG C So DEPT OF AGHI(TL1THE

dfiJ1lIWe this beetle (ould do to a bean crop kept feel of tllE Mexica 11 bull

bean lmetJe (Epilochna V(Wil(8ti8 Muls) the major inect pest of bl1ms in this locality

bull

bull

1middotWUUlmiddotI~Ftll1l hlIli -t(dlill~ 111 killl(1 lu1 two palt1y I1tIoYltlhy lIt Jlt(lillg of h( hllIl1slIlk tlvil Sll I lgmiddot(lpptlitioll elll 11 dllll I((llillg ttl the ri~ht

ThlN plot IOWS WPIl rttIl Xo 1 YllH irrigated Xo ~ (lry-fllll1ll(1

find N) a till (itP(k dly-lalJIlld Thl(( paiH 01 bealltalk l(yils wCllintloltltt(td into (teh Ill plots 1 and d and tlllmwd to JellHtin for 24 hOIl as d(s(Iil)(d in till 1I1(middottilod Ill oiltaining 1illd dplllopllllIllal

bull

7 THE BEANSTALK 1YEEYIL IN THE E~TANCIA YALLEY XE1Y MEXICO

reconls After ~4 homs these adults were removed the plants being left infested with eggs DUlillg this short period feeding by the adults did much damage to the termillal growths and epidermis of the stalIui

Plot 1 yielded 42 ounces of beans plot 2 45 ounces and plot 3 75 ounces Plot 1 hud D8 plants was on poorer soil became illfested with root rot and yielded despite irrigation 3 ounces less of beans thall plot 2 which lUld only 84 plants Good showers fallillg over r(glllar periods (1( also a factor ill aiding the dry-farmed plots to (gtl()(llice so well lgtlots 2 alld 3 each had 84 plants but No2 produced olll 45 ounces of beans to 75 OUllees for No3 the check

bull

~tllc1ies Wl~Le ((llltllllled ill a similar mallller in 1D3middotb (x(ept that the llwek was t1 row of pll111ls betwpen the irrigated and dry-farmed rows and was llot kept 111( 01 he Mexican bean b(etle Plot 1 with GG plants yield(d 3-1 OIIlI((S of beam plot 2 with DO plant s 17 ounces and the c1llck with H~ plants middot10 Ollllees Approximately 125 percent of the plants in plot ~ died pound011 laek of nwistllr( JlH plants in the clw(k plot were 100 elofc toglther to allow optimulII conditions for growth and production Fronl these ligures it (an 1)( s((n that the potlntial dumagl by tlte bctlllstalk w(eil might Ill as gL(at ns that of tIl( )hxican bean beetle Obslations dLlLing these experiments hoI( out the fact that the gleat(st dantag( is done bv the adlllt weevil whill the plants al(~ still snllll] which is lIsllally l)(fol( the lIexicall lwan bpetips have lwcolll( nlllllPlOlIS in till lield) 1VlterltHr its infesshytation is found the bennstalk p(il making an carly applaranee ill the foothills by migmtion from tltl locllst as soon as t h( lllan plants an lip has takl1l its place along with t he ~[lxi(tln lllall beetle tItl eonl lalwnll (Hdiotiis wlIIi(wl( (fIlm)) til falsl wi(wOlmiddotIl-i (E(or(s spp) and tlH) s(((l-(otll maggot (lllhII1I(( lililIlIa (Rond)) 1 onl or tlIP lIIajor insllt illS or h(IUlo in tili part of Np ~l(xi(o

DESCHIPTJOX OF TIlE l~SECT

TUE E((

bull TIU Pgg (Iig Ii A B) is approximately 10 III Ill ill length by on mill in width and is oyal in ~ltape The freshly dcpositld Pgg is pale yellow ehnnging to a darker yellow II few dnys Jater The covering of (lip egg is plastie and almost filllooth in texture No distinct markshyings can he found on the chorion (ven undl high magnification The tips of 111( l1ltndiblps of tilt lana arc visible through thp egg covershying shorny befoll the (ggs hnllh

TilE LI1

The full-growll lana (lig Ii 1) 11 lLttgl~ aboul s 111111 in Ilngth The head is filighUy (onv(x alld light brown with the mandiLlps ami the anterior margill dark blOwn The (y(spots are distillltt and darker titan the lI1alldiblps The elypCIlS and labrum are also disshytinet rIle antennac IU( sllall segmented and adjacent to the anshyterior exwlIlity of tIIP frontal suture The body is yellow flcshy llWIP 01 IPRS (lIlv((l Ipg-Ipss all(l sparsely coveLcd with fihort hairs It (ollsisis of ~ thora(i( Slglll(lIts alld apPlupntly 10 Illuch-folded

bull

7 THE BEANSTALK 1YEEYIL IN THE E~TANCIA YALLEY XE1Y MEXICO

reconls After ~4 homs these adults were removed the plants being left infested with eggs DUlillg this short period feeding by the adults did much damage to the termillal growths and epidermis of the stalIui

Plot 1 yielded 42 ounces of beans plot 2 45 ounces and plot 3 75 ounces Plot 1 hud D8 plants was on poorer soil became illfested with root rot and yielded despite irrigation 3 ounces less of beans thall plot 2 which lUld only 84 plants Good showers fallillg over r(glllar periods (1( also a factor ill aiding the dry-farmed plots to (gtl()(llice so well lgtlots 2 alld 3 each had 84 plants but No2 produced olll 45 ounces of beans to 75 OUllees for No3 the check

bull

~tllc1ies Wl~Le ((llltllllled ill a similar mallller in 1D3middotb (x(ept that the llwek was t1 row of pll111ls betwpen the irrigated and dry-farmed rows and was llot kept 111( 01 he Mexican bean b(etle Plot 1 with GG plants yield(d 3-1 OIIlI((S of beam plot 2 with DO plant s 17 ounces and the c1llck with H~ plants middot10 Ollllees Approximately 125 percent of the plants in plot ~ died pound011 laek of nwistllr( JlH plants in the clw(k plot were 100 elofc toglther to allow optimulII conditions for growth and production Fronl these ligures it (an 1)( s((n that the potlntial dumagl by tlte bctlllstalk w(eil might Ill as gL(at ns that of tIl( )hxican bean beetle Obslations dLlLing these experiments hoI( out the fact that the gleat(st dantag( is done bv the adlllt weevil whill the plants al(~ still snllll] which is lIsllally l)(fol( the lIexicall lwan bpetips have lwcolll( nlllllPlOlIS in till lield) 1VlterltHr its infesshytation is found the bennstalk p(il making an carly applaranee ill the foothills by migmtion from tltl locllst as soon as t h( lllan plants an lip has takl1l its place along with t he ~[lxi(tln lllall beetle tItl eonl lalwnll (Hdiotiis wlIIi(wl( (fIlm)) til falsl wi(wOlmiddotIl-i (E(or(s spp) and tlH) s(((l-(otll maggot (lllhII1I(( lililIlIa (Rond)) 1 onl or tlIP lIIajor insllt illS or h(IUlo in tili part of Np ~l(xi(o

DESCHIPTJOX OF TIlE l~SECT

TUE E((

bull TIU Pgg (Iig Ii A B) is approximately 10 III Ill ill length by on mill in width and is oyal in ~ltape The freshly dcpositld Pgg is pale yellow ehnnging to a darker yellow II few dnys Jater The covering of (lip egg is plastie and almost filllooth in texture No distinct markshyings can he found on the chorion (ven undl high magnification The tips of 111( l1ltndiblps of tilt lana arc visible through thp egg covershying shorny befoll the (ggs hnllh

TilE LI1

The full-growll lana (lig Ii 1) 11 lLttgl~ aboul s 111111 in Ilngth The head is filighUy (onv(x alld light brown with the mandiLlps ami the anterior margill dark blOwn The (y(spots are distillltt and darker titan the lI1alldiblps The elypCIlS and labrum are also disshytinet rIle antennac IU( sllall segmented and adjacent to the anshyterior exwlIlity of tIIP frontal suture The body is yellow flcshy llWIP 01 IPRS (lIlv((l Ipg-Ipss all(l sparsely coveLcd with fihort hairs It (ollsisis of ~ thora(i( Slglll(lIts alld apPlupntly 10 Illuch-folded

bull

8 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 816 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

abdominal segments assuming that the anal lobes represent the tenth bull segment The body segments are separnted into half-segments by 2 longitudinal grooves running the length of the body The dorsal

bull

bull c

JoIOUIII] 0-- gg-g- alld (lillositioll seal ot till hpallllIlk w(ltyit A Eg-g- tiarkllIcd Jlrior to lIal(hillg J (g-g as it aplltars illlIIIldintcl~ after oyipositioll C freshly forllled Oyillositioll scnr In bClllIstalk tI anti U X I

hnlf-icgl1lcntH are bulging the vcntral onCH are comparatively flat On tll( sides IIII1IPdiately above the longitudinal separating glooves HIlla-U oval spunells arc present on all slgnwnts except thc sceond third and thirteenth (last)

bull

9

bull

bull

bull

THE BEANSTALK WEEVIL IN JHE ES~rANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO

The plepupa has the appearance of a full-grown and mature larva The body is It deeper yellow und the segments smoother and more distinct Thepreplq)o is rather sluggish und much INS actiye (-han thl glowing JarYI

THE PlPA

The pupa (fig G B) A 11 CrngNl about 7 mill in lcligth and when first Co11ned il-gt y(lloish hit( with brown H1lLIHlishyhlCl-gt and dark-tnon eyes The 11lshytCJlnnr are larger and more distinct than tlt(y are in the luTal stage The Cyll~ begin to appear b lack ~ at tIl (1laquo of 10 to 1~ days and til( proxi1l1al busalleg segments becon nddil-gth blown Ill( lmit abdominal segllHnt il truncate and arwed with h~() ltl inwging spines Ihe tip 0 f ellch of tlwse processes is dark browll and shu rply pointed

TUE ADULT

Caseys original description g of 8telIleclws pallldatus under the

1ltIOlTllF G-TIll beanstalk weevilgenus Pleltlomo((s is as follows il lltulI-g[O11 larva lJ pupa

]leclrOlllo(les JI(llldnlu~ II Sp-Bloallly lJoth X 11 oval strongly comex ulack and polshyisbed throughout pubescence conSisting of ~parse suuerect white hairs moderate in length distinct alld auulldant on the pronotulll very spurse on the elytra but denser on n transverse region neal uasal third much longer near the sides in IW) spots ncar nllical third and in two apicnl areas lIe(lcl distinctly less than one-half a wille nlgt the llrothorax subglouular uroader at uuse strongly and denely punctate without interocular f()(a the eys separated uy a little less thun tllPir OWI1 width ueak thick parallel Suumiddotcylimlricnl nearly straight threeshyfourth Hfl long n the lJrotholHx fpchl~ IIlHl grulua lIy luh(lila ((d n t apex strongly closely pUlletate somewhat rugose at the sides not at all carinnte lIboe antlnnae rather thiek til(gt uasal joint of the funicle nlmost as long us thp IIpXt three lrottOra ollc-fourth wid) tban long the sides subparallel HIIlI feebly arcullte to apical lwo-Hftllfl IIIPl( minutely angularly suutuherculate tbence trongly conyergcl1t and nearly straight to the apex the latter arcuate I1nd on(middotllalf as wide as the uUBe wllich is trllllsverse and feebly lobed in the middle disk strongly convex strOllgly deeply Ilnd very densely punctate devoid of all tra(( of n nlOlt1lflpd Illldian line 8(ut(lIulI1 small ollllllp(1 Elyra exclushysil of tllP postllII nltl1I prolllilllIHPS onp-lifth longer thun wide Hnd fully twoshyfifths wiltler than the ]llothorux slrongly declivolls behind in profile from just behinll nlC middle apex evenly rOlllHlell humeri rounlt1clt1 Ilnd scarcel~ tumid dik with feebly imprtss((l HPlicli of COllrsl rOl1l1ded punctures the interyals polshyllshed spurely and SCHr((ly visihly 1111n(t n1( AbdomCn strongly but ruther spnsely llUlletHtl f((hly ]l1l1JIH((nt- lgH strongly sculptured und sparsely mlllSlly Imu(seent Length (0n8 mill willth 27-87 mill

bull S foolliote p 4ifi5middot1-12--

10 lECHKLCAL BlLLEl[N 816 F DliJPJ OF AGR1(TLlURE

Arizona Villel dilltrihllted ill AlIIpriclln cullections lllllier til(gt BlIlIlP Ohlllc()d(IIIll~ bull

8Jlillifcl Boh It however (JONi uot agree in nlly way with the description CIf that speeies lid is not at nil rehltpll to ClIUI(~()(leI8 ~onr specimens

Caseys typl sllils of foul speeimens are all labelecl Arizolla Th(gt thrp(gt pallltY)(gts are decidedly larger than any the authors found in New Mexico Thr holot)pp is about equal in sizl to the largest SIH(imPllS (olled((l OJ J(IIIe(] in till Estuncia Yallp

bull

FUllHI T--Atiull (I nil IIIallstal 11111 I 1101ltal dp II laterlll olltliu(llt l

TIll 1llly lIlIlJgld IIdlilt (fig 7) i billek A fl (lilY later till prO1otlllll and (Iytra dlllllgl to II dark 11011 with n fp light-blOwl1 spots bhlIdpcl OPl thpir SIIIfll(lS A few weeks laer the pro1101 lim

alld elyttll fllllI n lighttl blol1 but tIl( head snout and legs still JlJIlai Il hla(k 011 t hl IHo101 11111 appltal tlllpe Ia) Ii nls of PUbPH((IItC bull Ollp nwlt1ia 11 a lid 0 lail~lal I iIW~ TIll ltlpJw1 if half of tIl( (lytla at this tillw i~ almost glB with this puiJescPII(( If 1I1111lo1eslplt1 aftpl a fw wlpb of hell f(Nlillg) adult acqllill n sholt thick tuft of I(((dish-hlown plIlwsepn((likl grClwth 011 laeh (lyllon at thl sUlllmit of tIlt dleliyify 01 []l(gt point at whieh thl plyll llIaklgt a shalp dOWIlshyward slopt This growlh gllldlla lIy l)((oIllP lOll and rald until it is 1lIblw(] ofl alld tl1(1111( illft SI(1I1 to Ilpla(l thp old Thl glOwth i~ II Io (ha H(t Plist i( of flip (jlIwi lit (Iptl I)(pt Its

lETHODS lSE) TO OBTAL DEVELOPMETAL HECOHDS

Ii-p-histol sf lIdi(s with (w(ndntplld bpllllstalk ((ils were (011shydllettd dlllillg tIl slasonsof 1l2) to In34 incll1sip ill thl insp(tlllY and (pilar lit Estaneia N M(x at an pllvlttion of 6100 fpct Egg-deposishyt ion J((olds Pll olltaillld ill 14-n1ltsll wilp (ylinclrical Ilalillpound (agps (fig 8) 9 in(lHs hill alId (j inellll ill dinmeltl constluctpd to fit (Iowly ill thp tops of (i-ill(h f()W(IpotS Mwlill was ~lwtd on the open (I1lt1s of tIl (alls whi(h W(11( ((ulply fasf(llPcl to the fOnrpots to prevent thtm frolll hpillg hl()wlI off bull

bull THE BEAX~TALK Ipound~IL IX THE EiilAXCIA ALLEY XEW MEXICO 11

The pinto bean plauts used as food Pll grown in beds ILnd tllLUSshyplanted into t1w flowerpots fr0111 24 to 4H hours or more before they were to b() used The pallS of weevils were supplied with YOllng growing plants and nfter lggs had been deposited OYll each 24-11oul period the cages werl set over new plants The plants were kept ill good gmwing condition by watering In this way the condition of (he silm tisslIls YHS idenJ 101 ( d(pmitioll

bull

bull 1101111 ~ t FrlHhly tIllIlHplnllt(1 hcnll plnn 11 hCHIlllniltS with till pilllillIe (1IIIIHIPtl hy I h IwnllHwlk w((IiI ( tlil pol 011 till right SlilIPorts till t~l)e of (ngl tls11 JOI olltillillg n lulil of allllit hlallstnlk w((vils to olJtnill lgg-luYlllg 1((01(1 ot til 1(11111(

The Ollwint(ld 1wirs (Il nUlIlilllPlt1 L H )os ] to 10 ine1ushmiddotc Thl lS depositld by femahs WPI( 111111lbolld to show their lelation to Ih(llarlllt pail as 1 H NoI-G whieh denotes that L H No1 female deposited the lg and that it as t Iw sixth egg uHtd for study from this 1PI1111( The hatehing of ill( ps was obselwd by slitting the stC1ll with a sharp illSIItllll(lIt as dos( to tIl lg as posHible without clllHing injm) A section or tiw stlllI containing tIll Pgg was cut from the plant and pbl(pd in a tpst tlhp 4 inchls lOll and 12 of an ineh in diumeter (Gg n) Ill( t ubIS with tIl OllPl1 PlllIs plllggl~d with cotshyton well~ set away horizont ally ill sds of 10 011 wodell racks so constructed as to lwrlllit optimum atmoHpheric conditions within the tubes Aftlr tll( Pggs had hatelHd lIP 1alal wen obsPlved daily and given frpsh StlI11S as needecL a lid a llcord of (Itll molt was made To

bull maintuin a moist atmosphere withill th( (PHt tlllls tIll cotton plugs wpre nloistllWc1 -ith diHtilhd wnit at tIl tilllp of (aeh observation

12 TECHNICL BULLEIN 816 U S DEPl OF AGRICULTURE

bull

FIGllUE O-1ubes for holding developing stages of the beanstalk weevil the larval raek ill the fongrOllntl alld the prtlllllllll raek in tlw rtar

1Yhen a fourth insttLr ceased feeding heavily it WltS transferred to a bull -inch Hhcll Vil1l 4 ineh(s long (Jig 9) One and one-half inches of sifted sterilized soil was placed in the vial before the stem containing the lalva was introduced A cotton plug moistened at the time of daily observation was used to close the open end The vinJs were held uprIght in IYroups of 10 in holes bored through wooden blocks This type of rack not only served as a container for the vials hut it also furnished rather dark surroundings for the larvae when they left the stems and buried themselves in the soil After this had taken place the soil was kept moist by daily application of small quantities of water These blocks and the test-tube racks were kept on a suspended shelf in the screened insectary

When examination revealed that the larva had transformed to a pupa it was tmnsferied to a pnpal rack made of wood and glass (fig 10) rhe rack vas filled about Ill inches cleep with sifted sterilized soil At the spot where it was desired to have the pupa placed the soit against the glass was moistened with water and a small cell amply large enough to hold the pupa was molded by pushing the bull soil away from the glass with the blunt end of a small stick The pupa was plnccd inside this cell yhi(h was closed over with j-he moist soiL

A B Fromm 10-lupnl rncks fGL studies of the bennstalk wepvil The Lllck A is withshy

out sCleen attached to the top while rack B has a screen attached to the top to prevent escape of newly emerged adults Note livl lllllJaC in their cells in pupal rack A bull

bull

bull

bull

fI-IE BEAlSlALK WEEVIL lLVIVHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW lVtEXlOO 13

One of these racks held six or eight pupae conveniently with three or foul against each glass side middotWhen this number of pupae had been placed in a rack the cells were covered over with soil about Ph inches deep Labels betuing life-history numbers were plllced on the outside of the glnss below each cell The soil was kept damp by application of water whenever needed The top was closed with a fine-mesh wire ~creell to prevent the adults from escaping upon their emergence from tIl soil Transformation of the pupae to adults was easily observed with amp rack of this type The pupal racks wele kept ill the celllLr and eOnled with n box so placed as to allow air circulation and yet provide almost total cliLlkness

Additional developmentalrccolds wcre ohtained in the field ac1joinshying (llP insecta)y by placing a field cage 0(1 betlll plants and introshydueing foUl pairs oj weevils fo1 egg deposition The cage was made of a YOOcl(1l frame 17 inellls wiele 2l il1ellPS high and 28 inches long Both (nels the tOI alld OI1l Hide (1( eo(wccl with fine-mesh wire ~enell TILl botl 0111 was Idt OP(11l to allow the cag( to be set over the bean plttllts To (Ill eOllltrs of the cage wpre fastened square wooden posts which ext(lldecl about 1 ill(hesinlo the soil The sides of the cage at the bottom were banked with soil thus making a tight enclosure at the sldace of tIll talth The ulIsclelned side was covered with mlslin in which two holes G inches in diameter were cut and sleeves of the SltllLP ma (elia 1 WPlP altaehed [0 these openings The sleeves which weil closed by tying the Iree end with a string made possilJle the removal of the pairs daily he[ole the cage was transferred to other plants Yhen this type of cage was used only a j(W of the pairs wele lost dUling the spa SOil

Daily trnllsllls WPlP lIlnlt1l of [1e cage llml pain and each plot was dat(lcl and 1111ll11JPIlcl 011 a woodon stakp tllld lL JlCOlll was taken of the lIumbel of lgg en itips fouud flnd plants (XPOSPtl The lemoval of the eagl frOI1l tht exposed plants nmcll possiule the development of this illstet ulIdt[ llaiulltl filld c()]](litiolls and served as a check on the developmental Iecords obtaillNl in the illslctuJY and cellar No pleshy(lWt1011S against natmal oiposiiion were exorcised since the weevil is (ollfhlCd (0 the foothills w(st of Estlmcia and no natural infpstntion of this w((viI WtlS (er ohsPlVld in the field

LIFE HISTORY AND HABlTS

rfIE Eo(

DEPOSITJON OF THE EGO

Ouly tItl ovclintllPcl -(pmales or ttl( lwtlnstnJk weevil haw ueen iOUlllfto ()vi posit The female selects a location on the stem petiole stern of the phllllUk or pJinmry pllhLlILlH and with head pointed down tlll axis) excavates a cavity into the pith by means or her snout She then leverses helsPl1 n1lc feels about with IH1 ovipositor until she finds tlJt excaYlttioll ill which sll( deposits 1 egg (110 more than 1 egg has been kl](Mll to bt deposited ill a single tgg ctwity) forcing it I1p the hoUow of 1h( stP11I Th(1l with her ovipositor she rubs over the excavashytion n cementing fluid which covelS the egg pllllcturc This fluid whell it dries l(a(s fl hlaekish area in the center of t1)p longitudinal spot of damaged tisslle These egg-deposi tiOll spots meaSUle about 2 to 212 lUlU in length and arc about Olw-hnlf as wide (fig 5 0) A female

9

bull

bull

bull

THE BEANSTALK WEEVIL IN JHE ES~rANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO

The plepupa has the appearance of a full-grown and mature larva The body is It deeper yellow und the segments smoother and more distinct Thepreplq)o is rather sluggish und much INS actiye (-han thl glowing JarYI

THE PlPA

The pupa (fig G B) A 11 CrngNl about 7 mill in lcligth and when first Co11ned il-gt y(lloish hit( with brown H1lLIHlishyhlCl-gt and dark-tnon eyes The 11lshytCJlnnr are larger and more distinct than tlt(y are in the luTal stage The Cyll~ begin to appear b lack ~ at tIl (1laquo of 10 to 1~ days and til( proxi1l1al busalleg segments becon nddil-gth blown Ill( lmit abdominal segllHnt il truncate and arwed with h~() ltl inwging spines Ihe tip 0 f ellch of tlwse processes is dark browll and shu rply pointed

TUE ADULT

Caseys original description g of 8telIleclws pallldatus under the

1ltIOlTllF G-TIll beanstalk weevilgenus Pleltlomo((s is as follows il lltulI-g[O11 larva lJ pupa

]leclrOlllo(les JI(llldnlu~ II Sp-Bloallly lJoth X 11 oval strongly comex ulack and polshyisbed throughout pubescence conSisting of ~parse suuerect white hairs moderate in length distinct alld auulldant on the pronotulll very spurse on the elytra but denser on n transverse region neal uasal third much longer near the sides in IW) spots ncar nllical third and in two apicnl areas lIe(lcl distinctly less than one-half a wille nlgt the llrothorax subglouular uroader at uuse strongly and denely punctate without interocular f()(a the eys separated uy a little less thun tllPir OWI1 width ueak thick parallel Suumiddotcylimlricnl nearly straight threeshyfourth Hfl long n the lJrotholHx fpchl~ IIlHl grulua lIy luh(lila ((d n t apex strongly closely pUlletate somewhat rugose at the sides not at all carinnte lIboe antlnnae rather thiek til(gt uasal joint of the funicle nlmost as long us thp IIpXt three lrottOra ollc-fourth wid) tban long the sides subparallel HIIlI feebly arcullte to apical lwo-Hftllfl IIIPl( minutely angularly suutuherculate tbence trongly conyergcl1t and nearly straight to the apex the latter arcuate I1nd on(middotllalf as wide as the uUBe wllich is trllllsverse and feebly lobed in the middle disk strongly convex strOllgly deeply Ilnd very densely punctate devoid of all tra(( of n nlOlt1lflpd Illldian line 8(ut(lIulI1 small ollllllp(1 Elyra exclushysil of tllP postllII nltl1I prolllilllIHPS onp-lifth longer thun wide Hnd fully twoshyfifths wiltler than the ]llothorux slrongly declivolls behind in profile from just behinll nlC middle apex evenly rOlllHlell humeri rounlt1clt1 Ilnd scarcel~ tumid dik with feebly imprtss((l HPlicli of COllrsl rOl1l1ded punctures the interyals polshyllshed spurely and SCHr((ly visihly 1111n(t n1( AbdomCn strongly but ruther spnsely llUlletHtl f((hly ]l1l1JIH((nt- lgH strongly sculptured und sparsely mlllSlly Imu(seent Length (0n8 mill willth 27-87 mill

bull S foolliote p 4ifi5middot1-12--

10 lECHKLCAL BlLLEl[N 816 F DliJPJ OF AGR1(TLlURE

Arizona Villel dilltrihllted ill AlIIpriclln cullections lllllier til(gt BlIlIlP Ohlllc()d(IIIll~ bull

8Jlillifcl Boh It however (JONi uot agree in nlly way with the description CIf that speeies lid is not at nil rehltpll to ClIUI(~()(leI8 ~onr specimens

Caseys typl sllils of foul speeimens are all labelecl Arizolla Th(gt thrp(gt pallltY)(gts are decidedly larger than any the authors found in New Mexico Thr holot)pp is about equal in sizl to the largest SIH(imPllS (olled((l OJ J(IIIe(] in till Estuncia Yallp

bull

FUllHI T--Atiull (I nil IIIallstal 11111 I 1101ltal dp II laterlll olltliu(llt l

TIll 1llly lIlIlJgld IIdlilt (fig 7) i billek A fl (lilY later till prO1otlllll and (Iytra dlllllgl to II dark 11011 with n fp light-blOwl1 spots bhlIdpcl OPl thpir SIIIfll(lS A few weeks laer the pro1101 lim

alld elyttll fllllI n lighttl blol1 but tIl( head snout and legs still JlJIlai Il hla(k 011 t hl IHo101 11111 appltal tlllpe Ia) Ii nls of PUbPH((IItC bull Ollp nwlt1ia 11 a lid 0 lail~lal I iIW~ TIll ltlpJw1 if half of tIl( (lytla at this tillw i~ almost glB with this puiJescPII(( If 1I1111lo1eslplt1 aftpl a fw wlpb of hell f(Nlillg) adult acqllill n sholt thick tuft of I(((dish-hlown plIlwsepn((likl grClwth 011 laeh (lyllon at thl sUlllmit of tIlt dleliyify 01 []l(gt point at whieh thl plyll llIaklgt a shalp dOWIlshyward slopt This growlh gllldlla lIy l)((oIllP lOll and rald until it is 1lIblw(] ofl alld tl1(1111( illft SI(1I1 to Ilpla(l thp old Thl glOwth i~ II Io (ha H(t Plist i( of flip (jlIwi lit (Iptl I)(pt Its

lETHODS lSE) TO OBTAL DEVELOPMETAL HECOHDS

Ii-p-histol sf lIdi(s with (w(ndntplld bpllllstalk ((ils were (011shydllettd dlllillg tIl slasonsof 1l2) to In34 incll1sip ill thl insp(tlllY and (pilar lit Estaneia N M(x at an pllvlttion of 6100 fpct Egg-deposishyt ion J((olds Pll olltaillld ill 14-n1ltsll wilp (ylinclrical Ilalillpound (agps (fig 8) 9 in(lHs hill alId (j inellll ill dinmeltl constluctpd to fit (Iowly ill thp tops of (i-ill(h f()W(IpotS Mwlill was ~lwtd on the open (I1lt1s of tIl (alls whi(h W(11( ((ulply fasf(llPcl to the fOnrpots to prevent thtm frolll hpillg hl()wlI off bull

bull THE BEAX~TALK Ipound~IL IX THE EiilAXCIA ALLEY XEW MEXICO 11

The pinto bean plauts used as food Pll grown in beds ILnd tllLUSshyplanted into t1w flowerpots fr0111 24 to 4H hours or more before they were to b() used The pallS of weevils were supplied with YOllng growing plants and nfter lggs had been deposited OYll each 24-11oul period the cages werl set over new plants The plants were kept ill good gmwing condition by watering In this way the condition of (he silm tisslIls YHS idenJ 101 ( d(pmitioll

bull

bull 1101111 ~ t FrlHhly tIllIlHplnllt(1 hcnll plnn 11 hCHIlllniltS with till pilllillIe (1IIIIHIPtl hy I h IwnllHwlk w((IiI ( tlil pol 011 till right SlilIPorts till t~l)e of (ngl tls11 JOI olltillillg n lulil of allllit hlallstnlk w((vils to olJtnill lgg-luYlllg 1((01(1 ot til 1(11111(

The Ollwint(ld 1wirs (Il nUlIlilllPlt1 L H )os ] to 10 ine1ushmiddotc Thl lS depositld by femahs WPI( 111111lbolld to show their lelation to Ih(llarlllt pail as 1 H NoI-G whieh denotes that L H No1 female deposited the lg and that it as t Iw sixth egg uHtd for study from this 1PI1111( The hatehing of ill( ps was obselwd by slitting the stC1ll with a sharp illSIItllll(lIt as dos( to tIl lg as posHible without clllHing injm) A section or tiw stlllI containing tIll Pgg was cut from the plant and pbl(pd in a tpst tlhp 4 inchls lOll and 12 of an ineh in diumeter (Gg n) Ill( t ubIS with tIl OllPl1 PlllIs plllggl~d with cotshyton well~ set away horizont ally ill sds of 10 011 wodell racks so constructed as to lwrlllit optimum atmoHpheric conditions within the tubes Aftlr tll( Pggs had hatelHd lIP 1alal wen obsPlved daily and given frpsh StlI11S as needecL a lid a llcord of (Itll molt was made To

bull maintuin a moist atmosphere withill th( (PHt tlllls tIll cotton plugs wpre nloistllWc1 -ith diHtilhd wnit at tIl tilllp of (aeh observation

12 TECHNICL BULLEIN 816 U S DEPl OF AGRICULTURE

bull

FIGllUE O-1ubes for holding developing stages of the beanstalk weevil the larval raek ill the fongrOllntl alld the prtlllllllll raek in tlw rtar

1Yhen a fourth insttLr ceased feeding heavily it WltS transferred to a bull -inch Hhcll Vil1l 4 ineh(s long (Jig 9) One and one-half inches of sifted sterilized soil was placed in the vial before the stem containing the lalva was introduced A cotton plug moistened at the time of daily observation was used to close the open end The vinJs were held uprIght in IYroups of 10 in holes bored through wooden blocks This type of rack not only served as a container for the vials hut it also furnished rather dark surroundings for the larvae when they left the stems and buried themselves in the soil After this had taken place the soil was kept moist by daily application of small quantities of water These blocks and the test-tube racks were kept on a suspended shelf in the screened insectary

When examination revealed that the larva had transformed to a pupa it was tmnsferied to a pnpal rack made of wood and glass (fig 10) rhe rack vas filled about Ill inches cleep with sifted sterilized soil At the spot where it was desired to have the pupa placed the soit against the glass was moistened with water and a small cell amply large enough to hold the pupa was molded by pushing the bull soil away from the glass with the blunt end of a small stick The pupa was plnccd inside this cell yhi(h was closed over with j-he moist soiL

A B Fromm 10-lupnl rncks fGL studies of the bennstalk wepvil The Lllck A is withshy

out sCleen attached to the top while rack B has a screen attached to the top to prevent escape of newly emerged adults Note livl lllllJaC in their cells in pupal rack A bull

bull

bull

bull

fI-IE BEAlSlALK WEEVIL lLVIVHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW lVtEXlOO 13

One of these racks held six or eight pupae conveniently with three or foul against each glass side middotWhen this number of pupae had been placed in a rack the cells were covered over with soil about Ph inches deep Labels betuing life-history numbers were plllced on the outside of the glnss below each cell The soil was kept damp by application of water whenever needed The top was closed with a fine-mesh wire ~creell to prevent the adults from escaping upon their emergence from tIl soil Transformation of the pupae to adults was easily observed with amp rack of this type The pupal racks wele kept ill the celllLr and eOnled with n box so placed as to allow air circulation and yet provide almost total cliLlkness

Additional developmentalrccolds wcre ohtained in the field ac1joinshying (llP insecta)y by placing a field cage 0(1 betlll plants and introshydueing foUl pairs oj weevils fo1 egg deposition The cage was made of a YOOcl(1l frame 17 inellls wiele 2l il1ellPS high and 28 inches long Both (nels the tOI alld OI1l Hide (1( eo(wccl with fine-mesh wire ~enell TILl botl 0111 was Idt OP(11l to allow the cag( to be set over the bean plttllts To (Ill eOllltrs of the cage wpre fastened square wooden posts which ext(lldecl about 1 ill(hesinlo the soil The sides of the cage at the bottom were banked with soil thus making a tight enclosure at the sldace of tIll talth The ulIsclelned side was covered with mlslin in which two holes G inches in diameter were cut and sleeves of the SltllLP ma (elia 1 WPlP altaehed [0 these openings The sleeves which weil closed by tying the Iree end with a string made possilJle the removal of the pairs daily he[ole the cage was transferred to other plants Yhen this type of cage was used only a j(W of the pairs wele lost dUling the spa SOil

Daily trnllsllls WPlP lIlnlt1l of [1e cage llml pain and each plot was dat(lcl and 1111ll11JPIlcl 011 a woodon stakp tllld lL JlCOlll was taken of the lIumbel of lgg en itips fouud flnd plants (XPOSPtl The lemoval of the eagl frOI1l tht exposed plants nmcll possiule the development of this illstet ulIdt[ llaiulltl filld c()]](litiolls and served as a check on the developmental Iecords obtaillNl in the illslctuJY and cellar No pleshy(lWt1011S against natmal oiposiiion were exorcised since the weevil is (ollfhlCd (0 the foothills w(st of Estlmcia and no natural infpstntion of this w((viI WtlS (er ohsPlVld in the field

LIFE HISTORY AND HABlTS

rfIE Eo(

DEPOSITJON OF THE EGO

Ouly tItl ovclintllPcl -(pmales or ttl( lwtlnstnJk weevil haw ueen iOUlllfto ()vi posit The female selects a location on the stem petiole stern of the phllllUk or pJinmry pllhLlILlH and with head pointed down tlll axis) excavates a cavity into the pith by means or her snout She then leverses helsPl1 n1lc feels about with IH1 ovipositor until she finds tlJt excaYlttioll ill which sll( deposits 1 egg (110 more than 1 egg has been kl](Mll to bt deposited ill a single tgg ctwity) forcing it I1p the hoUow of 1h( stP11I Th(1l with her ovipositor she rubs over the excavashytion n cementing fluid which covelS the egg pllllcturc This fluid whell it dries l(a(s fl hlaekish area in the center of t1)p longitudinal spot of damaged tisslle These egg-deposi tiOll spots meaSUle about 2 to 212 lUlU in length and arc about Olw-hnlf as wide (fig 5 0) A female

10 lECHKLCAL BlLLEl[N 816 F DliJPJ OF AGR1(TLlURE

Arizona Villel dilltrihllted ill AlIIpriclln cullections lllllier til(gt BlIlIlP Ohlllc()d(IIIll~ bull

8Jlillifcl Boh It however (JONi uot agree in nlly way with the description CIf that speeies lid is not at nil rehltpll to ClIUI(~()(leI8 ~onr specimens

Caseys typl sllils of foul speeimens are all labelecl Arizolla Th(gt thrp(gt pallltY)(gts are decidedly larger than any the authors found in New Mexico Thr holot)pp is about equal in sizl to the largest SIH(imPllS (olled((l OJ J(IIIe(] in till Estuncia Yallp

bull

FUllHI T--Atiull (I nil IIIallstal 11111 I 1101ltal dp II laterlll olltliu(llt l

TIll 1llly lIlIlJgld IIdlilt (fig 7) i billek A fl (lilY later till prO1otlllll and (Iytra dlllllgl to II dark 11011 with n fp light-blOwl1 spots bhlIdpcl OPl thpir SIIIfll(lS A few weeks laer the pro1101 lim

alld elyttll fllllI n lighttl blol1 but tIl( head snout and legs still JlJIlai Il hla(k 011 t hl IHo101 11111 appltal tlllpe Ia) Ii nls of PUbPH((IItC bull Ollp nwlt1ia 11 a lid 0 lail~lal I iIW~ TIll ltlpJw1 if half of tIl( (lytla at this tillw i~ almost glB with this puiJescPII(( If 1I1111lo1eslplt1 aftpl a fw wlpb of hell f(Nlillg) adult acqllill n sholt thick tuft of I(((dish-hlown plIlwsepn((likl grClwth 011 laeh (lyllon at thl sUlllmit of tIlt dleliyify 01 []l(gt point at whieh thl plyll llIaklgt a shalp dOWIlshyward slopt This growlh gllldlla lIy l)((oIllP lOll and rald until it is 1lIblw(] ofl alld tl1(1111( illft SI(1I1 to Ilpla(l thp old Thl glOwth i~ II Io (ha H(t Plist i( of flip (jlIwi lit (Iptl I)(pt Its

lETHODS lSE) TO OBTAL DEVELOPMETAL HECOHDS

Ii-p-histol sf lIdi(s with (w(ndntplld bpllllstalk ((ils were (011shydllettd dlllillg tIl slasonsof 1l2) to In34 incll1sip ill thl insp(tlllY and (pilar lit Estaneia N M(x at an pllvlttion of 6100 fpct Egg-deposishyt ion J((olds Pll olltaillld ill 14-n1ltsll wilp (ylinclrical Ilalillpound (agps (fig 8) 9 in(lHs hill alId (j inellll ill dinmeltl constluctpd to fit (Iowly ill thp tops of (i-ill(h f()W(IpotS Mwlill was ~lwtd on the open (I1lt1s of tIl (alls whi(h W(11( ((ulply fasf(llPcl to the fOnrpots to prevent thtm frolll hpillg hl()wlI off bull

bull THE BEAX~TALK Ipound~IL IX THE EiilAXCIA ALLEY XEW MEXICO 11

The pinto bean plauts used as food Pll grown in beds ILnd tllLUSshyplanted into t1w flowerpots fr0111 24 to 4H hours or more before they were to b() used The pallS of weevils were supplied with YOllng growing plants and nfter lggs had been deposited OYll each 24-11oul period the cages werl set over new plants The plants were kept ill good gmwing condition by watering In this way the condition of (he silm tisslIls YHS idenJ 101 ( d(pmitioll

bull

bull 1101111 ~ t FrlHhly tIllIlHplnllt(1 hcnll plnn 11 hCHIlllniltS with till pilllillIe (1IIIIHIPtl hy I h IwnllHwlk w((IiI ( tlil pol 011 till right SlilIPorts till t~l)e of (ngl tls11 JOI olltillillg n lulil of allllit hlallstnlk w((vils to olJtnill lgg-luYlllg 1((01(1 ot til 1(11111(

The Ollwint(ld 1wirs (Il nUlIlilllPlt1 L H )os ] to 10 ine1ushmiddotc Thl lS depositld by femahs WPI( 111111lbolld to show their lelation to Ih(llarlllt pail as 1 H NoI-G whieh denotes that L H No1 female deposited the lg and that it as t Iw sixth egg uHtd for study from this 1PI1111( The hatehing of ill( ps was obselwd by slitting the stC1ll with a sharp illSIItllll(lIt as dos( to tIl lg as posHible without clllHing injm) A section or tiw stlllI containing tIll Pgg was cut from the plant and pbl(pd in a tpst tlhp 4 inchls lOll and 12 of an ineh in diumeter (Gg n) Ill( t ubIS with tIl OllPl1 PlllIs plllggl~d with cotshyton well~ set away horizont ally ill sds of 10 011 wodell racks so constructed as to lwrlllit optimum atmoHpheric conditions within the tubes Aftlr tll( Pggs had hatelHd lIP 1alal wen obsPlved daily and given frpsh StlI11S as needecL a lid a llcord of (Itll molt was made To

bull maintuin a moist atmosphere withill th( (PHt tlllls tIll cotton plugs wpre nloistllWc1 -ith diHtilhd wnit at tIl tilllp of (aeh observation

12 TECHNICL BULLEIN 816 U S DEPl OF AGRICULTURE

bull

FIGllUE O-1ubes for holding developing stages of the beanstalk weevil the larval raek ill the fongrOllntl alld the prtlllllllll raek in tlw rtar

1Yhen a fourth insttLr ceased feeding heavily it WltS transferred to a bull -inch Hhcll Vil1l 4 ineh(s long (Jig 9) One and one-half inches of sifted sterilized soil was placed in the vial before the stem containing the lalva was introduced A cotton plug moistened at the time of daily observation was used to close the open end The vinJs were held uprIght in IYroups of 10 in holes bored through wooden blocks This type of rack not only served as a container for the vials hut it also furnished rather dark surroundings for the larvae when they left the stems and buried themselves in the soil After this had taken place the soil was kept moist by daily application of small quantities of water These blocks and the test-tube racks were kept on a suspended shelf in the screened insectary

When examination revealed that the larva had transformed to a pupa it was tmnsferied to a pnpal rack made of wood and glass (fig 10) rhe rack vas filled about Ill inches cleep with sifted sterilized soil At the spot where it was desired to have the pupa placed the soit against the glass was moistened with water and a small cell amply large enough to hold the pupa was molded by pushing the bull soil away from the glass with the blunt end of a small stick The pupa was plnccd inside this cell yhi(h was closed over with j-he moist soiL

A B Fromm 10-lupnl rncks fGL studies of the bennstalk wepvil The Lllck A is withshy

out sCleen attached to the top while rack B has a screen attached to the top to prevent escape of newly emerged adults Note livl lllllJaC in their cells in pupal rack A bull

bull

bull

bull

fI-IE BEAlSlALK WEEVIL lLVIVHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW lVtEXlOO 13

One of these racks held six or eight pupae conveniently with three or foul against each glass side middotWhen this number of pupae had been placed in a rack the cells were covered over with soil about Ph inches deep Labels betuing life-history numbers were plllced on the outside of the glnss below each cell The soil was kept damp by application of water whenever needed The top was closed with a fine-mesh wire ~creell to prevent the adults from escaping upon their emergence from tIl soil Transformation of the pupae to adults was easily observed with amp rack of this type The pupal racks wele kept ill the celllLr and eOnled with n box so placed as to allow air circulation and yet provide almost total cliLlkness

Additional developmentalrccolds wcre ohtained in the field ac1joinshying (llP insecta)y by placing a field cage 0(1 betlll plants and introshydueing foUl pairs oj weevils fo1 egg deposition The cage was made of a YOOcl(1l frame 17 inellls wiele 2l il1ellPS high and 28 inches long Both (nels the tOI alld OI1l Hide (1( eo(wccl with fine-mesh wire ~enell TILl botl 0111 was Idt OP(11l to allow the cag( to be set over the bean plttllts To (Ill eOllltrs of the cage wpre fastened square wooden posts which ext(lldecl about 1 ill(hesinlo the soil The sides of the cage at the bottom were banked with soil thus making a tight enclosure at the sldace of tIll talth The ulIsclelned side was covered with mlslin in which two holes G inches in diameter were cut and sleeves of the SltllLP ma (elia 1 WPlP altaehed [0 these openings The sleeves which weil closed by tying the Iree end with a string made possilJle the removal of the pairs daily he[ole the cage was transferred to other plants Yhen this type of cage was used only a j(W of the pairs wele lost dUling the spa SOil

