Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT in Sweden · Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT in Sweden ......

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT in Sweden

WS @ ICT4S 2014

Jens Malmodin, Ericsson Research

Dag Lundén, TeliaSonera

Public | Ericsson AB / © TeliaSonera AB | [email protected] | Dag.Lundé[email protected] | 2014-08-22 |

› Improve the understanding of the energy consumption and carbon footprint of the ICT sector.

It will elaborate on the probably most comprehensive scientific research presented in the scientific Journal of Industrial Ecology (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12145).

› In addition the actual trends related to CO2 and energy consumption between 1990 – 2010 will be revealed.

› The findings and results presented is based on data originating from a Swedish context but the ambition is to elaborate on a global perspective.

Ambition with the presentation


Journal of industrial ecologyarticle

Public | Ericsson AB / © TeliaSonera AB | / [email protected] / Dag.Lundé[email protected] | 2014-06-30 |

› This presentation is based on many years of research and include large volumes of data and information.

› It’s highly addictive and might keep you busyfor years to come

› Several of the slides are very detailed and contains too much information to be good for your reading at the WS, so please do not even try! The intention to include the data is to spread the figures to be used afterwards.

› You will receive a copy of the presentation in paper or digital.

Warning


About the speakers

Jens Malmodin works at Ericsson as an Senior environmental researcher. Life cycle assessments and energy efficiency has always been an important part of his work and he has been active in standardization of LCA. He’s is a member of the Sustainability Research Team at Ericsson Research.

Jens holds an MSc in material engineering from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.

Dag Lundén work as environmental manager with in TeliaSonera. The work contains more or less the whole spectrum in the environmental field including corporate strategy, research, legislation and product development all the way to recycling and waste treatment. During the last couple of years the main focus has been on RoD within the area of energy efficiency and Life Cycle Assessment.

Dag holds an MSc in Land surveying from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.


About Ericsson


#1

#1

#1

#1

#1

#2

#2

Global backbone fibre network

Mobile operations in

Eurasia and Spain

Telecommunication leader in

the Nordic and Baltic region

About TEliaSonera: markets & operations

In short

• Total number of subscriptions ~ 189 million

• Result of a merger (Telia AB / Sonera OY in 2002)

• Head office in Stockholm, Sweden

• 2013 net sales 101,7 billion SEK

• Approximately 26 013 employees


Introduction

1970 2007 2050

Direct CO2

CO2e = CO2 equivalentemissions & effects

1900

Sources: IPCC, UN, WRI, WBC, WEF, IEA, Swedish Environmental Institute

Other CO2e

Annual global

CO2e emissions

Total CO2e 2007:

47 Gtonnes or

7 tonnes/capita

400 ppm

280 ppm (pre-industrial level)

300 ppm

1950

CO2 level in the atmosphere

230 ppm (∼ last million years)

Global warming: A seriousproblem for our civilization

450 ppm

2050

9 billion people

< 9 billion

tonne CO2e

< 1 tonne

per capita

To stabilize CO2 level

at about 450 ppm (equal

to about +2°C) require

large (50%-80%) emission

reductions 2007-2050.

Exact % 2050 is not important

for actions now, see curves

-50%

-80%


LCA basics

Raw materials(incl. fuels &chemicals)

Use EoLT =End-of-Life Treatment

Production

Assembly

ICT specific LCA data

Electricity andother energy

Wastetreatment

Transportsand travel

GenericLCA data

GWP [CO2e]Global Warming

Potential”carbon footprint”

Environmental Impact (ex.):


LCA basics II

Use

Manufacturing

EoLT =End-of-Life Treatment

Assembly

ICT product / system studied

Specific LCA data

R&D,

Business

support

Wastetreatment

Transportsand travel

=

Electricity andother energy

Ma

teria

l re

cyclin

g

Raw materials(incl. fuels &chemicals)

Generic LCA data Environmental

inputs (ex.):Resources:

Material, EnergyWater, Land

...outputs (ex.):Emissions to air:

CO2, CH4

NOX, SOX

Dust / aerosols / sootEmissions to water:

Cu, AsPb, Cd, Hg

N, PResidual waste:

LandfillSpecial storage

Product

output

TotalCO2e

Environmental

impact potential (ex.):

Materialdepletion

Toxicsto water

Landdepletion

”carbonfootprint”


EX: “FULL” LCA of ICs

› Semiconductors (ICs) is one of the most important parts in LCA of electronics

– Energy consumption, especially in the wafer fab

– Ultra pure chemicals and gases (energy...)

– Yields, hazardous waste, F-gases etc.

– Site construction (materials, energy...)