Daily trnllsllls WPlP lIlnlt1l of [1e cage llml pain and each plot was dat(lcl and 1111ll11JPIlcl 011 a woodon stakp tllld lL JlCOlll was taken of the lIumbel of lgg en itips fouud flnd plants (XPOSPtl The lemoval of the eagl frOI1l tht exposed plants nmcll possiule the development of this illstet ulIdt[ llaiulltl filld c()]](litiolls and served as a check on the developmental Iecords obtaillNl in the illslctuJY and cellar No pleshy(lWt1011S against natmal oiposiiion were exorcised since the weevil is (ollfhlCd (0 the foothills w(st of Estlmcia and no natural infpstntion of this w((viI WtlS (er ohsPlVld in the field

LIFE HISTORY AND HABlTS

rfIE Eo(

DEPOSITJON OF THE EGO

Ouly tItl ovclintllPcl -(pmales or ttl( lwtlnstnJk weevil haw ueen iOUlllfto ()vi posit The female selects a location on the stem petiole stern of the phllllUk or pJinmry pllhLlILlH and with head pointed down tlll axis) excavates a cavity into the pith by means or her snout She then leverses helsPl1 n1lc feels about with IH1 ovipositor until she finds tlJt excaYlttioll ill which sll( deposits 1 egg (110 more than 1 egg has been kl](Mll to bt deposited ill a single tgg ctwity) forcing it I1p the hoUow of 1h( stP11I Th(1l with her ovipositor she rubs over the excavashytion n cementing fluid which covelS the egg pllllcturc This fluid whell it dries l(a(s fl hlaekish area in the center of t1)p longitudinal spot of damaged tisslle These egg-deposi tiOll spots meaSUle about 2 to 212 lUlU in length and arc about Olw-hnlf as wide (fig 5 0) A female

bull THE BEAX~TALK Ipound~IL IX THE EiilAXCIA ALLEY XEW MEXICO 11

The pinto bean plauts used as food Pll grown in beds ILnd tllLUSshyplanted into t1w flowerpots fr0111 24 to 4H hours or more before they were to b() used The pallS of weevils were supplied with YOllng growing plants and nfter lggs had been deposited OYll each 24-11oul period the cages werl set over new plants The plants were kept ill good gmwing condition by watering In this way the condition of (he silm tisslIls YHS idenJ 101 ( d(pmitioll

bull

bull 1101111 ~ t FrlHhly tIllIlHplnllt(1 hcnll plnn 11 hCHIlllniltS with till pilllillIe (1IIIIHIPtl hy I h IwnllHwlk w((IiI ( tlil pol 011 till right SlilIPorts till t~l)e of (ngl tls11 JOI olltillillg n lulil of allllit hlallstnlk w((vils to olJtnill lgg-luYlllg 1((01(1 ot til 1(11111(

The Ollwint(ld 1wirs (Il nUlIlilllPlt1 L H )os ] to 10 ine1ushmiddotc Thl lS depositld by femahs WPI( 111111lbolld to show their lelation to Ih(llarlllt pail as 1 H NoI-G whieh denotes that L H No1 female deposited the lg and that it as t Iw sixth egg uHtd for study from this 1PI1111( The hatehing of ill( ps was obselwd by slitting the stC1ll with a sharp illSIItllll(lIt as dos( to tIl lg as posHible without clllHing injm) A section or tiw stlllI containing tIll Pgg was cut from the plant and pbl(pd in a tpst tlhp 4 inchls lOll and 12 of an ineh in diumeter (Gg n) Ill( t ubIS with tIl OllPl1 PlllIs plllggl~d with cotshyton well~ set away horizont ally ill sds of 10 011 wodell racks so constructed as to lwrlllit optimum atmoHpheric conditions within the tubes Aftlr tll( Pggs had hatelHd lIP 1alal wen obsPlved daily and given frpsh StlI11S as needecL a lid a llcord of (Itll molt was made To

bull maintuin a moist atmosphere withill th( (PHt tlllls tIll cotton plugs wpre nloistllWc1 -ith diHtilhd wnit at tIl tilllp of (aeh observation

12 TECHNICL BULLEIN 816 U S DEPl OF AGRICULTURE

bull

FIGllUE O-1ubes for holding developing stages of the beanstalk weevil the larval raek ill the fongrOllntl alld the prtlllllllll raek in tlw rtar

1Yhen a fourth insttLr ceased feeding heavily it WltS transferred to a bull -inch Hhcll Vil1l 4 ineh(s long (Jig 9) One and one-half inches of sifted sterilized soil was placed in the vial before the stem containing the lalva was introduced A cotton plug moistened at the time of daily observation was used to close the open end The vinJs were held uprIght in IYroups of 10 in holes bored through wooden blocks This type of rack not only served as a container for the vials hut it also furnished rather dark surroundings for the larvae when they left the stems and buried themselves in the soil After this had taken place the soil was kept moist by daily application of small quantities of water These blocks and the test-tube racks were kept on a suspended shelf in the screened insectary

When examination revealed that the larva had transformed to a pupa it was tmnsferied to a pnpal rack made of wood and glass (fig 10) rhe rack vas filled about Ill inches cleep with sifted sterilized soil At the spot where it was desired to have the pupa placed the soit against the glass was moistened with water and a small cell amply large enough to hold the pupa was molded by pushing the bull soil away from the glass with the blunt end of a small stick The pupa was plnccd inside this cell yhi(h was closed over with j-he moist soiL

A B Fromm 10-lupnl rncks fGL studies of the bennstalk wepvil The Lllck A is withshy

out sCleen attached to the top while rack B has a screen attached to the top to prevent escape of newly emerged adults Note livl lllllJaC in their cells in pupal rack A bull

bull

bull

bull

fI-IE BEAlSlALK WEEVIL lLVIVHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW lVtEXlOO 13

One of these racks held six or eight pupae conveniently with three or foul against each glass side middotWhen this number of pupae had been placed in a rack the cells were covered over with soil about Ph inches deep Labels betuing life-history numbers were plllced on the outside of the glnss below each cell The soil was kept damp by application of water whenever needed The top was closed with a fine-mesh wire ~creell to prevent the adults from escaping upon their emergence from tIl soil Transformation of the pupae to adults was easily observed with amp rack of this type The pupal racks wele kept ill the celllLr and eOnled with n box so placed as to allow air circulation and yet provide almost total cliLlkness

Additional developmentalrccolds wcre ohtained in the field ac1joinshying (llP insecta)y by placing a field cage 0(1 betlll plants and introshydueing foUl pairs oj weevils fo1 egg deposition The cage was made of a YOOcl(1l frame 17 inellls wiele 2l il1ellPS high and 28 inches long Both (nels the tOI alld OI1l Hide (1( eo(wccl with fine-mesh wire ~enell TILl botl 0111 was Idt OP(11l to allow the cag( to be set over the bean plttllts To (Ill eOllltrs of the cage wpre fastened square wooden posts which ext(lldecl about 1 ill(hesinlo the soil The sides of the cage at the bottom were banked with soil thus making a tight enclosure at the sldace of tIll talth The ulIsclelned side was covered with mlslin in which two holes G inches in diameter were cut and sleeves of the SltllLP ma (elia 1 WPlP altaehed [0 these openings The sleeves which weil closed by tying the Iree end with a string made possilJle the removal of the pairs daily he[ole the cage was transferred to other plants Yhen this type of cage was used only a j(W of the pairs wele lost dUling the spa SOil

Daily trnllsllls WPlP lIlnlt1l of [1e cage llml pain and each plot was dat(lcl and 1111ll11JPIlcl 011 a woodon stakp tllld lL JlCOlll was taken of the lIumbel of lgg en itips fouud flnd plants (XPOSPtl The lemoval of the eagl frOI1l tht exposed plants nmcll possiule the development of this illstet ulIdt[ llaiulltl filld c()]](litiolls and served as a check on the developmental Iecords obtaillNl in the illslctuJY and cellar No pleshy(lWt1011S against natmal oiposiiion were exorcised since the weevil is (ollfhlCd (0 the foothills w(st of Estlmcia and no natural infpstntion of this w((viI WtlS (er ohsPlVld in the field

LIFE HISTORY AND HABlTS

rfIE Eo(

DEPOSITJON OF THE EGO

Ouly tItl ovclintllPcl -(pmales or ttl( lwtlnstnJk weevil haw ueen iOUlllfto ()vi posit The female selects a location on the stem petiole stern of the phllllUk or pJinmry pllhLlILlH and with head pointed down tlll axis) excavates a cavity into the pith by means or her snout She then leverses helsPl1 n1lc feels about with IH1 ovipositor until she finds tlJt excaYlttioll ill which sll( deposits 1 egg (110 more than 1 egg has been kl](Mll to bt deposited ill a single tgg ctwity) forcing it I1p the hoUow of 1h( stP11I Th(1l with her ovipositor she rubs over the excavashytion n cementing fluid which covelS the egg pllllcturc This fluid whell it dries l(a(s fl hlaekish area in the center of t1)p longitudinal spot of damaged tisslle These egg-deposi tiOll spots meaSUle about 2 to 212 lUlU in length and arc about Olw-hnlf as wide (fig 5 0) A female

12 TECHNICL BULLEIN 816 U S DEPl OF AGRICULTURE

bull

FIGllUE O-1ubes for holding developing stages of the beanstalk weevil the larval raek ill the fongrOllntl alld the prtlllllllll raek in tlw rtar

1Yhen a fourth insttLr ceased feeding heavily it WltS transferred to a bull -inch Hhcll Vil1l 4 ineh(s long (Jig 9) One and one-half inches of sifted sterilized soil was placed in the vial before the stem containing the lalva was introduced A cotton plug moistened at the time of daily observation was used to close the open end The vinJs were held uprIght in IYroups of 10 in holes bored through wooden blocks This type of rack not only served as a container for the vials hut it also furnished rather dark surroundings for the larvae when they left the stems and buried themselves in the soil After this had taken place the soil was kept moist by daily application of small quantities of water These blocks and the test-tube racks were kept on a suspended shelf in the screened insectary

When examination revealed that the larva had transformed to a pupa it was tmnsferied to a pnpal rack made of wood and glass (fig 10) rhe rack vas filled about Ill inches cleep with sifted sterilized soil At the spot where it was desired to have the pupa placed the soit against the glass was moistened with water and a small cell amply large enough to hold the pupa was molded by pushing the bull soil away from the glass with the blunt end of a small stick The pupa was plnccd inside this cell yhi(h was closed over with j-he moist soiL

A B Fromm 10-lupnl rncks fGL studies of the bennstalk wepvil The Lllck A is withshy

out sCleen attached to the top while rack B has a screen attached to the top to prevent escape of newly emerged adults Note livl lllllJaC in their cells in pupal rack A bull

bull

bull

bull

fI-IE BEAlSlALK WEEVIL lLVIVHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW lVtEXlOO 13

One of these racks held six or eight pupae conveniently with three or foul against each glass side middotWhen this number of pupae had been placed in a rack the cells were covered over with soil about Ph inches deep Labels betuing life-history numbers were plllced on the outside of the glnss below each cell The soil was kept damp by application of water whenever needed The top was closed with a fine-mesh wire ~creell to prevent the adults from escaping upon their emergence from tIl soil Transformation of the pupae to adults was easily observed with amp rack of this type The pupal racks wele kept ill the celllLr and eOnled with n box so placed as to allow air circulation and yet provide almost total cliLlkness

Additional developmentalrccolds wcre ohtained in the field ac1joinshying (llP insecta)y by placing a field cage 0(1 betlll plants and introshydueing foUl pairs oj weevils fo1 egg deposition The cage was made of a YOOcl(1l frame 17 inellls wiele 2l il1ellPS high and 28 inches long Both (nels the tOI alld OI1l Hide (1( eo(wccl with fine-mesh wire ~enell TILl botl 0111 was Idt OP(11l to allow the cag( to be set over the bean plttllts To (Ill eOllltrs of the cage wpre fastened square wooden posts which ext(lldecl about 1 ill(hesinlo the soil The sides of the cage at the bottom were banked with soil thus making a tight enclosure at the sldace of tIll talth The ulIsclelned side was covered with mlslin in which two holes G inches in diameter were cut and sleeves of the SltllLP ma (elia 1 WPlP altaehed [0 these openings The sleeves which weil closed by tying the Iree end with a string made possilJle the removal of the pairs daily he[ole the cage was transferred to other plants Yhen this type of cage was used only a j(W of the pairs wele lost dUling the spa SOil

Daily trnllsllls WPlP lIlnlt1l of [1e cage llml pain and each plot was dat(lcl and 1111ll11JPIlcl 011 a woodon stakp tllld lL JlCOlll was taken of the lIumbel of lgg en itips fouud flnd plants (XPOSPtl The lemoval of the eagl frOI1l tht exposed plants nmcll possiule the development of this illstet ulIdt[ llaiulltl filld c()]](litiolls and served as a check on the developmental Iecords obtaillNl in the illslctuJY and cellar No pleshy(lWt1011S against natmal oiposiiion were exorcised since the weevil is (ollfhlCd (0 the foothills w(st of Estlmcia and no natural infpstntion of this w((viI WtlS (er ohsPlVld in the field

LIFE HISTORY AND HABlTS

rfIE Eo(

DEPOSITJON OF THE EGO

Ouly tItl ovclintllPcl -(pmales or ttl( lwtlnstnJk weevil haw ueen iOUlllfto ()vi posit The female selects a location on the stem petiole stern of the phllllUk or pJinmry pllhLlILlH and with head pointed down tlll axis) excavates a cavity into the pith by means or her snout She then leverses helsPl1 n1lc feels about with IH1 ovipositor until she finds tlJt excaYlttioll ill which sll( deposits 1 egg (110 more than 1 egg has been kl](Mll to bt deposited ill a single tgg ctwity) forcing it I1p the hoUow of 1h( stP11I Th(1l with her ovipositor she rubs over the excavashytion n cementing fluid which covelS the egg pllllcturc This fluid whell it dries l(a(s fl hlaekish area in the center of t1)p longitudinal spot of damaged tisslle These egg-deposi tiOll spots meaSUle about 2 to 212 lUlU in length and arc about Olw-hnlf as wide (fig 5 0) A female

bull

bull

bull

fI-IE BEAlSlALK WEEVIL lLVIVHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW lVtEXlOO 13

One of these racks held six or eight pupae conveniently with three or foul against each glass side middotWhen this number of pupae had been placed in a rack the cells were covered over with soil about Ph inches deep Labels betuing life-history numbers were plllced on the outside of the glnss below each cell The soil was kept damp by application of water whenever needed The top was closed with a fine-mesh wire ~creell to prevent the adults from escaping upon their emergence from tIl soil Transformation of the pupae to adults was easily observed with amp rack of this type The pupal racks wele kept ill the celllLr and eOnled with n box so placed as to allow air circulation and yet provide almost total cliLlkness

Additional developmentalrccolds wcre ohtained in the field ac1joinshying (llP insecta)y by placing a field cage 0(1 betlll plants and introshydueing foUl pairs oj weevils fo1 egg deposition The cage was made of a YOOcl(1l frame 17 inellls wiele 2l il1ellPS high and 28 inches long Both (nels the tOI alld OI1l Hide (1( eo(wccl with fine-mesh wire ~enell TILl botl 0111 was Idt OP(11l to allow the cag( to be set over the bean plttllts To (Ill eOllltrs of the cage wpre fastened square wooden posts which ext(lldecl about 1 ill(hesinlo the soil The sides of the cage at the bottom were banked with soil thus making a tight enclosure at the sldace of tIll talth The ulIsclelned side was covered with mlslin in which two holes G inches in diameter were cut and sleeves of the SltllLP ma (elia 1 WPlP altaehed [0 these openings The sleeves which weil closed by tying the Iree end with a string made possilJle the removal of the pairs daily he[ole the cage was transferred to other plants Yhen this type of cage was used only a j(W of the pairs wele lost dUling the spa SOil

Daily trnllsllls WPlP lIlnlt1l of [1e cage llml pain and each plot was dat(lcl and 1111ll11JPIlcl 011 a woodon stakp tllld lL JlCOlll was taken of the lIumbel of lgg en itips fouud flnd plants (XPOSPtl The lemoval of the eagl frOI1l tht exposed plants nmcll possiule the development of this illstet ulIdt[ llaiulltl filld c()]](litiolls and served as a check on the developmental Iecords obtaillNl in the illslctuJY and cellar No pleshy(lWt1011S against natmal oiposiiion were exorcised since the weevil is (ollfhlCd (0 the foothills w(st of Estlmcia and no natural infpstntion of this w((viI WtlS (er ohsPlVld in the field

LIFE HISTORY AND HABlTS

rfIE Eo(

DEPOSITJON OF THE EGO

Ouly tItl ovclintllPcl -(pmales or ttl( lwtlnstnJk weevil haw ueen iOUlllfto ()vi posit The female selects a location on the stem petiole stern of the phllllUk or pJinmry pllhLlILlH and with head pointed down tlll axis) excavates a cavity into the pith by means or her snout She then leverses helsPl1 n1lc feels about with IH1 ovipositor until she finds tlJt excaYlttioll ill which sll( deposits 1 egg (110 more than 1 egg has been kl](Mll to bt deposited ill a single tgg ctwity) forcing it I1p the hoUow of 1h( stP11I Th(1l with her ovipositor she rubs over the excavashytion n cementing fluid which covelS the egg pllllcturc This fluid whell it dries l(a(s fl hlaekish area in the center of t1)p longitudinal spot of damaged tisslle These egg-deposi tiOll spots meaSUle about 2 to 212 lUlU in length and arc about Olw-hnlf as wide (fig 5 0) A female

14 T~~CHN[(A[ BlLL~~TIX 81(i t ~ DJltJPT OF ~(ml(lLTUHE

may deposit as lllallY as 12 eggs pel day the usual 11l1l11ber averaging about 4 or 5 Table 1 gives a SUllll1UllY of the tillle required to deposit lllegg In the 6 observatjons the Herage time required for excnvatin~ the egg cavity depositing the egg ami closing tlw egg cavity was H9~ minutes

TIllJ l-f)na Oli oril)(l~ili()11 bl fClIale beanMal w( elil8 al PaItII v J[(l 1l11

rilllt flqllilld rOfshyPmtion l1rFIHnilor 1wl11 whtli Dull (At Thill l~X(IJlliOTl usU(hisugtrr lx(uvntillJ ltimusHcd lWflIl1 J~xcumiddotnlmiddotpnir Nll raquo(middotposit - Clointt~V lIUy illg Pgg lotnlill~ Ipg tIJladt~~(Ility

Iinllts i Ilillltt JlinuleI IInlltS U middot1)011 Jul H Ill lm - iioi 05 iIII 120 l lp I dc) fla p III 50 3 110 S Il)WtI II 15 I oalil III ~i fi 10 X5 150--I10 do (lo s~rl I fII Ii 0 75 72) I )10_a

~ do ~1I~ 17 Hm1 111 Hil 11] 110 210 S 10 AU~I- Slmiddot1 (1 1Il~ 1-0 5 l1l 18 e

trnt Ii ti7 1l71 75middot1 1-192

I Appnnltunt1 timp r _11 (IX(tptiollnl (middotn~ll

~ SUIIlIlHUY Or the OiP(lSltIOIl or female ulanstalk we(ils ill tll( inectary during the li-year pelioci 1)W-3~ is given in tablp~ TI)( first egg ere deposited 011 TUliP n in ]H3~ Lnd 011 Tulle 22 in 1)3 while tIll earliest egg in the field was fOllnd in a New Mexican 10(111 on May ]0 1934 Het hibernatioll cage No f) in the Joothills The lust eggs wele cleposited in the illspdalY Oil Allgllst 17 In~~ Hnd September 31930 with the last illlgular oipo~iti()11 011 Septembltl 19 1930 In all cases more (gg clitips I(Il (xeanlted thall eggs dtshypo~ited Figure 11 shows thai dlllingJ)1~ On1 olH-hall til Pggs wen Jaill during Tul~middot

25 r- --- T-shy--r-r f-

I I r --1

--- -I

It tshyi ~ 15 ~- ---- +- _-- ------ -- --- ---

~ I I ~

m~ 10 ~-~-~-I-i

W 0 IfJ)

egt 5 I shyegt w

0 1 10 20 30 10 20 31 10 20 31

JUNE JULY AUGUST

bull

bull

bull

FlOUlnJ ll_middot-lCl((lItl1-(ltH of till tot1i 1IIIIIlbpI lit (1-(1-( dcpolti(pd by 1Q paillLl bNIJI stalk wevils durillg HlH(psill pi()(IH 1 III ollgi1out tIl( (lIti( oyiI)o~itioll vcriod ~~

bull

bull

bull

THE BEANSlALK WEEVIL IN THE ESTAICIA YALLEY NEW MEXICO 15

lAIL 2-Areralc elf ltleposition Iworti of )2 puilell felllal(~ of 111( IWUlsI(lik ((eril in IIt( insedurl (1 l~~(Ilcin N Alex

A (rn-~ A middot~rnJ( AVlrng( Avcrugl Avernge i

Egg~

Yt1f F Ill 11( lillie first t Illst t dposilion cgf eggs I ~pnsitelIS eJ~s C~s (~l~ilies dtposited per female I (tposited idtposited f period (f flttlHllcgt plr female per dB)

jrwIJ(r I)llj~ Slimbtr lImbrr bullVu mhrr 1U~9 fi Jlm( II Aul 10 liU Ii 1I1 Ii lOll 0 111 1910 JUIlO 21 ~cpt 1 751) 7Vl jfi l iiiJ9n III JUlie 1~ Aug Zi 71 I lS s ~~7 t ~~I 191~ to ltuw IS Aug IS i2 II 220 I 217 U 151101 III JIJIW 2~ Au~ ~middotI fH7 ~llIt I ~()11 t JI WH III Jl1l1t 9 ug 17 711 Ii ~L ~ 221 bull1 I II

rJulle 9 Aug 17Hnu~l Ii t) f ~~If 1lt11 H ~1I1 1-lIIIL II a (-14middot1lJlJlH ~(J1t 1

IIgLTIO-S III P IIET Im- TIDIIEltTIIIE 1) E(( IJEPOSITIO-

TllIIperattl (l has 1L di red effect un oi position by the beamta Ik I((middotil as (an lit sel11 in figllres 1~-15 WhlllaS pr((ipitati011 shows 110

80 Pi8070 ---t~--t--H a n ~ I I I I w I ~ ~ I I 170 60CD ~ I I I 0_-rufJtr1 IA

75

VI I I r t

z jtL-_-t--ft-__~f--_i_~~i __ I I -v ~_ fI 11 I 65 ~ 1 V ilL ~ ~

w bull III ltt l shy 40 0

t---+---1 ~6 0 () I Q 0 ~ V ~I

Q W

t I I shyw 301--- -I----r---l 55 0

() 20 r----+-t--+----+~~~~--f---~~~~H~_4-~50 ~ () () 1 ~ w

10 --+--I--+-----1 45

0 ()

w 15x ()

z 10

z o I shyltt 5 f---+--+--I-If--lI--+-~__+shyI-Q

~ 0 LLL_-lLllIlU_tI~__

g 10 20 30 10 20 31 10 20 31 10 20

JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER

FwtJIn l-Ttllllleatun LI) IJlllillitalioll (Il) alld tllll05itiol1 of l~S (I) by sel1I fll1ll1lt- of till heHlIltllk w((U durill t lit lKliiOi of lI)m Tbl 1)rol(11 lim dellotlgt lIlH II tPllIlIlIH [111( t lid IiI( solid lim 111( total Illllllbll of egs dlIlOsittti

bull

bull

bull

THE BEANSlALK WEEVIL IN THE ESTAICIA YALLEY NEW MEXICO 15

lAIL 2-Areralc elf ltleposition Iworti of )2 puilell felllal(~ of 111( IWUlsI(lik ((eril in IIt( insedurl (1 l~~(Ilcin N Alex

A (rn-~ A middot~rnJ( AVlrng( Avcrugl Avernge i

Egg~

Yt1f F Ill 11( lillie first t Illst t dposilion cgf eggs I ~pnsitelIS eJ~s C~s (~l~ilies dtposited per female I (tposited idtposited f period (f flttlHllcgt plr female per dB)

jrwIJ(r I)llj~ Slimbtr lImbrr bullVu mhrr 1U~9 fi Jlm( II Aul 10 liU Ii 1I1 Ii lOll 0 111 1910 JUIlO 21 ~cpt 1 751) 7Vl jfi l iiiJ9n III JUlie 1~ Aug Zi 71 I lS s ~~7 t ~~I 191~ to ltuw IS Aug IS i2 II 220 I 217 U 151101 III JIJIW 2~ Au~ ~middotI fH7 ~llIt I ~()11 t JI WH III Jl1l1t 9 ug 17 711 Ii ~L ~ 221 bull1 I II

rJulle 9 Aug 17Hnu~l Ii t) f ~~If 1lt11 H ~1I1 1-lIIIL II a (-14middot1lJlJlH ~(J1t 1

IIgLTIO-S III P IIET Im- TIDIIEltTIIIE 1) E(( IJEPOSITIO-

TllIIperattl (l has 1L di red effect un oi position by the beamta Ik I((middotil as (an lit sel11 in figllres 1~-15 WhlllaS pr((ipitati011 shows 110

80 Pi8070 ---t~--t--H a n ~ I I I I w I ~ ~ I I 170 60CD ~ I I I 0_-rufJtr1 IA

75

VI I I r t

z jtL-_-t--ft-__~f--_i_~~i __ I I -v ~_ fI 11 I 65 ~ 1 V ilL ~ ~

w bull III ltt l shy 40 0

t---+---1 ~6 0 () I Q 0 ~ V ~I

Q W

t I I shyw 301--- -I----r---l 55 0

() 20 r----+-t--+----+~~~~--f---~~~~H~_4-~50 ~ () () 1 ~ w

10 --+--I--+-----1 45

0 ()

w 15x ()

z 10

z o I shyltt 5 f---+--+--I-If--lI--+-~__+shyI-Q

~ 0 LLL_-lLllIlU_tI~__

g 10 20 30 10 20 31 10 20 31 10 20

JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER

FwtJIn l-Ttllllleatun LI) IJlllillitalioll (Il) alld tllll05itiol1 of l~S (I) by sel1I fll1ll1lt- of till heHlIltllk w((U durill t lit lKliiOi of lI)m Tbl 1)rol(11 lim dellotlgt lIlH II tPllIlIlIH [111( t lid IiI( solid lim 111( total Illllllbll of egs dlIlOsittti

16 TECHNICAL BULLErIl~ 816) U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

definite correlation but in general retards the rate of oviposition apparently because of its effect in lowering the temperatllLe Figure bull 14 shows that more eggs are deposited during arm and dry or warm and moderately damp periods whereas fewer eggs are deposited durshying the cooler and moderately damp periods It has also been fOllnd in other years that heavy oviposition occurred during warm and modshyerately damp periods vith tL marked decrease in oyiposition during cool dry periods In figure 15 it can be seen that daily mean temshyperatures of alJOllt 715 to 77deg F incleas(gttl tll( rate of oiposition whereas temperatuls of 75 or on~r (eaused hy high maximum temshyperatures of V7deg and VH-) rrtarded lgg laying This is particularly true for the period Jllly 11 to 14 inclusin A noticeahle dpcrease in ~gg h~ying o(curred dUlillg the (()ol wpt period of JIIly 21 to 26 lllcluSl VC

bull

~ 20~---+~~-4-tl UJ

i_L bull40

U)

UJ 15 I U z

10 z 0 ~ ltt 5if a u B UJ 0 a I 10 20 30 10 20 31 10 20 31a

JUNE JULY AUGUST

FIGuurJ 13-TcllIjlemlull (11) ]JIP(ipilntron (1) Iud dppo~i(i()n of l)~S (1) hr 10 [(111111( or til( U(fiIlStall nevil durill) til lpn-oll of l)U 111( hrolnll line denotes lllPan tClllplratUlr 1IH1 (lIP lolilt1 line the (olal 1I11U1)l1 of eggs dlpoltited

bull

THE BEAXMTATK WFEnL IX THE I~-TA~([A VALLEY NEWinXICO 17

bull --y-----~ 80

u 0 ~ Ir----~

I 75

u12 cc gt

ltit ( 0 70

(f) I w a

o V I wa ~bull ~

w o

~

z65 lt Wt9

W ~

60

(--EGG5 vE05TEpound

_1 ------~----- 55

z 15 r middot--~T-----bull o ~(f) 10 Imiddot -~- + _ __ _ + ----- ----- -+-~------ltw ~I

-2 au 5[-B ------1--shyushy j- w~

0 a 0 __ _J T 1 bull rJ_

4 9 15 21 27 J U L Y

FWIIJ 1-1-middot TlIljJlllllll (1 I pllcijlitn(ioll ill I tIHl Illjlosi(iol1 of l11 LI) hy HI IIlIlI (If (hf hlIl1s(dk (il during part or (hI HaSOIl or ll fhe hlOklll lillt 11(110(1 IlCat IplIIJrlllllr Illlri Ih olid lin th total 1I1l11l1Hr of (ggs c1 P 1H1 itp(]

bull

18 TECHNICAL mLLEillN 816) U S DEPT OF AGRlCULfURE

80----------------------- 80 bull

0 W D ~ gt z

0 W f shy(f)

0 a w 0

Vl tl tl W

(f)

w J (J

z

z 0 f shylt f shy

a -0 W 0 a

70 75

50 ~

- 65 laquo

0 w a

40 ~ w bullf shy

z laquo

30 - -----lt 5 5 W ~

20 50

i j 10L shy_--- - -

r~-~ i I

1 5 r

IO~middot

5~ -shy

0 ___E

3 8 14 20 26 JULY

FIGl11t l~ ilIll[lprntlll( (t ]Illipilnliull ()~ I alll] iepuitioll oj eggs (A) by 10 lllIall of til ])(lllltalk w[(il dllJlll~ 1mlt of tllP I1[lson of 1034 lllc 1)Io1WIl lim ]lllotl llHlm t(1Il11trnt 1111 am] th -olicl lillP tbe total number of eggs deposited bull

bull

bull

THE BEANSlALK WEEYIL IN THE ESTANCIA VALLEY )TEW jIEXICO 19

OVIPOSITION UNDER AHTIFICfAL CONDITIONS

In IDa) a 1 artiGcinl lllCtlllH was l[Oided to dctclminp tilt efteet of lxctss min Oil tgg clCpoHition 0 f the heantnlk weevil A ]Jail l)f

ppyils was placed ill cach 0 i tllP 10111 [(gulat ion instct -llttling cages (fig 8) till mU8lill tOpH of yhilh had btPll rppla(((l by wir(1 (rPln A splinklpl system was pIoyidld cOllsist illg () f six 1lozzles tllTa ngld ill a lCllnllgh ~ fppt wide and 8 fpp( lOllg SIIllOl11(lin2 tItt mgts lllld COllshyllPllltl t () tlIt watpl fallel[ III till (l11 tlI 0 r t 1)( splinkl ing systll1l bptPPll Ill( (agls lus plal(d a raiu gngp fol dlIlIminillg thp aet lIal 11lP(ipitnl iOll As thl ntln was lIot gappd til( flo of Yntpl into tlll lint was IPgnlalld hy apflloxillJatioll Ihlls till tlo was lllinbil amI fUJtIlPl dilllclllly was lII(Olllllltllll wlll1l tIll wHlel P1lSSll1C varipd dUlillg till applilal ion (Jig Hi) Thp a1ti[i(ial raill was nppllnl (()lltillllOllCl altholltll at tLliou atps OWl tIl( l~-holl1 dllYtiml lHli()(loll tli dal( sliOIl in [iglll IG FOIll similar eages olltsiiIe the plinkll[ 1l11llllgl1lIP1It (IP 11--(lt1 as (Il(k~ Xot(s wen takpll tiCl daily fol ~j dayC 1ll(lll (iW alld7lO n Ill nlH[ bp[(PIl G~n alld I an p Ill

Till tlsts -ho n lll(hIH) of tIllt lltililinl mill to lltulll oyiposit ion lInd 1I 111l1[lprall1l( l((old 1)((11 (nlwll lIllllI tll( Splll~ it lllHlollbte(lly oulll hn( bpn fOlllld llal 1l1ll1Hlntlllp at llast 10 HJJlH ext(nt was 011( 0 r tIl( fmIOIs 1ldl1ci11g oiposi t iOIl teti il y NOllntd lgg dcposishylinn hy tlil fOllt pnilld flll11lp appillllllly yas Il--ullI(d (1(11 time SO(l1 tftPI tlip pl([ipilatioll W- --hllt olr as tIll tnwl of till Iraph intlillltlshyill 1i11111 IG bull

Tls(-- 111 iliadI ill lJ3middot1 to (OIll[liU1 till (frle if nIly Oil OYlpositioll (If [(Ill[iltllld llIfol(rd ltInrloH--s Ij(lt tltnt of lIttmal lililt and darkshy111- ThtPl pain([ illllttl- (1( (olllbwd unltlpl it ltltUj hox in sPj)ushyrat( (middotllIP with IIlly tltlll-plalltld hlnn plalll lhallgp(l daily Tltp lin Wit p11(((1 ill lh( Inl)()lalolY yard IImItl tl1lilltllIllllnt slHitPI to 11((111 it 11)(111( 10 Il( hoI IIl1olHla --lIll Thp (ngp (1 lt11shy

(I--pd ill tIlP dark htlx day alHlnigtl 1ln(( othll plitcltl f(lllltlp- (()Illillp ill -(paratl all-wil( (ngp- OIl Ow heans ill t11( laboratory I)(gtal lid JIlIlIby WIIP lICd as chlck- 11(-( six pair~ PI( seleetp(l from IOllP oj ~lr(Ial pllil-- tltnt lind dl(l()it((1 lppl()xilllntpiy till sanll IIllmbI of Pgg OPI a p(Iiod of 7 days 11lPiolls to h(illg lIp(] in tl1(--p [tsl-- OblI[uioIIS 11( 1ll1llk ti(p daily for-W dn at alJollt G ~() it Ill nnd r p III

DllrilJ thp llilIt alld day plIjods n lotal or lln Pg-- (Eg 17) w(n dpIHlsltpd hy t h( pili 1111(1lt1 tit hox wIt ill ~()I (11 ltllpositld b~ tl( [hllk- In dw llIfoJ(Pl dlul lot JO Pggs (JI ~2Oj PlI((llt oJ tIl( total luid by 11lt1 rltlIlHiIs W(I( dlpltit(d dllling tIll Uidlmiddot whill [(111

ill tll( ChPIk IIl1dr natural (OllllitiOIlS (hJl(l~it(ll as 01 lR~() PllCCllt 01 tltlll Pggs (luring thp niht Jlpli()(l Thp~l figllr~ sho eOJldushysinl) that 1I10st of lIP (ggs al( dltlHlsiiPCl llmillg daylight 1llll II (UIVP IJ alld J oJ (JIIIIP 17 sIlO It 1nII(middot nlliltlllP in tlip Intl of (1ishy

poitiflllUllclPI UtI IW() (ollllit iOlls dlllillg llnylighl hOIl1 llplP it jll abo il( lIotpd thai 011 Tltly lR and ~3 110 Pgg-- (1( dl]losiIPlllltlltie1 natshyIIrnl lOIHlilioIlS bullJllly 18 was tItt climax or nlx(ppliOIldh tllnl dny J](I(lS Tuly 21 was UI (lX(ppt iOllall ((ml dny alcom pn II i((l hy cloml (nlhll nlld nn O1H-illclt Iaill AppnlPlltly ill( dark hox was SOIlllshy

what inlIlatpd ngnillst tlll lXtTl1I11 ()utsiltk tpmpelaturp- and ()yiposishytion IPSlHllJ-(I (]((IIIIlc1 llgL1dlls- ()f ollt--idl (OlHlitiollS

20 lECHNICAL BULLEllN 816 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

e 40r-----------------____-______~----_

0 W CD 30 ~ gt z

Cl W I-CJ)

o a w Cl

CJ) t)

t) bullW

o ALshy______~______~________L_______~____~

bull625

o ~~____L_L

12 17 27 5 JULY AUGUST

FW1ltE Inmiddot-Oripo~iti()1l (A) by til( hlllIlslnll (pril 1Il1dr tllUfiilI]lLpltillitntion (() during the HUl1ll1Il oJ l)l3 Tlw hro]wll line tlpI1lltpS thp Humher of eg~s uppoi (d hl (]l( Pll i lpd flllll](s xjJO4l( Iwrioclieally to n ltilieial ]lI(ipitation tit nlh] lillo lhnols till ulal IItllllhll or l~gs (IllUsitP(1 h~ til Illlek pairs Artificial pr(ltillill(ioli (U) (OIllI)lIP(l wilh JJltulI1 ]Jlllipitntioll un 011 he liea 1lt of O2ri 1

bull

THE BEAclfSTALK WEEVIL IN THE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 21

bull ~ 8~----~r---~~L-~---+-------+--+-~~~r-~~~--1-4 w CD ~ J Z

0 w rshyif)

0 a w

if)

)

)bull 0

w

15 19 23 27 31

JULY AUGUST

FHIln 17 EITI(( or ltollliIlIHHI dnlllI~ 011 millllitiOIl hI till ilHIlSlalk wlmil ~l Hilli B 11111)(1 01 gg~ lilpolitl[ durillg lIight IIlId dnl 1middotlgtI)(middotthmiddotII~middot hy the (I1(k pll i 11 C lnd D IIl1mllI ot lgs dlpu4ilp(1 ltllllilig lIiht alit lIay Iespecshy[iply bI till lllirs (ollfilltll ill arlilitinlllnrkll(middot Lolal lgS laid t 38 n Hil ( ~I() n Hill

INCIlBATION

bull A~ showll in iahll 3 nIP tgg Ringe of Lli( bennstalk wP(il ranged from 5~ days in lOH to G) days ill J)32 A definite Iclationhip withshyout n fixed mtio (xi(s bpI wcen tempcmtulp and the incubation period

TAIlI 3-~lICI(l[W ((IClo]JIII(lIul pCliorL Of lle IJealstalk llc(ril rc((cl in the ill~((tmiddot1 a1(Z (eI1l1 at Hs(lllcia X 11 (z

lJUnllill IIf jarl Awlshyin~lar Rnnl(p of n~(~

flWHn Illean lln1lwrn tCIIshy

t11ft Jwrumiddot lure

~YJmmiddot lillY jJ(lt)t JIlVS lilV lj~r

h 2 n a 1 X fi Ii 11511 39 f it li n iilIn1I I t U 1 ~J i G~I 0 17 1 4 2111 Hl7 5 Jn 3 212 2li

bull I U~rl1MI of 111(1 flIlIi1Il( lI11lIruds 1111 Ih plriud 1IIIlIlOt ohlnillld til lUan rill p~riorl frolll th~ time

the lnrvu ~nterrtl th soillllld mrrgrl 11 I1l1utlutl Ill irl(lud til thl PUlltll ~[Oglmiddot whwh aCcoulI(S for the Showipg for thllt stllg~ ~ Olt of proportioll to 11w other YIurs

22 TECHNl(AIJ IHIJLElIX S [(jt DEPT OF AGIU((LT(HE

IEHCENTAGE OF E(HlS HNfCHING bullDuring tll(~ season of 1931 It total of THO eggs of the beanstulk weeil were incubated during the months of Tune JUly ugust find September Of tilis otal 18~ or 23G percent ftti led to hatch Of the eggs failing to hutch (H or ~~4H percent fai1pd (0 hutch beshycuuse thrips of all Ilnltlct(rmil1ld Slwcips punctured the shells and sucked out the contents In lllany illstances the Pggs were split open and emptiNl by thp tluips Rtvcn of tlw egl 01 aH llImiddotClllt faiild to hatch owing to the aetimiddotityof nymphs or tlll imiidious flowllr bug (Oiu$ ill~idion(s (Say)) yhich feed on the eggs in fhe same manner as do the thrips The remainin rr 113 Pggs or (ilA pere~nt nIp lost 01 lailN1 to haleh lwcaust of 11lOltl desiceation OJ otHr CttllS(-

The eggs of the insidious lIow(1 illig w(tt fOllnd In the -11111 S((shytion of till stem ill hidl lggs of til( lHtllslalk Ilpil 11( incubatshying As the lifp (yell of this bllg i- llIuch shor(Cr (han thnt of the beamtalk eeil the ll)Tl1lphs of this sp(lils are at llal1(l to prey upon the host egg Marshall u snys of tllllIl TIll 1I)lIlpils art wry aetin alld S(PIll to 1)( hllllting (olltillllaJly Thi was fouud to be 1rup and in OIl installl a 1IlIlpl1 was found m(king the juicps flOlll

a thrips nymph that had (lIilINI till pith at the end of a bean stem bull in hieh was (IHnsed all lgg of t lwanstalk welvil

During Ill( SlaSOnR of um~ ll33 and 1084 the pereentnge of eggs of tlH blans(ttlk w((il failing to hateh rallged irolll 49gt to 1314 tt indieatrdin tahhmiddotk This mallel lo-s as (onbashd with thl HgmC 101 H)31 was dill apparently to the plesenee of fewlr thrips allc1 insidio1ls floWPI hugs Many of tIl( Pggs that failed to hatch ltluring tillS Y(tUS had tlllllld blO1I aftpl Iwing PIlplopld ilh funglls mYlplil1ll1 ()[ )(ennH lliack alld ute I) as if possibly inleded by SOI1lC hndlIi1lm

TIIlUmiddot1 SIII1I1I1 1IIIIIII1II oJWIIIIS(Ii 1(i1s 10 tI(tull ill Ih iIlS(IIIIjl llId ((II 1 I~(Irill ~ 11(1

Lllrvnl stlll

IIHuIHlt(111 lolrst bull Sumllt ulllfJrr jJrnel1 ~YIL1UIJ(T )erCflIt ~Yllmfltr Ptrc~llt

j~n lUi) j1t1i 3as 131 28tk $701 Ill Iii ~H 2ti 30 ISW 2lKi ~IO I ~t j J1 71 middott5 roti I 12 s-

711oj 71 H 0) 511 lii1 41 ii I

Prppupnl IU)l1 Ilull luriuri 1ICtgt PJI1t rlt flet

lhir( ullrth

S u 11lfrr I JaclIl Vumrr Jgttnt VumfJrl Prrrrrll AVttmbrr Prrcellt VullIfJrf Prralll ~t1O Il ~()J 2ilOJ lii5 IU~middot iO SU ro lUI 232 itl tift 11-1 aOIi1 hi 25 fin 105 11 f9 Ill) 10 9() 207 ~J 0 1~2 la13 IfJt 35 ) 12H 2USIi 107 25iti I~S 111 3fiU -i fiji 3H1 12 275 31 00 ~il ~tl

u I(AItSIIALL n En SIlMI OIllUltrHIOliS (w t)JtlCR rrHl Ill lIW$) lliSlfllOlll1S (Sn) KIIIlS l~llt Soc Tour a 20 ~ l1lO bull

bull

~

bull

THE BEAN1iTALK WEEVIL IN [HE ESTANCIA YALLEY NEW MEXICO 23

THE LAHA

The betlnRtalk wceil pnR1(R thlough four lalTal inRtars (tabh 3) Lanal (pvclopmcnt required 12 days in 1934 and wa in Ina2 The shorteRt larval instal was the second which rcquind 3) days for (()IIlJlldion in In34 and 48 days in ID30 The fOllth instal required the 10I11lSt limp fOl dlcloplIlent ranging frolll HT daygt in 1930 to 141 da vs in H)32

bnlllcdintcly tf(PI they ltaw hatched tltl pah-ycllow Innmiddotae COlllshy

lt1ln(lI borinl lip or down thl intprio[ of til( stalks of t)p bean plants After It larnL has fPLI for a fpw hmns till dilestive tract shows dark hlough the Selnilmmiparellt hody wall Bcfolt molting till larval body iR 0[ a t(PIllr yplloY but it Lllconws lIluch paler upon moltillg with tlH Itlad y(llo and till I ips of the malldibles brown At lvcry Illolt till hlown Illad (apldl iplits along till (pi(llnill sulllrp and tltis is follold by II brPtlk eaudally along the first thrce segllllnts of tlH hody wall After the head has worked through thi~ opening tltl lana Tilgles its middota out of the old ~kin On(gt larva I(gtqllir(d ~T IIlilllltpS to wriggle thnl-fnllrtlt~ of th( way out or tltp ~kill with IItl old lannl skin sl(Hld along ulldel till n~lItral prt of 111( boly In till iirRt instal Illl llITae glow hom nbout Ui to ~ III Ill in hllth during tIll p(OJl(l imitar from 3 to i Illlll dlllilll til( thild from i to Ii III Ill and dllling tht fourth instal (fig- Ii A) flOnl (l to D I1llll in hng-Ili The first instal is nbollt onp-lltild as widt as IOllg and till o(lIr instal an only nbout 01Hshy

fOllll h as widl as tH alt Jong IhUing t ht S(llSOIl (If UlaO I](n -ppml larl( WPIl lwing [luld

in (paml Lllanstalks ill (Ill stlll 1lIIi dislt wltlll - I)plippc to IIp (allnibalislll was oiJspnpd IIIHIl ~ lanlIt 111 fOUlld ill nl a 111

stalk ow or both with ltr body wOllnltis IIlti(h always nsldtld ill cllallt Tn Waf a tn(al of ~ ((sts for call1libalisni of Sl(olill and third instal WlI( madt 2 lanIl Iwing plI((dill t Itt Slllie 01 epara Hlits of tIl( Salllt stalk ~ithin I 01 day- aftI patll of tltl( illRPrtionR (ltl stalks WlIl split 0IH1I alld lx1uiliIWd Out of Ill 2 hsts l -ItOpc] llllnibalislll ill Ii of OWSl hUih lalTh WIl dlad 01 injllrp(l and in IlIP (lth1 7 tpsts nllly 1 Inna had LJ(PII altuckl(

Tilt- PIIE

SlPIal fhld Hnd laigtolltol obIIati()lls nealpd tit fnct that plior hl pllpa iOIl tlil IHIm lo( through thl stnlk or It(lll~ of the Iwan plant at 1It poinl from IIIn thl stalk (omlS in (011111lt( with till oil up to as hillt as (i or Illolpin(hls 11)0( till sllrfacp XOIH han )(ell foulld to bore thlOllh tilt stalk below till slrfa(~( of till soil DIopping to til( grot1lHI [Ill lurnu imllwdiut(ly (lliPI til( soil in pllpurat inn 101 rll1patioll III IllUkill1 tx(uat ions for obtlIatioll it was l1ot((t tllnL the prepupa made its c(U lHal (It( surface of tile sl)il usually fit thl((-fourths of lin inch to 1 in(h in denth In lflaO no fitlHl ies W(ll mudp to ltl i(()vlr whet het Ot not the middot]11e of Ow bNtnstalk ((il sl)(nl til tillw in the soil prior fo pupntioll By aIlalogy if was PIpsllllleltl thut tho insect s])(nt a consicletmiddotttblc pt~liod in this lalynl or pn~pllpal st age before molting into the pupalstllllt Writh the method used during the s(aSOIlS of 1$)11 to 1934 it was 0Igts(1ed that tilP prepuplli Hlag( was 0 r Slllfd days dlllHt ion

24 lECHNICAL BULLETIN 810 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

Table 3 shows that the minimum number of clays spent as a prepupa was 6lin 1934 and that themlximum middotwas 7S days in 1933

The prepupa upon entering the soil molds 11 cell large enough to enable it to lie curled up and later molt to It pupa The prepupae were observed to wriggle iolently when their cells were broken open they would when replaced in the soil agnin mold a cell in preparnshytion for transforming to pnpae

THE PtPA

The head capHule of till prepupa of the hcnnstalk (evil as in the lalTnl stages splits aLollg t Ill ~pieranial suture and then there folshylows a break caudally tdong tll( first thrcl SlgIlHnts of the body wnll After the hcad has wOIked through this opening the pupa liggles its way out of the old Hkin l(sting in till Hanw (pll lint il it moltH to all adult The pupal (figs 6 B) like the plepupn( if disturbed will wriggle yiolclltly espteinlly wl)(11 expoBccl to light inclicating no douht that they an llegatiely phototropic Yith ll( llt1li11g method mild in lU31 to lna4 (s(( p 12) lWCllla(t ob~(ITations of the length of the pupal stage Wlle IlIlllth possibh Tht maximum time fotdey elopshyment of the pupal s(ngl wa Iii dn~ in Ina2 and the minimum wn~ 11G days in Ulat (table 3)

DEELOI~lET OF TilE Annr

The adult- dispose or it~ (n( skill ill tll( amp lIInnllPI as llll~ (1l(gt

lan-a und pupa TIll Iwly (IHlI~IOlnlld adlllt is at first pule yellow but within n peliod oj 2middot1 houl~ it gmdwtlly darken the legs first tlwll thp h((ul and tlylra Ullt il it i a solid lliack fable~ ~hows that adults SLWIHl slYlIHl dny~ ill Ihl ~()il hdlll (OI11ing to tlw f1udace Tilt aelage maximum lillll ~1lllIt hy t Itl I(ils in the ~oil in Ina2 was 74 daYS and til( lllininllnn ill IH~middotI was ii4middot daY FlOm It il hours to 1 (lay hdon tIl( IHIult ~IlIllglS 110111 tit si)il surfacl it begins to ll(pnd slowl) tlllln(lillg its way to tIl( ~lIlrHl( III wOlking its way upward it leaes a rounel tlllllwl fillld with inl oil with til( top finally lll11ainillg OpPIl alld Illlasllling nhOllt th Ipp-sixtllnths () r aninlh ill

dialllptPl FIlltjIlllltly th e adult WOllld work lip to tbe soil sllda(( alongside tIl(gt

E gins platt or 111lt pllpd tllk0

o J t nd it P10IIPSS s pujlyw 0190 gt w wa te11(tl o lllll till lHwly Illllgedu o

1931 adllil is t rttn IITllI to tt

0170 1933 flshly pot t((1 b(tlll plnnt it ~

o illll11((1ill it IY b((ol1l~ arti ( u o and as((lJ(is t hI ~t(l11 of the

plant and aft ~((lal~ 0150 ~ o lt)

1930 hOlII it lwgillH to pat long a bull dplp llHiollS ill till plant0

ithin ar( clays the proshy~ a 01301 i

66 66 70 7Z 74 not lIllI t1ld phtra (han MEAN TEMPERATURE (DE) flom bllHk to a dark Im)n

bull

bull

bull

ith It f(gtw light-ln()ll R]gtotS1gt[(111110 lKmiddot~-A(rHI (hrlopnwnt IIf llip IWlllllllalk w(pil ill lit lahllltl tll~ bllndlll oWr their surfaces bull

bull

bull

bull

lHE BEANSlALK VEEYIL IN lHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 25

Some weeks latel the plOnotulll and clytlu turn a lighter brown but the head snout and legs still remain Illack

Table 5 giyes it suml1lluy of the dlYelopmcnt of the beanstnlk weevil in tIll field ll1ld laboratory It is noteworthy that the seasons of 1930 fil1c119a2 had tIl( lowest llwan tllllllCratnrrs ( table 3) It 1S also seen that in 1)32 (table Iraquo) tl1( Ieng It () t t he deY(loplllcn tal period of this inRcct was shorter in the (kId than in the laboratory The converse is tlut for the (Jtilel vlani possibly indicating- that tIl( mean air temshyperaLme () t (he ins(etar) anel (cUar was (onsiderably higher than the Il1Clln soil tlmjgtllature which was prohably kept lower partly by the con rage of growing plants In tabl~s a and [) it is seen t~lat il 1934 ihe warmest yeur the greatest span 1ll the c1mr (]opmental perIOd beshytWPln the laboratory and lipid studies OC(IIIT(d In the laboratory (tabl ~) till rate 0[ devplopllll1I1 (olllpued with the average meail tempemt Ul(1 suggests a linenr rl1nl i()nship~ as is i llu-Ilaled in figure 18

rurI i-~Slll1llllllrl ()f r(OlIlIiJlI of ((II~(llk we(vil (II Esnllcia N Me

Dilllt first ~g~ Dnt~ first Dnto Inst W(n tilposiHci in iuths(uHrgNI in-- IH(ltlr~nl(flmiddottl in-

Laho~ LuhnFilI1 FHII Lalgto- Ficidrnturj rntl)ry bull rntor) I

lOIIl lilly 2 IU~- ~- ~r~- -cpt - ~

Oct 21 i~ HlJl June G Iuno 23 _Iuly 30 Au~ 18 Scpt 26 I Oct 5 1J32 JUIW 2 lilly middot1 i Aug 10 - S~pt Ii Oct jj i Oct 7 1l33 Juno 111 Iuly 3 Aug 15 Au~ 2ti Oct ~2 _ Oct 15 Illal Iun 12 lull 10 - lilly 2( ept 17 If Oct S - Oct 10 =--~==----~----

__ WUg hnolnpnHJllai ~ IJ1~W(lS (olllplltiTJJ IIH(lopshy_ _ period In-shy men Iu- i llcetlcs emerging

1 iI1~

Year ieid 11bull 1-------------middot--- shyratorr i lrri- lry- LlIho- Fiolt

I gated farmed rntory _ _-) ---1-- ------ shy

nv Days nays PerceIIl i lercwt i Prc1 INumber NU1IIbr1930 _ iO30 jo iU _ _ _ 33 121 1931 5JImiddot1 lin 91 641 2middot103 50 267 1932 no is t~IOS 1931bull 50 l11H iii_OG 1000 ~gJ~ Il I~ i Ig~ ~ 1011 _ -191 f1~tl 5002 ~U~ lUll I lai 22 59

Table 4 gives n summary of the lnmbers [lnd )ercentages of beanshystalk wecyils that developed in the insectary [lnd cellar Each sucshyceeding year a larger pereentage completed development This might hl1ve been due large]y to the improved methods and teclnuque of rearshying this insect each season It was noted about the middle of the season of 1932 that a large percentage of prepnpae and pupae were dying from bacterial and fungoIls attacks so thereafter the soil used for these stages was thoroughly sterilized by heating During the seasons of 1932 and 11)33 when preciptation was above normal a larger percentage of beetles completed development in the field than in the Illbollltory whereas in 19~H with the preciptation below normal Ilnd the tlmperatme fill above normal a much ~arger percentage deve]opedlll the lIlsertary and cellar (table 5) than 11l the field

26 TECffi~l(AL B1LLE]IN 816( S DEPl OF AGRICrVllTRE

NUMBEH OF (~ENEHATIONS bull Xone of the 1wly emcrged heansta1k weevils ycre observed to mate

or lay eggs during the sen son uf deyelopnwnt indien ting- that there is only one genelntiOlI nn1llllllly ill the Estanein Ynlley

SEXlAL CHAHACTElUSTICS

Ovelwintcred bpunsta lk ppvi Is II nlt1 lIPw1y dpyploped onps were studied carefullY for ex(trnal sexun 1 chalnctplistics No definite morphological dIstinctions WelP fOllnd tltnt WPlp of nny assistance in selecting eithel sex iOI usc in de(lopm(nta 1 Stlllt1 ies It nB fOllnd on selecting life-hist)r~ pairs llpn they W(I( obsclY((l mating thnt tl1( male was nSllally (ollsiltielnbly smallel than til( femnk

LmWEITY OF THE AncLT

TIl( ndult lif( of till lwanstalk ((il fcpms to 1)( sompthillg over a WHI In thp full of 192l npwly enwlgpd lw(lks WP( pllHpcl in cages bull for hil1Prnation Thofe slllviving the winlll uncI the follltHying snmshymer wcp plncpd in hibel11ation n spcond tinw in October Hl30 in the ((llfl in fowplpot CHirPS On pxnmination of till hih(llIfltionll1at(Jial on Tmw 1 19iH all t1lP 11((tl(s (1( found d(ad 8il11ilal t(sts begun 111 1l31 lncl1l32 gaY( tlw ~an1( IPSlIltS ilHlieatinl that th( maximum lifl of this insect mny Iw (stilllnilCl at about 500 (lllYs This estimate is baftd OIl OlP fnettllat I1IOft of 111( lI(W ndultsltalt PI11(rgl c1 by S(pl(l1Ib(I1il and on tillt asslImption thnt i-f tl(y dip dll1ing th( sltcond wi ntpl llIorta 1 ity oIJld ta kp plll(( in till d(ll(1 of wi utel TUluary or F(llllInry

(EgtEHAL HABITS OF THE Annr

~l(n tllty nl( lIot f(pding (oni1nNl lwanstalk WP(yils ill oHen 1)( fcwnd elalllpilll th(il Itgs alolll(l th( illo of til eagl Yhil( IPstill1 this ay tllP 11((tl(gt is cliflienlt to dislodge ithollt injury Sp((ial elll( lllllSt h( lak(11 that tlt( soft nlw]~ (11lPlg((1 blptkf alp not bull (11111(lt1 wlHn th(y af( blillg 1(ll1oY(d from the scr(en If the belm plnnts art vt1middot 1I111(h dist 1I1I)(d tt( 1)((t1(s will gtl1lrnUy dlop to tIl( ground and play possum cJla wing up tiwil llgs and aeting for sePlnl milllll(s as if (kud

III tIll ins(gtetar ill tlw fall wllllI thp parly l1Iolnillg t11I1WH( IIIPS 111 fl(lzillg 01 th(r(abouts Inost- of tI]( lwetles will 1)(gt founcl (ithcr 011 tll( grollnd 01 (Ollgl(gntlcl Oil til( 1(11(11 rag( yl](I( it (onws in (Ollt aet with the soil

HIBEn~ATJON

TIl( b(unstalk p(i I passlS the i1llaquoL olll~ in the adult 01 bc(tle sInge In tllP Estn neil Yal() tl]( wlevils begin to enter winter quarshyters soon aTt0l th( middle of September nnd by the end of the first w((gtk in OdohlI oft 1lJIIaill ach( dp)(nding on srasonal variation and killillg frosts It wus lIot knowlI (]pfinitcly until tlw fall of 1931 how and h(I( ttr ndul t~ of till I)(a IIstalk we(gtvil oYelwintiled Vith

bull

THE BEAXMTATK WFEnL IX THE I~-TA~([A VALLEY NEWinXICO 17

bull --y-----~ 80

u 0 ~ Ir----~

I 75

u12 cc gt

ltit ( 0 70

(f) I w a

o V I wa ~bull ~

w o

~

z65 lt Wt9

W ~

60

(--EGG5 vE05TEpound

_1 ------~----- 55

z 15 r middot--~T-----bull o ~(f) 10 Imiddot -~- + _ __ _ + ----- ----- -+-~------ltw ~I

-2 au 5[-B ------1--shyushy j- w~

0 a 0 __ _J T 1 bull rJ_

4 9 15 21 27 J U L Y

FWIIJ 1-1-middot TlIljJlllllll (1 I pllcijlitn(ioll ill I tIHl Illjlosi(iol1 of l11 LI) hy HI IIlIlI (If (hf hlIl1s(dk (il during part or (hI HaSOIl or ll fhe hlOklll lillt 11(110(1 IlCat IplIIJrlllllr Illlri Ih olid lin th total 1I1l11l1Hr of (ggs c1 P 1H1 itp(]

bull

18 TECHNICAL mLLEillN 816) U S DEPT OF AGRlCULfURE

80----------------------- 80 bull

0 W D ~ gt z

0 W f shy(f)

0 a w 0

Vl tl tl W

(f)

w J (J

z

z 0 f shylt f shy

a -0 W 0 a

70 75

50 ~

- 65 laquo

0 w a

40 ~ w bullf shy

z laquo

30 - -----lt 5 5 W ~

20 50

i j 10L shy_--- - -

r~-~ i I

1 5 r

IO~middot

5~ -shy

0 ___E

3 8 14 20 26 JULY

FIGl11t l~ ilIll[lprntlll( (t ]Illipilnliull ()~ I alll] iepuitioll oj eggs (A) by 10 lllIall of til ])(lllltalk w[(il dllJlll~ 1mlt of tllP I1[lson of 1034 lllc 1)Io1WIl lim ]lllotl llHlm t(1Il11trnt 1111 am] th -olicl lillP tbe total number of eggs deposited bull

bull

bull

THE BEANSlALK WEEYIL IN THE ESTANCIA VALLEY )TEW jIEXICO 19

OVIPOSITION UNDER AHTIFICfAL CONDITIONS

In IDa) a 1 artiGcinl lllCtlllH was l[Oided to dctclminp tilt efteet of lxctss min Oil tgg clCpoHition 0 f the heantnlk weevil A ]Jail l)f

ppyils was placed ill cach 0 i tllP 10111 [(gulat ion instct -llttling cages (fig 8) till mU8lill tOpH of yhilh had btPll rppla(((l by wir(1 (rPln A splinklpl system was pIoyidld cOllsist illg () f six 1lozzles tllTa ngld ill a lCllnllgh ~ fppt wide and 8 fpp( lOllg SIIllOl11(lin2 tItt mgts lllld COllshyllPllltl t () tlIt watpl fallel[ III till (l11 tlI 0 r t 1)( splinkl ing systll1l bptPPll Ill( (agls lus plal(d a raiu gngp fol dlIlIminillg thp aet lIal 11lP(ipitnl iOll As thl ntln was lIot gappd til( flo of Yntpl into tlll lint was IPgnlalld hy apflloxillJatioll Ihlls till tlo was lllinbil amI fUJtIlPl dilllclllly was lII(Olllllltllll wlll1l tIll wHlel P1lSSll1C varipd dUlillg till applilal ion (Jig Hi) Thp a1ti[i(ial raill was nppllnl (()lltillllOllCl altholltll at tLliou atps OWl tIl( l~-holl1 dllYtiml lHli()(loll tli dal( sliOIl in [iglll IG FOIll similar eages olltsiiIe the plinkll[ 1l11llllgl1lIP1It (IP 11--(lt1 as (Il(k~ Xot(s wen takpll tiCl daily fol ~j dayC 1ll(lll (iW alld7lO n Ill nlH[ bp[(PIl G~n alld I an p Ill

Till tlsts -ho n lll(hIH) of tIllt lltililinl mill to lltulll oyiposit ion lInd 1I 111l1[lprall1l( l((old 1)((11 (nlwll lIllllI tll( Splll~ it lllHlollbte(lly oulll hn( bpn fOlllld llal 1l1ll1Hlntlllp at llast 10 HJJlH ext(nt was 011( 0 r tIl( fmIOIs 1ldl1ci11g oiposi t iOIl teti il y NOllntd lgg dcposishylinn hy tlil fOllt pnilld flll11lp appillllllly yas Il--ullI(d (1(11 time SO(l1 tftPI tlip pl([ipilatioll W- --hllt olr as tIll tnwl of till Iraph intlillltlshyill 1i11111 IG bull

Tls(-- 111 iliadI ill lJ3middot1 to (OIll[liU1 till (frle if nIly Oil OYlpositioll (If [(Ill[iltllld llIfol(rd ltInrloH--s Ij(lt tltnt of lIttmal lililt and darkshy111- ThtPl pain([ illllttl- (1( (olllbwd unltlpl it ltltUj hox in sPj)ushyrat( (middotllIP with IIlly tltlll-plalltld hlnn plalll lhallgp(l daily Tltp lin Wit p11(((1 ill lh( Inl)()lalolY yard IImItl tl1lilltllIllllnt slHitPI to 11((111 it 11)(111( 10 Il( hoI IIl1olHla --lIll Thp (ngp (1 lt11shy

(I--pd ill tIlP dark htlx day alHlnigtl 1ln(( othll plitcltl f(lllltlp- (()Illillp ill -(paratl all-wil( (ngp- OIl Ow heans ill t11( laboratory I)(gtal lid JIlIlIby WIIP lICd as chlck- 11(-( six pair~ PI( seleetp(l from IOllP oj ~lr(Ial pllil-- tltnt lind dl(l()it((1 lppl()xilllntpiy till sanll IIllmbI of Pgg OPI a p(Iiod of 7 days 11lPiolls to h(illg lIp(] in tl1(--p [tsl-- OblI[uioIIS 11( 1ll1llk ti(p daily for-W dn at alJollt G ~() it Ill nnd r p III

DllrilJ thp llilIt alld day plIjods n lotal or lln Pg-- (Eg 17) w(n dpIHlsltpd hy t h( pili 1111(1lt1 tit hox wIt ill ~()I (11 ltllpositld b~ tl( [hllk- In dw llIfoJ(Pl dlul lot JO Pggs (JI ~2Oj PlI((llt oJ tIl( total luid by 11lt1 rltlIlHiIs W(I( dlpltit(d dllling tIll Uidlmiddot whill [(111

ill tll( ChPIk IIl1dr natural (OllllitiOIlS (hJl(l~it(ll as 01 lR~() PllCCllt 01 tltlll Pggs (luring thp niht Jlpli()(l Thp~l figllr~ sho eOJldushysinl) that 1I10st of lIP (ggs al( dltlHlsiiPCl llmillg daylight 1llll II (UIVP IJ alld J oJ (JIIIIP 17 sIlO It 1nII(middot nlliltlllP in tlip Intl of (1ishy

poitiflllUllclPI UtI IW() (ollllit iOlls dlllillg llnylighl hOIl1 llplP it jll abo il( lIotpd thai 011 Tltly lR and ~3 110 Pgg-- (1( dl]losiIPlllltlltie1 natshyIIrnl lOIHlilioIlS bullJllly 18 was tItt climax or nlx(ppliOIldh tllnl dny J](I(lS Tuly 21 was UI (lX(ppt iOllall ((ml dny alcom pn II i((l hy cloml (nlhll nlld nn O1H-illclt Iaill AppnlPlltly ill( dark hox was SOIlllshy

what inlIlatpd ngnillst tlll lXtTl1I11 ()utsiltk tpmpelaturp- and ()yiposishytion IPSlHllJ-(I (]((IIIIlc1 llgL1dlls- ()f ollt--idl (OlHlitiollS

20 lECHNICAL BULLEllN 816 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

e 40r-----------------____-______~----_

0 W CD 30 ~ gt z

Cl W I-CJ)

o a w Cl

CJ) t)

t) bullW

o ALshy______~______~________L_______~____~

bull625

o ~~____L_L

12 17 27 5 JULY AUGUST

FW1ltE Inmiddot-Oripo~iti()1l (A) by til( hlllIlslnll (pril 1Il1dr tllUfiilI]lLpltillitntion (() during the HUl1ll1Il oJ l)l3 Tlw hro]wll line tlpI1lltpS thp Humher of eg~s uppoi (d hl (]l( Pll i lpd flllll](s xjJO4l( Iwrioclieally to n ltilieial ]lI(ipitation tit nlh] lillo lhnols till ulal IItllllhll or l~gs (IllUsitP(1 h~ til Illlek pairs Artificial pr(ltillill(ioli (U) (OIllI)lIP(l wilh JJltulI1 ]Jlllipitntioll un 011 he liea 1lt of O2ri 1

bull

THE BEAclfSTALK WEEVIL IN THE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 21

bull ~ 8~----~r---~~L-~---+-------+--+-~~~r-~~~--1-4 w CD ~ J Z

0 w rshyif)

0 a w

if)

)

)bull 0

w

15 19 23 27 31

JULY AUGUST

FHIln 17 EITI(( or ltollliIlIHHI dnlllI~ 011 millllitiOIl hI till ilHIlSlalk wlmil ~l Hilli B 11111)(1 01 gg~ lilpolitl[ durillg lIight IIlId dnl 1middotlgtI)(middotthmiddotII~middot hy the (I1(k pll i 11 C lnd D IIl1mllI ot lgs dlpu4ilp(1 ltllllilig lIiht alit lIay Iespecshy[iply bI till lllirs (ollfilltll ill arlilitinlllnrkll(middot Lolal lgS laid t 38 n Hil ( ~I() n Hill

INCIlBATION

bull A~ showll in iahll 3 nIP tgg Ringe of Lli( bennstalk wP(il ranged from 5~ days in lOH to G) days ill J)32 A definite Iclationhip withshyout n fixed mtio (xi(s bpI wcen tempcmtulp and the incubation period

TAIlI 3-~lICI(l[W ((IClo]JIII(lIul pCliorL Of lle IJealstalk llc(ril rc((cl in the ill~((tmiddot1 a1(Z (eI1l1 at Hs(lllcia X 11 (z

lJUnllill IIf jarl Awlshyin~lar Rnnl(p of n~(~

flWHn Illean lln1lwrn tCIIshy

t11ft Jwrumiddot lure

~YJmmiddot lillY jJ(lt)t JIlVS lilV lj~r

h 2 n a 1 X fi Ii 11511 39 f it li n iilIn1I I t U 1 ~J i G~I 0 17 1 4 2111 Hl7 5 Jn 3 212 2li

bull I U~rl1MI of 111(1 flIlIi1Il( lI11lIruds 1111 Ih plriud 1IIIlIlOt ohlnillld til lUan rill p~riorl frolll th~ time

the lnrvu ~nterrtl th soillllld mrrgrl 11 I1l1utlutl Ill irl(lud til thl PUlltll ~[Oglmiddot whwh aCcoulI(S for the Showipg for thllt stllg~ ~ Olt of proportioll to 11w other YIurs

22 TECHNl(AIJ IHIJLElIX S [(jt DEPT OF AGIU((LT(HE

IEHCENTAGE OF E(HlS HNfCHING bullDuring tll(~ season of 1931 It total of THO eggs of the beanstulk weeil were incubated during the months of Tune JUly ugust find September Of tilis otal 18~ or 23G percent ftti led to hatch Of the eggs failing to hutch (H or ~~4H percent fai1pd (0 hutch beshycuuse thrips of all Ilnltlct(rmil1ld Slwcips punctured the shells and sucked out the contents In lllany illstances the Pggs were split open and emptiNl by thp tluips Rtvcn of tlw egl 01 aH llImiddotClllt faiild to hatch owing to the aetimiddotityof nymphs or tlll imiidious flowllr bug (Oiu$ ill~idion(s (Say)) yhich feed on the eggs in fhe same manner as do the thrips The remainin rr 113 Pggs or (ilA pere~nt nIp lost 01 lailN1 to haleh lwcaust of 11lOltl desiceation OJ otHr CttllS(-

The eggs of the insidious lIow(1 illig w(tt fOllnd In the -11111 S((shytion of till stem ill hidl lggs of til( lHtllslalk Ilpil 11( incubatshying As the lifp (yell of this bllg i- llIuch shor(Cr (han thnt of the beamtalk eeil the ll)Tl1lphs of this sp(lils are at llal1(l to prey upon the host egg Marshall u snys of tllllIl TIll 1I)lIlpils art wry aetin alld S(PIll to 1)( hllllting (olltillllaJly Thi was fouud to be 1rup and in OIl installl a 1IlIlpl1 was found m(king the juicps flOlll

a thrips nymph that had (lIilINI till pith at the end of a bean stem bull in hieh was (IHnsed all lgg of t lwanstalk welvil

During Ill( SlaSOnR of um~ ll33 and 1084 the pereentnge of eggs of tlH blans(ttlk w((il failing to hateh rallged irolll 49gt to 1314 tt indieatrdin tahhmiddotk This mallel lo-s as (onbashd with thl HgmC 101 H)31 was dill apparently to the plesenee of fewlr thrips allc1 insidio1ls floWPI hugs Many of tIl( Pggs that failed to hatch ltluring tillS Y(tUS had tlllllld blO1I aftpl Iwing PIlplopld ilh funglls mYlplil1ll1 ()[ )(ennH lliack alld ute I) as if possibly inleded by SOI1lC hndlIi1lm

TIIlUmiddot1 SIII1I1I1 1IIIIIII1II oJWIIIIS(Ii 1(i1s 10 tI(tull ill Ih iIlS(IIIIjl llId ((II 1 I~(Irill ~ 11(1

Lllrvnl stlll

IIHuIHlt(111 lolrst bull Sumllt ulllfJrr jJrnel1 ~YIL1UIJ(T )erCflIt ~Yllmfltr Ptrc~llt

j~n lUi) j1t1i 3as 131 28tk $701 Ill Iii ~H 2ti 30 ISW 2lKi ~IO I ~t j J1 71 middott5 roti I 12 s-

711oj 71 H 0) 511 lii1 41 ii I

Prppupnl IU)l1 Ilull luriuri 1ICtgt PJI1t rlt flet

lhir( ullrth

S u 11lfrr I JaclIl Vumrr Jgttnt VumfJrl Prrrrrll AVttmbrr Prrcellt VullIfJrf Prralll ~t1O Il ~()J 2ilOJ lii5 IU~middot iO SU ro lUI 232 itl tift 11-1 aOIi1 hi 25 fin 105 11 f9 Ill) 10 9() 207 ~J 0 1~2 la13 IfJt 35 ) 12H 2USIi 107 25iti I~S 111 3fiU -i fiji 3H1 12 275 31 00 ~il ~tl

u I(AItSIIALL n En SIlMI OIllUltrHIOliS (w t)JtlCR rrHl Ill lIW$) lliSlfllOlll1S (Sn) KIIIlS l~llt Soc Tour a 20 ~ l1lO bull

bull

~

bull

THE BEAN1iTALK WEEVIL IN [HE ESTANCIA YALLEY NEW MEXICO 23

THE LAHA

The betlnRtalk wceil pnR1(R thlough four lalTal inRtars (tabh 3) Lanal (pvclopmcnt required 12 days in 1934 and wa in Ina2 The shorteRt larval instal was the second which rcquind 3) days for (()IIlJlldion in In34 and 48 days in ID30 The fOllth instal required the 10I11lSt limp fOl dlcloplIlent ranging frolll HT daygt in 1930 to 141 da vs in H)32

bnlllcdintcly tf(PI they ltaw hatched tltl pah-ycllow Innmiddotae COlllshy

lt1ln(lI borinl lip or down thl intprio[ of til( stalks of t)p bean plants After It larnL has fPLI for a fpw hmns till dilestive tract shows dark hlough the Selnilmmiparellt hody wall Bcfolt molting till larval body iR 0[ a t(PIllr yplloY but it Lllconws lIluch paler upon moltillg with tlH Itlad y(llo and till I ips of the malldibles brown At lvcry Illolt till hlown Illad (apldl iplits along till (pi(llnill sulllrp and tltis is follold by II brPtlk eaudally along the first thrce segllllnts of tlH hody wall After the head has worked through thi~ opening tltl lana Tilgles its middota out of the old ~kin On(gt larva I(gtqllir(d ~T IIlilllltpS to wriggle thnl-fnllrtlt~ of th( way out or tltp ~kill with IItl old lannl skin sl(Hld along ulldel till n~lItral prt of 111( boly In till iirRt instal Illl llITae glow hom nbout Ui to ~ III Ill in hllth during tIll p(OJl(l imitar from 3 to i Illlll dlllilll til( thild from i to Ii III Ill and dllling tht fourth instal (fig- Ii A) flOnl (l to D I1llll in hng-Ili The first instal is nbollt onp-lltild as widt as IOllg and till o(lIr instal an only nbout 01Hshy

fOllll h as widl as tH alt Jong IhUing t ht S(llSOIl (If UlaO I](n -ppml larl( WPIl lwing [luld

in (paml Lllanstalks ill (Ill stlll 1lIIi dislt wltlll - I)plippc to IIp (allnibalislll was oiJspnpd IIIHIl ~ lanlIt 111 fOUlld ill nl a 111

stalk ow or both with ltr body wOllnltis IIlti(h always nsldtld ill cllallt Tn Waf a tn(al of ~ ((sts for call1libalisni of Sl(olill and third instal WlI( madt 2 lanIl Iwing plI((dill t Itt Slllie 01 epara Hlits of tIl( Salllt stalk ~ithin I 01 day- aftI patll of tltl( illRPrtionR (ltl stalks WlIl split 0IH1I alld lx1uiliIWd Out of Ill 2 hsts l -ItOpc] llllnibalislll ill Ii of OWSl hUih lalTh WIl dlad 01 injllrp(l and in IlIP (lth1 7 tpsts nllly 1 Inna had LJ(PII altuckl(

Tilt- PIIE

SlPIal fhld Hnd laigtolltol obIIati()lls nealpd tit fnct that plior hl pllpa iOIl tlil IHIm lo( through thl stnlk or It(lll~ of the Iwan plant at 1It poinl from IIIn thl stalk (omlS in (011111lt( with till oil up to as hillt as (i or Illolpin(hls 11)0( till sllrfacp XOIH han )(ell foulld to bore thlOllh tilt stalk below till slrfa(~( of till soil DIopping to til( grot1lHI [Ill lurnu imllwdiut(ly (lliPI til( soil in pllpurat inn 101 rll1patioll III IllUkill1 tx(uat ions for obtlIatioll it was l1ot((t tllnL the prepupa made its c(U lHal (It( surface of tile sl)il usually fit thl((-fourths of lin inch to 1 in(h in denth In lflaO no fitlHl ies W(ll mudp to ltl i(()vlr whet het Ot not the middot]11e of Ow bNtnstalk ((il sl)(nl til tillw in the soil prior fo pupntioll By aIlalogy if was PIpsllllleltl thut tho insect s])(nt a consicletmiddotttblc pt~liod in this lalynl or pn~pllpal st age before molting into the pupalstllllt Writh the method used during the s(aSOIlS of 1$)11 to 1934 it was 0Igts(1ed that tilP prepuplli Hlag( was 0 r Slllfd days dlllHt ion

24 lECHNICAL BULLETIN 810 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

Table 3 shows that the minimum number of clays spent as a prepupa was 6lin 1934 and that themlximum middotwas 7S days in 1933

The prepupa upon entering the soil molds 11 cell large enough to enable it to lie curled up and later molt to It pupa The prepupae were observed to wriggle iolently when their cells were broken open they would when replaced in the soil agnin mold a cell in preparnshytion for transforming to pnpae

THE PtPA

The head capHule of till prepupa of the hcnnstalk (evil as in the lalTnl stages splits aLollg t Ill ~pieranial suture and then there folshylows a break caudally tdong tll( first thrcl SlgIlHnts of the body wnll After the hcad has wOIked through this opening the pupa liggles its way out of the old Hkin l(sting in till Hanw (pll lint il it moltH to all adult The pupal (figs 6 B) like the plepupn( if disturbed will wriggle yiolclltly espteinlly wl)(11 expoBccl to light inclicating no douht that they an llegatiely phototropic Yith ll( llt1li11g method mild in lU31 to lna4 (s(( p 12) lWCllla(t ob~(ITations of the length of the pupal stage Wlle IlIlllth possibh Tht maximum time fotdey elopshyment of the pupal s(ngl wa Iii dn~ in Ina2 and the minimum wn~ 11G days in Ulat (table 3)

DEELOI~lET OF TilE Annr

The adult- dispose or it~ (n( skill ill tll( amp lIInnllPI as llll~ (1l(gt

lan-a und pupa TIll Iwly (IHlI~IOlnlld adlllt is at first pule yellow but within n peliod oj 2middot1 houl~ it gmdwtlly darken the legs first tlwll thp h((ul and tlylra Ullt il it i a solid lliack fable~ ~hows that adults SLWIHl slYlIHl dny~ ill Ihl ~()il hdlll (OI11ing to tlw f1udace Tilt aelage maximum lillll ~1lllIt hy t Itl I(ils in the ~oil in Ina2 was 74 daYS and til( lllininllnn ill IH~middotI was ii4middot daY FlOm It il hours to 1 (lay hdon tIl( IHIult ~IlIllglS 110111 tit si)il surfacl it begins to ll(pnd slowl) tlllln(lillg its way to tIl( ~lIlrHl( III wOlking its way upward it leaes a rounel tlllllwl fillld with inl oil with til( top finally lll11ainillg OpPIl alld Illlasllling nhOllt th Ipp-sixtllnths () r aninlh ill

dialllptPl FIlltjIlllltly th e adult WOllld work lip to tbe soil sllda(( alongside tIl(gt

E gins platt or 111lt pllpd tllk0

o J t nd it P10IIPSS s pujlyw 0190 gt w wa te11(tl o lllll till lHwly Illllgedu o

1931 adllil is t rttn IITllI to tt

0170 1933 flshly pot t((1 b(tlll plnnt it ~

o illll11((1ill it IY b((ol1l~ arti ( u o and as((lJ(is t hI ~t(l11 of the

plant and aft ~((lal~ 0150 ~ o lt)

1930 hOlII it lwgillH to pat long a bull dplp llHiollS ill till plant0

ithin ar( clays the proshy~ a 01301 i

66 66 70 7Z 74 not lIllI t1ld phtra (han MEAN TEMPERATURE (DE) flom bllHk to a dark Im)n

bull

bull

bull

ith It f(gtw light-ln()ll R]gtotS1gt[(111110 lKmiddot~-A(rHI (hrlopnwnt IIf llip IWlllllllalk w(pil ill lit lahllltl tll~ bllndlll oWr their surfaces bull

bull

bull

bull

lHE BEANSlALK VEEYIL IN lHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 25

Some weeks latel the plOnotulll and clytlu turn a lighter brown but the head snout and legs still remain Illack

Table 5 giyes it suml1lluy of the dlYelopmcnt of the beanstnlk weevil in tIll field ll1ld laboratory It is noteworthy that the seasons of 1930 fil1c119a2 had tIl( lowest llwan tllllllCratnrrs ( table 3) It 1S also seen that in 1)32 (table Iraquo) tl1( Ieng It () t t he deY(loplllcn tal period of this inRcct was shorter in the (kId than in the laboratory The converse is tlut for the (Jtilel vlani possibly indicating- that tIl( mean air temshyperaLme () t (he ins(etar) anel (cUar was (onsiderably higher than the Il1Clln soil tlmjgtllature which was prohably kept lower partly by the con rage of growing plants In tabl~s a and [) it is seen t~lat il 1934 ihe warmest yeur the greatest span 1ll the c1mr (]opmental perIOd beshytWPln the laboratory and lipid studies OC(IIIT(d In the laboratory (tabl ~) till rate 0[ devplopllll1I1 (olllpued with the average meail tempemt Ul(1 suggests a linenr rl1nl i()nship~ as is i llu-Ilaled in figure 18

rurI i-~Slll1llllllrl ()f r(OlIlIiJlI of ((II~(llk we(vil (II Esnllcia N Me

Dilllt first ~g~ Dnt~ first Dnto Inst W(n tilposiHci in iuths(uHrgNI in-- IH(ltlr~nl(flmiddottl in-

Laho~ LuhnFilI1 FHII Lalgto- Ficidrnturj rntl)ry bull rntor) I

lOIIl lilly 2 IU~- ~- ~r~- -cpt - ~

Oct 21 i~ HlJl June G Iuno 23 _Iuly 30 Au~ 18 Scpt 26 I Oct 5 1J32 JUIW 2 lilly middot1 i Aug 10 - S~pt Ii Oct jj i Oct 7 1l33 Juno 111 Iuly 3 Aug 15 Au~ 2ti Oct ~2 _ Oct 15 Illal Iun 12 lull 10 - lilly 2( ept 17 If Oct S - Oct 10 =--~==----~----

__ WUg hnolnpnHJllai ~ IJ1~W(lS (olllplltiTJJ IIH(lopshy_ _ period In-shy men Iu- i llcetlcs emerging

1 iI1~

Year ieid 11bull 1-------------middot--- shyratorr i lrri- lry- LlIho- Fiolt

I gated farmed rntory _ _-) ---1-- ------ shy

nv Days nays PerceIIl i lercwt i Prc1 INumber NU1IIbr1930 _ iO30 jo iU _ _ _ 33 121 1931 5JImiddot1 lin 91 641 2middot103 50 267 1932 no is t~IOS 1931bull 50 l11H iii_OG 1000 ~gJ~ Il I~ i Ig~ ~ 1011 _ -191 f1~tl 5002 ~U~ lUll I lai 22 59

Table 4 gives n summary of the lnmbers [lnd )ercentages of beanshystalk wecyils that developed in the insectary [lnd cellar Each sucshyceeding year a larger pereentage completed development This might hl1ve been due large]y to the improved methods and teclnuque of rearshying this insect each season It was noted about the middle of the season of 1932 that a large percentage of prepnpae and pupae were dying from bacterial and fungoIls attacks so thereafter the soil used for these stages was thoroughly sterilized by heating During the seasons of 1932 and 11)33 when preciptation was above normal a larger percentage of beetles completed development in the field than in the Illbollltory whereas in 19~H with the preciptation below normal Ilnd the tlmperatme fill above normal a much ~arger percentage deve]opedlll the lIlsertary and cellar (table 5) than 11l the field

26 TECffi~l(AL B1LLE]IN 816( S DEPl OF AGRICrVllTRE

NUMBEH OF (~ENEHATIONS bull Xone of the 1wly emcrged heansta1k weevils ycre observed to mate

or lay eggs during the sen son uf deyelopnwnt indien ting- that there is only one genelntiOlI nn1llllllly ill the Estanein Ynlley

SEXlAL CHAHACTElUSTICS

Ovelwintcred bpunsta lk ppvi Is II nlt1 lIPw1y dpyploped onps were studied carefullY for ex(trnal sexun 1 chalnctplistics No definite morphological dIstinctions WelP fOllnd tltnt WPlp of nny assistance in selecting eithel sex iOI usc in de(lopm(nta 1 Stlllt1 ies It nB fOllnd on selecting life-hist)r~ pairs llpn they W(I( obsclY((l mating thnt tl1( male was nSllally (ollsiltielnbly smallel than til( femnk

LmWEITY OF THE AncLT

TIl( ndult lif( of till lwanstalk ((il fcpms to 1)( sompthillg over a WHI In thp full of 192l npwly enwlgpd lw(lks WP( pllHpcl in cages bull for hil1Prnation Thofe slllviving the winlll uncI the follltHying snmshymer wcp plncpd in hibel11ation n spcond tinw in October Hl30 in the ((llfl in fowplpot CHirPS On pxnmination of till hih(llIfltionll1at(Jial on Tmw 1 19iH all t1lP 11((tl(s (1( found d(ad 8il11ilal t(sts begun 111 1l31 lncl1l32 gaY( tlw ~an1( IPSlIltS ilHlieatinl that th( maximum lifl of this insect mny Iw (stilllnilCl at about 500 (lllYs This estimate is baftd OIl OlP fnettllat I1IOft of 111( lI(W ndultsltalt PI11(rgl c1 by S(pl(l1Ib(I1il and on tillt asslImption thnt i-f tl(y dip dll1ing th( sltcond wi ntpl llIorta 1 ity oIJld ta kp plll(( in till d(ll(1 of wi utel TUluary or F(llllInry

(EgtEHAL HABITS OF THE Annr

~l(n tllty nl( lIot f(pding (oni1nNl lwanstalk WP(yils ill oHen 1)( fcwnd elalllpilll th(il Itgs alolll(l th( illo of til eagl Yhil( IPstill1 this ay tllP 11((tl(gt is cliflienlt to dislodge ithollt injury Sp((ial elll( lllllSt h( lak(11 that tlt( soft nlw]~ (11lPlg((1 blptkf alp not bull (11111(lt1 wlHn th(y af( blillg 1(ll1oY(d from the scr(en If the belm plnnts art vt1middot 1I111(h dist 1I1I)(d tt( 1)((t1(s will gtl1lrnUy dlop to tIl( ground and play possum cJla wing up tiwil llgs and aeting for sePlnl milllll(s as if (kud

III tIll ins(gtetar ill tlw fall wllllI thp parly l1Iolnillg t11I1WH( IIIPS 111 fl(lzillg 01 th(r(abouts Inost- of tI]( lwetles will 1)(gt founcl (ithcr 011 tll( grollnd 01 (Ollgl(gntlcl Oil til( 1(11(11 rag( yl](I( it (onws in (Ollt aet with the soil