Semiconductors (ICs)

Wafer production Wafer fab Encapsulation

EoLT, recycling and waste

Energy and transports

Materials,

chemicals

and gases


Ericsson / TeliaSonera: Long tradition of LCA studies

Ericsson

› First LCA of a radio base station (1994)

› Detailed studies on ICs and PCBs (1995)

› First network-wide ”LCA-like” study (1996)

› LCA of cables (Ericsson Cables) (1998)

› LCA project with Telia Mobile and AT&T (1998)

› LCA of 3G (2001)

› Updates of 3G LCA study (2004-2007) + GSM network studies

› The first study of fixed broadband/PC (2007)

› LCA of a mobile phone (Sony Ericsson) including new data for IC, PCB, LCD, battery etc (2008)

› LCA of antenna towers (2008)

› LCA of fibre optic submarine cable system (2009)

› LCA of Smartphone with Sony (2013)

TeliaSonera

› LCA of a video conference system (1998)

› LCA of a mobile subscription (2G) (1998)

› LCA of construction of fixed line (1998)

› LCA of virtual exchange service (1999)

› LCA of radio link vs. optical fiber systems (1999)

› LCA of a telephone answering machine vs. a virtual answering service (1999)

› LCA of IP telephony (1999)

› LCA of fixed telephony in Sweden (2000)

› LCA of Data Center cooling solutions. TeliaSonera Green room concept (2012, 2 studies)


Methodology: ICT networks LCA, scope & context

Title: “Life cycle assessment of ICT – carbon footprint and operational electricity use from the operator, national and subscriber perspective in Sweden.”Published in the scientific Journal of Industrial Ecology. dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12145


› ~11 000 sites with energymeasurements

› Data traffic measurements

› Energy measurements of user equipment in 400 Swedish households

› Sale statistics for equipment and primary subscription services

› Identification and energy measurements of network equipment, about 200 energy consumption models have been created

› Equipment database with >100 000 network equipment entities

Methodology: Top down and bottom up data approach to quantify equipment and energy consumption

Top-down

Bottom-up


Electricity consumption: The no:1 environmental aspect for TS Sweden

15

Mobile Network elements20%

Broadband Network elements

42%

Mobile Cooling1%

Broadband Cooling16%

Mobile Rectifier/UPS4%

Broadband Rectifier/UPS7%

Mobile Other supporting infrastructure

1%

BroadbandOther supporting

infrastructure3%

Mobile Offices2%

Broadband Offices4%

Electricity consumption (TeliaSonera, Sweden) = 415 GWh = 50 million € /year


Foto’s from the IndustryPICTUres


Data and measurementsICT sector parts 2010 in Sweden Amount and description Electricity consumption Production

User equipment

Fixed phones~ 11 million

(5,4 million active lines)150 GWh 12 ktonnes CO2e

Mobile phones~ 10,5 million

(one per active subscription)30 GWh 84 ktonnes

PCs ~ 8,5 million 1 850 GWh 790 ktonnes

Fixed modems, routers and gateways ~ 4 million 330 GWh 16 ktonnes

TVs and set-top-boxes (IPTV only) ~ 0,35 million 95 GWh 17 ktonnes

Network equipment and operators’ operation and maintenance

Fixed phone network 5,4 million active phone lines, including local

and central phone switches 145 GWh 39 ktonnes

Mobile network (3 national GSM

networks and 2 national 3G networks,

including smaller ones

29 000 base stations but fewer physical base

station sites, also including central mobile

nodes

306 GWh

(172 GWh GSM

and 134 GWh 3G)

37 ktonnes

Broadband access 2,8 million active lines 90 GWh 3 ktonnes

Core networks (IP networks and data

transport networks)

Ten of thousands nodes and hundreds of

thousands different links130 GWh 19 ktonnes

Operator activities

and their data centers

4 operators including offices, stores, own data

centers, business trips and service cars

140 GWh (+250 GWh

other primary energy =

+78 ktonnes CO2e)

Not included

All other data centers including local

networks and other ICT office

equipment

2,1 million fixed active LAN ports with a

connected PC, 330 000 active servers plus

projectors and equipment for online

conferences

1 300 GWh

(of which data centers are

1 130 GWh)

90 ktonnes

TOTAL

12,1 million mobile subscriptions

10,5 million active mobile phones,

5,4 million active phone lines,

2,8 million active fixed broadband

4 600 GWh

(+250 GWh other

primary energy = +78

ktonnes CO2e)

1 100 ktonnes


User equipment studies over time

0

500

1000

Mobile phone

1995

Mobile phone

2002

Mobile phone

2008

Smartphone

2012

Tablet 2012

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Workstation

1993

Desktop 2007 Laptop 2007 Ultra/Note

book 2012

Tablet 2012

kg

CO

2e

kg

CO

2e

Use (PCs 4 years andmobile devices 3 years)

Manufacturing

Same tablet data (is it a PC or a mobile device?)

PCs 1993-2012

Mobile phones 1995-2012


User equipment LCA data review

0

5

10

15

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

kW

h

A. Regular mobile phones

electricity consumption

High charger stand-by scenario

0

10

20

30

40

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

B. Regular mobile phones

embodied carbon footprint

kg C

O2-e

q 0

20

40

60

80

100

Mobile

phones

Smart

phones

Modem/

router

STB/

Gateway

C. User equipment embodied

carbon footprint

kg CO2-eq

2010 RouterModem

STB

Gateway

= Trend/value used in current study for 2010

= Incomplete LCA or less representativeproduct/data with respect to products in 2010


Results: Electricity consumption

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Accessnetworks

IP corenetwork

Operatoractivities

Other userequipment

UserPCs

and datatransmission

offices, stores,data centers

incl. control & core,and dedicated trans.

Data centers& LANs (3rd party)

desktops, laptops,extra monitors

CPE, phones etc.

user equipmentreported separately

GW

h

Total ICT in Sweden 2010

Fixed broadbandPSTN and VoIP

3rd party data centers (internal use)3rd party PCs, office equipment and LANs(includes also all “offline” PCs)

3G mobile broadband2G mobile communication


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Accessnetworks

IP corenetwork

Operatoractivities

Other userequipment

UserPCs


buildings, travel,data centers

incl. control & coreand dedicated trans.



CPE, phones etc.

‘00

0 t

on

ne

CO

2-e

q

Use (electricity consumption)Manufacturing (embodied) Use (other energy)


Results: Carbon footprint

Total ICT in Sweden

(actual Swedish electricity 0.06 CO2e/kWh)


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Accessnetworks

IP corenetwork

Operatoractivities

Other userequipment

UserPCs


buildings, travel,data centers

incl. control & coreand dedicated trans.



CPE, phones etc.

‘00

0 t

on

ne

CO

2-e

q

Use (electricity consumption)Manufacturing (embodied) Use (other energy)


Results: Carbon footprint

Total ICT in Sweden

(global electricity scenario 0.6kg CO2e/kWh)


0

100

200

300

2G mobilecom

1 subscription1 mobile phone

3G mobilebroadband1 subscription

1 mobile device(incl. PCs)

Classictelephony

1 subscription/line

Broadbandtelephony

(3-play share)

Fixed DSLbroadband

1 subscription/line1.5 home PCs

1.5 CPE “boxes”

OfficeLAN PC

(LAN share,incl. office equip.)

1 office PC

IPTV(high use)(3-play share)

1 TV+STB0.43 gateway

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Average subscription, Sweden

[kg

CO

2-e

q]

Average subscription, global scenario

[kg

CO

2-e

q]

1 cordless and 1 analogphone per telephony subscription

Use (electricity consumption)Manufacturing Use (other energy)

1 year subscription

∼∼∼∼

1-2 hour driving

Results: Carbon footprint per subscription type


Bone stretcher!

*Fika = Common Swedish expression that can be translated as “Coffe breake”


Total access data traffic (ratio in/out about 1:2.5): Slightly more than 50% of total access traffic is P2P

Data transmission and IP core network in Sweden = 0.08 kWh/GBPer amount of data traffic in access networks

Data center data traffic (mainly into IP core, then out to access): About 40% of total access data traffic

CPE setup1,5 modems/routers

per household, 118 kWh

= 0.3 kWh/GB

PCs1.5 desktop/laptop PCs

per household, 395 kWh

= 1 kWh/GB

Average line/sub31 kWh/line

= 0.08 kWh/GB

3G routers not included

(only a few today

but growing in numbers)

= 0 for phones/tablets

Mobile deviceincluding PCs

scenario, 13 kWh

= 1.5 kWh/GB

Average 3G sub25 kWh/sub

= 2.9 kWh/GB

Modems or answering

machines not included

(only a few still in use)

= 0 for phones

Phones scenario:1 Analogue (0 kWh)

1 Cordless (27 kWh)

= 18 kWh/GB

Average line/sub27 kWh/line

= 18 kWh/GB

Regular mobile phone2 kWh

= 3 kWh/GB

Average 2G sub26 kWh/sub

= 37 kWh/GB

CPE(Customer premises

equipment)

User equipment

Access network(including control & core

nodes and dedicated

transmission)

400 GB 8.5 GBAmount of data

(in + out, voice + data)

Fixed voice = 30 kbps*2

Mobile voice = 10 kbps*2

0.7 GB1.5 GB

(modem data not included)

Data center/room modelPer amount of estimated data traffic to data centers

= 1 kWh/GB

Submarine cable modelAtlantic scenario (7350 km), actual cable data traffic

= 0.02 kWh/GB

Data rooms/centers“Open” or “Internet” part

Optional: International

Submarine cabledata transmission

Data transmissionand IP core network

Fixed broadband 3G mobile broadband 2G mobile com Older PSTN

International share of data

center data traffic and data

traffic in submarine cables

can be taken into account.