HIBEn~ATJON

TIl( b(unstalk p(i I passlS the i1llaquoL olll~ in the adult 01 bc(tle sInge In tllP Estn neil Yal() tl]( wlevils begin to enter winter quarshyters soon aTt0l th( middle of September nnd by the end of the first w((gtk in OdohlI oft 1lJIIaill ach( dp)(nding on srasonal variation and killillg frosts It wus lIot knowlI (]pfinitcly until tlw fall of 1931 how and h(I( ttr ndul t~ of till I)(a IIstalk we(gtvil oYelwintiled Vith

bull

18 TECHNICAL mLLEillN 816) U S DEPT OF AGRlCULfURE

80----------------------- 80 bull

0 W D ~ gt z

0 W f shy(f)

0 a w 0

Vl tl tl W

(f)

w J (J

z

z 0 f shylt f shy

a -0 W 0 a

70 75

50 ~

- 65 laquo

0 w a

40 ~ w bullf shy

z laquo

30 - -----lt 5 5 W ~

20 50

i j 10L shy_--- - -

r~-~ i I

1 5 r

IO~middot

5~ -shy

0 ___E

3 8 14 20 26 JULY

FIGl11t l~ ilIll[lprntlll( (t ]Illipilnliull ()~ I alll] iepuitioll oj eggs (A) by 10 lllIall of til ])(lllltalk w[(il dllJlll~ 1mlt of tllP I1[lson of 1034 lllc 1)Io1WIl lim ]lllotl llHlm t(1Il11trnt 1111 am] th -olicl lillP tbe total number of eggs deposited bull

bull

bull

THE BEANSlALK WEEYIL IN THE ESTANCIA VALLEY )TEW jIEXICO 19

OVIPOSITION UNDER AHTIFICfAL CONDITIONS

In IDa) a 1 artiGcinl lllCtlllH was l[Oided to dctclminp tilt efteet of lxctss min Oil tgg clCpoHition 0 f the heantnlk weevil A ]Jail l)f

ppyils was placed ill cach 0 i tllP 10111 [(gulat ion instct -llttling cages (fig 8) till mU8lill tOpH of yhilh had btPll rppla(((l by wir(1 (rPln A splinklpl system was pIoyidld cOllsist illg () f six 1lozzles tllTa ngld ill a lCllnllgh ~ fppt wide and 8 fpp( lOllg SIIllOl11(lin2 tItt mgts lllld COllshyllPllltl t () tlIt watpl fallel[ III till (l11 tlI 0 r t 1)( splinkl ing systll1l bptPPll Ill( (agls lus plal(d a raiu gngp fol dlIlIminillg thp aet lIal 11lP(ipitnl iOll As thl ntln was lIot gappd til( flo of Yntpl into tlll lint was IPgnlalld hy apflloxillJatioll Ihlls till tlo was lllinbil amI fUJtIlPl dilllclllly was lII(Olllllltllll wlll1l tIll wHlel P1lSSll1C varipd dUlillg till applilal ion (Jig Hi) Thp a1ti[i(ial raill was nppllnl (()lltillllOllCl altholltll at tLliou atps OWl tIl( l~-holl1 dllYtiml lHli()(loll tli dal( sliOIl in [iglll IG FOIll similar eages olltsiiIe the plinkll[ 1l11llllgl1lIP1It (IP 11--(lt1 as (Il(k~ Xot(s wen takpll tiCl daily fol ~j dayC 1ll(lll (iW alld7lO n Ill nlH[ bp[(PIl G~n alld I an p Ill

Till tlsts -ho n lll(hIH) of tIllt lltililinl mill to lltulll oyiposit ion lInd 1I 111l1[lprall1l( l((old 1)((11 (nlwll lIllllI tll( Splll~ it lllHlollbte(lly oulll hn( bpn fOlllld llal 1l1ll1Hlntlllp at llast 10 HJJlH ext(nt was 011( 0 r tIl( fmIOIs 1ldl1ci11g oiposi t iOIl teti il y NOllntd lgg dcposishylinn hy tlil fOllt pnilld flll11lp appillllllly yas Il--ullI(d (1(11 time SO(l1 tftPI tlip pl([ipilatioll W- --hllt olr as tIll tnwl of till Iraph intlillltlshyill 1i11111 IG bull

Tls(-- 111 iliadI ill lJ3middot1 to (OIll[liU1 till (frle if nIly Oil OYlpositioll (If [(Ill[iltllld llIfol(rd ltInrloH--s Ij(lt tltnt of lIttmal lililt and darkshy111- ThtPl pain([ illllttl- (1( (olllbwd unltlpl it ltltUj hox in sPj)ushyrat( (middotllIP with IIlly tltlll-plalltld hlnn plalll lhallgp(l daily Tltp lin Wit p11(((1 ill lh( Inl)()lalolY yard IImItl tl1lilltllIllllnt slHitPI to 11((111 it 11)(111( 10 Il( hoI IIl1olHla --lIll Thp (ngp (1 lt11shy

(I--pd ill tIlP dark htlx day alHlnigtl 1ln(( othll plitcltl f(lllltlp- (()Illillp ill -(paratl all-wil( (ngp- OIl Ow heans ill t11( laboratory I)(gtal lid JIlIlIby WIIP lICd as chlck- 11(-( six pair~ PI( seleetp(l from IOllP oj ~lr(Ial pllil-- tltnt lind dl(l()it((1 lppl()xilllntpiy till sanll IIllmbI of Pgg OPI a p(Iiod of 7 days 11lPiolls to h(illg lIp(] in tl1(--p [tsl-- OblI[uioIIS 11( 1ll1llk ti(p daily for-W dn at alJollt G ~() it Ill nnd r p III

DllrilJ thp llilIt alld day plIjods n lotal or lln Pg-- (Eg 17) w(n dpIHlsltpd hy t h( pili 1111(1lt1 tit hox wIt ill ~()I (11 ltllpositld b~ tl( [hllk- In dw llIfoJ(Pl dlul lot JO Pggs (JI ~2Oj PlI((llt oJ tIl( total luid by 11lt1 rltlIlHiIs W(I( dlpltit(d dllling tIll Uidlmiddot whill [(111

ill tll( ChPIk IIl1dr natural (OllllitiOIlS (hJl(l~it(ll as 01 lR~() PllCCllt 01 tltlll Pggs (luring thp niht Jlpli()(l Thp~l figllr~ sho eOJldushysinl) that 1I10st of lIP (ggs al( dltlHlsiiPCl llmillg daylight 1llll II (UIVP IJ alld J oJ (JIIIIP 17 sIlO It 1nII(middot nlliltlllP in tlip Intl of (1ishy

poitiflllUllclPI UtI IW() (ollllit iOlls dlllillg llnylighl hOIl1 llplP it jll abo il( lIotpd thai 011 Tltly lR and ~3 110 Pgg-- (1( dl]losiIPlllltlltie1 natshyIIrnl lOIHlilioIlS bullJllly 18 was tItt climax or nlx(ppliOIldh tllnl dny J](I(lS Tuly 21 was UI (lX(ppt iOllall ((ml dny alcom pn II i((l hy cloml (nlhll nlld nn O1H-illclt Iaill AppnlPlltly ill( dark hox was SOIlllshy

what inlIlatpd ngnillst tlll lXtTl1I11 ()utsiltk tpmpelaturp- and ()yiposishytion IPSlHllJ-(I (]((IIIIlc1 llgL1dlls- ()f ollt--idl (OlHlitiollS

20 lECHNICAL BULLEllN 816 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

e 40r-----------------____-______~----_

0 W CD 30 ~ gt z

Cl W I-CJ)

o a w Cl

CJ) t)

t) bullW

o ALshy______~______~________L_______~____~

bull625

o ~~____L_L

12 17 27 5 JULY AUGUST

FW1ltE Inmiddot-Oripo~iti()1l (A) by til( hlllIlslnll (pril 1Il1dr tllUfiilI]lLpltillitntion (() during the HUl1ll1Il oJ l)l3 Tlw hro]wll line tlpI1lltpS thp Humher of eg~s uppoi (d hl (]l( Pll i lpd flllll](s xjJO4l( Iwrioclieally to n ltilieial ]lI(ipitation tit nlh] lillo lhnols till ulal IItllllhll or l~gs (IllUsitP(1 h~ til Illlek pairs Artificial pr(ltillill(ioli (U) (OIllI)lIP(l wilh JJltulI1 ]Jlllipitntioll un 011 he liea 1lt of O2ri 1

bull

THE BEAclfSTALK WEEVIL IN THE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 21

bull ~ 8~----~r---~~L-~---+-------+--+-~~~r-~~~--1-4 w CD ~ J Z

0 w rshyif)

0 a w

if)

)

)bull 0

w

15 19 23 27 31

JULY AUGUST

FHIln 17 EITI(( or ltollliIlIHHI dnlllI~ 011 millllitiOIl hI till ilHIlSlalk wlmil ~l Hilli B 11111)(1 01 gg~ lilpolitl[ durillg lIight IIlId dnl 1middotlgtI)(middotthmiddotII~middot hy the (I1(k pll i 11 C lnd D IIl1mllI ot lgs dlpu4ilp(1 ltllllilig lIiht alit lIay Iespecshy[iply bI till lllirs (ollfilltll ill arlilitinlllnrkll(middot Lolal lgS laid t 38 n Hil ( ~I() n Hill

INCIlBATION

bull A~ showll in iahll 3 nIP tgg Ringe of Lli( bennstalk wP(il ranged from 5~ days in lOH to G) days ill J)32 A definite Iclationhip withshyout n fixed mtio (xi(s bpI wcen tempcmtulp and the incubation period

TAIlI 3-~lICI(l[W ((IClo]JIII(lIul pCliorL Of lle IJealstalk llc(ril rc((cl in the ill~((tmiddot1 a1(Z (eI1l1 at Hs(lllcia X 11 (z

lJUnllill IIf jarl Awlshyin~lar Rnnl(p of n~(~

flWHn Illean lln1lwrn tCIIshy

t11ft Jwrumiddot lure

~YJmmiddot lillY jJ(lt)t JIlVS lilV lj~r

h 2 n a 1 X fi Ii 11511 39 f it li n iilIn1I I t U 1 ~J i G~I 0 17 1 4 2111 Hl7 5 Jn 3 212 2li

bull I U~rl1MI of 111(1 flIlIi1Il( lI11lIruds 1111 Ih plriud 1IIIlIlOt ohlnillld til lUan rill p~riorl frolll th~ time

the lnrvu ~nterrtl th soillllld mrrgrl 11 I1l1utlutl Ill irl(lud til thl PUlltll ~[Oglmiddot whwh aCcoulI(S for the Showipg for thllt stllg~ ~ Olt of proportioll to 11w other YIurs

22 TECHNl(AIJ IHIJLElIX S [(jt DEPT OF AGIU((LT(HE

IEHCENTAGE OF E(HlS HNfCHING bullDuring tll(~ season of 1931 It total of THO eggs of the beanstulk weeil were incubated during the months of Tune JUly ugust find September Of tilis otal 18~ or 23G percent ftti led to hatch Of the eggs failing to hutch (H or ~~4H percent fai1pd (0 hutch beshycuuse thrips of all Ilnltlct(rmil1ld Slwcips punctured the shells and sucked out the contents In lllany illstances the Pggs were split open and emptiNl by thp tluips Rtvcn of tlw egl 01 aH llImiddotClllt faiild to hatch owing to the aetimiddotityof nymphs or tlll imiidious flowllr bug (Oiu$ ill~idion(s (Say)) yhich feed on the eggs in fhe same manner as do the thrips The remainin rr 113 Pggs or (ilA pere~nt nIp lost 01 lailN1 to haleh lwcaust of 11lOltl desiceation OJ otHr CttllS(-

The eggs of the insidious lIow(1 illig w(tt fOllnd In the -11111 S((shytion of till stem ill hidl lggs of til( lHtllslalk Ilpil 11( incubatshying As the lifp (yell of this bllg i- llIuch shor(Cr (han thnt of the beamtalk eeil the ll)Tl1lphs of this sp(lils are at llal1(l to prey upon the host egg Marshall u snys of tllllIl TIll 1I)lIlpils art wry aetin alld S(PIll to 1)( hllllting (olltillllaJly Thi was fouud to be 1rup and in OIl installl a 1IlIlpl1 was found m(king the juicps flOlll

a thrips nymph that had (lIilINI till pith at the end of a bean stem bull in hieh was (IHnsed all lgg of t lwanstalk welvil

During Ill( SlaSOnR of um~ ll33 and 1084 the pereentnge of eggs of tlH blans(ttlk w((il failing to hateh rallged irolll 49gt to 1314 tt indieatrdin tahhmiddotk This mallel lo-s as (onbashd with thl HgmC 101 H)31 was dill apparently to the plesenee of fewlr thrips allc1 insidio1ls floWPI hugs Many of tIl( Pggs that failed to hatch ltluring tillS Y(tUS had tlllllld blO1I aftpl Iwing PIlplopld ilh funglls mYlplil1ll1 ()[ )(ennH lliack alld ute I) as if possibly inleded by SOI1lC hndlIi1lm

TIIlUmiddot1 SIII1I1I1 1IIIIIII1II oJWIIIIS(Ii 1(i1s 10 tI(tull ill Ih iIlS(IIIIjl llId ((II 1 I~(Irill ~ 11(1

Lllrvnl stlll

IIHuIHlt(111 lolrst bull Sumllt ulllfJrr jJrnel1 ~YIL1UIJ(T )erCflIt ~Yllmfltr Ptrc~llt

j~n lUi) j1t1i 3as 131 28tk $701 Ill Iii ~H 2ti 30 ISW 2lKi ~IO I ~t j J1 71 middott5 roti I 12 s-

711oj 71 H 0) 511 lii1 41 ii I

Prppupnl IU)l1 Ilull luriuri 1ICtgt PJI1t rlt flet

lhir( ullrth

S u 11lfrr I JaclIl Vumrr Jgttnt VumfJrl Prrrrrll AVttmbrr Prrcellt VullIfJrf Prralll ~t1O Il ~()J 2ilOJ lii5 IU~middot iO SU ro lUI 232 itl tift 11-1 aOIi1 hi 25 fin 105 11 f9 Ill) 10 9() 207 ~J 0 1~2 la13 IfJt 35 ) 12H 2USIi 107 25iti I~S 111 3fiU -i fiji 3H1 12 275 31 00 ~il ~tl

u I(AItSIIALL n En SIlMI OIllUltrHIOliS (w t)JtlCR rrHl Ill lIW$) lliSlfllOlll1S (Sn) KIIIlS l~llt Soc Tour a 20 ~ l1lO bull

bull

~

bull

THE BEAN1iTALK WEEVIL IN [HE ESTANCIA YALLEY NEW MEXICO 23

THE LAHA

The betlnRtalk wceil pnR1(R thlough four lalTal inRtars (tabh 3) Lanal (pvclopmcnt required 12 days in 1934 and wa in Ina2 The shorteRt larval instal was the second which rcquind 3) days for (()IIlJlldion in In34 and 48 days in ID30 The fOllth instal required the 10I11lSt limp fOl dlcloplIlent ranging frolll HT daygt in 1930 to 141 da vs in H)32

bnlllcdintcly tf(PI they ltaw hatched tltl pah-ycllow Innmiddotae COlllshy

lt1ln(lI borinl lip or down thl intprio[ of til( stalks of t)p bean plants After It larnL has fPLI for a fpw hmns till dilestive tract shows dark hlough the Selnilmmiparellt hody wall Bcfolt molting till larval body iR 0[ a t(PIllr yplloY but it Lllconws lIluch paler upon moltillg with tlH Itlad y(llo and till I ips of the malldibles brown At lvcry Illolt till hlown Illad (apldl iplits along till (pi(llnill sulllrp and tltis is follold by II brPtlk eaudally along the first thrce segllllnts of tlH hody wall After the head has worked through thi~ opening tltl lana Tilgles its middota out of the old ~kin On(gt larva I(gtqllir(d ~T IIlilllltpS to wriggle thnl-fnllrtlt~ of th( way out or tltp ~kill with IItl old lannl skin sl(Hld along ulldel till n~lItral prt of 111( boly In till iirRt instal Illl llITae glow hom nbout Ui to ~ III Ill in hllth during tIll p(OJl(l imitar from 3 to i Illlll dlllilll til( thild from i to Ii III Ill and dllling tht fourth instal (fig- Ii A) flOnl (l to D I1llll in hng-Ili The first instal is nbollt onp-lltild as widt as IOllg and till o(lIr instal an only nbout 01Hshy

fOllll h as widl as tH alt Jong IhUing t ht S(llSOIl (If UlaO I](n -ppml larl( WPIl lwing [luld

in (paml Lllanstalks ill (Ill stlll 1lIIi dislt wltlll - I)plippc to IIp (allnibalislll was oiJspnpd IIIHIl ~ lanlIt 111 fOUlld ill nl a 111

stalk ow or both with ltr body wOllnltis IIlti(h always nsldtld ill cllallt Tn Waf a tn(al of ~ ((sts for call1libalisni of Sl(olill and third instal WlI( madt 2 lanIl Iwing plI((dill t Itt Slllie 01 epara Hlits of tIl( Salllt stalk ~ithin I 01 day- aftI patll of tltl( illRPrtionR (ltl stalks WlIl split 0IH1I alld lx1uiliIWd Out of Ill 2 hsts l -ItOpc] llllnibalislll ill Ii of OWSl hUih lalTh WIl dlad 01 injllrp(l and in IlIP (lth1 7 tpsts nllly 1 Inna had LJ(PII altuckl(

Tilt- PIIE

SlPIal fhld Hnd laigtolltol obIIati()lls nealpd tit fnct that plior hl pllpa iOIl tlil IHIm lo( through thl stnlk or It(lll~ of the Iwan plant at 1It poinl from IIIn thl stalk (omlS in (011111lt( with till oil up to as hillt as (i or Illolpin(hls 11)0( till sllrfacp XOIH han )(ell foulld to bore thlOllh tilt stalk below till slrfa(~( of till soil DIopping to til( grot1lHI [Ill lurnu imllwdiut(ly (lliPI til( soil in pllpurat inn 101 rll1patioll III IllUkill1 tx(uat ions for obtlIatioll it was l1ot((t tllnL the prepupa made its c(U lHal (It( surface of tile sl)il usually fit thl((-fourths of lin inch to 1 in(h in denth In lflaO no fitlHl ies W(ll mudp to ltl i(()vlr whet het Ot not the middot]11e of Ow bNtnstalk ((il sl)(nl til tillw in the soil prior fo pupntioll By aIlalogy if was PIpsllllleltl thut tho insect s])(nt a consicletmiddotttblc pt~liod in this lalynl or pn~pllpal st age before molting into the pupalstllllt Writh the method used during the s(aSOIlS of 1$)11 to 1934 it was 0Igts(1ed that tilP prepuplli Hlag( was 0 r Slllfd days dlllHt ion

24 lECHNICAL BULLETIN 810 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

Table 3 shows that the minimum number of clays spent as a prepupa was 6lin 1934 and that themlximum middotwas 7S days in 1933

The prepupa upon entering the soil molds 11 cell large enough to enable it to lie curled up and later molt to It pupa The prepupae were observed to wriggle iolently when their cells were broken open they would when replaced in the soil agnin mold a cell in preparnshytion for transforming to pnpae

THE PtPA

The head capHule of till prepupa of the hcnnstalk (evil as in the lalTnl stages splits aLollg t Ill ~pieranial suture and then there folshylows a break caudally tdong tll( first thrcl SlgIlHnts of the body wnll After the hcad has wOIked through this opening the pupa liggles its way out of the old Hkin l(sting in till Hanw (pll lint il it moltH to all adult The pupal (figs 6 B) like the plepupn( if disturbed will wriggle yiolclltly espteinlly wl)(11 expoBccl to light inclicating no douht that they an llegatiely phototropic Yith ll( llt1li11g method mild in lU31 to lna4 (s(( p 12) lWCllla(t ob~(ITations of the length of the pupal stage Wlle IlIlllth possibh Tht maximum time fotdey elopshyment of the pupal s(ngl wa Iii dn~ in Ina2 and the minimum wn~ 11G days in Ulat (table 3)

DEELOI~lET OF TilE Annr

The adult- dispose or it~ (n( skill ill tll( amp lIInnllPI as llll~ (1l(gt

lan-a und pupa TIll Iwly (IHlI~IOlnlld adlllt is at first pule yellow but within n peliod oj 2middot1 houl~ it gmdwtlly darken the legs first tlwll thp h((ul and tlylra Ullt il it i a solid lliack fable~ ~hows that adults SLWIHl slYlIHl dny~ ill Ihl ~()il hdlll (OI11ing to tlw f1udace Tilt aelage maximum lillll ~1lllIt hy t Itl I(ils in the ~oil in Ina2 was 74 daYS and til( lllininllnn ill IH~middotI was ii4middot daY FlOm It il hours to 1 (lay hdon tIl( IHIult ~IlIllglS 110111 tit si)il surfacl it begins to ll(pnd slowl) tlllln(lillg its way to tIl( ~lIlrHl( III wOlking its way upward it leaes a rounel tlllllwl fillld with inl oil with til( top finally lll11ainillg OpPIl alld Illlasllling nhOllt th Ipp-sixtllnths () r aninlh ill

dialllptPl FIlltjIlllltly th e adult WOllld work lip to tbe soil sllda(( alongside tIl(gt

E gins platt or 111lt pllpd tllk0

o J t nd it P10IIPSS s pujlyw 0190 gt w wa te11(tl o lllll till lHwly Illllgedu o

1931 adllil is t rttn IITllI to tt

0170 1933 flshly pot t((1 b(tlll plnnt it ~

o illll11((1ill it IY b((ol1l~ arti ( u o and as((lJ(is t hI ~t(l11 of the

plant and aft ~((lal~ 0150 ~ o lt)

1930 hOlII it lwgillH to pat long a bull dplp llHiollS ill till plant0

ithin ar( clays the proshy~ a 01301 i

66 66 70 7Z 74 not lIllI t1ld phtra (han MEAN TEMPERATURE (DE) flom bllHk to a dark Im)n

bull

bull

bull

ith It f(gtw light-ln()ll R]gtotS1gt[(111110 lKmiddot~-A(rHI (hrlopnwnt IIf llip IWlllllllalk w(pil ill lit lahllltl tll~ bllndlll oWr their surfaces bull

bull

bull

bull

lHE BEANSlALK VEEYIL IN lHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 25

Some weeks latel the plOnotulll and clytlu turn a lighter brown but the head snout and legs still remain Illack

Table 5 giyes it suml1lluy of the dlYelopmcnt of the beanstnlk weevil in tIll field ll1ld laboratory It is noteworthy that the seasons of 1930 fil1c119a2 had tIl( lowest llwan tllllllCratnrrs ( table 3) It 1S also seen that in 1)32 (table Iraquo) tl1( Ieng It () t t he deY(loplllcn tal period of this inRcct was shorter in the (kId than in the laboratory The converse is tlut for the (Jtilel vlani possibly indicating- that tIl( mean air temshyperaLme () t (he ins(etar) anel (cUar was (onsiderably higher than the Il1Clln soil tlmjgtllature which was prohably kept lower partly by the con rage of growing plants In tabl~s a and [) it is seen t~lat il 1934 ihe warmest yeur the greatest span 1ll the c1mr (]opmental perIOd beshytWPln the laboratory and lipid studies OC(IIIT(d In the laboratory (tabl ~) till rate 0[ devplopllll1I1 (olllpued with the average meail tempemt Ul(1 suggests a linenr rl1nl i()nship~ as is i llu-Ilaled in figure 18

rurI i-~Slll1llllllrl ()f r(OlIlIiJlI of ((II~(llk we(vil (II Esnllcia N Me

Dilllt first ~g~ Dnt~ first Dnto Inst W(n tilposiHci in iuths(uHrgNI in-- IH(ltlr~nl(flmiddottl in-

Laho~ LuhnFilI1 FHII Lalgto- Ficidrnturj rntl)ry bull rntor) I

lOIIl lilly 2 IU~- ~- ~r~- -cpt - ~

Oct 21 i~ HlJl June G Iuno 23 _Iuly 30 Au~ 18 Scpt 26 I Oct 5 1J32 JUIW 2 lilly middot1 i Aug 10 - S~pt Ii Oct jj i Oct 7 1l33 Juno 111 Iuly 3 Aug 15 Au~ 2ti Oct ~2 _ Oct 15 Illal Iun 12 lull 10 - lilly 2( ept 17 If Oct S - Oct 10 =--~==----~----

__ WUg hnolnpnHJllai ~ IJ1~W(lS (olllplltiTJJ IIH(lopshy_ _ period In-shy men Iu- i llcetlcs emerging

1 iI1~

Year ieid 11bull 1-------------middot--- shyratorr i lrri- lry- LlIho- Fiolt

I gated farmed rntory _ _-) ---1-- ------ shy

nv Days nays PerceIIl i lercwt i Prc1 INumber NU1IIbr1930 _ iO30 jo iU _ _ _ 33 121 1931 5JImiddot1 lin 91 641 2middot103 50 267 1932 no is t~IOS 1931bull 50 l11H iii_OG 1000 ~gJ~ Il I~ i Ig~ ~ 1011 _ -191 f1~tl 5002 ~U~ lUll I lai 22 59

Table 4 gives n summary of the lnmbers [lnd )ercentages of beanshystalk wecyils that developed in the insectary [lnd cellar Each sucshyceeding year a larger pereentage completed development This might hl1ve been due large]y to the improved methods and teclnuque of rearshying this insect each season It was noted about the middle of the season of 1932 that a large percentage of prepnpae and pupae were dying from bacterial and fungoIls attacks so thereafter the soil used for these stages was thoroughly sterilized by heating During the seasons of 1932 and 11)33 when preciptation was above normal a larger percentage of beetles completed development in the field than in the Illbollltory whereas in 19~H with the preciptation below normal Ilnd the tlmperatme fill above normal a much ~arger percentage deve]opedlll the lIlsertary and cellar (table 5) than 11l the field

26 TECffi~l(AL B1LLE]IN 816( S DEPl OF AGRICrVllTRE

NUMBEH OF (~ENEHATIONS bull Xone of the 1wly emcrged heansta1k weevils ycre observed to mate

or lay eggs during the sen son uf deyelopnwnt indien ting- that there is only one genelntiOlI nn1llllllly ill the Estanein Ynlley

SEXlAL CHAHACTElUSTICS

Ovelwintcred bpunsta lk ppvi Is II nlt1 lIPw1y dpyploped onps were studied carefullY for ex(trnal sexun 1 chalnctplistics No definite morphological dIstinctions WelP fOllnd tltnt WPlp of nny assistance in selecting eithel sex iOI usc in de(lopm(nta 1 Stlllt1 ies It nB fOllnd on selecting life-hist)r~ pairs llpn they W(I( obsclY((l mating thnt tl1( male was nSllally (ollsiltielnbly smallel than til( femnk

LmWEITY OF THE AncLT

TIl( ndult lif( of till lwanstalk ((il fcpms to 1)( sompthillg over a WHI In thp full of 192l npwly enwlgpd lw(lks WP( pllHpcl in cages bull for hil1Prnation Thofe slllviving the winlll uncI the follltHying snmshymer wcp plncpd in hibel11ation n spcond tinw in October Hl30 in the ((llfl in fowplpot CHirPS On pxnmination of till hih(llIfltionll1at(Jial on Tmw 1 19iH all t1lP 11((tl(s (1( found d(ad 8il11ilal t(sts begun 111 1l31 lncl1l32 gaY( tlw ~an1( IPSlIltS ilHlieatinl that th( maximum lifl of this insect mny Iw (stilllnilCl at about 500 (lllYs This estimate is baftd OIl OlP fnettllat I1IOft of 111( lI(W ndultsltalt PI11(rgl c1 by S(pl(l1Ib(I1il and on tillt asslImption thnt i-f tl(y dip dll1ing th( sltcond wi ntpl llIorta 1 ity oIJld ta kp plll(( in till d(ll(1 of wi utel TUluary or F(llllInry

(EgtEHAL HABITS OF THE Annr

~l(n tllty nl( lIot f(pding (oni1nNl lwanstalk WP(yils ill oHen 1)( fcwnd elalllpilll th(il Itgs alolll(l th( illo of til eagl Yhil( IPstill1 this ay tllP 11((tl(gt is cliflienlt to dislodge ithollt injury Sp((ial elll( lllllSt h( lak(11 that tlt( soft nlw]~ (11lPlg((1 blptkf alp not bull (11111(lt1 wlHn th(y af( blillg 1(ll1oY(d from the scr(en If the belm plnnts art vt1middot 1I111(h dist 1I1I)(d tt( 1)((t1(s will gtl1lrnUy dlop to tIl( ground and play possum cJla wing up tiwil llgs and aeting for sePlnl milllll(s as if (kud

III tIll ins(gtetar ill tlw fall wllllI thp parly l1Iolnillg t11I1WH( IIIPS 111 fl(lzillg 01 th(r(abouts Inost- of tI]( lwetles will 1)(gt founcl (ithcr 011 tll( grollnd 01 (Ollgl(gntlcl Oil til( 1(11(11 rag( yl](I( it (onws in (Ollt aet with the soil

HIBEn~ATJON

TIl( b(unstalk p(i I passlS the i1llaquoL olll~ in the adult 01 bc(tle sInge In tllP Estn neil Yal() tl]( wlevils begin to enter winter quarshyters soon aTt0l th( middle of September nnd by the end of the first w((gtk in OdohlI oft 1lJIIaill ach( dp)(nding on srasonal variation and killillg frosts It wus lIot knowlI (]pfinitcly until tlw fall of 1931 how and h(I( ttr ndul t~ of till I)(a IIstalk we(gtvil oYelwintiled Vith

bull

bull

bull

THE BEANSlALK WEEYIL IN THE ESTANCIA VALLEY )TEW jIEXICO 19

OVIPOSITION UNDER AHTIFICfAL CONDITIONS

In IDa) a 1 artiGcinl lllCtlllH was l[Oided to dctclminp tilt efteet of lxctss min Oil tgg clCpoHition 0 f the heantnlk weevil A ]Jail l)f

ppyils was placed ill cach 0 i tllP 10111 [(gulat ion instct -llttling cages (fig 8) till mU8lill tOpH of yhilh had btPll rppla(((l by wir(1 (rPln A splinklpl system was pIoyidld cOllsist illg () f six 1lozzles tllTa ngld ill a lCllnllgh ~ fppt wide and 8 fpp( lOllg SIIllOl11(lin2 tItt mgts lllld COllshyllPllltl t () tlIt watpl fallel[ III till (l11 tlI 0 r t 1)( splinkl ing systll1l bptPPll Ill( (agls lus plal(d a raiu gngp fol dlIlIminillg thp aet lIal 11lP(ipitnl iOll As thl ntln was lIot gappd til( flo of Yntpl into tlll lint was IPgnlalld hy apflloxillJatioll Ihlls till tlo was lllinbil amI fUJtIlPl dilllclllly was lII(Olllllltllll wlll1l tIll wHlel P1lSSll1C varipd dUlillg till applilal ion (Jig Hi) Thp a1ti[i(ial raill was nppllnl (()lltillllOllCl altholltll at tLliou atps OWl tIl( l~-holl1 dllYtiml lHli()(loll tli dal( sliOIl in [iglll IG FOIll similar eages olltsiiIe the plinkll[ 1l11llllgl1lIP1It (IP 11--(lt1 as (Il(k~ Xot(s wen takpll tiCl daily fol ~j dayC 1ll(lll (iW alld7lO n Ill nlH[ bp[(PIl G~n alld I an p Ill

Till tlsts -ho n lll(hIH) of tIllt lltililinl mill to lltulll oyiposit ion lInd 1I 111l1[lprall1l( l((old 1)((11 (nlwll lIllllI tll( Splll~ it lllHlollbte(lly oulll hn( bpn fOlllld llal 1l1ll1Hlntlllp at llast 10 HJJlH ext(nt was 011( 0 r tIl( fmIOIs 1ldl1ci11g oiposi t iOIl teti il y NOllntd lgg dcposishylinn hy tlil fOllt pnilld flll11lp appillllllly yas Il--ullI(d (1(11 time SO(l1 tftPI tlip pl([ipilatioll W- --hllt olr as tIll tnwl of till Iraph intlillltlshyill 1i11111 IG bull

Tls(-- 111 iliadI ill lJ3middot1 to (OIll[liU1 till (frle if nIly Oil OYlpositioll (If [(Ill[iltllld llIfol(rd ltInrloH--s Ij(lt tltnt of lIttmal lililt and darkshy111- ThtPl pain([ illllttl- (1( (olllbwd unltlpl it ltltUj hox in sPj)ushyrat( (middotllIP with IIlly tltlll-plalltld hlnn plalll lhallgp(l daily Tltp lin Wit p11(((1 ill lh( Inl)()lalolY yard IImItl tl1lilltllIllllnt slHitPI to 11((111 it 11)(111( 10 Il( hoI IIl1olHla --lIll Thp (ngp (1 lt11shy

(I--pd ill tIlP dark htlx day alHlnigtl 1ln(( othll plitcltl f(lllltlp- (()Illillp ill -(paratl all-wil( (ngp- OIl Ow heans ill t11( laboratory I)(gtal lid JIlIlIby WIIP lICd as chlck- 11(-( six pair~ PI( seleetp(l from IOllP oj ~lr(Ial pllil-- tltnt lind dl(l()it((1 lppl()xilllntpiy till sanll IIllmbI of Pgg OPI a p(Iiod of 7 days 11lPiolls to h(illg lIp(] in tl1(--p [tsl-- OblI[uioIIS 11( 1ll1llk ti(p daily for-W dn at alJollt G ~() it Ill nnd r p III

DllrilJ thp llilIt alld day plIjods n lotal or lln Pg-- (Eg 17) w(n dpIHlsltpd hy t h( pili 1111(1lt1 tit hox wIt ill ~()I (11 ltllpositld b~ tl( [hllk- In dw llIfoJ(Pl dlul lot JO Pggs (JI ~2Oj PlI((llt oJ tIl( total luid by 11lt1 rltlIlHiIs W(I( dlpltit(d dllling tIll Uidlmiddot whill [(111

ill tll( ChPIk IIl1dr natural (OllllitiOIlS (hJl(l~it(ll as 01 lR~() PllCCllt 01 tltlll Pggs (luring thp niht Jlpli()(l Thp~l figllr~ sho eOJldushysinl) that 1I10st of lIP (ggs al( dltlHlsiiPCl llmillg daylight 1llll II (UIVP IJ alld J oJ (JIIIIP 17 sIlO It 1nII(middot nlliltlllP in tlip Intl of (1ishy

poitiflllUllclPI UtI IW() (ollllit iOlls dlllillg llnylighl hOIl1 llplP it jll abo il( lIotpd thai 011 Tltly lR and ~3 110 Pgg-- (1( dl]losiIPlllltlltie1 natshyIIrnl lOIHlilioIlS bullJllly 18 was tItt climax or nlx(ppliOIldh tllnl dny J](I(lS Tuly 21 was UI (lX(ppt iOllall ((ml dny alcom pn II i((l hy cloml (nlhll nlld nn O1H-illclt Iaill AppnlPlltly ill( dark hox was SOIlllshy

what inlIlatpd ngnillst tlll lXtTl1I11 ()utsiltk tpmpelaturp- and ()yiposishytion IPSlHllJ-(I (]((IIIIlc1 llgL1dlls- ()f ollt--idl (OlHlitiollS

20 lECHNICAL BULLEllN 816 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

e 40r-----------------____-______~----_

0 W CD 30 ~ gt z

Cl W I-CJ)

o a w Cl

CJ) t)

t) bullW

o ALshy______~______~________L_______~____~

bull625

o ~~____L_L

12 17 27 5 JULY AUGUST

FW1ltE Inmiddot-Oripo~iti()1l (A) by til( hlllIlslnll (pril 1Il1dr tllUfiilI]lLpltillitntion (() during the HUl1ll1Il oJ l)l3 Tlw hro]wll line tlpI1lltpS thp Humher of eg~s uppoi (d hl (]l( Pll i lpd flllll](s xjJO4l( Iwrioclieally to n ltilieial ]lI(ipitation tit nlh] lillo lhnols till ulal IItllllhll or l~gs (IllUsitP(1 h~ til Illlek pairs Artificial pr(ltillill(ioli (U) (OIllI)lIP(l wilh JJltulI1 ]Jlllipitntioll un 011 he liea 1lt of O2ri 1

bull

THE BEAclfSTALK WEEVIL IN THE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 21

bull ~ 8~----~r---~~L-~---+-------+--+-~~~r-~~~--1-4 w CD ~ J Z

0 w rshyif)

0 a w

if)

)

)bull 0

w

15 19 23 27 31

JULY AUGUST

FHIln 17 EITI(( or ltollliIlIHHI dnlllI~ 011 millllitiOIl hI till ilHIlSlalk wlmil ~l Hilli B 11111)(1 01 gg~ lilpolitl[ durillg lIight IIlId dnl 1middotlgtI)(middotthmiddotII~middot hy the (I1(k pll i 11 C lnd D IIl1mllI ot lgs dlpu4ilp(1 ltllllilig lIiht alit lIay Iespecshy[iply bI till lllirs (ollfilltll ill arlilitinlllnrkll(middot Lolal lgS laid t 38 n Hil ( ~I() n Hill

INCIlBATION

bull A~ showll in iahll 3 nIP tgg Ringe of Lli( bennstalk wP(il ranged from 5~ days in lOH to G) days ill J)32 A definite Iclationhip withshyout n fixed mtio (xi(s bpI wcen tempcmtulp and the incubation period

TAIlI 3-~lICI(l[W ((IClo]JIII(lIul pCliorL Of lle IJealstalk llc(ril rc((cl in the ill~((tmiddot1 a1(Z (eI1l1 at Hs(lllcia X 11 (z

lJUnllill IIf jarl Awlshyin~lar Rnnl(p of n~(~

flWHn Illean lln1lwrn tCIIshy

t11ft Jwrumiddot lure

~YJmmiddot lillY jJ(lt)t JIlVS lilV lj~r

h 2 n a 1 X fi Ii 11511 39 f it li n iilIn1I I t U 1 ~J i G~I 0 17 1 4 2111 Hl7 5 Jn 3 212 2li

bull I U~rl1MI of 111(1 flIlIi1Il( lI11lIruds 1111 Ih plriud 1IIIlIlOt ohlnillld til lUan rill p~riorl frolll th~ time

the lnrvu ~nterrtl th soillllld mrrgrl 11 I1l1utlutl Ill irl(lud til thl PUlltll ~[Oglmiddot whwh aCcoulI(S for the Showipg for thllt stllg~ ~ Olt of proportioll to 11w other YIurs

22 TECHNl(AIJ IHIJLElIX S [(jt DEPT OF AGIU((LT(HE

IEHCENTAGE OF E(HlS HNfCHING bullDuring tll(~ season of 1931 It total of THO eggs of the beanstulk weeil were incubated during the months of Tune JUly ugust find September Of tilis otal 18~ or 23G percent ftti led to hatch Of the eggs failing to hutch (H or ~~4H percent fai1pd (0 hutch beshycuuse thrips of all Ilnltlct(rmil1ld Slwcips punctured the shells and sucked out the contents In lllany illstances the Pggs were split open and emptiNl by thp tluips Rtvcn of tlw egl 01 aH llImiddotClllt faiild to hatch owing to the aetimiddotityof nymphs or tlll imiidious flowllr bug (Oiu$ ill~idion(s (Say)) yhich feed on the eggs in fhe same manner as do the thrips The remainin rr 113 Pggs or (ilA pere~nt nIp lost 01 lailN1 to haleh lwcaust of 11lOltl desiceation OJ otHr CttllS(-

The eggs of the insidious lIow(1 illig w(tt fOllnd In the -11111 S((shytion of till stem ill hidl lggs of til( lHtllslalk Ilpil 11( incubatshying As the lifp (yell of this bllg i- llIuch shor(Cr (han thnt of the beamtalk eeil the ll)Tl1lphs of this sp(lils are at llal1(l to prey upon the host egg Marshall u snys of tllllIl TIll 1I)lIlpils art wry aetin alld S(PIll to 1)( hllllting (olltillllaJly Thi was fouud to be 1rup and in OIl installl a 1IlIlpl1 was found m(king the juicps flOlll

a thrips nymph that had (lIilINI till pith at the end of a bean stem bull in hieh was (IHnsed all lgg of t lwanstalk welvil

During Ill( SlaSOnR of um~ ll33 and 1084 the pereentnge of eggs of tlH blans(ttlk w((il failing to hateh rallged irolll 49gt to 1314 tt indieatrdin tahhmiddotk This mallel lo-s as (onbashd with thl HgmC 101 H)31 was dill apparently to the plesenee of fewlr thrips allc1 insidio1ls floWPI hugs Many of tIl( Pggs that failed to hatch ltluring tillS Y(tUS had tlllllld blO1I aftpl Iwing PIlplopld ilh funglls mYlplil1ll1 ()[ )(ennH lliack alld ute I) as if possibly inleded by SOI1lC hndlIi1lm

TIIlUmiddot1 SIII1I1I1 1IIIIIII1II oJWIIIIS(Ii 1(i1s 10 tI(tull ill Ih iIlS(IIIIjl llId ((II 1 I~(Irill ~ 11(1

Lllrvnl stlll

IIHuIHlt(111 lolrst bull Sumllt ulllfJrr jJrnel1 ~YIL1UIJ(T )erCflIt ~Yllmfltr Ptrc~llt

j~n lUi) j1t1i 3as 131 28tk $701 Ill Iii ~H 2ti 30 ISW 2lKi ~IO I ~t j J1 71 middott5 roti I 12 s-

711oj 71 H 0) 511 lii1 41 ii I

Prppupnl IU)l1 Ilull luriuri 1ICtgt PJI1t rlt flet

lhir( ullrth

S u 11lfrr I JaclIl Vumrr Jgttnt VumfJrl Prrrrrll AVttmbrr Prrcellt VullIfJrf Prralll ~t1O Il ~()J 2ilOJ lii5 IU~middot iO SU ro lUI 232 itl tift 11-1 aOIi1 hi 25 fin 105 11 f9 Ill) 10 9() 207 ~J 0 1~2 la13 IfJt 35 ) 12H 2USIi 107 25iti I~S 111 3fiU -i fiji 3H1 12 275 31 00 ~il ~tl

u I(AItSIIALL n En SIlMI OIllUltrHIOliS (w t)JtlCR rrHl Ill lIW$) lliSlfllOlll1S (Sn) KIIIlS l~llt Soc Tour a 20 ~ l1lO bull

bull

~

bull

THE BEAN1iTALK WEEVIL IN [HE ESTANCIA YALLEY NEW MEXICO 23

THE LAHA

The betlnRtalk wceil pnR1(R thlough four lalTal inRtars (tabh 3) Lanal (pvclopmcnt required 12 days in 1934 and wa in Ina2 The shorteRt larval instal was the second which rcquind 3) days for (()IIlJlldion in In34 and 48 days in ID30 The fOllth instal required the 10I11lSt limp fOl dlcloplIlent ranging frolll HT daygt in 1930 to 141 da vs in H)32

bnlllcdintcly tf(PI they ltaw hatched tltl pah-ycllow Innmiddotae COlllshy

lt1ln(lI borinl lip or down thl intprio[ of til( stalks of t)p bean plants After It larnL has fPLI for a fpw hmns till dilestive tract shows dark hlough the Selnilmmiparellt hody wall Bcfolt molting till larval body iR 0[ a t(PIllr yplloY but it Lllconws lIluch paler upon moltillg with tlH Itlad y(llo and till I ips of the malldibles brown At lvcry Illolt till hlown Illad (apldl iplits along till (pi(llnill sulllrp and tltis is follold by II brPtlk eaudally along the first thrce segllllnts of tlH hody wall After the head has worked through thi~ opening tltl lana Tilgles its middota out of the old ~kin On(gt larva I(gtqllir(d ~T IIlilllltpS to wriggle thnl-fnllrtlt~ of th( way out or tltp ~kill with IItl old lannl skin sl(Hld along ulldel till n~lItral prt of 111( boly In till iirRt instal Illl llITae glow hom nbout Ui to ~ III Ill in hllth during tIll p(OJl(l imitar from 3 to i Illlll dlllilll til( thild from i to Ii III Ill and dllling tht fourth instal (fig- Ii A) flOnl (l to D I1llll in hng-Ili The first instal is nbollt onp-lltild as widt as IOllg and till o(lIr instal an only nbout 01Hshy

fOllll h as widl as tH alt Jong IhUing t ht S(llSOIl (If UlaO I](n -ppml larl( WPIl lwing [luld

in (paml Lllanstalks ill (Ill stlll 1lIIi dislt wltlll - I)plippc to IIp (allnibalislll was oiJspnpd IIIHIl ~ lanlIt 111 fOUlld ill nl a 111

stalk ow or both with ltr body wOllnltis IIlti(h always nsldtld ill cllallt Tn Waf a tn(al of ~ ((sts for call1libalisni of Sl(olill and third instal WlI( madt 2 lanIl Iwing plI((dill t Itt Slllie 01 epara Hlits of tIl( Salllt stalk ~ithin I 01 day- aftI patll of tltl( illRPrtionR (ltl stalks WlIl split 0IH1I alld lx1uiliIWd Out of Ill 2 hsts l -ItOpc] llllnibalislll ill Ii of OWSl hUih lalTh WIl dlad 01 injllrp(l and in IlIP (lth1 7 tpsts nllly 1 Inna had LJ(PII altuckl(

Tilt- PIIE

SlPIal fhld Hnd laigtolltol obIIati()lls nealpd tit fnct that plior hl pllpa iOIl tlil IHIm lo( through thl stnlk or It(lll~ of the Iwan plant at 1It poinl from IIIn thl stalk (omlS in (011111lt( with till oil up to as hillt as (i or Illolpin(hls 11)0( till sllrfacp XOIH han )(ell foulld to bore thlOllh tilt stalk below till slrfa(~( of till soil DIopping to til( grot1lHI [Ill lurnu imllwdiut(ly (lliPI til( soil in pllpurat inn 101 rll1patioll III IllUkill1 tx(uat ions for obtlIatioll it was l1ot((t tllnL the prepupa made its c(U lHal (It( surface of tile sl)il usually fit thl((-fourths of lin inch to 1 in(h in denth In lflaO no fitlHl ies W(ll mudp to ltl i(()vlr whet het Ot not the middot]11e of Ow bNtnstalk ((il sl)(nl til tillw in the soil prior fo pupntioll By aIlalogy if was PIpsllllleltl thut tho insect s])(nt a consicletmiddotttblc pt~liod in this lalynl or pn~pllpal st age before molting into the pupalstllllt Writh the method used during the s(aSOIlS of 1$)11 to 1934 it was 0Igts(1ed that tilP prepuplli Hlag( was 0 r Slllfd days dlllHt ion

24 lECHNICAL BULLETIN 810 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

Table 3 shows that the minimum number of clays spent as a prepupa was 6lin 1934 and that themlximum middotwas 7S days in 1933

The prepupa upon entering the soil molds 11 cell large enough to enable it to lie curled up and later molt to It pupa The prepupae were observed to wriggle iolently when their cells were broken open they would when replaced in the soil agnin mold a cell in preparnshytion for transforming to pnpae

THE PtPA

The head capHule of till prepupa of the hcnnstalk (evil as in the lalTnl stages splits aLollg t Ill ~pieranial suture and then there folshylows a break caudally tdong tll( first thrcl SlgIlHnts of the body wnll After the hcad has wOIked through this opening the pupa liggles its way out of the old Hkin l(sting in till Hanw (pll lint il it moltH to all adult The pupal (figs 6 B) like the plepupn( if disturbed will wriggle yiolclltly espteinlly wl)(11 expoBccl to light inclicating no douht that they an llegatiely phototropic Yith ll( llt1li11g method mild in lU31 to lna4 (s(( p 12) lWCllla(t ob~(ITations of the length of the pupal stage Wlle IlIlllth possibh Tht maximum time fotdey elopshyment of the pupal s(ngl wa Iii dn~ in Ina2 and the minimum wn~ 11G days in Ulat (table 3)

DEELOI~lET OF TilE Annr

The adult- dispose or it~ (n( skill ill tll( amp lIInnllPI as llll~ (1l(gt

lan-a und pupa TIll Iwly (IHlI~IOlnlld adlllt is at first pule yellow but within n peliod oj 2middot1 houl~ it gmdwtlly darken the legs first tlwll thp h((ul and tlylra Ullt il it i a solid lliack fable~ ~hows that adults SLWIHl slYlIHl dny~ ill Ihl ~()il hdlll (OI11ing to tlw f1udace Tilt aelage maximum lillll ~1lllIt hy t Itl I(ils in the ~oil in Ina2 was 74 daYS and til( lllininllnn ill IH~middotI was ii4middot daY FlOm It il hours to 1 (lay hdon tIl( IHIult ~IlIllglS 110111 tit si)il surfacl it begins to ll(pnd slowl) tlllln(lillg its way to tIl( ~lIlrHl( III wOlking its way upward it leaes a rounel tlllllwl fillld with inl oil with til( top finally lll11ainillg OpPIl alld Illlasllling nhOllt th Ipp-sixtllnths () r aninlh ill

dialllptPl FIlltjIlllltly th e adult WOllld work lip to tbe soil sllda(( alongside tIl(gt

E gins platt or 111lt pllpd tllk0

o J t nd it P10IIPSS s pujlyw 0190 gt w wa te11(tl o lllll till lHwly Illllgedu o

1931 adllil is t rttn IITllI to tt

0170 1933 flshly pot t((1 b(tlll plnnt it ~

o illll11((1ill it IY b((ol1l~ arti ( u o and as((lJ(is t hI ~t(l11 of the

plant and aft ~((lal~ 0150 ~ o lt)

1930 hOlII it lwgillH to pat long a bull dplp llHiollS ill till plant0

ithin ar( clays the proshy~ a 01301 i

66 66 70 7Z 74 not lIllI t1ld phtra (han MEAN TEMPERATURE (DE) flom bllHk to a dark Im)n

bull

bull

bull

ith It f(gtw light-ln()ll R]gtotS1gt[(111110 lKmiddot~-A(rHI (hrlopnwnt IIf llip IWlllllllalk w(pil ill lit lahllltl tll~ bllndlll oWr their surfaces bull

bull

bull

bull

lHE BEANSlALK VEEYIL IN lHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 25

Some weeks latel the plOnotulll and clytlu turn a lighter brown but the head snout and legs still remain Illack

Table 5 giyes it suml1lluy of the dlYelopmcnt of the beanstnlk weevil in tIll field ll1ld laboratory It is noteworthy that the seasons of 1930 fil1c119a2 had tIl( lowest llwan tllllllCratnrrs ( table 3) It 1S also seen that in 1)32 (table Iraquo) tl1( Ieng It () t t he deY(loplllcn tal period of this inRcct was shorter in the (kId than in the laboratory The converse is tlut for the (Jtilel vlani possibly indicating- that tIl( mean air temshyperaLme () t (he ins(etar) anel (cUar was (onsiderably higher than the Il1Clln soil tlmjgtllature which was prohably kept lower partly by the con rage of growing plants In tabl~s a and [) it is seen t~lat il 1934 ihe warmest yeur the greatest span 1ll the c1mr (]opmental perIOd beshytWPln the laboratory and lipid studies OC(IIIT(d In the laboratory (tabl ~) till rate 0[ devplopllll1I1 (olllpued with the average meail tempemt Ul(1 suggests a linenr rl1nl i()nship~ as is i llu-Ilaled in figure 18

rurI i-~Slll1llllllrl ()f r(OlIlIiJlI of ((II~(llk we(vil (II Esnllcia N Me

Dilllt first ~g~ Dnt~ first Dnto Inst W(n tilposiHci in iuths(uHrgNI in-- IH(ltlr~nl(flmiddottl in-

Laho~ LuhnFilI1 FHII Lalgto- Ficidrnturj rntl)ry bull rntor) I

lOIIl lilly 2 IU~- ~- ~r~- -cpt - ~

Oct 21 i~ HlJl June G Iuno 23 _Iuly 30 Au~ 18 Scpt 26 I Oct 5 1J32 JUIW 2 lilly middot1 i Aug 10 - S~pt Ii Oct jj i Oct 7 1l33 Juno 111 Iuly 3 Aug 15 Au~ 2ti Oct ~2 _ Oct 15 Illal Iun 12 lull 10 - lilly 2( ept 17 If Oct S - Oct 10 =--~==----~----

__ WUg hnolnpnHJllai ~ IJ1~W(lS (olllplltiTJJ IIH(lopshy_ _ period In-shy men Iu- i llcetlcs emerging

1 iI1~

Year ieid 11bull 1-------------middot--- shyratorr i lrri- lry- LlIho- Fiolt

I gated farmed rntory _ _-) ---1-- ------ shy

nv Days nays PerceIIl i lercwt i Prc1 INumber NU1IIbr1930 _ iO30 jo iU _ _ _ 33 121 1931 5JImiddot1 lin 91 641 2middot103 50 267 1932 no is t~IOS 1931bull 50 l11H iii_OG 1000 ~gJ~ Il I~ i Ig~ ~ 1011 _ -191 f1~tl 5002 ~U~ lUll I lai 22 59

Table 4 gives n summary of the lnmbers [lnd )ercentages of beanshystalk wecyils that developed in the insectary [lnd cellar Each sucshyceeding year a larger pereentage completed development This might hl1ve been due large]y to the improved methods and teclnuque of rearshying this insect each season It was noted about the middle of the season of 1932 that a large percentage of prepnpae and pupae were dying from bacterial and fungoIls attacks so thereafter the soil used for these stages was thoroughly sterilized by heating During the seasons of 1932 and 11)33 when preciptation was above normal a larger percentage of beetles completed development in the field than in the Illbollltory whereas in 19~H with the preciptation below normal Ilnd the tlmperatme fill above normal a much ~arger percentage deve]opedlll the lIlsertary and cellar (table 5) than 11l the field

26 TECffi~l(AL B1LLE]IN 816( S DEPl OF AGRICrVllTRE

NUMBEH OF (~ENEHATIONS bull Xone of the 1wly emcrged heansta1k weevils ycre observed to mate

or lay eggs during the sen son uf deyelopnwnt indien ting- that there is only one genelntiOlI nn1llllllly ill the Estanein Ynlley

SEXlAL CHAHACTElUSTICS

Ovelwintcred bpunsta lk ppvi Is II nlt1 lIPw1y dpyploped onps were studied carefullY for ex(trnal sexun 1 chalnctplistics No definite morphological dIstinctions WelP fOllnd tltnt WPlp of nny assistance in selecting eithel sex iOI usc in de(lopm(nta 1 Stlllt1 ies It nB fOllnd on selecting life-hist)r~ pairs llpn they W(I( obsclY((l mating thnt tl1( male was nSllally (ollsiltielnbly smallel than til( femnk

LmWEITY OF THE AncLT

TIl( ndult lif( of till lwanstalk ((il fcpms to 1)( sompthillg over a WHI In thp full of 192l npwly enwlgpd lw(lks WP( pllHpcl in cages bull for hil1Prnation Thofe slllviving the winlll uncI the follltHying snmshymer wcp plncpd in hibel11ation n spcond tinw in October Hl30 in the ((llfl in fowplpot CHirPS On pxnmination of till hih(llIfltionll1at(Jial on Tmw 1 19iH all t1lP 11((tl(s (1( found d(ad 8il11ilal t(sts begun 111 1l31 lncl1l32 gaY( tlw ~an1( IPSlIltS ilHlieatinl that th( maximum lifl of this insect mny Iw (stilllnilCl at about 500 (lllYs This estimate is baftd OIl OlP fnettllat I1IOft of 111( lI(W ndultsltalt PI11(rgl c1 by S(pl(l1Ib(I1il and on tillt asslImption thnt i-f tl(y dip dll1ing th( sltcond wi ntpl llIorta 1 ity oIJld ta kp plll(( in till d(ll(1 of wi utel TUluary or F(llllInry

(EgtEHAL HABITS OF THE Annr

~l(n tllty nl( lIot f(pding (oni1nNl lwanstalk WP(yils ill oHen 1)( fcwnd elalllpilll th(il Itgs alolll(l th( illo of til eagl Yhil( IPstill1 this ay tllP 11((tl(gt is cliflienlt to dislodge ithollt injury Sp((ial elll( lllllSt h( lak(11 that tlt( soft nlw]~ (11lPlg((1 blptkf alp not bull (11111(lt1 wlHn th(y af( blillg 1(ll1oY(d from the scr(en If the belm plnnts art vt1middot 1I111(h dist 1I1I)(d tt( 1)((t1(s will gtl1lrnUy dlop to tIl( ground and play possum cJla wing up tiwil llgs and aeting for sePlnl milllll(s as if (kud

III tIll ins(gtetar ill tlw fall wllllI thp parly l1Iolnillg t11I1WH( IIIPS 111 fl(lzillg 01 th(r(abouts Inost- of tI]( lwetles will 1)(gt founcl (ithcr 011 tll( grollnd 01 (Ollgl(gntlcl Oil til( 1(11(11 rag( yl](I( it (onws in (Ollt aet with the soil

HIBEn~ATJON

TIl( b(unstalk p(i I passlS the i1llaquoL olll~ in the adult 01 bc(tle sInge In tllP Estn neil Yal() tl]( wlevils begin to enter winter quarshyters soon aTt0l th( middle of September nnd by the end of the first w((gtk in OdohlI oft 1lJIIaill ach( dp)(nding on srasonal variation and killillg frosts It wus lIot knowlI (]pfinitcly until tlw fall of 1931 how and h(I( ttr ndul t~ of till I)(a IIstalk we(gtvil oYelwintiled Vith

bull

20 lECHNICAL BULLEllN 816 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

e 40r-----------------____-______~----_

0 W CD 30 ~ gt z

Cl W I-CJ)

o a w Cl

CJ) t)

t) bullW

o ALshy______~______~________L_______~____~

bull625

o ~~____L_L

12 17 27 5 JULY AUGUST

FW1ltE Inmiddot-Oripo~iti()1l (A) by til( hlllIlslnll (pril 1Il1dr tllUfiilI]lLpltillitntion (() during the HUl1ll1Il oJ l)l3 Tlw hro]wll line tlpI1lltpS thp Humher of eg~s uppoi (d hl (]l( Pll i lpd flllll](s xjJO4l( Iwrioclieally to n ltilieial ]lI(ipitation tit nlh] lillo lhnols till ulal IItllllhll or l~gs (IllUsitP(1 h~ til Illlek pairs Artificial pr(ltillill(ioli (U) (OIllI)lIP(l wilh JJltulI1 ]Jlllipitntioll un 011 he liea 1lt of O2ri 1

bull

THE BEAclfSTALK WEEVIL IN THE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 21

bull ~ 8~----~r---~~L-~---+-------+--+-~~~r-~~~--1-4 w CD ~ J Z

0 w rshyif)

0 a w

if)

)

)bull 0

w

15 19 23 27 31

JULY AUGUST

FHIln 17 EITI(( or ltollliIlIHHI dnlllI~ 011 millllitiOIl hI till ilHIlSlalk wlmil ~l Hilli B 11111)(1 01 gg~ lilpolitl[ durillg lIight IIlId dnl 1middotlgtI)(middotthmiddotII~middot hy the (I1(k pll i 11 C lnd D IIl1mllI ot lgs dlpu4ilp(1 ltllllilig lIiht alit lIay Iespecshy[iply bI till lllirs (ollfilltll ill arlilitinlllnrkll(middot Lolal lgS laid t 38 n Hil ( ~I() n Hill

INCIlBATION

bull A~ showll in iahll 3 nIP tgg Ringe of Lli( bennstalk wP(il ranged from 5~ days in lOH to G) days ill J)32 A definite Iclationhip withshyout n fixed mtio (xi(s bpI wcen tempcmtulp and the incubation period

TAIlI 3-~lICI(l[W ((IClo]JIII(lIul pCliorL Of lle IJealstalk llc(ril rc((cl in the ill~((tmiddot1 a1(Z (eI1l1 at Hs(lllcia X 11 (z

lJUnllill IIf jarl Awlshyin~lar Rnnl(p of n~(~

flWHn Illean lln1lwrn tCIIshy

t11ft Jwrumiddot lure

~YJmmiddot lillY jJ(lt)t JIlVS lilV lj~r

h 2 n a 1 X fi Ii 11511 39 f it li n iilIn1I I t U 1 ~J i G~I 0 17 1 4 2111 Hl7 5 Jn 3 212 2li

bull I U~rl1MI of 111(1 flIlIi1Il( lI11lIruds 1111 Ih plriud 1IIIlIlOt ohlnillld til lUan rill p~riorl frolll th~ time

the lnrvu ~nterrtl th soillllld mrrgrl 11 I1l1utlutl Ill irl(lud til thl PUlltll ~[Oglmiddot whwh aCcoulI(S for the Showipg for thllt stllg~ ~ Olt of proportioll to 11w other YIurs

22 TECHNl(AIJ IHIJLElIX S [(jt DEPT OF AGIU((LT(HE

IEHCENTAGE OF E(HlS HNfCHING bullDuring tll(~ season of 1931 It total of THO eggs of the beanstulk weeil were incubated during the months of Tune JUly ugust find September Of tilis otal 18~ or 23G percent ftti led to hatch Of the eggs failing to hutch (H or ~~4H percent fai1pd (0 hutch beshycuuse thrips of all Ilnltlct(rmil1ld Slwcips punctured the shells and sucked out the contents In lllany illstances the Pggs were split open and emptiNl by thp tluips Rtvcn of tlw egl 01 aH llImiddotClllt faiild to hatch owing to the aetimiddotityof nymphs or tlll imiidious flowllr bug (Oiu$ ill~idion(s (Say)) yhich feed on the eggs in fhe same manner as do the thrips The remainin rr 113 Pggs or (ilA pere~nt nIp lost 01 lailN1 to haleh lwcaust of 11lOltl desiceation OJ otHr CttllS(-

The eggs of the insidious lIow(1 illig w(tt fOllnd In the -11111 S((shytion of till stem ill hidl lggs of til( lHtllslalk Ilpil 11( incubatshying As the lifp (yell of this bllg i- llIuch shor(Cr (han thnt of the beamtalk eeil the ll)Tl1lphs of this sp(lils are at llal1(l to prey upon the host egg Marshall u snys of tllllIl TIll 1I)lIlpils art wry aetin alld S(PIll to 1)( hllllting (olltillllaJly Thi was fouud to be 1rup and in OIl installl a 1IlIlpl1 was found m(king the juicps flOlll

a thrips nymph that had (lIilINI till pith at the end of a bean stem bull in hieh was (IHnsed all lgg of t lwanstalk welvil

During Ill( SlaSOnR of um~ ll33 and 1084 the pereentnge of eggs of tlH blans(ttlk w((il failing to hateh rallged irolll 49gt to 1314 tt indieatrdin tahhmiddotk This mallel lo-s as (onbashd with thl HgmC 101 H)31 was dill apparently to the plesenee of fewlr thrips allc1 insidio1ls floWPI hugs Many of tIl( Pggs that failed to hatch ltluring tillS Y(tUS had tlllllld blO1I aftpl Iwing PIlplopld ilh funglls mYlplil1ll1 ()[ )(ennH lliack alld ute I) as if possibly inleded by SOI1lC hndlIi1lm

TIIlUmiddot1 SIII1I1I1 1IIIIIII1II oJWIIIIS(Ii 1(i1s 10 tI(tull ill Ih iIlS(IIIIjl llId ((II 1 I~(Irill ~ 11(1

Lllrvnl stlll

IIHuIHlt(111 lolrst bull Sumllt ulllfJrr jJrnel1 ~YIL1UIJ(T )erCflIt ~Yllmfltr Ptrc~llt

j~n lUi) j1t1i 3as 131 28tk $701 Ill Iii ~H 2ti 30 ISW 2lKi ~IO I ~t j J1 71 middott5 roti I 12 s-

711oj 71 H 0) 511 lii1 41 ii I

Prppupnl IU)l1 Ilull luriuri 1ICtgt PJI1t rlt flet

lhir( ullrth

S u 11lfrr I JaclIl Vumrr Jgttnt VumfJrl Prrrrrll AVttmbrr Prrcellt VullIfJrf Prralll ~t1O Il ~()J 2ilOJ lii5 IU~middot iO SU ro lUI 232 itl tift 11-1 aOIi1 hi 25 fin 105 11 f9 Ill) 10 9() 207 ~J 0 1~2 la13 IfJt 35 ) 12H 2USIi 107 25iti I~S 111 3fiU -i fiji 3H1 12 275 31 00 ~il ~tl

u I(AItSIIALL n En SIlMI OIllUltrHIOliS (w t)JtlCR rrHl Ill lIW$) lliSlfllOlll1S (Sn) KIIIlS l~llt Soc Tour a 20 ~ l1lO bull

bull

~

bull

THE BEAN1iTALK WEEVIL IN [HE ESTANCIA YALLEY NEW MEXICO 23

THE LAHA

The betlnRtalk wceil pnR1(R thlough four lalTal inRtars (tabh 3) Lanal (pvclopmcnt required 12 days in 1934 and wa in Ina2 The shorteRt larval instal was the second which rcquind 3) days for (()IIlJlldion in In34 and 48 days in ID30 The fOllth instal required the 10I11lSt limp fOl dlcloplIlent ranging frolll HT daygt in 1930 to 141 da vs in H)32

bnlllcdintcly tf(PI they ltaw hatched tltl pah-ycllow Innmiddotae COlllshy

lt1ln(lI borinl lip or down thl intprio[ of til( stalks of t)p bean plants After It larnL has fPLI for a fpw hmns till dilestive tract shows dark hlough the Selnilmmiparellt hody wall Bcfolt molting till larval body iR 0[ a t(PIllr yplloY but it Lllconws lIluch paler upon moltillg with tlH Itlad y(llo and till I ips of the malldibles brown At lvcry Illolt till hlown Illad (apldl iplits along till (pi(llnill sulllrp and tltis is follold by II brPtlk eaudally along the first thrce segllllnts of tlH hody wall After the head has worked through thi~ opening tltl lana Tilgles its middota out of the old ~kin On(gt larva I(gtqllir(d ~T IIlilllltpS to wriggle thnl-fnllrtlt~ of th( way out or tltp ~kill with IItl old lannl skin sl(Hld along ulldel till n~lItral prt of 111( boly In till iirRt instal Illl llITae glow hom nbout Ui to ~ III Ill in hllth during tIll p(OJl(l imitar from 3 to i Illlll dlllilll til( thild from i to Ii III Ill and dllling tht fourth instal (fig- Ii A) flOnl (l to D I1llll in hng-Ili The first instal is nbollt onp-lltild as widt as IOllg and till o(lIr instal an only nbout 01Hshy

fOllll h as widl as tH alt Jong IhUing t ht S(llSOIl (If UlaO I](n -ppml larl( WPIl lwing [luld

in (paml Lllanstalks ill (Ill stlll 1lIIi dislt wltlll - I)plippc to IIp (allnibalislll was oiJspnpd IIIHIl ~ lanlIt 111 fOUlld ill nl a 111

stalk ow or both with ltr body wOllnltis IIlti(h always nsldtld ill cllallt Tn Waf a tn(al of ~ ((sts for call1libalisni of Sl(olill and third instal WlI( madt 2 lanIl Iwing plI((dill t Itt Slllie 01 epara Hlits of tIl( Salllt stalk ~ithin I 01 day- aftI patll of tltl( illRPrtionR (ltl stalks WlIl split 0IH1I alld lx1uiliIWd Out of Ill 2 hsts l -ItOpc] llllnibalislll ill Ii of OWSl hUih lalTh WIl dlad 01 injllrp(l and in IlIP (lth1 7 tpsts nllly 1 Inna had LJ(PII altuckl(

Tilt- PIIE

SlPIal fhld Hnd laigtolltol obIIati()lls nealpd tit fnct that plior hl pllpa iOIl tlil IHIm lo( through thl stnlk or It(lll~ of the Iwan plant at 1It poinl from IIIn thl stalk (omlS in (011111lt( with till oil up to as hillt as (i or Illolpin(hls 11)0( till sllrfacp XOIH han )(ell foulld to bore thlOllh tilt stalk below till slrfa(~( of till soil DIopping to til( grot1lHI [Ill lurnu imllwdiut(ly (lliPI til( soil in pllpurat inn 101 rll1patioll III IllUkill1 tx(uat ions for obtlIatioll it was l1ot((t tllnL the prepupa made its c(U lHal (It( surface of tile sl)il usually fit thl((-fourths of lin inch to 1 in(h in denth In lflaO no fitlHl ies W(ll mudp to ltl i(()vlr whet het Ot not the middot]11e of Ow bNtnstalk ((il sl)(nl til tillw in the soil prior fo pupntioll By aIlalogy if was PIpsllllleltl thut tho insect s])(nt a consicletmiddotttblc pt~liod in this lalynl or pn~pllpal st age before molting into the pupalstllllt Writh the method used during the s(aSOIlS of 1$)11 to 1934 it was 0Igts(1ed that tilP prepuplli Hlag( was 0 r Slllfd days dlllHt ion

24 lECHNICAL BULLETIN 810 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

Table 3 shows that the minimum number of clays spent as a prepupa was 6lin 1934 and that themlximum middotwas 7S days in 1933

The prepupa upon entering the soil molds 11 cell large enough to enable it to lie curled up and later molt to It pupa The prepupae were observed to wriggle iolently when their cells were broken open they would when replaced in the soil agnin mold a cell in preparnshytion for transforming to pnpae

THE PtPA

The head capHule of till prepupa of the hcnnstalk (evil as in the lalTnl stages splits aLollg t Ill ~pieranial suture and then there folshylows a break caudally tdong tll( first thrcl SlgIlHnts of the body wnll After the hcad has wOIked through this opening the pupa liggles its way out of the old Hkin l(sting in till Hanw (pll lint il it moltH to all adult The pupal (figs 6 B) like the plepupn( if disturbed will wriggle yiolclltly espteinlly wl)(11 expoBccl to light inclicating no douht that they an llegatiely phototropic Yith ll( llt1li11g method mild in lU31 to lna4 (s(( p 12) lWCllla(t ob~(ITations of the length of the pupal stage Wlle IlIlllth possibh Tht maximum time fotdey elopshyment of the pupal s(ngl wa Iii dn~ in Ina2 and the minimum wn~ 11G days in Ulat (table 3)

DEELOI~lET OF TilE Annr

The adult- dispose or it~ (n( skill ill tll( amp lIInnllPI as llll~ (1l(gt

lan-a und pupa TIll Iwly (IHlI~IOlnlld adlllt is at first pule yellow but within n peliod oj 2middot1 houl~ it gmdwtlly darken the legs first tlwll thp h((ul and tlylra Ullt il it i a solid lliack fable~ ~hows that adults SLWIHl slYlIHl dny~ ill Ihl ~()il hdlll (OI11ing to tlw f1udace Tilt aelage maximum lillll ~1lllIt hy t Itl I(ils in the ~oil in Ina2 was 74 daYS and til( lllininllnn ill IH~middotI was ii4middot daY FlOm It il hours to 1 (lay hdon tIl( IHIult ~IlIllglS 110111 tit si)il surfacl it begins to ll(pnd slowl) tlllln(lillg its way to tIl( ~lIlrHl( III wOlking its way upward it leaes a rounel tlllllwl fillld with inl oil with til( top finally lll11ainillg OpPIl alld Illlasllling nhOllt th Ipp-sixtllnths () r aninlh ill

dialllptPl FIlltjIlllltly th e adult WOllld work lip to tbe soil sllda(( alongside tIl(gt

E gins platt or 111lt pllpd tllk0

o J t nd it P10IIPSS s pujlyw 0190 gt w wa te11(tl o lllll till lHwly Illllgedu o

1931 adllil is t rttn IITllI to tt

0170 1933 flshly pot t((1 b(tlll plnnt it ~

o illll11((1ill it IY b((ol1l~ arti ( u o and as((lJ(is t hI ~t(l11 of the

plant and aft ~((lal~ 0150 ~ o lt)

1930 hOlII it lwgillH to pat long a bull dplp llHiollS ill till plant0

ithin ar( clays the proshy~ a 01301 i

66 66 70 7Z 74 not lIllI t1ld phtra (han MEAN TEMPERATURE (DE) flom bllHk to a dark Im)n

bull

bull

bull

ith It f(gtw light-ln()ll R]gtotS1gt[(111110 lKmiddot~-A(rHI (hrlopnwnt IIf llip IWlllllllalk w(pil ill lit lahllltl tll~ bllndlll oWr their surfaces bull

bull

bull

bull

lHE BEANSlALK VEEYIL IN lHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 25

Some weeks latel the plOnotulll and clytlu turn a lighter brown but the head snout and legs still remain Illack

Table 5 giyes it suml1lluy of the dlYelopmcnt of the beanstnlk weevil in tIll field ll1ld laboratory It is noteworthy that the seasons of 1930 fil1c119a2 had tIl( lowest llwan tllllllCratnrrs ( table 3) It 1S also seen that in 1)32 (table Iraquo) tl1( Ieng It () t t he deY(loplllcn tal period of this inRcct was shorter in the (kId than in the laboratory The converse is tlut for the (Jtilel vlani possibly indicating- that tIl( mean air temshyperaLme () t (he ins(etar) anel (cUar was (onsiderably higher than the Il1Clln soil tlmjgtllature which was prohably kept lower partly by the con rage of growing plants In tabl~s a and [) it is seen t~lat il 1934 ihe warmest yeur the greatest span 1ll the c1mr (]opmental perIOd beshytWPln the laboratory and lipid studies OC(IIIT(d In the laboratory (tabl ~) till rate 0[ devplopllll1I1 (olllpued with the average meail tempemt Ul(1 suggests a linenr rl1nl i()nship~ as is i llu-Ilaled in figure 18

rurI i-~Slll1llllllrl ()f r(OlIlIiJlI of ((II~(llk we(vil (II Esnllcia N Me

Dilllt first ~g~ Dnt~ first Dnto Inst W(n tilposiHci in iuths(uHrgNI in-- IH(ltlr~nl(flmiddottl in-

Laho~ LuhnFilI1 FHII Lalgto- Ficidrnturj rntl)ry bull rntor) I

lOIIl lilly 2 IU~- ~- ~r~- -cpt - ~

Oct 21 i~ HlJl June G Iuno 23 _Iuly 30 Au~ 18 Scpt 26 I Oct 5 1J32 JUIW 2 lilly middot1 i Aug 10 - S~pt Ii Oct jj i Oct 7 1l33 Juno 111 Iuly 3 Aug 15 Au~ 2ti Oct ~2 _ Oct 15 Illal Iun 12 lull 10 - lilly 2( ept 17 If Oct S - Oct 10 =--~==----~----

__ WUg hnolnpnHJllai ~ IJ1~W(lS (olllplltiTJJ IIH(lopshy_ _ period In-shy men Iu- i llcetlcs emerging

1 iI1~

Year ieid 11bull 1-------------middot--- shyratorr i lrri- lry- LlIho- Fiolt

I gated farmed rntory _ _-) ---1-- ------ shy

nv Days nays PerceIIl i lercwt i Prc1 INumber NU1IIbr1930 _ iO30 jo iU _ _ _ 33 121 1931 5JImiddot1 lin 91 641 2middot103 50 267 1932 no is t~IOS 1931bull 50 l11H iii_OG 1000 ~gJ~ Il I~ i Ig~ ~ 1011 _ -191 f1~tl 5002 ~U~ lUll I lai 22 59

Table 4 gives n summary of the lnmbers [lnd )ercentages of beanshystalk wecyils that developed in the insectary [lnd cellar Each sucshyceeding year a larger pereentage completed development This might hl1ve been due large]y to the improved methods and teclnuque of rearshying this insect each season It was noted about the middle of the season of 1932 that a large percentage of prepnpae and pupae were dying from bacterial and fungoIls attacks so thereafter the soil used for these stages was thoroughly sterilized by heating During the seasons of 1932 and 11)33 when preciptation was above normal a larger percentage of beetles completed development in the field than in the Illbollltory whereas in 19~H with the preciptation below normal Ilnd the tlmperatme fill above normal a much ~arger percentage deve]opedlll the lIlsertary and cellar (table 5) than 11l the field

26 TECffi~l(AL B1LLE]IN 816( S DEPl OF AGRICrVllTRE

NUMBEH OF (~ENEHATIONS bull Xone of the 1wly emcrged heansta1k weevils ycre observed to mate

or lay eggs during the sen son uf deyelopnwnt indien ting- that there is only one genelntiOlI nn1llllllly ill the Estanein Ynlley

SEXlAL CHAHACTElUSTICS

Ovelwintcred bpunsta lk ppvi Is II nlt1 lIPw1y dpyploped onps were studied carefullY for ex(trnal sexun 1 chalnctplistics No definite morphological dIstinctions WelP fOllnd tltnt WPlp of nny assistance in selecting eithel sex iOI usc in de(lopm(nta 1 Stlllt1 ies It nB fOllnd on selecting life-hist)r~ pairs llpn they W(I( obsclY((l mating thnt tl1( male was nSllally (ollsiltielnbly smallel than til( femnk

LmWEITY OF THE AncLT

TIl( ndult lif( of till lwanstalk ((il fcpms to 1)( sompthillg over a WHI In thp full of 192l npwly enwlgpd lw(lks WP( pllHpcl in cages bull for hil1Prnation Thofe slllviving the winlll uncI the follltHying snmshymer wcp plncpd in hibel11ation n spcond tinw in October Hl30 in the ((llfl in fowplpot CHirPS On pxnmination of till hih(llIfltionll1at(Jial on Tmw 1 19iH all t1lP 11((tl(s (1( found d(ad 8il11ilal t(sts begun 111 1l31 lncl1l32 gaY( tlw ~an1( IPSlIltS ilHlieatinl that th( maximum lifl of this insect mny Iw (stilllnilCl at about 500 (lllYs This estimate is baftd OIl OlP fnettllat I1IOft of 111( lI(W ndultsltalt PI11(rgl c1 by S(pl(l1Ib(I1il and on tillt asslImption thnt i-f tl(y dip dll1ing th( sltcond wi ntpl llIorta 1 ity oIJld ta kp plll(( in till d(ll(1 of wi utel TUluary or F(llllInry

(EgtEHAL HABITS OF THE Annr

~l(n tllty nl( lIot f(pding (oni1nNl lwanstalk WP(yils ill oHen 1)( fcwnd elalllpilll th(il Itgs alolll(l th( illo of til eagl Yhil( IPstill1 this ay tllP 11((tl(gt is cliflienlt to dislodge ithollt injury Sp((ial elll( lllllSt h( lak(11 that tlt( soft nlw]~ (11lPlg((1 blptkf alp not bull (11111(lt1 wlHn th(y af( blillg 1(ll1oY(d from the scr(en If the belm plnnts art vt1middot 1I111(h dist 1I1I)(d tt( 1)((t1(s will gtl1lrnUy dlop to tIl( ground and play possum cJla wing up tiwil llgs and aeting for sePlnl milllll(s as if (kud

III tIll ins(gtetar ill tlw fall wllllI thp parly l1Iolnillg t11I1WH( IIIPS 111 fl(lzillg 01 th(r(abouts Inost- of tI]( lwetles will 1)(gt founcl (ithcr 011 tll( grollnd 01 (Ollgl(gntlcl Oil til( 1(11(11 rag( yl](I( it (onws in (Ollt aet with the soil

HIBEn~ATJON

TIl( b(unstalk p(i I passlS the i1llaquoL olll~ in the adult 01 bc(tle sInge In tllP Estn neil Yal() tl]( wlevils begin to enter winter quarshyters soon aTt0l th( middle of September nnd by the end of the first w((gtk in OdohlI oft 1lJIIaill ach( dp)(nding on srasonal variation and killillg frosts It wus lIot knowlI (]pfinitcly until tlw fall of 1931 how and h(I( ttr ndul t~ of till I)(a IIstalk we(gtvil oYelwintiled Vith

bull

THE BEAclfSTALK WEEVIL IN THE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 21

bull ~ 8~----~r---~~L-~---+-------+--+-~~~r-~~~--1-4 w CD ~ J Z

0 w rshyif)

0 a w

if)

)

)bull 0

w

15 19 23 27 31

JULY AUGUST

FHIln 17 EITI(( or ltollliIlIHHI dnlllI~ 011 millllitiOIl hI till ilHIlSlalk wlmil ~l Hilli B 11111)(1 01 gg~ lilpolitl[ durillg lIight IIlId dnl 1middotlgtI)(middotthmiddotII~middot hy the (I1(k pll i 11 C lnd D IIl1mllI ot lgs dlpu4ilp(1 ltllllilig lIiht alit lIay Iespecshy[iply bI till lllirs (ollfilltll ill arlilitinlllnrkll(middot Lolal lgS laid t 38 n Hil ( ~I() n Hill

INCIlBATION

bull A~ showll in iahll 3 nIP tgg Ringe of Lli( bennstalk wP(il ranged from 5~ days in lOH to G) days ill J)32 A definite Iclationhip withshyout n fixed mtio (xi(s bpI wcen tempcmtulp and the incubation period

TAIlI 3-~lICI(l[W ((IClo]JIII(lIul pCliorL Of lle IJealstalk llc(ril rc((cl in the ill~((tmiddot1 a1(Z (eI1l1 at Hs(lllcia X 11 (z

lJUnllill IIf jarl Awlshyin~lar Rnnl(p of n~(~

flWHn Illean lln1lwrn tCIIshy

t11ft Jwrumiddot lure

~YJmmiddot lillY jJ(lt)t JIlVS lilV lj~r

h 2 n a 1 X fi Ii 11511 39 f it li n iilIn1I I t U 1 ~J i G~I 0 17 1 4 2111 Hl7 5 Jn 3 212 2li

bull I U~rl1MI of 111(1 flIlIi1Il( lI11lIruds 1111 Ih plriud 1IIIlIlOt ohlnillld til lUan rill p~riorl frolll th~ time

the lnrvu ~nterrtl th soillllld mrrgrl 11 I1l1utlutl Ill irl(lud til thl PUlltll ~[Oglmiddot whwh aCcoulI(S for the Showipg for thllt stllg~ ~ Olt of proportioll to 11w other YIurs

22 TECHNl(AIJ IHIJLElIX S [(jt DEPT OF AGIU((LT(HE

IEHCENTAGE OF E(HlS HNfCHING bullDuring tll(~ season of 1931 It total of THO eggs of the beanstulk weeil were incubated during the months of Tune JUly ugust find September Of tilis otal 18~ or 23G percent ftti led to hatch Of the eggs failing to hutch (H or ~~4H percent fai1pd (0 hutch beshycuuse thrips of all Ilnltlct(rmil1ld Slwcips punctured the shells and sucked out the contents In lllany illstances the Pggs were split open and emptiNl by thp tluips Rtvcn of tlw egl 01 aH llImiddotClllt faiild to hatch owing to the aetimiddotityof nymphs or tlll imiidious flowllr bug (Oiu$ ill~idion(s (Say)) yhich feed on the eggs in fhe same manner as do the thrips The remainin rr 113 Pggs or (ilA pere~nt nIp lost 01 lailN1 to haleh lwcaust of 11lOltl desiceation OJ otHr CttllS(-

The eggs of the insidious lIow(1 illig w(tt fOllnd In the -11111 S((shytion of till stem ill hidl lggs of til( lHtllslalk Ilpil 11( incubatshying As the lifp (yell of this bllg i- llIuch shor(Cr (han thnt of the beamtalk eeil the ll)Tl1lphs of this sp(lils are at llal1(l to prey upon the host egg Marshall u snys of tllllIl TIll 1I)lIlpils art wry aetin alld S(PIll to 1)( hllllting (olltillllaJly Thi was fouud to be 1rup and in OIl installl a 1IlIlpl1 was found m(king the juicps flOlll

a thrips nymph that had (lIilINI till pith at the end of a bean stem bull in hieh was (IHnsed all lgg of t lwanstalk welvil

During Ill( SlaSOnR of um~ ll33 and 1084 the pereentnge of eggs of tlH blans(ttlk w((il failing to hateh rallged irolll 49gt to 1314 tt indieatrdin tahhmiddotk This mallel lo-s as (onbashd with thl HgmC 101 H)31 was dill apparently to the plesenee of fewlr thrips allc1 insidio1ls floWPI hugs Many of tIl( Pggs that failed to hatch ltluring tillS Y(tUS had tlllllld blO1I aftpl Iwing PIlplopld ilh funglls mYlplil1ll1 ()[ )(ennH lliack alld ute I) as if possibly inleded by SOI1lC hndlIi1lm

TIIlUmiddot1 SIII1I1I1 1IIIIIII1II oJWIIIIS(Ii 1(i1s 10 tI(tull ill Ih iIlS(IIIIjl llId ((II 1 I~(Irill ~ 11(1

Lllrvnl stlll

IIHuIHlt(111 lolrst bull Sumllt ulllfJrr jJrnel1 ~YIL1UIJ(T )erCflIt ~Yllmfltr Ptrc~llt

j~n lUi) j1t1i 3as 131 28tk $701 Ill Iii ~H 2ti 30 ISW 2lKi ~IO I ~t j J1 71 middott5 roti I 12 s-

711oj 71 H 0) 511 lii1 41 ii I

Prppupnl IU)l1 Ilull luriuri 1ICtgt PJI1t rlt flet

lhir( ullrth

S u 11lfrr I JaclIl Vumrr Jgttnt VumfJrl Prrrrrll AVttmbrr Prrcellt VullIfJrf Prralll ~t1O Il ~()J 2ilOJ lii5 IU~middot iO SU ro lUI 232 itl tift 11-1 aOIi1 hi 25 fin 105 11 f9 Ill) 10 9() 207 ~J 0 1~2 la13 IfJt 35 ) 12H 2USIi 107 25iti I~S 111 3fiU -i fiji 3H1 12 275 31 00 ~il ~tl

u I(AItSIIALL n En SIlMI OIllUltrHIOliS (w t)JtlCR rrHl Ill lIW$) lliSlfllOlll1S (Sn) KIIIlS l~llt Soc Tour a 20 ~ l1lO bull

bull

~

bull

THE BEAN1iTALK WEEVIL IN [HE ESTANCIA YALLEY NEW MEXICO 23

THE LAHA

The betlnRtalk wceil pnR1(R thlough four lalTal inRtars (tabh 3) Lanal (pvclopmcnt required 12 days in 1934 and wa in Ina2 The shorteRt larval instal was the second which rcquind 3) days for (()IIlJlldion in In34 and 48 days in ID30 The fOllth instal required the 10I11lSt limp fOl dlcloplIlent ranging frolll HT daygt in 1930 to 141 da vs in H)32

bnlllcdintcly tf(PI they ltaw hatched tltl pah-ycllow Innmiddotae COlllshy

lt1ln(lI borinl lip or down thl intprio[ of til( stalks of t)p bean plants After It larnL has fPLI for a fpw hmns till dilestive tract shows dark hlough the Selnilmmiparellt hody wall Bcfolt molting till larval body iR 0[ a t(PIllr yplloY but it Lllconws lIluch paler upon moltillg with tlH Itlad y(llo and till I ips of the malldibles brown At lvcry Illolt till hlown Illad (apldl iplits along till (pi(llnill sulllrp and tltis is follold by II brPtlk eaudally along the first thrce segllllnts of tlH hody wall After the head has worked through thi~ opening tltl lana Tilgles its middota out of the old ~kin On(gt larva I(gtqllir(d ~T IIlilllltpS to wriggle thnl-fnllrtlt~ of th( way out or tltp ~kill with IItl old lannl skin sl(Hld along ulldel till n~lItral prt of 111( boly In till iirRt instal Illl llITae glow hom nbout Ui to ~ III Ill in hllth during tIll p(OJl(l imitar from 3 to i Illlll dlllilll til( thild from i to Ii III Ill and dllling tht fourth instal (fig- Ii A) flOnl (l to D I1llll in hng-Ili The first instal is nbollt onp-lltild as widt as IOllg and till o(lIr instal an only nbout 01Hshy

fOllll h as widl as tH alt Jong IhUing t ht S(llSOIl (If UlaO I](n -ppml larl( WPIl lwing [luld

in (paml Lllanstalks ill (Ill stlll 1lIIi dislt wltlll - I)plippc to IIp (allnibalislll was oiJspnpd IIIHIl ~ lanlIt 111 fOUlld ill nl a 111

stalk ow or both with ltr body wOllnltis IIlti(h always nsldtld ill cllallt Tn Waf a tn(al of ~ ((sts for call1libalisni of Sl(olill and third instal WlI( madt 2 lanIl Iwing plI((dill t Itt Slllie 01 epara Hlits of tIl( Salllt stalk ~ithin I 01 day- aftI patll of tltl( illRPrtionR (ltl stalks WlIl split 0IH1I alld lx1uiliIWd Out of Ill 2 hsts l -ItOpc] llllnibalislll ill Ii of OWSl hUih lalTh WIl dlad 01 injllrp(l and in IlIP (lth1 7 tpsts nllly 1 Inna had LJ(PII altuckl(