For this study:

International data centers:

25% of data traffic

Submarine cables:

50% of international traffic

(50% of 25% = 12,5%)

A national (Sweden in this

study) and an international part

(with optional submarine cable)

can be modeled based on traffic


Results - Development over time 1990 – 2010: The TeliaSonera ICT sector share of emissions in Sweden (Summarized per user category)

Not measured IT environment

Telecom + IT “ICT”


0

200

400

600

800

1000

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

PCs (all types, excluding tablets)

Home devices (fixed phones, CPE)

Fixed access networks

Data centers, data transmission and IP core

Fixed partFrom 2-2.7 billion users in 2007 to 3-5 billion users in 2020

(depending on definitions and prognoses)

Total GHG emissions (carbon footprint) [Mt CO2e]

ICT sector carbon footprint

1.1% of global 1.4% of global

0

200

400

600

800

1000

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Connected devices scenario

Mobile devices (including tablets)

PCs (all types, excluding tablets)

Mobile access networks

Data centers, data transmission and IP core

Mobile partFrom 2.95 billion users in 2007 to 7.6-9.5 billion users

in 2020 (depending on definitions and prognoses)

Total GHG emissions (carbon footprint) [Mt CO2e]

0.2% of global

0.5% of global

Sources:

Malmodin et al. 2010

Malmodin et al. 2013

Ericsson 2013


Mobile broadband data

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400Energy consumption [GWh]

Total subs* [millions]

3G/4G subs* [millions]

0

20

40

60

80

100

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

3G/4G only

Energy/sub* [kWh/sub]

* M2M subs are not included

GSM + 3G/4G

GSM only and GSM users only

GSM only and all GSM users (also 3G/4G subs)

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Mobile data traffic

Voice traffic

Mobile data and voice traffic [TB]

Data > voice

in 2007

4% of total data

>10% of total data

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Energy/data [kWh/GB]

3G/4G only

GSM + 3G/4G

<1 kWh/GB


Detailed results for 3G sub

0

10

20

30

40

50

TransmissionIP metro/core

Base stationsites

Mobiledevices

Operatoractivities

Datacenters

Control &core network

Operation (Swedish electricity)

Operation (other energy)

Manufacturing (including EoLT)

0

10

20

30

40

50Operation (Global average electricity)

Operation (other energy)

Manufacturing (including EoLT)

Includes also base

station dedicated

transmission

Includes also base

station dedicated

transmission

kg CO2-eq / average 3G subscription (/year)

Amount of data 2010 ~ 8.5 GBTotal ~ 24 kg (~ 2.8 kg/GB)

kg CO2-eq / average 3G subscription (/year)

Total ~ 50 kg (~ 5.9 kg/GB)

3 kWh23 kWh 2.5 kWh 4 kWh1 kWhElectricity: 13 kWh

Average device

Swedish electricity

model changed to a

global average model

International

data centers

(global

electricity)


Results: Electricity consumption 2010 vs 2013

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Accessnetworks

IP corenetwork

Operatoractivities

Other userequipment

UserPCs


offices, stores,data centers

incl. control & core,and dedicated trans.



CPE, phones etc.


GW

h

Total ICT in Sweden 2010

Fixed broadbandPSTN and VoIP

3rd party data centers (internal use)3rd party PCs, office equipment and LANs(includes also all “offline” PCs)

3G mobile broadband2G mobile communication

2013: More laptops and less overall use?

(less desktops and more tablet / smart

phone use)

2013: Improvements of existing data centers?

2013: New base station equipment (+) and

modernization of existing sites (-): +100 GWh

2013: About 4 million

new tablets: +60 GWh

2013: New data

centers: +300 GWh

2013: Energy saving activities

in operator data centers and

IP core


Summary / Conclusions:

Aspect Conclusion

Environmental impact per device and service

Lower due to shared infrastructure and more efficient devices in general

Total impact Increasing due to more devices and services

To decrease impact

- In General:

Focus on:

- end user equipment

- energy consumption and manufacturing!

- Telco operator

Focus on:

- Core sites / data centers (energy costs)

- Maximise coverage (km2/kWh)

Electricity mix (source)- “Green”: Manufacturing abroad in focus

- Global average: Operation and manufacturing

In general regarding data and results from older studies

Due to heavy changes in ICT usage, behavior and data volumes it’s of little use comparing studies from 1990th with later results


”Säll är den som har till rättesnöre, att man bör tänka efter före”

”Blessed is he who as guideline follows the rule that you should think before you act”

Tage Danielsson, Samlade dikter 1967 - 1967


Thank you for your interest

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT in Sweden · Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT in Sweden ......

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