Tilt- PIIE

SlPIal fhld Hnd laigtolltol obIIati()lls nealpd tit fnct that plior hl pllpa iOIl tlil IHIm lo( through thl stnlk or It(lll~ of the Iwan plant at 1It poinl from IIIn thl stalk (omlS in (011111lt( with till oil up to as hillt as (i or Illolpin(hls 11)0( till sllrfacp XOIH han )(ell foulld to bore thlOllh tilt stalk below till slrfa(~( of till soil DIopping to til( grot1lHI [Ill lurnu imllwdiut(ly (lliPI til( soil in pllpurat inn 101 rll1patioll III IllUkill1 tx(uat ions for obtlIatioll it was l1ot((t tllnL the prepupa made its c(U lHal (It( surface of tile sl)il usually fit thl((-fourths of lin inch to 1 in(h in denth In lflaO no fitlHl ies W(ll mudp to ltl i(()vlr whet het Ot not the middot]11e of Ow bNtnstalk ((il sl)(nl til tillw in the soil prior fo pupntioll By aIlalogy if was PIpsllllleltl thut tho insect s])(nt a consicletmiddotttblc pt~liod in this lalynl or pn~pllpal st age before molting into the pupalstllllt Writh the method used during the s(aSOIlS of 1$)11 to 1934 it was 0Igts(1ed that tilP prepuplli Hlag( was 0 r Slllfd days dlllHt ion

24 lECHNICAL BULLETIN 810 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

Table 3 shows that the minimum number of clays spent as a prepupa was 6lin 1934 and that themlximum middotwas 7S days in 1933

The prepupa upon entering the soil molds 11 cell large enough to enable it to lie curled up and later molt to It pupa The prepupae were observed to wriggle iolently when their cells were broken open they would when replaced in the soil agnin mold a cell in preparnshytion for transforming to pnpae

THE PtPA

The head capHule of till prepupa of the hcnnstalk (evil as in the lalTnl stages splits aLollg t Ill ~pieranial suture and then there folshylows a break caudally tdong tll( first thrcl SlgIlHnts of the body wnll After the hcad has wOIked through this opening the pupa liggles its way out of the old Hkin l(sting in till Hanw (pll lint il it moltH to all adult The pupal (figs 6 B) like the plepupn( if disturbed will wriggle yiolclltly espteinlly wl)(11 expoBccl to light inclicating no douht that they an llegatiely phototropic Yith ll( llt1li11g method mild in lU31 to lna4 (s(( p 12) lWCllla(t ob~(ITations of the length of the pupal stage Wlle IlIlllth possibh Tht maximum time fotdey elopshyment of the pupal s(ngl wa Iii dn~ in Ina2 and the minimum wn~ 11G days in Ulat (table 3)

DEELOI~lET OF TilE Annr

The adult- dispose or it~ (n( skill ill tll( amp lIInnllPI as llll~ (1l(gt

lan-a und pupa TIll Iwly (IHlI~IOlnlld adlllt is at first pule yellow but within n peliod oj 2middot1 houl~ it gmdwtlly darken the legs first tlwll thp h((ul and tlylra Ullt il it i a solid lliack fable~ ~hows that adults SLWIHl slYlIHl dny~ ill Ihl ~()il hdlll (OI11ing to tlw f1udace Tilt aelage maximum lillll ~1lllIt hy t Itl I(ils in the ~oil in Ina2 was 74 daYS and til( lllininllnn ill IH~middotI was ii4middot daY FlOm It il hours to 1 (lay hdon tIl( IHIult ~IlIllglS 110111 tit si)il surfacl it begins to ll(pnd slowl) tlllln(lillg its way to tIl( ~lIlrHl( III wOlking its way upward it leaes a rounel tlllllwl fillld with inl oil with til( top finally lll11ainillg OpPIl alld Illlasllling nhOllt th Ipp-sixtllnths () r aninlh ill

dialllptPl FIlltjIlllltly th e adult WOllld work lip to tbe soil sllda(( alongside tIl(gt

E gins platt or 111lt pllpd tllk0

o J t nd it P10IIPSS s pujlyw 0190 gt w wa te11(tl o lllll till lHwly Illllgedu o

1931 adllil is t rttn IITllI to tt

0170 1933 flshly pot t((1 b(tlll plnnt it ~

o illll11((1ill it IY b((ol1l~ arti ( u o and as((lJ(is t hI ~t(l11 of the

plant and aft ~((lal~ 0150 ~ o lt)

1930 hOlII it lwgillH to pat long a bull dplp llHiollS ill till plant0

ithin ar( clays the proshy~ a 01301 i

66 66 70 7Z 74 not lIllI t1ld phtra (han MEAN TEMPERATURE (DE) flom bllHk to a dark Im)n

bull

bull

bull

ith It f(gtw light-ln()ll R]gtotS1gt[(111110 lKmiddot~-A(rHI (hrlopnwnt IIf llip IWlllllllalk w(pil ill lit lahllltl tll~ bllndlll oWr their surfaces bull

bull

bull

bull

lHE BEANSlALK VEEYIL IN lHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 25

Some weeks latel the plOnotulll and clytlu turn a lighter brown but the head snout and legs still remain Illack

Table 5 giyes it suml1lluy of the dlYelopmcnt of the beanstnlk weevil in tIll field ll1ld laboratory It is noteworthy that the seasons of 1930 fil1c119a2 had tIl( lowest llwan tllllllCratnrrs ( table 3) It 1S also seen that in 1)32 (table Iraquo) tl1( Ieng It () t t he deY(loplllcn tal period of this inRcct was shorter in the (kId than in the laboratory The converse is tlut for the (Jtilel vlani possibly indicating- that tIl( mean air temshyperaLme () t (he ins(etar) anel (cUar was (onsiderably higher than the Il1Clln soil tlmjgtllature which was prohably kept lower partly by the con rage of growing plants In tabl~s a and [) it is seen t~lat il 1934 ihe warmest yeur the greatest span 1ll the c1mr (]opmental perIOd beshytWPln the laboratory and lipid studies OC(IIIT(d In the laboratory (tabl ~) till rate 0[ devplopllll1I1 (olllpued with the average meail tempemt Ul(1 suggests a linenr rl1nl i()nship~ as is i llu-Ilaled in figure 18

rurI i-~Slll1llllllrl ()f r(OlIlIiJlI of ((II~(llk we(vil (II Esnllcia N Me

Dilllt first ~g~ Dnt~ first Dnto Inst W(n tilposiHci in iuths(uHrgNI in-- IH(ltlr~nl(flmiddottl in-

Laho~ LuhnFilI1 FHII Lalgto- Ficidrnturj rntl)ry bull rntor) I

lOIIl lilly 2 IU~- ~- ~r~- -cpt - ~

Oct 21 i~ HlJl June G Iuno 23 _Iuly 30 Au~ 18 Scpt 26 I Oct 5 1J32 JUIW 2 lilly middot1 i Aug 10 - S~pt Ii Oct jj i Oct 7 1l33 Juno 111 Iuly 3 Aug 15 Au~ 2ti Oct ~2 _ Oct 15 Illal Iun 12 lull 10 - lilly 2( ept 17 If Oct S - Oct 10 =--~==----~----

__ WUg hnolnpnHJllai ~ IJ1~W(lS (olllplltiTJJ IIH(lopshy_ _ period In-shy men Iu- i llcetlcs emerging

1 iI1~

Year ieid 11bull 1-------------middot--- shyratorr i lrri- lry- LlIho- Fiolt

I gated farmed rntory _ _-) ---1-- ------ shy

nv Days nays PerceIIl i lercwt i Prc1 INumber NU1IIbr1930 _ iO30 jo iU _ _ _ 33 121 1931 5JImiddot1 lin 91 641 2middot103 50 267 1932 no is t~IOS 1931bull 50 l11H iii_OG 1000 ~gJ~ Il I~ i Ig~ ~ 1011 _ -191 f1~tl 5002 ~U~ lUll I lai 22 59

Table 4 gives n summary of the lnmbers [lnd )ercentages of beanshystalk wecyils that developed in the insectary [lnd cellar Each sucshyceeding year a larger pereentage completed development This might hl1ve been due large]y to the improved methods and teclnuque of rearshying this insect each season It was noted about the middle of the season of 1932 that a large percentage of prepnpae and pupae were dying from bacterial and fungoIls attacks so thereafter the soil used for these stages was thoroughly sterilized by heating During the seasons of 1932 and 11)33 when preciptation was above normal a larger percentage of beetles completed development in the field than in the Illbollltory whereas in 19~H with the preciptation below normal Ilnd the tlmperatme fill above normal a much ~arger percentage deve]opedlll the lIlsertary and cellar (table 5) than 11l the field

26 TECffi~l(AL B1LLE]IN 816( S DEPl OF AGRICrVllTRE

NUMBEH OF (~ENEHATIONS bull Xone of the 1wly emcrged heansta1k weevils ycre observed to mate

or lay eggs during the sen son uf deyelopnwnt indien ting- that there is only one genelntiOlI nn1llllllly ill the Estanein Ynlley

SEXlAL CHAHACTElUSTICS

Ovelwintcred bpunsta lk ppvi Is II nlt1 lIPw1y dpyploped onps were studied carefullY for ex(trnal sexun 1 chalnctplistics No definite morphological dIstinctions WelP fOllnd tltnt WPlp of nny assistance in selecting eithel sex iOI usc in de(lopm(nta 1 Stlllt1 ies It nB fOllnd on selecting life-hist)r~ pairs llpn they W(I( obsclY((l mating thnt tl1( male was nSllally (ollsiltielnbly smallel than til( femnk

LmWEITY OF THE AncLT

TIl( ndult lif( of till lwanstalk ((il fcpms to 1)( sompthillg over a WHI In thp full of 192l npwly enwlgpd lw(lks WP( pllHpcl in cages bull for hil1Prnation Thofe slllviving the winlll uncI the follltHying snmshymer wcp plncpd in hibel11ation n spcond tinw in October Hl30 in the ((llfl in fowplpot CHirPS On pxnmination of till hih(llIfltionll1at(Jial on Tmw 1 19iH all t1lP 11((tl(s (1( found d(ad 8il11ilal t(sts begun 111 1l31 lncl1l32 gaY( tlw ~an1( IPSlIltS ilHlieatinl that th( maximum lifl of this insect mny Iw (stilllnilCl at about 500 (lllYs This estimate is baftd OIl OlP fnettllat I1IOft of 111( lI(W ndultsltalt PI11(rgl c1 by S(pl(l1Ib(I1il and on tillt asslImption thnt i-f tl(y dip dll1ing th( sltcond wi ntpl llIorta 1 ity oIJld ta kp plll(( in till d(ll(1 of wi utel TUluary or F(llllInry

(EgtEHAL HABITS OF THE Annr

~l(n tllty nl( lIot f(pding (oni1nNl lwanstalk WP(yils ill oHen 1)( fcwnd elalllpilll th(il Itgs alolll(l th( illo of til eagl Yhil( IPstill1 this ay tllP 11((tl(gt is cliflienlt to dislodge ithollt injury Sp((ial elll( lllllSt h( lak(11 that tlt( soft nlw]~ (11lPlg((1 blptkf alp not bull (11111(lt1 wlHn th(y af( blillg 1(ll1oY(d from the scr(en If the belm plnnts art vt1middot 1I111(h dist 1I1I)(d tt( 1)((t1(s will gtl1lrnUy dlop to tIl( ground and play possum cJla wing up tiwil llgs and aeting for sePlnl milllll(s as if (kud

III tIll ins(gtetar ill tlw fall wllllI thp parly l1Iolnillg t11I1WH( IIIPS 111 fl(lzillg 01 th(r(abouts Inost- of tI]( lwetles will 1)(gt founcl (ithcr 011 tll( grollnd 01 (Ollgl(gntlcl Oil til( 1(11(11 rag( yl](I( it (onws in (Ollt aet with the soil

HIBEn~ATJON

TIl( b(unstalk p(i I passlS the i1llaquoL olll~ in the adult 01 bc(tle sInge In tllP Estn neil Yal() tl]( wlevils begin to enter winter quarshyters soon aTt0l th( middle of September nnd by the end of the first w((gtk in OdohlI oft 1lJIIaill ach( dp)(nding on srasonal variation and killillg frosts It wus lIot knowlI (]pfinitcly until tlw fall of 1931 how and h(I( ttr ndul t~ of till I)(a IIstalk we(gtvil oYelwintiled Vith

bull

22 TECHNl(AIJ IHIJLElIX S [(jt DEPT OF AGIU((LT(HE

IEHCENTAGE OF E(HlS HNfCHING bullDuring tll(~ season of 1931 It total of THO eggs of the beanstulk weeil were incubated during the months of Tune JUly ugust find September Of tilis otal 18~ or 23G percent ftti led to hatch Of the eggs failing to hutch (H or ~~4H percent fai1pd (0 hutch beshycuuse thrips of all Ilnltlct(rmil1ld Slwcips punctured the shells and sucked out the contents In lllany illstances the Pggs were split open and emptiNl by thp tluips Rtvcn of tlw egl 01 aH llImiddotClllt faiild to hatch owing to the aetimiddotityof nymphs or tlll imiidious flowllr bug (Oiu$ ill~idion(s (Say)) yhich feed on the eggs in fhe same manner as do the thrips The remainin rr 113 Pggs or (ilA pere~nt nIp lost 01 lailN1 to haleh lwcaust of 11lOltl desiceation OJ otHr CttllS(-

The eggs of the insidious lIow(1 illig w(tt fOllnd In the -11111 S((shytion of till stem ill hidl lggs of til( lHtllslalk Ilpil 11( incubatshying As the lifp (yell of this bllg i- llIuch shor(Cr (han thnt of the beamtalk eeil the ll)Tl1lphs of this sp(lils are at llal1(l to prey upon the host egg Marshall u snys of tllllIl TIll 1I)lIlpils art wry aetin alld S(PIll to 1)( hllllting (olltillllaJly Thi was fouud to be 1rup and in OIl installl a 1IlIlpl1 was found m(king the juicps flOlll

a thrips nymph that had (lIilINI till pith at the end of a bean stem bull in hieh was (IHnsed all lgg of t lwanstalk welvil

During Ill( SlaSOnR of um~ ll33 and 1084 the pereentnge of eggs of tlH blans(ttlk w((il failing to hateh rallged irolll 49gt to 1314 tt indieatrdin tahhmiddotk This mallel lo-s as (onbashd with thl HgmC 101 H)31 was dill apparently to the plesenee of fewlr thrips allc1 insidio1ls floWPI hugs Many of tIl( Pggs that failed to hatch ltluring tillS Y(tUS had tlllllld blO1I aftpl Iwing PIlplopld ilh funglls mYlplil1ll1 ()[ )(ennH lliack alld ute I) as if possibly inleded by SOI1lC hndlIi1lm

TIIlUmiddot1 SIII1I1I1 1IIIIIII1II oJWIIIIS(Ii 1(i1s 10 tI(tull ill Ih iIlS(IIIIjl llId ((II 1 I~(Irill ~ 11(1

Lllrvnl stlll

IIHuIHlt(111 lolrst bull Sumllt ulllfJrr jJrnel1 ~YIL1UIJ(T )erCflIt ~Yllmfltr Ptrc~llt

j~n lUi) j1t1i 3as 131 28tk $701 Ill Iii ~H 2ti 30 ISW 2lKi ~IO I ~t j J1 71 middott5 roti I 12 s-

711oj 71 H 0) 511 lii1 41 ii I

Prppupnl IU)l1 Ilull luriuri 1ICtgt PJI1t rlt flet

lhir( ullrth

S u 11lfrr I JaclIl Vumrr Jgttnt VumfJrl Prrrrrll AVttmbrr Prrcellt VullIfJrf Prralll ~t1O Il ~()J 2ilOJ lii5 IU~middot iO SU ro lUI 232 itl tift 11-1 aOIi1 hi 25 fin 105 11 f9 Ill) 10 9() 207 ~J 0 1~2 la13 IfJt 35 ) 12H 2USIi 107 25iti I~S 111 3fiU -i fiji 3H1 12 275 31 00 ~il ~tl

u I(AItSIIALL n En SIlMI OIllUltrHIOliS (w t)JtlCR rrHl Ill lIW$) lliSlfllOlll1S (Sn) KIIIlS l~llt Soc Tour a 20 ~ l1lO bull

bull

~

bull

THE BEAN1iTALK WEEVIL IN [HE ESTANCIA YALLEY NEW MEXICO 23

THE LAHA

The betlnRtalk wceil pnR1(R thlough four lalTal inRtars (tabh 3) Lanal (pvclopmcnt required 12 days in 1934 and wa in Ina2 The shorteRt larval instal was the second which rcquind 3) days for (()IIlJlldion in In34 and 48 days in ID30 The fOllth instal required the 10I11lSt limp fOl dlcloplIlent ranging frolll HT daygt in 1930 to 141 da vs in H)32

bnlllcdintcly tf(PI they ltaw hatched tltl pah-ycllow Innmiddotae COlllshy

lt1ln(lI borinl lip or down thl intprio[ of til( stalks of t)p bean plants After It larnL has fPLI for a fpw hmns till dilestive tract shows dark hlough the Selnilmmiparellt hody wall Bcfolt molting till larval body iR 0[ a t(PIllr yplloY but it Lllconws lIluch paler upon moltillg with tlH Itlad y(llo and till I ips of the malldibles brown At lvcry Illolt till hlown Illad (apldl iplits along till (pi(llnill sulllrp and tltis is follold by II brPtlk eaudally along the first thrce segllllnts of tlH hody wall After the head has worked through thi~ opening tltl lana Tilgles its middota out of the old ~kin On(gt larva I(gtqllir(d ~T IIlilllltpS to wriggle thnl-fnllrtlt~ of th( way out or tltp ~kill with IItl old lannl skin sl(Hld along ulldel till n~lItral prt of 111( boly In till iirRt instal Illl llITae glow hom nbout Ui to ~ III Ill in hllth during tIll p(OJl(l imitar from 3 to i Illlll dlllilll til( thild from i to Ii III Ill and dllling tht fourth instal (fig- Ii A) flOnl (l to D I1llll in hng-Ili The first instal is nbollt onp-lltild as widt as IOllg and till o(lIr instal an only nbout 01Hshy

fOllll h as widl as tH alt Jong IhUing t ht S(llSOIl (If UlaO I](n -ppml larl( WPIl lwing [luld

in (paml Lllanstalks ill (Ill stlll 1lIIi dislt wltlll - I)plippc to IIp (allnibalislll was oiJspnpd IIIHIl ~ lanlIt 111 fOUlld ill nl a 111

stalk ow or both with ltr body wOllnltis IIlti(h always nsldtld ill cllallt Tn Waf a tn(al of ~ ((sts for call1libalisni of Sl(olill and third instal WlI( madt 2 lanIl Iwing plI((dill t Itt Slllie 01 epara Hlits of tIl( Salllt stalk ~ithin I 01 day- aftI patll of tltl( illRPrtionR (ltl stalks WlIl split 0IH1I alld lx1uiliIWd Out of Ill 2 hsts l -ItOpc] llllnibalislll ill Ii of OWSl hUih lalTh WIl dlad 01 injllrp(l and in IlIP (lth1 7 tpsts nllly 1 Inna had LJ(PII altuckl(

Tilt- PIIE

SlPIal fhld Hnd laigtolltol obIIati()lls nealpd tit fnct that plior hl pllpa iOIl tlil IHIm lo( through thl stnlk or It(lll~ of the Iwan plant at 1It poinl from IIIn thl stalk (omlS in (011111lt( with till oil up to as hillt as (i or Illolpin(hls 11)0( till sllrfacp XOIH han )(ell foulld to bore thlOllh tilt stalk below till slrfa(~( of till soil DIopping to til( grot1lHI [Ill lurnu imllwdiut(ly (lliPI til( soil in pllpurat inn 101 rll1patioll III IllUkill1 tx(uat ions for obtlIatioll it was l1ot((t tllnL the prepupa made its c(U lHal (It( surface of tile sl)il usually fit thl((-fourths of lin inch to 1 in(h in denth In lflaO no fitlHl ies W(ll mudp to ltl i(()vlr whet het Ot not the middot]11e of Ow bNtnstalk ((il sl)(nl til tillw in the soil prior fo pupntioll By aIlalogy if was PIpsllllleltl thut tho insect s])(nt a consicletmiddotttblc pt~liod in this lalynl or pn~pllpal st age before molting into the pupalstllllt Writh the method used during the s(aSOIlS of 1$)11 to 1934 it was 0Igts(1ed that tilP prepuplli Hlag( was 0 r Slllfd days dlllHt ion

24 lECHNICAL BULLETIN 810 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

Table 3 shows that the minimum number of clays spent as a prepupa was 6lin 1934 and that themlximum middotwas 7S days in 1933

The prepupa upon entering the soil molds 11 cell large enough to enable it to lie curled up and later molt to It pupa The prepupae were observed to wriggle iolently when their cells were broken open they would when replaced in the soil agnin mold a cell in preparnshytion for transforming to pnpae

THE PtPA

The head capHule of till prepupa of the hcnnstalk (evil as in the lalTnl stages splits aLollg t Ill ~pieranial suture and then there folshylows a break caudally tdong tll( first thrcl SlgIlHnts of the body wnll After the hcad has wOIked through this opening the pupa liggles its way out of the old Hkin l(sting in till Hanw (pll lint il it moltH to all adult The pupal (figs 6 B) like the plepupn( if disturbed will wriggle yiolclltly espteinlly wl)(11 expoBccl to light inclicating no douht that they an llegatiely phototropic Yith ll( llt1li11g method mild in lU31 to lna4 (s(( p 12) lWCllla(t ob~(ITations of the length of the pupal stage Wlle IlIlllth possibh Tht maximum time fotdey elopshyment of the pupal s(ngl wa Iii dn~ in Ina2 and the minimum wn~ 11G days in Ulat (table 3)

DEELOI~lET OF TilE Annr

The adult- dispose or it~ (n( skill ill tll( amp lIInnllPI as llll~ (1l(gt

lan-a und pupa TIll Iwly (IHlI~IOlnlld adlllt is at first pule yellow but within n peliod oj 2middot1 houl~ it gmdwtlly darken the legs first tlwll thp h((ul and tlylra Ullt il it i a solid lliack fable~ ~hows that adults SLWIHl slYlIHl dny~ ill Ihl ~()il hdlll (OI11ing to tlw f1udace Tilt aelage maximum lillll ~1lllIt hy t Itl I(ils in the ~oil in Ina2 was 74 daYS and til( lllininllnn ill IH~middotI was ii4middot daY FlOm It il hours to 1 (lay hdon tIl( IHIult ~IlIllglS 110111 tit si)il surfacl it begins to ll(pnd slowl) tlllln(lillg its way to tIl( ~lIlrHl( III wOlking its way upward it leaes a rounel tlllllwl fillld with inl oil with til( top finally lll11ainillg OpPIl alld Illlasllling nhOllt th Ipp-sixtllnths () r aninlh ill

dialllptPl FIlltjIlllltly th e adult WOllld work lip to tbe soil sllda(( alongside tIl(gt

E gins platt or 111lt pllpd tllk0

o J t nd it P10IIPSS s pujlyw 0190 gt w wa te11(tl o lllll till lHwly Illllgedu o

1931 adllil is t rttn IITllI to tt

0170 1933 flshly pot t((1 b(tlll plnnt it ~

o illll11((1ill it IY b((ol1l~ arti ( u o and as((lJ(is t hI ~t(l11 of the

plant and aft ~((lal~ 0150 ~ o lt)

1930 hOlII it lwgillH to pat long a bull dplp llHiollS ill till plant0

ithin ar( clays the proshy~ a 01301 i

66 66 70 7Z 74 not lIllI t1ld phtra (han MEAN TEMPERATURE (DE) flom bllHk to a dark Im)n

bull

bull

bull

ith It f(gtw light-ln()ll R]gtotS1gt[(111110 lKmiddot~-A(rHI (hrlopnwnt IIf llip IWlllllllalk w(pil ill lit lahllltl tll~ bllndlll oWr their surfaces bull

bull

bull

bull

lHE BEANSlALK VEEYIL IN lHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 25

Some weeks latel the plOnotulll and clytlu turn a lighter brown but the head snout and legs still remain Illack

Table 5 giyes it suml1lluy of the dlYelopmcnt of the beanstnlk weevil in tIll field ll1ld laboratory It is noteworthy that the seasons of 1930 fil1c119a2 had tIl( lowest llwan tllllllCratnrrs ( table 3) It 1S also seen that in 1)32 (table Iraquo) tl1( Ieng It () t t he deY(loplllcn tal period of this inRcct was shorter in the (kId than in the laboratory The converse is tlut for the (Jtilel vlani possibly indicating- that tIl( mean air temshyperaLme () t (he ins(etar) anel (cUar was (onsiderably higher than the Il1Clln soil tlmjgtllature which was prohably kept lower partly by the con rage of growing plants In tabl~s a and [) it is seen t~lat il 1934 ihe warmest yeur the greatest span 1ll the c1mr (]opmental perIOd beshytWPln the laboratory and lipid studies OC(IIIT(d In the laboratory (tabl ~) till rate 0[ devplopllll1I1 (olllpued with the average meail tempemt Ul(1 suggests a linenr rl1nl i()nship~ as is i llu-Ilaled in figure 18

rurI i-~Slll1llllllrl ()f r(OlIlIiJlI of ((II~(llk we(vil (II Esnllcia N Me

Dilllt first ~g~ Dnt~ first Dnto Inst W(n tilposiHci in iuths(uHrgNI in-- IH(ltlr~nl(flmiddottl in-

Laho~ LuhnFilI1 FHII Lalgto- Ficidrnturj rntl)ry bull rntor) I

lOIIl lilly 2 IU~- ~- ~r~- -cpt - ~

Oct 21 i~ HlJl June G Iuno 23 _Iuly 30 Au~ 18 Scpt 26 I Oct 5 1J32 JUIW 2 lilly middot1 i Aug 10 - S~pt Ii Oct jj i Oct 7 1l33 Juno 111 Iuly 3 Aug 15 Au~ 2ti Oct ~2 _ Oct 15 Illal Iun 12 lull 10 - lilly 2( ept 17 If Oct S - Oct 10 =--~==----~----

__ WUg hnolnpnHJllai ~ IJ1~W(lS (olllplltiTJJ IIH(lopshy_ _ period In-shy men Iu- i llcetlcs emerging

1 iI1~

Year ieid 11bull 1-------------middot--- shyratorr i lrri- lry- LlIho- Fiolt

I gated farmed rntory _ _-) ---1-- ------ shy

nv Days nays PerceIIl i lercwt i Prc1 INumber NU1IIbr1930 _ iO30 jo iU _ _ _ 33 121 1931 5JImiddot1 lin 91 641 2middot103 50 267 1932 no is t~IOS 1931bull 50 l11H iii_OG 1000 ~gJ~ Il I~ i Ig~ ~ 1011 _ -191 f1~tl 5002 ~U~ lUll I lai 22 59

Table 4 gives n summary of the lnmbers [lnd )ercentages of beanshystalk wecyils that developed in the insectary [lnd cellar Each sucshyceeding year a larger pereentage completed development This might hl1ve been due large]y to the improved methods and teclnuque of rearshying this insect each season It was noted about the middle of the season of 1932 that a large percentage of prepnpae and pupae were dying from bacterial and fungoIls attacks so thereafter the soil used for these stages was thoroughly sterilized by heating During the seasons of 1932 and 11)33 when preciptation was above normal a larger percentage of beetles completed development in the field than in the Illbollltory whereas in 19~H with the preciptation below normal Ilnd the tlmperatme fill above normal a much ~arger percentage deve]opedlll the lIlsertary and cellar (table 5) than 11l the field

26 TECffi~l(AL B1LLE]IN 816( S DEPl OF AGRICrVllTRE

NUMBEH OF (~ENEHATIONS bull Xone of the 1wly emcrged heansta1k weevils ycre observed to mate

or lay eggs during the sen son uf deyelopnwnt indien ting- that there is only one genelntiOlI nn1llllllly ill the Estanein Ynlley

SEXlAL CHAHACTElUSTICS

Ovelwintcred bpunsta lk ppvi Is II nlt1 lIPw1y dpyploped onps were studied carefullY for ex(trnal sexun 1 chalnctplistics No definite morphological dIstinctions WelP fOllnd tltnt WPlp of nny assistance in selecting eithel sex iOI usc in de(lopm(nta 1 Stlllt1 ies It nB fOllnd on selecting life-hist)r~ pairs llpn they W(I( obsclY((l mating thnt tl1( male was nSllally (ollsiltielnbly smallel than til( femnk

LmWEITY OF THE AncLT

TIl( ndult lif( of till lwanstalk ((il fcpms to 1)( sompthillg over a WHI In thp full of 192l npwly enwlgpd lw(lks WP( pllHpcl in cages bull for hil1Prnation Thofe slllviving the winlll uncI the follltHying snmshymer wcp plncpd in hibel11ation n spcond tinw in October Hl30 in the ((llfl in fowplpot CHirPS On pxnmination of till hih(llIfltionll1at(Jial on Tmw 1 19iH all t1lP 11((tl(s (1( found d(ad 8il11ilal t(sts begun 111 1l31 lncl1l32 gaY( tlw ~an1( IPSlIltS ilHlieatinl that th( maximum lifl of this insect mny Iw (stilllnilCl at about 500 (lllYs This estimate is baftd OIl OlP fnettllat I1IOft of 111( lI(W ndultsltalt PI11(rgl c1 by S(pl(l1Ib(I1il and on tillt asslImption thnt i-f tl(y dip dll1ing th( sltcond wi ntpl llIorta 1 ity oIJld ta kp plll(( in till d(ll(1 of wi utel TUluary or F(llllInry

(EgtEHAL HABITS OF THE Annr

~l(n tllty nl( lIot f(pding (oni1nNl lwanstalk WP(yils ill oHen 1)( fcwnd elalllpilll th(il Itgs alolll(l th( illo of til eagl Yhil( IPstill1 this ay tllP 11((tl(gt is cliflienlt to dislodge ithollt injury Sp((ial elll( lllllSt h( lak(11 that tlt( soft nlw]~ (11lPlg((1 blptkf alp not bull (11111(lt1 wlHn th(y af( blillg 1(ll1oY(d from the scr(en If the belm plnnts art vt1middot 1I111(h dist 1I1I)(d tt( 1)((t1(s will gtl1lrnUy dlop to tIl( ground and play possum cJla wing up tiwil llgs and aeting for sePlnl milllll(s as if (kud

III tIll ins(gtetar ill tlw fall wllllI thp parly l1Iolnillg t11I1WH( IIIPS 111 fl(lzillg 01 th(r(abouts Inost- of tI]( lwetles will 1)(gt founcl (ithcr 011 tll( grollnd 01 (Ollgl(gntlcl Oil til( 1(11(11 rag( yl](I( it (onws in (Ollt aet with the soil

HIBEn~ATJON

TIl( b(unstalk p(i I passlS the i1llaquoL olll~ in the adult 01 bc(tle sInge In tllP Estn neil Yal() tl]( wlevils begin to enter winter quarshyters soon aTt0l th( middle of September nnd by the end of the first w((gtk in OdohlI oft 1lJIIaill ach( dp)(nding on srasonal variation and killillg frosts It wus lIot knowlI (]pfinitcly until tlw fall of 1931 how and h(I( ttr ndul t~ of till I)(a IIstalk we(gtvil oYelwintiled Vith

bull

bull

~

bull

THE BEAN1iTALK WEEVIL IN [HE ESTANCIA YALLEY NEW MEXICO 23

THE LAHA

The betlnRtalk wceil pnR1(R thlough four lalTal inRtars (tabh 3) Lanal (pvclopmcnt required 12 days in 1934 and wa in Ina2 The shorteRt larval instal was the second which rcquind 3) days for (()IIlJlldion in In34 and 48 days in ID30 The fOllth instal required the 10I11lSt limp fOl dlcloplIlent ranging frolll HT daygt in 1930 to 141 da vs in H)32

bnlllcdintcly tf(PI they ltaw hatched tltl pah-ycllow Innmiddotae COlllshy

lt1ln(lI borinl lip or down thl intprio[ of til( stalks of t)p bean plants After It larnL has fPLI for a fpw hmns till dilestive tract shows dark hlough the Selnilmmiparellt hody wall Bcfolt molting till larval body iR 0[ a t(PIllr yplloY but it Lllconws lIluch paler upon moltillg with tlH Itlad y(llo and till I ips of the malldibles brown At lvcry Illolt till hlown Illad (apldl iplits along till (pi(llnill sulllrp and tltis is follold by II brPtlk eaudally along the first thrce segllllnts of tlH hody wall After the head has worked through thi~ opening tltl lana Tilgles its middota out of the old ~kin On(gt larva I(gtqllir(d ~T IIlilllltpS to wriggle thnl-fnllrtlt~ of th( way out or tltp ~kill with IItl old lannl skin sl(Hld along ulldel till n~lItral prt of 111( boly In till iirRt instal Illl llITae glow hom nbout Ui to ~ III Ill in hllth during tIll p(OJl(l imitar from 3 to i Illlll dlllilll til( thild from i to Ii III Ill and dllling tht fourth instal (fig- Ii A) flOnl (l to D I1llll in hng-Ili The first instal is nbollt onp-lltild as widt as IOllg and till o(lIr instal an only nbout 01Hshy

fOllll h as widl as tH alt Jong IhUing t ht S(llSOIl (If UlaO I](n -ppml larl( WPIl lwing [luld

in (paml Lllanstalks ill (Ill stlll 1lIIi dislt wltlll - I)plippc to IIp (allnibalislll was oiJspnpd IIIHIl ~ lanlIt 111 fOUlld ill nl a 111

stalk ow or both with ltr body wOllnltis IIlti(h always nsldtld ill cllallt Tn Waf a tn(al of ~ ((sts for call1libalisni of Sl(olill and third instal WlI( madt 2 lanIl Iwing plI((dill t Itt Slllie 01 epara Hlits of tIl( Salllt stalk ~ithin I 01 day- aftI patll of tltl( illRPrtionR (ltl stalks WlIl split 0IH1I alld lx1uiliIWd Out of Ill 2 hsts l -ItOpc] llllnibalislll ill Ii of OWSl hUih lalTh WIl dlad 01 injllrp(l and in IlIP (lth1 7 tpsts nllly 1 Inna had LJ(PII altuckl(

Tilt- PIIE

SlPIal fhld Hnd laigtolltol obIIati()lls nealpd tit fnct that plior hl pllpa iOIl tlil IHIm lo( through thl stnlk or It(lll~ of the Iwan plant at 1It poinl from IIIn thl stalk (omlS in (011111lt( with till oil up to as hillt as (i or Illolpin(hls 11)0( till sllrfacp XOIH han )(ell foulld to bore thlOllh tilt stalk below till slrfa(~( of till soil DIopping to til( grot1lHI [Ill lurnu imllwdiut(ly (lliPI til( soil in pllpurat inn 101 rll1patioll III IllUkill1 tx(uat ions for obtlIatioll it was l1ot((t tllnL the prepupa made its c(U lHal (It( surface of tile sl)il usually fit thl((-fourths of lin inch to 1 in(h in denth In lflaO no fitlHl ies W(ll mudp to ltl i(()vlr whet het Ot not the middot]11e of Ow bNtnstalk ((il sl)(nl til tillw in the soil prior fo pupntioll By aIlalogy if was PIpsllllleltl thut tho insect s])(nt a consicletmiddotttblc pt~liod in this lalynl or pn~pllpal st age before molting into the pupalstllllt Writh the method used during the s(aSOIlS of 1$)11 to 1934 it was 0Igts(1ed that tilP prepuplli Hlag( was 0 r Slllfd days dlllHt ion

24 lECHNICAL BULLETIN 810 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

Table 3 shows that the minimum number of clays spent as a prepupa was 6lin 1934 and that themlximum middotwas 7S days in 1933

The prepupa upon entering the soil molds 11 cell large enough to enable it to lie curled up and later molt to It pupa The prepupae were observed to wriggle iolently when their cells were broken open they would when replaced in the soil agnin mold a cell in preparnshytion for transforming to pnpae

THE PtPA

The head capHule of till prepupa of the hcnnstalk (evil as in the lalTnl stages splits aLollg t Ill ~pieranial suture and then there folshylows a break caudally tdong tll( first thrcl SlgIlHnts of the body wnll After the hcad has wOIked through this opening the pupa liggles its way out of the old Hkin l(sting in till Hanw (pll lint il it moltH to all adult The pupal (figs 6 B) like the plepupn( if disturbed will wriggle yiolclltly espteinlly wl)(11 expoBccl to light inclicating no douht that they an llegatiely phototropic Yith ll( llt1li11g method mild in lU31 to lna4 (s(( p 12) lWCllla(t ob~(ITations of the length of the pupal stage Wlle IlIlllth possibh Tht maximum time fotdey elopshyment of the pupal s(ngl wa Iii dn~ in Ina2 and the minimum wn~ 11G days in Ulat (table 3)

DEELOI~lET OF TilE Annr

The adult- dispose or it~ (n( skill ill tll( amp lIInnllPI as llll~ (1l(gt

lan-a und pupa TIll Iwly (IHlI~IOlnlld adlllt is at first pule yellow but within n peliod oj 2middot1 houl~ it gmdwtlly darken the legs first tlwll thp h((ul and tlylra Ullt il it i a solid lliack fable~ ~hows that adults SLWIHl slYlIHl dny~ ill Ihl ~()il hdlll (OI11ing to tlw f1udace Tilt aelage maximum lillll ~1lllIt hy t Itl I(ils in the ~oil in Ina2 was 74 daYS and til( lllininllnn ill IH~middotI was ii4middot daY FlOm It il hours to 1 (lay hdon tIl( IHIult ~IlIllglS 110111 tit si)il surfacl it begins to ll(pnd slowl) tlllln(lillg its way to tIl( ~lIlrHl( III wOlking its way upward it leaes a rounel tlllllwl fillld with inl oil with til( top finally lll11ainillg OpPIl alld Illlasllling nhOllt th Ipp-sixtllnths () r aninlh ill

dialllptPl FIlltjIlllltly th e adult WOllld work lip to tbe soil sllda(( alongside tIl(gt

E gins platt or 111lt pllpd tllk0

o J t nd it P10IIPSS s pujlyw 0190 gt w wa te11(tl o lllll till lHwly Illllgedu o

1931 adllil is t rttn IITllI to tt

0170 1933 flshly pot t((1 b(tlll plnnt it ~

o illll11((1ill it IY b((ol1l~ arti ( u o and as((lJ(is t hI ~t(l11 of the

plant and aft ~((lal~ 0150 ~ o lt)

1930 hOlII it lwgillH to pat long a bull dplp llHiollS ill till plant0

ithin ar( clays the proshy~ a 01301 i

66 66 70 7Z 74 not lIllI t1ld phtra (han MEAN TEMPERATURE (DE) flom bllHk to a dark Im)n

bull

bull

bull

ith It f(gtw light-ln()ll R]gtotS1gt[(111110 lKmiddot~-A(rHI (hrlopnwnt IIf llip IWlllllllalk w(pil ill lit lahllltl tll~ bllndlll oWr their surfaces bull

bull

bull

bull

lHE BEANSlALK VEEYIL IN lHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 25

Some weeks latel the plOnotulll and clytlu turn a lighter brown but the head snout and legs still remain Illack

Table 5 giyes it suml1lluy of the dlYelopmcnt of the beanstnlk weevil in tIll field ll1ld laboratory It is noteworthy that the seasons of 1930 fil1c119a2 had tIl( lowest llwan tllllllCratnrrs ( table 3) It 1S also seen that in 1)32 (table Iraquo) tl1( Ieng It () t t he deY(loplllcn tal period of this inRcct was shorter in the (kId than in the laboratory The converse is tlut for the (Jtilel vlani possibly indicating- that tIl( mean air temshyperaLme () t (he ins(etar) anel (cUar was (onsiderably higher than the Il1Clln soil tlmjgtllature which was prohably kept lower partly by the con rage of growing plants In tabl~s a and [) it is seen t~lat il 1934 ihe warmest yeur the greatest span 1ll the c1mr (]opmental perIOd beshytWPln the laboratory and lipid studies OC(IIIT(d In the laboratory (tabl ~) till rate 0[ devplopllll1I1 (olllpued with the average meail tempemt Ul(1 suggests a linenr rl1nl i()nship~ as is i llu-Ilaled in figure 18

rurI i-~Slll1llllllrl ()f r(OlIlIiJlI of ((II~(llk we(vil (II Esnllcia N Me

Dilllt first ~g~ Dnt~ first Dnto Inst W(n tilposiHci in iuths(uHrgNI in-- IH(ltlr~nl(flmiddottl in-

Laho~ LuhnFilI1 FHII Lalgto- Ficidrnturj rntl)ry bull rntor) I

lOIIl lilly 2 IU~- ~- ~r~- -cpt - ~

Oct 21 i~ HlJl June G Iuno 23 _Iuly 30 Au~ 18 Scpt 26 I Oct 5 1J32 JUIW 2 lilly middot1 i Aug 10 - S~pt Ii Oct jj i Oct 7 1l33 Juno 111 Iuly 3 Aug 15 Au~ 2ti Oct ~2 _ Oct 15 Illal Iun 12 lull 10 - lilly 2( ept 17 If Oct S - Oct 10 =--~==----~----

__ WUg hnolnpnHJllai ~ IJ1~W(lS (olllplltiTJJ IIH(lopshy_ _ period In-shy men Iu- i llcetlcs emerging

1 iI1~

Year ieid 11bull 1-------------middot--- shyratorr i lrri- lry- LlIho- Fiolt

I gated farmed rntory _ _-) ---1-- ------ shy

nv Days nays PerceIIl i lercwt i Prc1 INumber NU1IIbr1930 _ iO30 jo iU _ _ _ 33 121 1931 5JImiddot1 lin 91 641 2middot103 50 267 1932 no is t~IOS 1931bull 50 l11H iii_OG 1000 ~gJ~ Il I~ i Ig~ ~ 1011 _ -191 f1~tl 5002 ~U~ lUll I lai 22 59

Table 4 gives n summary of the lnmbers [lnd )ercentages of beanshystalk wecyils that developed in the insectary [lnd cellar Each sucshyceeding year a larger pereentage completed development This might hl1ve been due large]y to the improved methods and teclnuque of rearshying this insect each season It was noted about the middle of the season of 1932 that a large percentage of prepnpae and pupae were dying from bacterial and fungoIls attacks so thereafter the soil used for these stages was thoroughly sterilized by heating During the seasons of 1932 and 11)33 when preciptation was above normal a larger percentage of beetles completed development in the field than in the Illbollltory whereas in 19~H with the preciptation below normal Ilnd the tlmperatme fill above normal a much ~arger percentage deve]opedlll the lIlsertary and cellar (table 5) than 11l the field

26 TECffi~l(AL B1LLE]IN 816( S DEPl OF AGRICrVllTRE

NUMBEH OF (~ENEHATIONS bull Xone of the 1wly emcrged heansta1k weevils ycre observed to mate

or lay eggs during the sen son uf deyelopnwnt indien ting- that there is only one genelntiOlI nn1llllllly ill the Estanein Ynlley

SEXlAL CHAHACTElUSTICS

Ovelwintcred bpunsta lk ppvi Is II nlt1 lIPw1y dpyploped onps were studied carefullY for ex(trnal sexun 1 chalnctplistics No definite morphological dIstinctions WelP fOllnd tltnt WPlp of nny assistance in selecting eithel sex iOI usc in de(lopm(nta 1 Stlllt1 ies It nB fOllnd on selecting life-hist)r~ pairs llpn they W(I( obsclY((l mating thnt tl1( male was nSllally (ollsiltielnbly smallel than til( femnk

LmWEITY OF THE AncLT

TIl( ndult lif( of till lwanstalk ((il fcpms to 1)( sompthillg over a WHI In thp full of 192l npwly enwlgpd lw(lks WP( pllHpcl in cages bull for hil1Prnation Thofe slllviving the winlll uncI the follltHying snmshymer wcp plncpd in hibel11ation n spcond tinw in October Hl30 in the ((llfl in fowplpot CHirPS On pxnmination of till hih(llIfltionll1at(Jial on Tmw 1 19iH all t1lP 11((tl(s (1( found d(ad 8il11ilal t(sts begun 111 1l31 lncl1l32 gaY( tlw ~an1( IPSlIltS ilHlieatinl that th( maximum lifl of this insect mny Iw (stilllnilCl at about 500 (lllYs This estimate is baftd OIl OlP fnettllat I1IOft of 111( lI(W ndultsltalt PI11(rgl c1 by S(pl(l1Ib(I1il and on tillt asslImption thnt i-f tl(y dip dll1ing th( sltcond wi ntpl llIorta 1 ity oIJld ta kp plll(( in till d(ll(1 of wi utel TUluary or F(llllInry

(EgtEHAL HABITS OF THE Annr

~l(n tllty nl( lIot f(pding (oni1nNl lwanstalk WP(yils ill oHen 1)( fcwnd elalllpilll th(il Itgs alolll(l th( illo of til eagl Yhil( IPstill1 this ay tllP 11((tl(gt is cliflienlt to dislodge ithollt injury Sp((ial elll( lllllSt h( lak(11 that tlt( soft nlw]~ (11lPlg((1 blptkf alp not bull (11111(lt1 wlHn th(y af( blillg 1(ll1oY(d from the scr(en If the belm plnnts art vt1middot 1I111(h dist 1I1I)(d tt( 1)((t1(s will gtl1lrnUy dlop to tIl( ground and play possum cJla wing up tiwil llgs and aeting for sePlnl milllll(s as if (kud

III tIll ins(gtetar ill tlw fall wllllI thp parly l1Iolnillg t11I1WH( IIIPS 111 fl(lzillg 01 th(r(abouts Inost- of tI]( lwetles will 1)(gt founcl (ithcr 011 tll( grollnd 01 (Ollgl(gntlcl Oil til( 1(11(11 rag( yl](I( it (onws in (Ollt aet with the soil

HIBEn~ATJON

TIl( b(unstalk p(i I passlS the i1llaquoL olll~ in the adult 01 bc(tle sInge In tllP Estn neil Yal() tl]( wlevils begin to enter winter quarshyters soon aTt0l th( middle of September nnd by the end of the first w((gtk in OdohlI oft 1lJIIaill ach( dp)(nding on srasonal variation and killillg frosts It wus lIot knowlI (]pfinitcly until tlw fall of 1931 how and h(I( ttr ndul t~ of till I)(a IIstalk we(gtvil oYelwintiled Vith

bull

24 lECHNICAL BULLETIN 810 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

Table 3 shows that the minimum number of clays spent as a prepupa was 6lin 1934 and that themlximum middotwas 7S days in 1933

The prepupa upon entering the soil molds 11 cell large enough to enable it to lie curled up and later molt to It pupa The prepupae were observed to wriggle iolently when their cells were broken open they would when replaced in the soil agnin mold a cell in preparnshytion for transforming to pnpae

THE PtPA

The head capHule of till prepupa of the hcnnstalk (evil as in the lalTnl stages splits aLollg t Ill ~pieranial suture and then there folshylows a break caudally tdong tll( first thrcl SlgIlHnts of the body wnll After the hcad has wOIked through this opening the pupa liggles its way out of the old Hkin l(sting in till Hanw (pll lint il it moltH to all adult The pupal (figs 6 B) like the plepupn( if disturbed will wriggle yiolclltly espteinlly wl)(11 expoBccl to light inclicating no douht that they an llegatiely phototropic Yith ll( llt1li11g method mild in lU31 to lna4 (s(( p 12) lWCllla(t ob~(ITations of the length of the pupal stage Wlle IlIlllth possibh Tht maximum time fotdey elopshyment of the pupal s(ngl wa Iii dn~ in Ina2 and the minimum wn~ 11G days in Ulat (table 3)

DEELOI~lET OF TilE Annr

The adult- dispose or it~ (n( skill ill tll( amp lIInnllPI as llll~ (1l(gt

lan-a und pupa TIll Iwly (IHlI~IOlnlld adlllt is at first pule yellow but within n peliod oj 2middot1 houl~ it gmdwtlly darken the legs first tlwll thp h((ul and tlylra Ullt il it i a solid lliack fable~ ~hows that adults SLWIHl slYlIHl dny~ ill Ihl ~()il hdlll (OI11ing to tlw f1udace Tilt aelage maximum lillll ~1lllIt hy t Itl I(ils in the ~oil in Ina2 was 74 daYS and til( lllininllnn ill IH~middotI was ii4middot daY FlOm It il hours to 1 (lay hdon tIl( IHIult ~IlIllglS 110111 tit si)il surfacl it begins to ll(pnd slowl) tlllln(lillg its way to tIl( ~lIlrHl( III wOlking its way upward it leaes a rounel tlllllwl fillld with inl oil with til( top finally lll11ainillg OpPIl alld Illlasllling nhOllt th Ipp-sixtllnths () r aninlh ill

dialllptPl FIlltjIlllltly th e adult WOllld work lip to tbe soil sllda(( alongside tIl(gt

E gins platt or 111lt pllpd tllk0

o J t nd it P10IIPSS s pujlyw 0190 gt w wa te11(tl o lllll till lHwly Illllgedu o

1931 adllil is t rttn IITllI to tt

0170 1933 flshly pot t((1 b(tlll plnnt it ~

o illll11((1ill it IY b((ol1l~ arti ( u o and as((lJ(is t hI ~t(l11 of the

plant and aft ~((lal~ 0150 ~ o lt)

1930 hOlII it lwgillH to pat long a bull dplp llHiollS ill till plant0

ithin ar( clays the proshy~ a 01301 i

66 66 70 7Z 74 not lIllI t1ld phtra (han MEAN TEMPERATURE (DE) flom bllHk to a dark Im)n

bull

bull

bull

ith It f(gtw light-ln()ll R]gtotS1gt[(111110 lKmiddot~-A(rHI (hrlopnwnt IIf llip IWlllllllalk w(pil ill lit lahllltl tll~ bllndlll oWr their surfaces bull

bull

bull

bull

lHE BEANSlALK VEEYIL IN lHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 25

Some weeks latel the plOnotulll and clytlu turn a lighter brown but the head snout and legs still remain Illack

Table 5 giyes it suml1lluy of the dlYelopmcnt of the beanstnlk weevil in tIll field ll1ld laboratory It is noteworthy that the seasons of 1930 fil1c119a2 had tIl( lowest llwan tllllllCratnrrs ( table 3) It 1S also seen that in 1)32 (table Iraquo) tl1( Ieng It () t t he deY(loplllcn tal period of this inRcct was shorter in the (kId than in the laboratory The converse is tlut for the (Jtilel vlani possibly indicating- that tIl( mean air temshyperaLme () t (he ins(etar) anel (cUar was (onsiderably higher than the Il1Clln soil tlmjgtllature which was prohably kept lower partly by the con rage of growing plants In tabl~s a and [) it is seen t~lat il 1934 ihe warmest yeur the greatest span 1ll the c1mr (]opmental perIOd beshytWPln the laboratory and lipid studies OC(IIIT(d In the laboratory (tabl ~) till rate 0[ devplopllll1I1 (olllpued with the average meail tempemt Ul(1 suggests a linenr rl1nl i()nship~ as is i llu-Ilaled in figure 18

rurI i-~Slll1llllllrl ()f r(OlIlIiJlI of ((II~(llk we(vil (II Esnllcia N Me

Dilllt first ~g~ Dnt~ first Dnto Inst W(n tilposiHci in iuths(uHrgNI in-- IH(ltlr~nl(flmiddottl in-

Laho~ LuhnFilI1 FHII Lalgto- Ficidrnturj rntl)ry bull rntor) I

lOIIl lilly 2 IU~- ~- ~r~- -cpt - ~

Oct 21 i~ HlJl June G Iuno 23 _Iuly 30 Au~ 18 Scpt 26 I Oct 5 1J32 JUIW 2 lilly middot1 i Aug 10 - S~pt Ii Oct jj i Oct 7 1l33 Juno 111 Iuly 3 Aug 15 Au~ 2ti Oct ~2 _ Oct 15 Illal Iun 12 lull 10 - lilly 2( ept 17 If Oct S - Oct 10 =--~==----~----

__ WUg hnolnpnHJllai ~ IJ1~W(lS (olllplltiTJJ IIH(lopshy_ _ period In-shy men Iu- i llcetlcs emerging

1 iI1~

Year ieid 11bull 1-------------middot--- shyratorr i lrri- lry- LlIho- Fiolt

I gated farmed rntory _ _-) ---1-- ------ shy

nv Days nays PerceIIl i lercwt i Prc1 INumber NU1IIbr1930 _ iO30 jo iU _ _ _ 33 121 1931 5JImiddot1 lin 91 641 2middot103 50 267 1932 no is t~IOS 1931bull 50 l11H iii_OG 1000 ~gJ~ Il I~ i Ig~ ~ 1011 _ -191 f1~tl 5002 ~U~ lUll I lai 22 59

Table 4 gives n summary of the lnmbers [lnd )ercentages of beanshystalk wecyils that developed in the insectary [lnd cellar Each sucshyceeding year a larger pereentage completed development This might hl1ve been due large]y to the improved methods and teclnuque of rearshying this insect each season It was noted about the middle of the season of 1932 that a large percentage of prepnpae and pupae were dying from bacterial and fungoIls attacks so thereafter the soil used for these stages was thoroughly sterilized by heating During the seasons of 1932 and 11)33 when preciptation was above normal a larger percentage of beetles completed development in the field than in the Illbollltory whereas in 19~H with the preciptation below normal Ilnd the tlmperatme fill above normal a much ~arger percentage deve]opedlll the lIlsertary and cellar (table 5) than 11l the field

26 TECffi~l(AL B1LLE]IN 816( S DEPl OF AGRICrVllTRE

NUMBEH OF (~ENEHATIONS bull Xone of the 1wly emcrged heansta1k weevils ycre observed to mate

or lay eggs during the sen son uf deyelopnwnt indien ting- that there is only one genelntiOlI nn1llllllly ill the Estanein Ynlley

SEXlAL CHAHACTElUSTICS

Ovelwintcred bpunsta lk ppvi Is II nlt1 lIPw1y dpyploped onps were studied carefullY for ex(trnal sexun 1 chalnctplistics No definite morphological dIstinctions WelP fOllnd tltnt WPlp of nny assistance in selecting eithel sex iOI usc in de(lopm(nta 1 Stlllt1 ies It nB fOllnd on selecting life-hist)r~ pairs llpn they W(I( obsclY((l mating thnt tl1( male was nSllally (ollsiltielnbly smallel than til( femnk

LmWEITY OF THE AncLT

TIl( ndult lif( of till lwanstalk ((il fcpms to 1)( sompthillg over a WHI In thp full of 192l npwly enwlgpd lw(lks WP( pllHpcl in cages bull for hil1Prnation Thofe slllviving the winlll uncI the follltHying snmshymer wcp plncpd in hibel11ation n spcond tinw in October Hl30 in the ((llfl in fowplpot CHirPS On pxnmination of till hih(llIfltionll1at(Jial on Tmw 1 19iH all t1lP 11((tl(s (1( found d(ad 8il11ilal t(sts begun 111 1l31 lncl1l32 gaY( tlw ~an1( IPSlIltS ilHlieatinl that th( maximum lifl of this insect mny Iw (stilllnilCl at about 500 (lllYs This estimate is baftd OIl OlP fnettllat I1IOft of 111( lI(W ndultsltalt PI11(rgl c1 by S(pl(l1Ib(I1il and on tillt asslImption thnt i-f tl(y dip dll1ing th( sltcond wi ntpl llIorta 1 ity oIJld ta kp plll(( in till d(ll(1 of wi utel TUluary or F(llllInry

(EgtEHAL HABITS OF THE Annr

~l(n tllty nl( lIot f(pding (oni1nNl lwanstalk WP(yils ill oHen 1)( fcwnd elalllpilll th(il Itgs alolll(l th( illo of til eagl Yhil( IPstill1 this ay tllP 11((tl(gt is cliflienlt to dislodge ithollt injury Sp((ial elll( lllllSt h( lak(11 that tlt( soft nlw]~ (11lPlg((1 blptkf alp not bull (11111(lt1 wlHn th(y af( blillg 1(ll1oY(d from the scr(en If the belm plnnts art vt1middot 1I111(h dist 1I1I)(d tt( 1)((t1(s will gtl1lrnUy dlop to tIl( ground and play possum cJla wing up tiwil llgs and aeting for sePlnl milllll(s as if (kud

III tIll ins(gtetar ill tlw fall wllllI thp parly l1Iolnillg t11I1WH( IIIPS 111 fl(lzillg 01 th(r(abouts Inost- of tI]( lwetles will 1)(gt founcl (ithcr 011 tll( grollnd 01 (Ollgl(gntlcl Oil til( 1(11(11 rag( yl](I( it (onws in (Ollt aet with the soil

HIBEn~ATJON

TIl( b(unstalk p(i I passlS the i1llaquoL olll~ in the adult 01 bc(tle sInge In tllP Estn neil Yal() tl]( wlevils begin to enter winter quarshyters soon aTt0l th( middle of September nnd by the end of the first w((gtk in OdohlI oft 1lJIIaill ach( dp)(nding on srasonal variation and killillg frosts It wus lIot knowlI (]pfinitcly until tlw fall of 1931 how and h(I( ttr ndul t~ of till I)(a IIstalk we(gtvil oYelwintiled Vith

bull

bull

bull

bull

lHE BEANSlALK VEEYIL IN lHE ESTANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 25

Some weeks latel the plOnotulll and clytlu turn a lighter brown but the head snout and legs still remain Illack

Table 5 giyes it suml1lluy of the dlYelopmcnt of the beanstnlk weevil in tIll field ll1ld laboratory It is noteworthy that the seasons of 1930 fil1c119a2 had tIl( lowest llwan tllllllCratnrrs ( table 3) It 1S also seen that in 1)32 (table Iraquo) tl1( Ieng It () t t he deY(loplllcn tal period of this inRcct was shorter in the (kId than in the laboratory The converse is tlut for the (Jtilel vlani possibly indicating- that tIl( mean air temshyperaLme () t (he ins(etar) anel (cUar was (onsiderably higher than the Il1Clln soil tlmjgtllature which was prohably kept lower partly by the con rage of growing plants In tabl~s a and [) it is seen t~lat il 1934 ihe warmest yeur the greatest span 1ll the c1mr (]opmental perIOd beshytWPln the laboratory and lipid studies OC(IIIT(d In the laboratory (tabl ~) till rate 0[ devplopllll1I1 (olllpued with the average meail tempemt Ul(1 suggests a linenr rl1nl i()nship~ as is i llu-Ilaled in figure 18

rurI i-~Slll1llllllrl ()f r(OlIlIiJlI of ((II~(llk we(vil (II Esnllcia N Me

Dilllt first ~g~ Dnt~ first Dnto Inst W(n tilposiHci in iuths(uHrgNI in-- IH(ltlr~nl(flmiddottl in-

Laho~ LuhnFilI1 FHII Lalgto- Ficidrnturj rntl)ry bull rntor) I

lOIIl lilly 2 IU~- ~- ~r~- -cpt - ~

Oct 21 i~ HlJl June G Iuno 23 _Iuly 30 Au~ 18 Scpt 26 I Oct 5 1J32 JUIW 2 lilly middot1 i Aug 10 - S~pt Ii Oct jj i Oct 7 1l33 Juno 111 Iuly 3 Aug 15 Au~ 2ti Oct ~2 _ Oct 15 Illal Iun 12 lull 10 - lilly 2( ept 17 If Oct S - Oct 10 =--~==----~----

__ WUg hnolnpnHJllai ~ IJ1~W(lS (olllplltiTJJ IIH(lopshy_ _ period In-shy men Iu- i llcetlcs emerging

1 iI1~

Year ieid 11bull 1-------------middot--- shyratorr i lrri- lry- LlIho- Fiolt

I gated farmed rntory _ _-) ---1-- ------ shy

nv Days nays PerceIIl i lercwt i Prc1 INumber NU1IIbr1930 _ iO30 jo iU _ _ _ 33 121 1931 5JImiddot1 lin 91 641 2middot103 50 267 1932 no is t~IOS 1931bull 50 l11H iii_OG 1000 ~gJ~ Il I~ i Ig~ ~ 1011 _ -191 f1~tl 5002 ~U~ lUll I lai 22 59

Table 4 gives n summary of the lnmbers [lnd )ercentages of beanshystalk wecyils that developed in the insectary [lnd cellar Each sucshyceeding year a larger pereentage completed development This might hl1ve been due large]y to the improved methods and teclnuque of rearshying this insect each season It was noted about the middle of the season of 1932 that a large percentage of prepnpae and pupae were dying from bacterial and fungoIls attacks so thereafter the soil used for these stages was thoroughly sterilized by heating During the seasons of 1932 and 11)33 when preciptation was above normal a larger percentage of beetles completed development in the field than in the Illbollltory whereas in 19~H with the preciptation below normal Ilnd the tlmperatme fill above normal a much ~arger percentage deve]opedlll the lIlsertary and cellar (table 5) than 11l the field

26 TECffi~l(AL B1LLE]IN 816( S DEPl OF AGRICrVllTRE

NUMBEH OF (~ENEHATIONS bull Xone of the 1wly emcrged heansta1k weevils ycre observed to mate

or lay eggs during the sen son uf deyelopnwnt indien ting- that there is only one genelntiOlI nn1llllllly ill the Estanein Ynlley

SEXlAL CHAHACTElUSTICS

Ovelwintcred bpunsta lk ppvi Is II nlt1 lIPw1y dpyploped onps were studied carefullY for ex(trnal sexun 1 chalnctplistics No definite morphological dIstinctions WelP fOllnd tltnt WPlp of nny assistance in selecting eithel sex iOI usc in de(lopm(nta 1 Stlllt1 ies It nB fOllnd on selecting life-hist)r~ pairs llpn they W(I( obsclY((l mating thnt tl1( male was nSllally (ollsiltielnbly smallel than til( femnk

LmWEITY OF THE AncLT

TIl( ndult lif( of till lwanstalk ((il fcpms to 1)( sompthillg over a WHI In thp full of 192l npwly enwlgpd lw(lks WP( pllHpcl in cages bull for hil1Prnation Thofe slllviving the winlll uncI the follltHying snmshymer wcp plncpd in hibel11ation n spcond tinw in October Hl30 in the ((llfl in fowplpot CHirPS On pxnmination of till hih(llIfltionll1at(Jial on Tmw 1 19iH all t1lP 11((tl(s (1( found d(ad 8il11ilal t(sts begun 111 1l31 lncl1l32 gaY( tlw ~an1( IPSlIltS ilHlieatinl that th( maximum lifl of this insect mny Iw (stilllnilCl at about 500 (lllYs This estimate is baftd OIl OlP fnettllat I1IOft of 111( lI(W ndultsltalt PI11(rgl c1 by S(pl(l1Ib(I1il and on tillt asslImption thnt i-f tl(y dip dll1ing th( sltcond wi ntpl llIorta 1 ity oIJld ta kp plll(( in till d(ll(1 of wi utel TUluary or F(llllInry

(EgtEHAL HABITS OF THE Annr

~l(n tllty nl( lIot f(pding (oni1nNl lwanstalk WP(yils ill oHen 1)( fcwnd elalllpilll th(il Itgs alolll(l th( illo of til eagl Yhil( IPstill1 this ay tllP 11((tl(gt is cliflienlt to dislodge ithollt injury Sp((ial elll( lllllSt h( lak(11 that tlt( soft nlw]~ (11lPlg((1 blptkf alp not bull (11111(lt1 wlHn th(y af( blillg 1(ll1oY(d from the scr(en If the belm plnnts art vt1middot 1I111(h dist 1I1I)(d tt( 1)((t1(s will gtl1lrnUy dlop to tIl( ground and play possum cJla wing up tiwil llgs and aeting for sePlnl milllll(s as if (kud

III tIll ins(gtetar ill tlw fall wllllI thp parly l1Iolnillg t11I1WH( IIIPS 111 fl(lzillg 01 th(r(abouts Inost- of tI]( lwetles will 1)(gt founcl (ithcr 011 tll( grollnd 01 (Ollgl(gntlcl Oil til( 1(11(11 rag( yl](I( it (onws in (Ollt aet with the soil

HIBEn~ATJON

TIl( b(unstalk p(i I passlS the i1llaquoL olll~ in the adult 01 bc(tle sInge In tllP Estn neil Yal() tl]( wlevils begin to enter winter quarshyters soon aTt0l th( middle of September nnd by the end of the first w((gtk in OdohlI oft 1lJIIaill ach( dp)(nding on srasonal variation and killillg frosts It wus lIot knowlI (]pfinitcly until tlw fall of 1931 how and h(I( ttr ndul t~ of till I)(a IIstalk we(gtvil oYelwintiled Vith

bull

26 TECffi~l(AL B1LLE]IN 816( S DEPl OF AGRICrVllTRE

NUMBEH OF (~ENEHATIONS bull Xone of the 1wly emcrged heansta1k weevils ycre observed to mate

or lay eggs during the sen son uf deyelopnwnt indien ting- that there is only one genelntiOlI nn1llllllly ill the Estanein Ynlley

SEXlAL CHAHACTElUSTICS

Ovelwintcred bpunsta lk ppvi Is II nlt1 lIPw1y dpyploped onps were studied carefullY for ex(trnal sexun 1 chalnctplistics No definite morphological dIstinctions WelP fOllnd tltnt WPlp of nny assistance in selecting eithel sex iOI usc in de(lopm(nta 1 Stlllt1 ies It nB fOllnd on selecting life-hist)r~ pairs llpn they W(I( obsclY((l mating thnt tl1( male was nSllally (ollsiltielnbly smallel than til( femnk

LmWEITY OF THE AncLT

TIl( ndult lif( of till lwanstalk ((il fcpms to 1)( sompthillg over a WHI In thp full of 192l npwly enwlgpd lw(lks WP( pllHpcl in cages bull for hil1Prnation Thofe slllviving the winlll uncI the follltHying snmshymer wcp plncpd in hibel11ation n spcond tinw in October Hl30 in the ((llfl in fowplpot CHirPS On pxnmination of till hih(llIfltionll1at(Jial on Tmw 1 19iH all t1lP 11((tl(s (1( found d(ad 8il11ilal t(sts begun 111 1l31 lncl1l32 gaY( tlw ~an1( IPSlIltS ilHlieatinl that th( maximum lifl of this insect mny Iw (stilllnilCl at about 500 (lllYs This estimate is baftd OIl OlP fnettllat I1IOft of 111( lI(W ndultsltalt PI11(rgl c1 by S(pl(l1Ib(I1il and on tillt asslImption thnt i-f tl(y dip dll1ing th( sltcond wi ntpl llIorta 1 ity oIJld ta kp plll(( in till d(ll(1 of wi utel TUluary or F(llllInry

(EgtEHAL HABITS OF THE Annr

~l(n tllty nl( lIot f(pding (oni1nNl lwanstalk WP(yils ill oHen 1)( fcwnd elalllpilll th(il Itgs alolll(l th( illo of til eagl Yhil( IPstill1 this ay tllP 11((tl(gt is cliflienlt to dislodge ithollt injury Sp((ial elll( lllllSt h( lak(11 that tlt( soft nlw]~ (11lPlg((1 blptkf alp not bull (11111(lt1 wlHn th(y af( blillg 1(ll1oY(d from the scr(en If the belm plnnts art vt1middot 1I111(h dist 1I1I)(d tt( 1)((t1(s will gtl1lrnUy dlop to tIl( ground and play possum cJla wing up tiwil llgs and aeting for sePlnl milllll(s as if (kud

III tIll ins(gtetar ill tlw fall wllllI thp parly l1Iolnillg t11I1WH( IIIPS 111 fl(lzillg 01 th(r(abouts Inost- of tI]( lwetles will 1)(gt founcl (ithcr 011 tll( grollnd 01 (Ollgl(gntlcl Oil til( 1(11(11 rag( yl](I( it (onws in (Ollt aet with the soil

HIBEn~ATJON

TIl( b(unstalk p(i I passlS the i1llaquoL olll~ in the adult 01 bc(tle sInge In tllP Estn neil Yal() tl]( wlevils begin to enter winter quarshyters soon aTt0l th( middle of September nnd by the end of the first w((gtk in OdohlI oft 1lJIIaill ach( dp)(nding on srasonal variation and killillg frosts It wus lIot knowlI (]pfinitcly until tlw fall of 1931 how and h(I( ttr ndul t~ of till I)(a IIstalk we(gtvil oYelwintiled Vith

bull

THE BEANSTALK WEEllJ IN THE ESTANCIA ALLEY NEWMEXICO 27

the USl of a sifter ith sides made of wood and a 10-mlsh wire SCrlNl tacked on the bottom live weevils were quicldy found on October 8 1931 in litter nccnmnhted at the base of locust trees One dead weevil covered with fungous mycelium was found in the top 2 or 3 inches of litter which Nas made up mostly of locust and oak leaVES and otlWl dead plnnt material such as sticks weeds and rotted wood It was noted on warm blight cluys early in October that the weevils would leavp their winter quarters ascend tlH locust becs ltnd resume f(gtpding temporarily

The findings here presented nre the result of studies on the overshywintering of this insect in the Esbmcia Valley from 1929 to 1934 during which time 11981 weevils werl nsed in field-hibernation

bull

bull IGVHI IH--middotIpP or hihpllllltiOIl (ag-e 118(( in studies of the hPllilstulk weeil

1111 l(ulltiing th(gtllIloglIlIJh is ill the white box ahoY( the cnge

stndies The hiLcll1lttiol1 eagls for tll(gtS(gt illnstiglttions Wlre those lIsed for hil)(rllatiOll studies of till 1J(xiean bean beetle and accordshying to DonglusstO tlHY WlIP lOIlSIIUltld of 2- by 4-inch hunLer and llIensllllc1 from 3 (0 (l f(ll~t ill width from 4 to (j fecmiddott in lll1gth~ nnd from 2 to 4 i(ct in height Thry were covered with 14-111esh screen yill Imd hllcllemoabll tops (fig In) After the beetles had become dorl1ant til( 14-lllrsh slreen-wirc tops were exchanged for 1-inchshymesh wi 11 tops wlriell pPlmil hd SIIO to enter the cages and at the stlllW (jnw txelnltlld illliudlls Thrsl tops were again lxchanged

III D(H~nl~s bull bullf H 11 j1I IIS l~lIgtlil 1I1~middot1middot0ItY AND (OiTHOfJ 01 ]U nxUAX BEAX nl~ITJ4E J~ amp11 MImiddotXICO r R IJppt A~r Tech 11111 17(j J() Pl lIlus 1Jl1

28 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 816) U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

before activity was manifested in the spring In this manner COllshyditions approximating as nearly as possible those prevailing under natural hibernation were obtained

1Veevils used for hibernation were collected in the foothills Oll the western border of the Estancia Valley Collections were made durshying the latter half of September from the New Mexican locust by hand-picking the weevils and then putting them in large vials At intervals the contents of the vials were emptied into a large mailing tube which served as a transportation carrier At the laboratory the weevils were put in insect-rearing cages and the cages transferred to new bean plants as rapidly as the weevils devoured the plants that had been given them When it was observed that the weevils in the field were seeking hibernation the weevils in the laboratory were counted and the desired number put in mailing tubes and transported to the different hibernation cages

Four cages were located in the ponderosa pine zone one in the pinon or nut pine forest zone and one in the grama grass association

The effect of climate on the overwintering or this insect was studied for 5 years to determine the relation of weather to winter mortality Mild or severe winter temperatures seem to have no correlation with bullwinter survival Some of the severe winters have been favorable for the overwintering of the insect The primary reason for this is that the weevils overwinter in the two pine-forest zones that cover the higher rolling hills and lower and drier slopes of the mountains and during periods of subzero weather the ground is usually covered with snow which protects the weevils from a fatal temperature The inshydications are that precipitation is the major factor affecting survival from hibernation and that as the temperature decreases so do the moisture requirements of the weevils

These studies show that the character of the hibernation material has little effect on the successful overwintering of the beanstalk weeshyvil oak leaves and ponderosa pine needles in combination seeming to be no more favorable materials than compact materials such as cedar and pinon pine needles This is true when the snowfall is normal or approximately normal but with the snowfall below normal the oak leaves and ponderosa pine needles allow more protection and enable a hiOher Jercentage of weevils to overwinter bullThe eVIdence obtained in these investigations shows that with norshymal winter conditions weevils overwinter successfully in the ponshyderosa pine zone and the pinon or nut pine forest zone

More weevils survived the winter about Estancia in the grama grass association than in the foothills when temperature and preshycipitation were approximately normal but with variable temperature and normal preCIpitation or vice versa and above or below normals 1 greater percentage survived in the foothills about Tajique as shown lJl table 6 When the snowfall in the valley more nearly approxishymated that of the foothills thereby affording the necessary protection more beetles survived in the valley cage

bull

bullbull

bull

bull

THE BEASTALK WEEVIL IN THE ESlANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 29

TABLE 6-Percentagc of beanstallc weevils that emerged from hibernation at ~Itjiquc in tllc foothills atld at Estancia N M ex

Condition of weather ~~------~I caCS-~~~jlltlne i Cuge nt E~lnncill Yellr l~l~tnr----=Pitlltion I WeeiiS~-~f~~~I-Weeviis Snowfoll

i i emergell I emerged --------~ ---~-~ --- -middot-middot~middot-------i-------

i I I Percellt 11Ich Ptrcttlt Illch 1930 bullbull Veryvnriablo Norma ~ IS 5 510 828 177 1U31 bullbullbull Nonnll Vcr~ vllrillble ~ bull 535 795 3758 295 1932 Approximately normlll Approdmatcly normal 37 iI BIt 6 604 401 1933do_ bullbullbull ~ bullbullbull_do __ bullbullbullbull ~ 1 2088 814 2J8 315 1934bullbullbull Abovenormnl Helow normaL 04 210 32 90 ----- - ---~-- - - - --~--- - -----_ - ------

EMERGENCE FROM HIBERNATION

The emergence of the beetles ]n the hibernation cages was studIed late in the spring and early in thc summers of 1930 to 1934 inclusive All experiments were carried on in the foothills west of Tajique except in the case of cage 13 which adjoined the laboratory yard in the valley at Estancia

The anmiddot-temperature records used in this connection were taken fro111 thermographs Ilear hibernation cages 5 7 anell3 referred to in table 7 The temperatures of the hibernation material were recorded by soil thermo~raphs attached to thc individual cages Precipitation data were obtallled from rain gages close to the different cages

Examination of the cage1-gt was made as often as time and other conshyditions wot~ld allow usually every other day during the emergence season After emergene( became general the active beetles were reshymoved frol1l the cages wl)(n examinations were made and the numbers thus removed werc used ill cOlllputing the percentages given in tables ( and 7

In the fall of 1931 LOOO weevils were placed in each of cages 5 7 and 13 Into cage 11 (21) weevils were illtroduced The next sprina the first 1vecvils emergillg in the foothills werc noted and removed from the screens of cages 5 and 7 Oil May 4 Emergence occurred until June 11 making this period 39 days in length The greatest numbers tmerged in cage 7 in tht foothills at 7000 feet a1l(1 in cage 13 at an altitude of 6100 feet in the valley In cage 7 dming thc period of 7 days from May 18 to 24 inclusive 263 out of 443 weemiddotdls or 594 pershyc~n~ eme~ged (table 7~ During It similar period from May17 to May 23 lI1clusne 261 out of 604 weeVils or 482 percent emerged III cage HI

In the faU of 19321000 weevi1s were placed in cages 5 7 anell3 500 in cnges 4 and 11 and 400 ill cngl 16 In 1983 the first weevils ( lIlprWd in foothill cag(s fJ and 7 on May 12 blltmiddot nUIll a removed until lay 17 Til( lat OI1(S elllPrged frolll eagp -I Oil JUIIP la making tIll emergenc( Wriod aa days Hetw) tHlelgel1((I in till foothill cages was yariahle taking placl tllP first week ill eaglts [) and7 and the second week in cages 4 and 11 In cage 13 almost 50 percent of the weevils emerged the second week

Hamfall is not n factor influencing the emergence of the beanstalk weevil from hibernation not even as a sttlrter Emergence begins when the mean air temperature reaclles about 45deg F

- -

--

30lECHNl(AT~ BeLIETIN S 16 U ~ DEPT Of AGIUCGLTURE

f45~~shy bull ~fl ~ = =1 _=

~ t =-middotmiddot~~_

-~ -

shys ~

~ ] - - = i~ ~t ~

- _t~

~ - s 1- ~ - s5shy

-~~~-~ 10 ~~_

~-I3i~shy~ ~

~ -

zil~=U

shy ~ s ~

-

~ 1-middot-

1shy~

~ -

~ - bull ---~-

~ - ~ - ~

t ~ =

r

bull = x shyshy

~

~- = X

Efl t

bull

--sect shy-

~

-= ~ -

bull

bull ~t=~~ ~-

lt E

t~ ~==

~t1~

--~= r ~~ -

- ~ ~~~I

~~ 2 ~~~

bull shy-

--= ~1 ~-- ~

~

~ ~i -

~ =~

-=shy1 t

~

_ shy~

c_~ shy ~ 0 ~ ~

i iii S -

- ~ -

bull

_shy - ~~ bull - L~ shy

=-l --- shy~ = ~

- ~ r c

~

bull

32 TECHNICAL BULLErlN 816) t S IHJPT 01- AGRlCUVrUUE

APPEAHANCE IN THE FIELD

General emergence of the betllstulk weevil befrins cady in May The weevils immediate1 v ascend the locust trees and begin to feed on the new growth and opening leaf buds Practically all the weevils infestshying locust trees adjoining bean fields migrate to the bean fields as soon us a few bean plnnts sprout through tlH soil surface usually the lnst week in May Heavy feeding and oviposition on the tender bean shoots cause great destruction many young plants completely sucshycumbing to the attack as shown in fifrllLe 4 Infestation at first is $evere only on the edges of the bean fields adjoining the locust groves Later the weevils disseminate more evenly oyer the fields and cnuse n more general infestation

Locust groves Imve been fOllnd to thrive in an arroyos nncI cnnyons in the foothills on the western edfrl of th( Estancia Valley Most of the trees in these groves were found to be hosts to the beansta1k weevil and only rarely wen bean fields ndjoining them uninfested by the w(eyil It was also obslrcd that locust gro(~ and bean fields nearest eanyon streams were tIH most hEllvily infesi(d

NATUHAL CONTROL

Two dltllmillld s]l((i(s and one undetclmin(d species of fungus haY( bltll found attacking tit b(Ulstalk w(ltyil Sprnotlidmm gloshybulife-lwn Spltgbull knowll t () attack hibernating ~[(xican bean beetles in t1( Estallcia VallpY wale obs(n((1 during tIl( willtels of 1928-29 and 1930-n to aUack thl hibernating beallstdk WNih- These wcedis had been plneNi in hibtlIIutioll ill flow(lpot cafrls ill whieht thick mat of Gam)(1 oak l(lv(s was laid ale a hillPlIlating mapriti on (ltl (alth llSNl to fill till pots Tlws( (agps w(rl pla((d ill tilt (pilar ami no dOllbt til( aerufrll highpr hllmidity and nHHp or ILS~ (PI1 tll11pelatur( tiltlelt1 ill propagating this fllngll Mall) of tIl(gt pllpal and newly (ransfolllINI adults in tillt pllpal Iaeks kept ill th( (ella l wer( found (illring tlt(1 s(nsolls of l)n to l)~middotL ineillsin to 1)( (ocrelt1 or to Iwcom( (OPI(cl with a matrix of a fllllg()l1~ IIly((lilllll tlt(middot atla(k in all (as(s hlinfr fatal to til ins((t Tlti- fllnl-us wa d(t(lminNL as being a SPP(I(S of JilWllillll1 lI [n AlIglllet 19H Oil (xlll11inillg tlH Rtellls of XC ]flxi(nn locustH illl(s((d hy th( 11111( of thl hpanstalk w(eil thlt bullauthoI fOlln(1 s(pml () r tht la lTa( dtad Th(~p lan1( Wlr( (xtunined lllldpl high lIIagnification and most of tlH11l W(I( found to hl w(11 cnshyplop((l wi tll a fungous mVc(liul11 as ~pt ulHht (rill i 11((1 Runn ing about 1)(lw(en tIll lI)ph1lt of this funglls w(r(1 Pr small mit(s Tar SOI1(ilIIS Rpl yisihl( only lllHl(1 high Tnngl1ification

It is known that at least two diiT(Ilnt in(lrt~ attack th(l Iwanstalk weeril As ahmiddotpady 111(ntioll((l a thripl and tltt nymphs of tIll insidishyous nOW(l bug are 1)I((lalolV on till Pggs Two velY small hymenopshyrerolls pnrasit(H w(1( fOllnd on Sppt(mhll 13 and 17 19aO within n Iletri dish containing dead larnw of th( b(ltllstalk w(lCi No actual proof is ItVailubl( fhat tlHStl wnsps had oliginally heln parnsitic on lhll host

II D(IlrllliJwd by Im K (hllrlls nUI(1I11 or PllIlIl IIHlntry [1111(lt1 ~itafts J)lPllrlm~nt of Alrlcultull-

D~t(rllllll~(1 hy I K I~wllll Bunfln or ]tolllolo-y and Plant Quarll llti 11( FJlfted Stntes Departmellt of A-riltultlll( Dr Ewlrl ~tllt(~ thllt no males W(rt IO1l1(d nlld thnt without It mnl( no SD(dtl( hntili(t tlon oul Ill Illiull bull

28 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 816) U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

before activity was manifested in the spring In this manner COllshyditions approximating as nearly as possible those prevailing under natural hibernation were obtained

1Veevils used for hibernation were collected in the foothills Oll the western border of the Estancia Valley Collections were made durshying the latter half of September from the New Mexican locust by hand-picking the weevils and then putting them in large vials At intervals the contents of the vials were emptied into a large mailing tube which served as a transportation carrier At the laboratory the weevils were put in insect-rearing cages and the cages transferred to new bean plants as rapidly as the weevils devoured the plants that had been given them When it was observed that the weevils in the field were seeking hibernation the weevils in the laboratory were counted and the desired number put in mailing tubes and transported to the different hibernation cages

Four cages were located in the ponderosa pine zone one in the pinon or nut pine forest zone and one in the grama grass association

The effect of climate on the overwintering or this insect was studied for 5 years to determine the relation of weather to winter mortality Mild or severe winter temperatures seem to have no correlation with bullwinter survival Some of the severe winters have been favorable for the overwintering of the insect The primary reason for this is that the weevils overwinter in the two pine-forest zones that cover the higher rolling hills and lower and drier slopes of the mountains and during periods of subzero weather the ground is usually covered with snow which protects the weevils from a fatal temperature The inshydications are that precipitation is the major factor affecting survival from hibernation and that as the temperature decreases so do the moisture requirements of the weevils

These studies show that the character of the hibernation material has little effect on the successful overwintering of the beanstalk weeshyvil oak leaves and ponderosa pine needles in combination seeming to be no more favorable materials than compact materials such as cedar and pinon pine needles This is true when the snowfall is normal or approximately normal but with the snowfall below normal the oak leaves and ponderosa pine needles allow more protection and enable a hiOher Jercentage of weevils to overwinter bullThe eVIdence obtained in these investigations shows that with norshymal winter conditions weevils overwinter successfully in the ponshyderosa pine zone and the pinon or nut pine forest zone

More weevils survived the winter about Estancia in the grama grass association than in the foothills when temperature and preshycipitation were approximately normal but with variable temperature and normal preCIpitation or vice versa and above or below normals 1 greater percentage survived in the foothills about Tajique as shown lJl table 6 When the snowfall in the valley more nearly approxishymated that of the foothills thereby affording the necessary protection more beetles survived in the valley cage

bull

bullbull

bull

bull

THE BEASTALK WEEVIL IN THE ESlANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 29

TABLE 6-Percentagc of beanstallc weevils that emerged from hibernation at ~Itjiquc in tllc foothills atld at Estancia N M ex

Condition of weather ~~------~I caCS-~~~jlltlne i Cuge nt E~lnncill Yellr l~l~tnr----=Pitlltion I WeeiiS~-~f~~~I-Weeviis Snowfoll

i i emergell I emerged --------~ ---~-~ --- -middot-middot~middot-------i-------

i I I Percellt 11Ich Ptrcttlt Illch 1930 bullbull Veryvnriablo Norma ~ IS 5 510 828 177 1U31 bullbullbull Nonnll Vcr~ vllrillble ~ bull 535 795 3758 295 1932 Approximately normlll Approdmatcly normal 37 iI BIt 6 604 401 1933do_ bullbullbull ~ bullbullbull_do __ bullbullbullbull ~ 1 2088 814 2J8 315 1934bullbullbull Abovenormnl Helow normaL 04 210 32 90 ----- - ---~-- - - - --~--- - -----_ - ------

EMERGENCE FROM HIBERNATION

The emergence of the beetles ]n the hibernation cages was studIed late in the spring and early in thc summers of 1930 to 1934 inclusive All experiments were carried on in the foothills west of Tajique except in the case of cage 13 which adjoined the laboratory yard in the valley at Estancia

The anmiddot-temperature records used in this connection were taken fro111 thermographs Ilear hibernation cages 5 7 anell3 referred to in table 7 The temperatures of the hibernation material were recorded by soil thermo~raphs attached to thc individual cages Precipitation data were obtallled from rain gages close to the different cages

Examination of the cage1-gt was made as often as time and other conshyditions wot~ld allow usually every other day during the emergence season After emergene( became general the active beetles were reshymoved frol1l the cages wl)(n examinations were made and the numbers thus removed werc used ill cOlllputing the percentages given in tables ( and 7

In the fall of 1931 LOOO weevils were placed in each of cages 5 7 and 13 Into cage 11 (21) weevils were illtroduced The next sprina the first 1vecvils emergillg in the foothills werc noted and removed from the screens of cages 5 and 7 Oil May 4 Emergence occurred until June 11 making this period 39 days in length The greatest numbers tmerged in cage 7 in tht foothills at 7000 feet a1l(1 in cage 13 at an altitude of 6100 feet in the valley In cage 7 dming thc period of 7 days from May 18 to 24 inclusive 263 out of 443 weemiddotdls or 594 pershyc~n~ eme~ged (table 7~ During It similar period from May17 to May 23 lI1clusne 261 out of 604 weeVils or 482 percent emerged III cage HI

In the faU of 19321000 weevi1s were placed in cages 5 7 anell3 500 in cnges 4 and 11 and 400 ill cngl 16 In 1983 the first weevils ( lIlprWd in foothill cag(s fJ and 7 on May 12 blltmiddot nUIll a removed until lay 17 Til( lat OI1(S elllPrged frolll eagp -I Oil JUIIP la making tIll emergenc( Wriod aa days Hetw) tHlelgel1((I in till foothill cages was yariahle taking placl tllP first week ill eaglts [) and7 and the second week in cages 4 and 11 In cage 13 almost 50 percent of the weevils emerged the second week

Hamfall is not n factor influencing the emergence of the beanstalk weevil from hibernation not even as a sttlrter Emergence begins when the mean air temperature reaclles about 45deg F

- -

--

30lECHNl(AT~ BeLIETIN S 16 U ~ DEPT Of AGIUCGLTURE

f45~~shy bull ~fl ~ = =1 _=

~ t =-middotmiddot~~_

-~ -

shys ~

~ ] - - = i~ ~t ~

- _t~

~ - s 1- ~ - s5shy

-~~~-~ 10 ~~_

~-I3i~shy~ ~

~ -

zil~=U

shy ~ s ~

-

~ 1-middot-

1shy~

~ -

~ - bull ---~-

~ - ~ - ~

t ~ =

r

bull = x shyshy

~

~- = X

Efl t

bull

--sect shy-

~

-= ~ -

bull

bull ~t=~~ ~-

lt E

t~ ~==

~t1~

--~= r ~~ -

- ~ ~~~I

~~ 2 ~~~

bull shy-

--= ~1 ~-- ~

~

~ ~i -

~ =~

-=shy1 t

~

_ shy~

c_~ shy ~ 0 ~ ~

i iii S -

- ~ -

bull

_shy - ~~ bull - L~ shy

=-l --- shy~ = ~

- ~ r c

~

bull

32 TECHNICAL BULLErlN 816) t S IHJPT 01- AGRlCUVrUUE

APPEAHANCE IN THE FIELD

General emergence of the betllstulk weevil befrins cady in May The weevils immediate1 v ascend the locust trees and begin to feed on the new growth and opening leaf buds Practically all the weevils infestshying locust trees adjoining bean fields migrate to the bean fields as soon us a few bean plnnts sprout through tlH soil surface usually the lnst week in May Heavy feeding and oviposition on the tender bean shoots cause great destruction many young plants completely sucshycumbing to the attack as shown in fifrllLe 4 Infestation at first is $evere only on the edges of the bean fields adjoining the locust groves Later the weevils disseminate more evenly oyer the fields and cnuse n more general infestation

Locust groves Imve been fOllnd to thrive in an arroyos nncI cnnyons in the foothills on the western edfrl of th( Estancia Valley Most of the trees in these groves were found to be hosts to the beansta1k weevil and only rarely wen bean fields ndjoining them uninfested by the w(eyil It was also obslrcd that locust gro(~ and bean fields nearest eanyon streams were tIH most hEllvily infesi(d

NATUHAL CONTROL

Two dltllmillld s]l((i(s and one undetclmin(d species of fungus haY( bltll found attacking tit b(Ulstalk w(ltyil Sprnotlidmm gloshybulife-lwn Spltgbull knowll t () attack hibernating ~[(xican bean beetles in t1( Estallcia VallpY wale obs(n((1 during tIl( willtels of 1928-29 and 1930-n to aUack thl hibernating beallstdk WNih- These wcedis had been plneNi in hibtlIIutioll ill flow(lpot cafrls ill whieht thick mat of Gam)(1 oak l(lv(s was laid ale a hillPlIlating mapriti on (ltl (alth llSNl to fill till pots Tlws( (agps w(rl pla((d ill tilt (pilar ami no dOllbt til( aerufrll highpr hllmidity and nHHp or ILS~ (PI1 tll11pelatur( tiltlelt1 ill propagating this fllngll Mall) of tIl(gt pllpal and newly (ransfolllINI adults in tillt pllpal Iaeks kept ill th( (ella l wer( found (illring tlt(1 s(nsolls of l)n to l)~middotL ineillsin to 1)( (ocrelt1 or to Iwcom( (OPI(cl with a matrix of a fllllg()l1~ IIly((lilllll tlt(middot atla(k in all (as(s hlinfr fatal to til ins((t Tlti- fllnl-us wa d(t(lminNL as being a SPP(I(S of JilWllillll1 lI [n AlIglllet 19H Oil (xlll11inillg tlH Rtellls of XC ]flxi(nn locustH illl(s((d hy th( 11111( of thl hpanstalk w(eil thlt bullauthoI fOlln(1 s(pml () r tht la lTa( dtad Th(~p lan1( Wlr( (xtunined lllldpl high lIIagnification and most of tlH11l W(I( found to hl w(11 cnshyplop((l wi tll a fungous mVc(liul11 as ~pt ulHht (rill i 11((1 Runn ing about 1)(lw(en tIll lI)ph1lt of this funglls w(r(1 Pr small mit(s Tar SOI1(ilIIS Rpl yisihl( only lllHl(1 high Tnngl1ification

It is known that at least two diiT(Ilnt in(lrt~ attack th(l Iwanstalk weeril As ahmiddotpady 111(ntioll((l a thripl and tltt nymphs of tIll insidishyous nOW(l bug are 1)I((lalolV on till Pggs Two velY small hymenopshyrerolls pnrasit(H w(1( fOllnd on Sppt(mhll 13 and 17 19aO within n Iletri dish containing dead larnw of th( b(ltllstalk w(lCi No actual proof is ItVailubl( fhat tlHStl wnsps had oliginally heln parnsitic on lhll host

II D(IlrllliJwd by Im K (hllrlls nUI(1I11 or PllIlIl IIHlntry [1111(lt1 ~itafts J)lPllrlm~nt of Alrlcultull-

D~t(rllllll~(1 hy I K I~wllll Bunfln or ]tolllolo-y and Plant Quarll llti 11( FJlfted Stntes Departmellt of A-riltultlll( Dr Ewlrl ~tllt(~ thllt no males W(rt IO1l1(d nlld thnt without It mnl( no SD(dtl( hntili(t tlon oul Ill Illiull bull

bullbull

bull

bull

THE BEASTALK WEEVIL IN THE ESlANCIA VALLEY NEW MEXICO 29

TABLE 6-Percentagc of beanstallc weevils that emerged from hibernation at ~Itjiquc in tllc foothills atld at Estancia N M ex

Condition of weather ~~------~I caCS-~~~jlltlne i Cuge nt E~lnncill Yellr l~l~tnr----=Pitlltion I WeeiiS~-~f~~~I-Weeviis Snowfoll

i i emergell I emerged --------~ ---~-~ --- -middot-middot~middot-------i-------

i I I Percellt 11Ich Ptrcttlt Illch 1930 bullbull Veryvnriablo Norma ~ IS 5 510 828 177 1U31 bullbullbull Nonnll Vcr~ vllrillble ~ bull 535 795 3758 295 1932 Approximately normlll Approdmatcly normal 37 iI BIt 6 604 401 1933do_ bullbullbull ~ bullbullbull_do __ bullbullbullbull ~ 1 2088 814 2J8 315 1934bullbullbull Abovenormnl Helow normaL 04 210 32 90 ----- - ---~-- - - - --~--- - -----_ - ------

EMERGENCE FROM HIBERNATION

The emergence of the beetles ]n the hibernation cages was studIed late in the spring and early in thc summers of 1930 to 1934 inclusive All experiments were carried on in the foothills west of Tajique except in the case of cage 13 which adjoined the laboratory yard in the valley at Estancia

The anmiddot-temperature records used in this connection were taken fro111 thermographs Ilear hibernation cages 5 7 anell3 referred to in table 7 The temperatures of the hibernation material were recorded by soil thermo~raphs attached to thc individual cages Precipitation data were obtallled from rain gages close to the different cages

Examination of the cage1-gt was made as often as time and other conshyditions wot~ld allow usually every other day during the emergence season After emergene( became general the active beetles were reshymoved frol1l the cages wl)(n examinations were made and the numbers thus removed werc used ill cOlllputing the percentages given in tables ( and 7

In the fall of 1931 LOOO weevils were placed in each of cages 5 7 and 13 Into cage 11 (21) weevils were illtroduced The next sprina the first 1vecvils emergillg in the foothills werc noted and removed from the screens of cages 5 and 7 Oil May 4 Emergence occurred until June 11 making this period 39 days in length The greatest numbers tmerged in cage 7 in tht foothills at 7000 feet a1l(1 in cage 13 at an altitude of 6100 feet in the valley In cage 7 dming thc period of 7 days from May 18 to 24 inclusive 263 out of 443 weemiddotdls or 594 pershyc~n~ eme~ged (table 7~ During It similar period from May17 to May 23 lI1clusne 261 out of 604 weeVils or 482 percent emerged III cage HI

In the faU of 19321000 weevi1s were placed in cages 5 7 anell3 500 in cnges 4 and 11 and 400 ill cngl 16 In 1983 the first weevils ( lIlprWd in foothill cag(s fJ and 7 on May 12 blltmiddot nUIll a removed until lay 17 Til( lat OI1(S elllPrged frolll eagp -I Oil JUIIP la making tIll emergenc( Wriod aa days Hetw) tHlelgel1((I in till foothill cages was yariahle taking placl tllP first week ill eaglts [) and7 and the second week in cages 4 and 11 In cage 13 almost 50 percent of the weevils emerged the second week

Hamfall is not n factor influencing the emergence of the beanstalk weevil from hibernation not even as a sttlrter Emergence begins when the mean air temperature reaclles about 45deg F

- -

--

30lECHNl(AT~ BeLIETIN S 16 U ~ DEPT Of AGIUCGLTURE

f45~~shy bull ~fl ~ = =1 _=

~ t =-middotmiddot~~_

-~ -

shys ~

~ ] - - = i~ ~t ~

- _t~

~ - s 1- ~ - s5shy

-~~~-~ 10 ~~_

~-I3i~shy~ ~

~ -

zil~=U

shy ~ s ~

-

~ 1-middot-

1shy~

~ -

~ - bull ---~-

~ - ~ - ~

t ~ =

r

bull = x shyshy

~

~- = X

Efl t

bull

--sect shy-

~

-= ~ -

bull

bull ~t=~~ ~-

lt E

t~ ~==

~t1~

--~= r ~~ -

- ~ ~~~I

~~ 2 ~~~

bull shy-

--= ~1 ~-- ~

~

~ ~i -

~ =~

-=shy1 t

~

_ shy~

c_~ shy ~ 0 ~ ~

i iii S -

- ~ -

bull

_shy - ~~ bull - L~ shy

=-l --- shy~ = ~

- ~ r c

~

bull

32 TECHNICAL BULLErlN 816) t S IHJPT 01- AGRlCUVrUUE

APPEAHANCE IN THE FIELD

General emergence of the betllstulk weevil befrins cady in May The weevils immediate1 v ascend the locust trees and begin to feed on the new growth and opening leaf buds Practically all the weevils infestshying locust trees adjoining bean fields migrate to the bean fields as soon us a few bean plnnts sprout through tlH soil surface usually the lnst week in May Heavy feeding and oviposition on the tender bean shoots cause great destruction many young plants completely sucshycumbing to the attack as shown in fifrllLe 4 Infestation at first is $evere only on the edges of the bean fields adjoining the locust groves Later the weevils disseminate more evenly oyer the fields and cnuse n more general infestation

Locust groves Imve been fOllnd to thrive in an arroyos nncI cnnyons in the foothills on the western edfrl of th( Estancia Valley Most of the trees in these groves were found to be hosts to the beansta1k weevil and only rarely wen bean fields ndjoining them uninfested by the w(eyil It was also obslrcd that locust gro(~ and bean fields nearest eanyon streams were tIH most hEllvily infesi(d

NATUHAL CONTROL

Two dltllmillld s]l((i(s and one undetclmin(d species of fungus haY( bltll found attacking tit b(Ulstalk w(ltyil Sprnotlidmm gloshybulife-lwn Spltgbull knowll t () attack hibernating ~[(xican bean beetles in t1( Estallcia VallpY wale obs(n((1 during tIl( willtels of 1928-29 and 1930-n to aUack thl hibernating beallstdk WNih- These wcedis had been plneNi in hibtlIIutioll ill flow(lpot cafrls ill whieht thick mat of Gam)(1 oak l(lv(s was laid ale a hillPlIlating mapriti on (ltl (alth llSNl to fill till pots Tlws( (agps w(rl pla((d ill tilt (pilar ami no dOllbt til( aerufrll highpr hllmidity and nHHp or ILS~ (PI1 tll11pelatur( tiltlelt1 ill propagating this fllngll Mall) of tIl(gt pllpal and newly (ransfolllINI adults in tillt pllpal Iaeks kept ill th( (ella l wer( found (illring tlt(1 s(nsolls of l)n to l)~middotL ineillsin to 1)( (ocrelt1 or to Iwcom( (OPI(cl with a matrix of a fllllg()l1~ IIly((lilllll tlt(middot atla(k in all (as(s hlinfr fatal to til ins((t Tlti- fllnl-us wa d(t(lminNL as being a SPP(I(S of JilWllillll1 lI [n AlIglllet 19H Oil (xlll11inillg tlH Rtellls of XC ]flxi(nn locustH illl(s((d hy th( 11111( of thl hpanstalk w(eil thlt bullauthoI fOlln(1 s(pml () r tht la lTa( dtad Th(~p lan1( Wlr( (xtunined lllldpl high lIIagnification and most of tlH11l W(I( found to hl w(11 cnshyplop((l wi tll a fungous mVc(liul11 as ~pt ulHht (rill i 11((1 Runn ing about 1)(lw(en tIll lI)ph1lt of this funglls w(r(1 Pr small mit(s Tar SOI1(ilIIS Rpl yisihl( only lllHl(1 high Tnngl1ification

It is known that at least two diiT(Ilnt in(lrt~ attack th(l Iwanstalk weeril As ahmiddotpady 111(ntioll((l a thripl and tltt nymphs of tIll insidishyous nOW(l bug are 1)I((lalolV on till Pggs Two velY small hymenopshyrerolls pnrasit(H w(1( fOllnd on Sppt(mhll 13 and 17 19aO within n Iletri dish containing dead larnw of th( b(ltllstalk w(lCi No actual proof is ItVailubl( fhat tlHStl wnsps had oliginally heln parnsitic on lhll host

II D(IlrllliJwd by Im K (hllrlls nUI(1I11 or PllIlIl IIHlntry [1111(lt1 ~itafts J)lPllrlm~nt of Alrlcultull-

D~t(rllllll~(1 hy I K I~wllll Bunfln or ]tolllolo-y and Plant Quarll llti 11( FJlfted Stntes Departmellt of A-riltultlll( Dr Ewlrl ~tllt(~ thllt no males W(rt IO1l1(d nlld thnt without It mnl( no SD(dtl( hntili(t tlon oul Ill Illiull bull

- -

--

30lECHNl(AT~ BeLIETIN S 16 U ~ DEPT Of AGIUCGLTURE

f45~~shy bull ~fl ~ = =1 _=

~ t =-middotmiddot~~_

-~ -

shys ~

~ ] - - = i~ ~t ~

- _t~

~ - s 1- ~ - s5shy

-~~~-~ 10 ~~_

~-I3i~shy~ ~

~ -

zil~=U

shy ~ s ~

-

~ 1-middot-

1shy~

~ -

~ - bull ---~-

~ - ~ - ~

t ~ =

r

bull = x shyshy

~

~- = X

Efl t

bull

--sect shy-

~

-= ~ -

bull

bull ~t=~~ ~-

lt E

t~ ~==

~t1~

--~= r ~~ -

- ~ ~~~I

~~ 2 ~~~

bull shy-

--= ~1 ~-- ~

~

~ ~i -

~ =~

-=shy1 t

~

_ shy~

c_~ shy ~ 0 ~ ~

i iii S -

- ~ -

bull

_shy - ~~ bull - L~ shy

=-l --- shy~ = ~

- ~ r c

~

bull

32 TECHNICAL BULLErlN 816) t S IHJPT 01- AGRlCUVrUUE

APPEAHANCE IN THE FIELD

General emergence of the betllstulk weevil befrins cady in May The weevils immediate1 v ascend the locust trees and begin to feed on the new growth and opening leaf buds Practically all the weevils infestshying locust trees adjoining bean fields migrate to the bean fields as soon us a few bean plnnts sprout through tlH soil surface usually the lnst week in May Heavy feeding and oviposition on the tender bean shoots cause great destruction many young plants completely sucshycumbing to the attack as shown in fifrllLe 4 Infestation at first is $evere only on the edges of the bean fields adjoining the locust groves Later the weevils disseminate more evenly oyer the fields and cnuse n more general infestation

Locust groves Imve been fOllnd to thrive in an arroyos nncI cnnyons in the foothills on the western edfrl of th( Estancia Valley Most of the trees in these groves were found to be hosts to the beansta1k weevil and only rarely wen bean fields ndjoining them uninfested by the w(eyil It was also obslrcd that locust gro(~ and bean fields nearest eanyon streams were tIH most hEllvily infesi(d

NATUHAL CONTROL

Two dltllmillld s]l((i(s and one undetclmin(d species of fungus haY( bltll found attacking tit b(Ulstalk w(ltyil Sprnotlidmm gloshybulife-lwn Spltgbull knowll t () attack hibernating ~[(xican bean beetles in t1( Estallcia VallpY wale obs(n((1 during tIl( willtels of 1928-29 and 1930-n to aUack thl hibernating beallstdk WNih- These wcedis had been plneNi in hibtlIIutioll ill flow(lpot cafrls ill whieht thick mat of Gam)(1 oak l(lv(s was laid ale a hillPlIlating mapriti on (ltl (alth llSNl to fill till pots Tlws( (agps w(rl pla((d ill tilt (pilar ami no dOllbt til( aerufrll highpr hllmidity and nHHp or ILS~ (PI1 tll11pelatur( tiltlelt1 ill propagating this fllngll Mall) of tIl(gt pllpal and newly (ransfolllINI adults in tillt pllpal Iaeks kept ill th( (ella l wer( found (illring tlt(1 s(nsolls of l)n to l)~middotL ineillsin to 1)( (ocrelt1 or to Iwcom( (OPI(cl with a matrix of a fllllg()l1~ IIly((lilllll tlt(middot atla(k in all (as(s hlinfr fatal to til ins((t Tlti- fllnl-us wa d(t(lminNL as being a SPP(I(S of JilWllillll1 lI [n AlIglllet 19H Oil (xlll11inillg tlH Rtellls of XC ]flxi(nn locustH illl(s((d hy th( 11111( of thl hpanstalk w(eil thlt bullauthoI fOlln(1 s(pml () r tht la lTa( dtad Th(~p lan1( Wlr( (xtunined lllldpl high lIIagnification and most of tlH11l W(I( found to hl w(11 cnshyplop((l wi tll a fungous mVc(liul11 as ~pt ulHht (rill i 11((1 Runn ing about 1)(lw(en tIll lI)ph1lt of this funglls w(r(1 Pr small mit(s Tar SOI1(ilIIS Rpl yisihl( only lllHl(1 high Tnngl1ification

It is known that at least two diiT(Ilnt in(lrt~ attack th(l Iwanstalk weeril As ahmiddotpady 111(ntioll((l a thripl and tltt nymphs of tIll insidishyous nOW(l bug are 1)I((lalolV on till Pggs Two velY small hymenopshyrerolls pnrasit(H w(1( fOllnd on Sppt(mhll 13 and 17 19aO within n Iletri dish containing dead larnw of th( b(ltllstalk w(lCi No actual proof is ItVailubl( fhat tlHStl wnsps had oliginally heln parnsitic on lhll host

II D(IlrllliJwd by Im K (hllrlls nUI(1I11 or PllIlIl IIHlntry [1111(lt1 ~itafts J)lPllrlm~nt of Alrlcultull-

D~t(rllllll~(1 hy I K I~wllll Bunfln or ]tolllolo-y and Plant Quarll llti 11( FJlfted Stntes Departmellt of A-riltultlll( Dr Ewlrl ~tllt(~ thllt no males W(rt IO1l1(d nlld thnt without It mnl( no SD(dtl( hntili(t tlon oul Ill Illiull bull

bull ~t=~~ ~-

lt E

t~ ~==

~t1~

--~= r ~~ -

- ~ ~~~I

~~ 2 ~~~

bull shy-

--= ~1 ~-- ~

~

~ ~i -

~ =~

-=shy1 t

~

_ shy~

c_~ shy ~ 0 ~ ~

i iii S -

- ~ -

bull

_shy - ~~ bull - L~ shy

=-l --- shy~ = ~

- ~ r c

~

bull

32 TECHNICAL BULLErlN 816) t S IHJPT 01- AGRlCUVrUUE

APPEAHANCE IN THE FIELD

General emergence of the betllstulk weevil befrins cady in May The weevils immediate1 v ascend the locust trees and begin to feed on the new growth and opening leaf buds Practically all the weevils infestshying locust trees adjoining bean fields migrate to the bean fields as soon us a few bean plnnts sprout through tlH soil surface usually the lnst week in May Heavy feeding and oviposition on the tender bean shoots cause great destruction many young plants completely sucshycumbing to the attack as shown in fifrllLe 4 Infestation at first is $evere only on the edges of the bean fields adjoining the locust groves Later the weevils disseminate more evenly oyer the fields and cnuse n more general infestation

Locust groves Imve been fOllnd to thrive in an arroyos nncI cnnyons in the foothills on the western edfrl of th( Estancia Valley Most of the trees in these groves were found to be hosts to the beansta1k weevil and only rarely wen bean fields ndjoining them uninfested by the w(eyil It was also obslrcd that locust gro(~ and bean fields nearest eanyon streams were tIH most hEllvily infesi(d

NATUHAL CONTROL

Two dltllmillld s]l((i(s and one undetclmin(d species of fungus haY( bltll found attacking tit b(Ulstalk w(ltyil Sprnotlidmm gloshybulife-lwn Spltgbull knowll t () attack hibernating ~[(xican bean beetles in t1( Estallcia VallpY wale obs(n((1 during tIl( willtels of 1928-29 and 1930-n to aUack thl hibernating beallstdk WNih- These wcedis had been plneNi in hibtlIIutioll ill flow(lpot cafrls ill whieht thick mat of Gam)(1 oak l(lv(s was laid ale a hillPlIlating mapriti on (ltl (alth llSNl to fill till pots Tlws( (agps w(rl pla((d ill tilt (pilar ami no dOllbt til( aerufrll highpr hllmidity and nHHp or ILS~ (PI1 tll11pelatur( tiltlelt1 ill propagating this fllngll Mall) of tIl(gt pllpal and newly (ransfolllINI adults in tillt pllpal Iaeks kept ill th( (ella l wer( found (illring tlt(1 s(nsolls of l)n to l)~middotL ineillsin to 1)( (ocrelt1 or to Iwcom( (OPI(cl with a matrix of a fllllg()l1~ IIly((lilllll tlt(middot atla(k in all (as(s hlinfr fatal to til ins((t Tlti- fllnl-us wa d(t(lminNL as being a SPP(I(S of JilWllillll1 lI [n AlIglllet 19H Oil (xlll11inillg tlH Rtellls of XC ]flxi(nn locustH illl(s((d hy th( 11111( of thl hpanstalk w(eil thlt bullauthoI fOlln(1 s(pml () r tht la lTa( dtad Th(~p lan1( Wlr( (xtunined lllldpl high lIIagnification and most of tlH11l W(I( found to hl w(11 cnshyplop((l wi tll a fungous mVc(liul11 as ~pt ulHht (rill i 11((1 Runn ing about 1)(lw(en tIll lI)ph1lt of this funglls w(r(1 Pr small mit(s Tar SOI1(ilIIS Rpl yisihl( only lllHl(1 high Tnngl1ification

It is known that at least two diiT(Ilnt in(lrt~ attack th(l Iwanstalk weeril As ahmiddotpady 111(ntioll((l a thripl and tltt nymphs of tIll insidishyous nOW(l bug are 1)I((lalolV on till Pggs Two velY small hymenopshyrerolls pnrasit(H w(1( fOllnd on Sppt(mhll 13 and 17 19aO within n Iletri dish containing dead larnw of th( b(ltllstalk w(lCi No actual proof is ItVailubl( fhat tlHStl wnsps had oliginally heln parnsitic on lhll host

II D(IlrllliJwd by Im K (hllrlls nUI(1I11 or PllIlIl IIHlntry [1111(lt1 ~itafts J)lPllrlm~nt of Alrlcultull-

D~t(rllllll~(1 hy I K I~wllll Bunfln or ]tolllolo-y and Plant Quarll llti 11( FJlfted Stntes Departmellt of A-riltultlll( Dr Ewlrl ~tllt(~ thllt no males W(rt IO1l1(d nlld thnt without It mnl( no SD(dtl( hntili(t tlon oul Ill Illiull bull

32 TECHNICAL BULLErlN 816) t S IHJPT 01- AGRlCUVrUUE

APPEAHANCE IN THE FIELD

General emergence of the betllstulk weevil befrins cady in May The weevils immediate1 v ascend the locust trees and begin to feed on the new growth and opening leaf buds Practically all the weevils infestshying locust trees adjoining bean fields migrate to the bean fields as soon us a few bean plnnts sprout through tlH soil surface usually the lnst week in May Heavy feeding and oviposition on the tender bean shoots cause great destruction many young plants completely sucshycumbing to the attack as shown in fifrllLe 4 Infestation at first is $evere only on the edges of the bean fields adjoining the locust groves Later the weevils disseminate more evenly oyer the fields and cnuse n more general infestation

Locust groves Imve been fOllnd to thrive in an arroyos nncI cnnyons in the foothills on the western edfrl of th( Estancia Valley Most of the trees in these groves were found to be hosts to the beansta1k weevil and only rarely wen bean fields ndjoining them uninfested by the w(eyil It was also obslrcd that locust gro(~ and bean fields nearest eanyon streams were tIH most hEllvily infesi(d

NATUHAL CONTROL

Two dltllmillld s]l((i(s and one undetclmin(d species of fungus haY( bltll found attacking tit b(Ulstalk w(ltyil Sprnotlidmm gloshybulife-lwn Spltgbull knowll t () attack hibernating ~[(xican bean beetles in t1( Estallcia VallpY wale obs(n((1 during tIl( willtels of 1928-29 and 1930-n to aUack thl hibernating beallstdk WNih- These wcedis had been plneNi in hibtlIIutioll ill flow(lpot cafrls ill whieht thick mat of Gam)(1 oak l(lv(s was laid ale a hillPlIlating mapriti on (ltl (alth llSNl to fill till pots Tlws( (agps w(rl pla((d ill tilt (pilar ami no dOllbt til( aerufrll highpr hllmidity and nHHp or ILS~ (PI1 tll11pelatur( tiltlelt1 ill propagating this fllngll Mall) of tIl(gt pllpal and newly (ransfolllINI adults in tillt pllpal Iaeks kept ill th( (ella l wer( found (illring tlt(1 s(nsolls of l)n to l)~middotL ineillsin to 1)( (ocrelt1 or to Iwcom( (OPI(cl with a matrix of a fllllg()l1~ IIly((lilllll tlt(middot atla(k in all (as(s hlinfr fatal to til ins((t Tlti- fllnl-us wa d(t(lminNL as being a SPP(I(S of JilWllillll1 lI [n AlIglllet 19H Oil (xlll11inillg tlH Rtellls of XC ]flxi(nn locustH illl(s((d hy th( 11111( of thl hpanstalk w(eil thlt bullauthoI fOlln(1 s(pml () r tht la lTa( dtad Th(~p lan1( Wlr( (xtunined lllldpl high lIIagnification and most of tlH11l W(I( found to hl w(11 cnshyplop((l wi tll a fungous mVc(liul11 as ~pt ulHht (rill i 11((1 Runn ing about 1)(lw(en tIll lI)ph1lt of this funglls w(r(1 Pr small mit(s Tar SOI1(ilIIS Rpl yisihl( only lllHl(1 high Tnngl1ification

It is known that at least two diiT(Ilnt in(lrt~ attack th(l Iwanstalk weeril As ahmiddotpady 111(ntioll((l a thripl and tltt nymphs of tIll insidishyous nOW(l bug are 1)I((lalolV on till Pggs Two velY small hymenopshyrerolls pnrasit(H w(1( fOllnd on Sppt(mhll 13 and 17 19aO within n Iletri dish containing dead larnw of th( b(ltllstalk w(lCi No actual proof is ItVailubl( fhat tlHStl wnsps had oliginally heln parnsitic on lhll host

II D(IlrllliJwd by Im K (hllrlls nUI(1I11 or PllIlIl IIHlntry [1111(lt1 ~itafts J)lPllrlm~nt of Alrlcultull-

D~t(rllllll~(1 hy I K I~wllll Bunfln or ]tolllolo-y and Plant Quarll llti 11( FJlfted Stntes Departmellt of A-riltultlll( Dr Ewlrl ~tllt(~ thllt no males W(rt IO1l1(d nlld thnt without It mnl( no SD(dtl( hntili(t tlon oul Ill Illiull bull

THE BEANSTALK Vmll~ IN THE ES1ANCIA ALLEY NEW lIEXICO 33

AHTIFICIAL CONTHOL

PIIOCEDlIIE

The insecticides used at the beall-insect hboratolY were taken from commercial containers In the tests with dllst~ the materials were used undiluted whpreas all thp spray IllHtlrials WI( dilut(gt(1 to tht pIOpOImiddotshy

tion of 4 pounds to 100 gallons of watet Ihe following stomach insecticides weI( ugtld in tIlt dust experhhents

in 1932 and ill ihl dust and spmy expelilllents in 1933 Calcium arshysenilte ll1ugnlSiUlll arsenate lead nrsenate sodiull1 fluosilicate barium fluosilicate and zine arsenit( Hewlal ttsts with contact dusts namely a commercial cube dnst and denis dust containing 3 and 5 percent of rotenone respectively with cryolite It stomach poison used as a compamtive dust inspcticide were madn in 1933

bull TIll bean plants used as food WPIP grown in beds and transplanted

into i-inch flowerpots 110111 24 to 48 hours (II longer before being used The plants wen dusted with a small hanltl-bellows duster in a sheetshymetal drum in which thret holts had heen Cllt equidistant around the sides and (j inc1ws [Iom tIlt bottom B dUiting- through the holes all parts of the plant eOllld b(middot dnst(gt(l and an (en (overing made possible The SpllL)s IIsed PIt mixed in small quantitilgts and applied to the plant ulltil tltp poison li(middotgan to drip from tIw hmiddotLYcs Application of tIll splHy~ as hy IIllallS of a ~nlall hand splaylr sOIlI(lltt JlIo(lilied so that it could 1)( ol)(lmiddotated on a cOJllIHessed-air line

As soon as the plnnts WPIP slway(d Illmiddot dllstccl t11( were placed in fine-mesh-wire cylindrical rearing cages with 10 ovcnvintered adults of the beanstlllk weevil They were hnmeclintely transferred to the insectary where daily observations were made for 7 dnys in 1932 and 10 dltys in 1933 Xo experiments in nrtilicial eontlol wen conducted in tIl( fi(gtI(l

DISCUSSIOX OF HESULTS

bull In 193~ bariuJIl t1l1osilieate led in tllt pClClntag-e of weevils killed

(table 8) and in 1933 zi ne arsenite led in the percentage of kill for both the dust and spray insecticides In every instance sodium fluosilicate was till ItasL toxic insecticide As used the dust insecticides seem to be morc effective than the sprays Contnct duMs were not effective in killing the beanstalk weevil Cryolite a stomach poison was used as Il comparlltiw dustmiddot insecticid( and It good kill resulted No injury to the foliage was noted in any of the tests conducted

bull bull bull

LllU ~ Jforality of the beans1l1k U(CI1 after ap7Jication of inscrtirtdls at Estancia S Jrex Ci loPshy

~Iomn~h poiSflnS unltlIJutt du~ts 1032

1-3WrrIs rlra orl Inlirnt((1 ltlny~ nfllr nPllfC3tlfln Totnl Total il

Ingrrliriltl( w(l(lvils w(~rmiddotils Iortallty Snsrrl drnri Fir ~Nond Thinl Fourth Fifth Ixlh ~Ivpnth Eighth -Inth Trnth Z

() Sumtrr Vumhrr ~Yml1tT SlImiJrr ~middotlImhrr SlImfJtr Yumhrr umlltT ~~urnh(( YmluT Sumnrr Smulla Percwl gt

Clllcium llrs(nntl fJ 2 ~ HI 13 middot1 II iO 42 6000 t ~I agnrslum firstmltr I II ~ t 70 65 iI46

tLrad arsrnat n r I Il 1I 11 iO 51 i571 $odium f1uosi1lrjp 0 I 3 II iO 1 5429 r Barium lIuoilirntr 1~ ~ It II

iO i ~ 1 llS5i tlt

Zinr arsrnitr 11 r fi 10 II 12 70 ~~7 SI 43 tI

ilControls (nntrrntrj n 0 nl I n II 0 2 2JlR 1-3 i Z

-totnnrh pni~in~ undill1tf~d du~t~ HJll 00

(alrium nrpnatp 1 2 3 2 51) 31 R200 Cl llagnrsinm nrsruatr 2 -I 3 4 51) 32 fIOO Lrad nrsrnnte n 2 I t x 5 51) 211 200 Sodium fiuosilirntl II I I I n 2 1 31 lt0 III i 3200 ~ Barium fiu)silical(gt 1 II n n t 1 l 1 a 10 20 4000I ]0 Controis (untrrntrlt ] I (J 11 1 2 0 0 51) Ii 1200

l)

Zinc arsenitr n n I I S 50 as I 7600 rr

il~prn)middot~ riihuld -I pnund~ to 100 gnl1nn~ IIf wotlr lH33

1-3 Calcium nrSNlnte 2 2 II 1 0 a -10 IS middot1500 )lngnrsiuUl nrsrnOlpound n -I 1 1 2

] -Ill Ifgt 4000 C

1pound13(1 nrs(lnat 1 n l ] 10 211 50 00 ~

tlodilllll f111osllirnt II 1 1 II Jl II 1 middot10 Ii () gt-Ilarinlll f1uosili(nt II II 1 I 2 I 0 middot10 Ii middot12m CZinc llrsrni(( tI II 1 r 1 middot10 23 5750 I I II I) 1 II middot10 S 2000 Controls (untrrntd

3 1middot1llt1i1I11middotr (ontn[ insIetkllbullbull Jl13 t

1-3 omiddot c

Cryolite (for ramparisun I I) II - 2 1 t n 10 i 20 0067 1_ rommerlinl (ubI rinSI 11 II 11 I) I) 11 0 Ii i 30 1 3 33 ilDCrris 3 l(rrltut TOtl1JlOllP 11 11 11 (J U I) I) ] u 30 I 333 ])(rris 5 prrcent rot([lIgt01 11 I) II II tI I) () U ] 30 I 33 Controls (untrrnterl) II II II II n Il U 0 0 ao 1 U 0

1 I I ------~~

bull

bull bull bull

LllU ~ Jforality of the beans1l1k U(CI1 after ap7Jication of inscrtirtdls at Estancia S Jrex Ci loPshy

~Iomn~h poiSflnS unltlIJutt du~ts 1032

1-3WrrIs rlra orl Inlirnt((1 ltlny~ nfllr nPllfC3tlfln Totnl Total il

Ingrrliriltl( w(l(lvils w(~rmiddotils Iortallty Snsrrl drnri Fir ~Nond Thinl Fourth Fifth Ixlh ~Ivpnth Eighth -Inth Trnth Z

() Sumtrr Vumhrr ~Yml1tT SlImiJrr ~middotlImhrr SlImfJtr Yumhrr umlltT ~~urnh(( YmluT Sumnrr Smulla Percwl gt

Clllcium llrs(nntl fJ 2 ~ HI 13 middot1 II iO 42 6000 t ~I agnrslum firstmltr I II ~ t 70 65 iI46

tLrad arsrnat n r I Il 1I 11 iO 51 i571 $odium f1uosi1lrjp 0 I 3 II iO 1 5429 r Barium lIuoilirntr 1~ ~ It II

iO i ~ 1 llS5i tlt

Zinr arsrnitr 11 r fi 10 II 12 70 ~~7 SI 43 tI

ilControls (nntrrntrj n 0 nl I n II 0 2 2JlR 1-3 i Z

-totnnrh pni~in~ undill1tf~d du~t~ HJll 00

(alrium nrpnatp 1 2 3 2 51) 31 R200 Cl llagnrsinm nrsruatr 2 -I 3 4 51) 32 fIOO Lrad nrsrnnte n 2 I t x 5 51) 211 200 Sodium fiuosilirntl II I I I n 2 1 31 lt0 III i 3200 ~ Barium fiu)silical(gt 1 II n n t 1 l 1 a 10 20 4000I ]0 Controis (untrrntrlt ] I (J 11 1 2 0 0 51) Ii 1200

l)

Zinc arsenitr n n I I S 50 as I 7600 rr

il~prn)middot~ riihuld -I pnund~ to 100 gnl1nn~ IIf wotlr lH33

1-3 Calcium nrSNlnte 2 2 II 1 0 a -10 IS middot1500 )lngnrsiuUl nrsrnOlpound n -I 1 1 2

] -Ill Ifgt 4000 C

1pound13(1 nrs(lnat 1 n l ] 10 211 50 00 ~

tlodilllll f111osllirnt II 1 1 II Jl II 1 middot10 Ii () gt-Ilarinlll f1uosili(nt II II 1 I 2 I 0 middot10 Ii middot12m CZinc llrsrni(( tI II 1 r 1 middot10 23 5750 I I II I) 1 II middot10 S 2000 Controls (untrrntd

3 1middot1llt1i1I11middotr (ontn[ insIetkllbullbull Jl13 t

1-3 omiddot c

Cryolite (for ramparisun I I) II - 2 1 t n 10 i 20 0067 1_ rommerlinl (ubI rinSI 11 II 11 I) I) 11 0 Ii i 30 1 3 33 ilDCrris 3 l(rrltut TOtl1JlOllP 11 11 11 (J U I) I) ] u 30 I 333 ])(rris 5 prrcent rot([lIgt01 11 I) II II tI I) () U ] 30 I 33 Controls (untrrnterl) II II II II n Il U 0 0 ao 1 U 0

1 I I ------~~

bull

bull

bull

bull

TIlE BEAX8TALK njELL IX THE EiTAXCIA YALLEY XEW ~lEXrcO 35

A longcvity lest Wa madl in 1032 (lOIll Jul) 1 to August 16 inclushy~iy( so that tht lOllglity of we(vih sltJYiing insecticidal (xpCIiu1lntH lIlight b( complupd with that of tho~( that had beell u~ld as conttmiddotols The treated WIi]S had been exposcd to Illlinsccticidc for 7 days preshyYi~)Jls to thcir tlllllsfpl to flcsh untreated plants which WPle JpnewCd as oftln liS nccdpl ~ixty-six of thl w((i pxp0fopd to inspeticides and 47 weeil~ upd as (0 II 110 Is fOl tllP ins(ctieiltlal ~tncli(s WCI( used in this (xp(ImiddotiIllPIlt By Allgllst 16 if was fOltlld that 47 01 Il~l pershy(PIlL of tlll W((1Is plPiowily PXI)()s(d to inscetieidCs had dild whereas ollly 0 Ol 1~17 pmmiddot(IIli of thos( lls((l as (ontrol in tht ills((ticidal fXPlIillHnfs hnd di(d Thilty-folll of thl pcils (xpospd to ins(ctishy(idlS and 1 of tll( tOllttol lot I( dlad hy July I j dan aftel fhiR 100lgpity (x(llri II IPll I as b(gltll This i Ildi(lit (s thai till (gt(ils lx(gtos((l I(J inSlCt icidls had a(1(1I iIP(l (1l(Jllgh toxic llIalllial to (a II S( a nlll jOlily of t1IPIII to dip pltlllatlllllr aihl twy (1( llnlOo(~(l from Ihl tllItpd plant~

SlLfAH Y

Thl bpa Ilsta I k PC middoti I ( r 1111( 1( 1tldlfIIlS ( asty )) ha~ b((11 fOil nd mjllling blalb ill IIll 1001 hill~ of Ih lallzallo ~[()lI11tlill~ which )Olltill thl EialHia YlIIIY X nflmiddotX on tlw west

It-- wild 110-( 1gt1llll is til( Ntw ~l(xi(all IOlIIt ohi(h it illjules by hOlin in tIl ((11(1(1 glOwth of till t wi (ausillg a II uti fOllIlation of tIl( tr(Po Its dOIlllsli( host in Ill Elall(il Yalll i (lIP pinto ](an plant whieh is stllnl(ltl and flpqu(IHly killlt(]

Liflt-histolr stlldi(s of Ih(1 IllSId PI( mad al Etall(a ~rlX flOIll ll~l to middot11lH ine1l1si(~

oOnly m plln(Illt1 fllllalps a 1( knowll to Omiddotip()~it Ill( 1llllllbclmiddot of (g~r dlposilld IWI flllItll Jallgps flolll about ~()() to WO Illa omiddotishyposition talws pll1(( dllling daylight hOlils al high t(lIlplratllle~

Th Pgg stag 1((llIil(lltI IIom fd to (Jn (la)middot~ thp lanal stage from ~ L to wa day till prl(gtupal stag( [10111 (i 1 I () IH and til( pupal stagl [I(Jln 1 J(j 10 lfin day Ill dtvploj)Il11lItal P(IIO(l flom eg 10 adult d(plnds Oil til( -lasoIHll [(Illjl(latul( ill till Eslancia Yallly flO to 70 days 01 longll an Jl(lmiddotPSIIImiddotY TIll tull-IOWIl luTt leanS till IJean sll1l to (gtupatl ill thp glOlInd Only OIl( g(lwmtioll tlpvelops (neh ltOIl Ill( adult lifl span iBOIII(what OVII a )PlI

This 1n-(( pass(s till wintll only in II( adult 01 bpptlp -tarrl Dlp(nding on (ntlwl ((Jndil ion ()(~Iilltlling is Blle(ls~flll ill tIll 1)()Jl(lPI(Jsa pilH and nnl pille 100(sl OIHS 01 ill tlIP rall(y itlilIf

Tll11(llIatul( ~((tnB to hl til( Rol( fadm in infllllll(inT (IIlPIlnCl Irolll hibllnalioll adiily bpinning al about 4)lt F t I shy

~((iIR enwlg( plImiddotI ill ~[ay and l)(ill to f(elt1 011 locull moving to bla n filldR a Boon a IIw planls (0111( up

rhl ollly knowll i nld (1ll11I i(s of I his ((i I ldlct the egg Htac IlIlIlWI a tlllips alld nymphs of tIll illSidiollR ftOPl btlg

LahoralOl t(ls with iIlRIctieidls indieat(1 I hat (on111(middot (lI1Rt~ WCI( of 110 yahH agiinst til( Oo(Iilll(gtI((1 alt1ult llw IJ(sl IPsnlts (1( obshytailHd with balilllll flnosilieall and zinc aIR(nill 111( fOIl(1 hail1(T all illllllNiiall lfl((( alld Ihp lall(1 n 11I11(h llnll lt1plawlt1 onp No field conI 101 Ippl (1( (onltlllild

ORGANIZATION OF TilE UNlTED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WilEN TillS ]UBLlCATION WAS ElTIIER FIRST IRINTED OR LAST REVISED

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ORGANIZATION OF TilE UNlTED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WilEN TillS ]UBLlCATION WAS ElTIIER FIRST IRINTED OR LAST REVISED

SeerelmU of ~1IriclIlII( _ CUUIlEl n VICKAIW

(wlcr S(er(llIrll _____ ~ _ ______ PAUl~ ll AII~IEBy As~i~t(1I1- S(er(aly__ ~ ______ __________ ___ GIIOYJ-U B 1I1LL

ClIirf Bllrclll- of Ayrklilturnl- BCOIIlIicL ____ lIOWIU) n ~rOILEY

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