Life Cycle Assessment and Ecodesign ARW: Life Cycle Analysis for Assessing Energy and Environmental...

Life Cycle Assessment and Ecodesign

ARW: Life Cycle Analysis for Assessing Energy and Environmental Implications of Information Technology

Budapest, Hungary

September 1-3, 2003

ARW: Life Cycle Analysis for Assessing Energy and Environmental Implications of Information Technology

Budapest, Hungary

September 1-3, 2003

Paulo Ferrão

OutlineOutline

I. Analysis of the evolution of the historical pattern of environmental strategies

II. Life cycle framework- ex: electrical and electronic equipment

III. Industrial Ecology FrameworkIV. Ecodesign/DFE: a new software tool, towards

the new framework V. Conclusions and …software demonstration

Extended product Extended product responsabilityresponsability

Eco-efficiencyDesign for EnvironmentLife Cycle Assessment

LCA

Product orientedProduct oriented

Business-as-usualBusiness-as-usual

Compliance with regulationPollution prevention

EIA, Energy audits, Envir. audits

Process orientedProcess oriented

Historical pattern of Environmental strategiesHistorical pattern of Environmental strategies Time and Time and SpaceSpace

Historical pattern of Environmental Strategies


MSW

EEE

Car

Components ManufacturingComponents

Manufacturing Assembly

Assembly

UseUse

Waste

Environment

Life cycle thinkingLife cycle thinking

Resources

Resources

DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)


Puts the EPR policy on place for Electrical and Electronic Equipment: The establishment, by this Directive, of producer responsibility is one of the means of encouraging the design and production of electrical and electronic equipment which take into full account and facilitate their repair,possible upgrading, reuse, disassembly and recycling.

Motivation: The amount of WEEE generated in the Community is growing rapidly. The content of hazardous components in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is a major concern during the waste management phase and recycling of WEEE is not undertaken to a sufficient extent.

DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC Categories of electrical and electronic equipment covered

DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC Categories of electrical and electronic equipment covered

1. Large household appliances2. Small household appliances3. IT and telecommunications equipment4. Consumer equipment5. Lighting equipment6. Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale

stationary industrial tools)7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment8. Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected

products)9. Monitoring and control instruments10. Automatic dispensers

ANNEX IA



For WEEE from private households, Member States shall ensure that by the 13 August 2005:a) systems are set up allowing final holders and distributors to return such

waste at least free of charge.b) when supplying a new product, distributors shall be responsible for ensuring

that such waste can be returned to the distributor at least free of charge on a one-to-one basis as long as the equipment is of equivalent type and has fulfilled the same functions as the supplied equipment.

c) without prejudice to the provisions of (a) and (b), producers are allowed to set up and operate individual and/or collective take-back systems for WEEE from private households provided that these are in line with the objectives of this Directive;



Member States shall ensure that by 31 December 2006 at the latest a rate of separate collection of at least four kilograms on average per inhabitant per year of WEEE from private households is achieved.Regarding WEEE sent for treatment, Member States shall ensure that, by 31 December 2006, producers meet the following targets:– for WEEE falling under categories 1 and 10 of Annex IA, the rate of recovery

shall be increased to a minimum of 80 % by an average weight per appliance, and component, material and substance reuse and recycling shall be increased to a minimum of 75 % by an average weight per appliance;

– …

DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC Financing in respect of WEEE from private households

DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC Financing in respect of WEEE from private households

1. Member States shall ensure that, by 13 August 2005,producers provide at least for the financing of the collection, treatment, recovery and environmentally sound disposal of WEEE from private households deposited at collection facilities, set up under Article 5(2).

2. For products put on the market later than 13 August 2005, each producer shall be responsible for financing the operations referred to in paragraph 1 relating to the waste from his own products. The producer can choose to fulfil this obligation either individually or by joining a collective scheme.

End-of-life processingEnd-of-life processing

Dismantler

WEEE

Shredder

Landfill

Manufacturer

Raw material producers

Re-use

Siderurgy

Foundry

Steel

Non-ferr met..

SR

Energy recovery

Metals

Glass

Plastics

Rubber

Other

RecyclingComponents

Component suppliers

Raw material producers

Component suppliers

Sample images from a shredderSample images from a shredderSample images from a shredderSample images from a shredder

SR treatment methodsSR treatment methods

GallooGalloo

GrindingMagnetic

sep.

ferrous metals

Heavy media sep.

Air sep.Drum

tumbler

plastics & wood

Heavy media sep.

residues

PP & PE

Extrusionadditives

compounded plastic

Landfill

Incineration

non ferrous metals

sand & glass

Road construction

Foam fluff

Recycling Recycling Landfill

ASR

PP & PE from other waste flows

GrindingMagnetic

sep.

ferrous metals

Heavy media sep.

Air sep.Drum

tumbler

plastics & wood

Heavy media sep.

residues

PP & PE

Extrusionadditives

compounded plastic

Landfill

Incineration

non ferrous metals

sand & glass

Road construction

Foam fluff

Recycling Recycling Landfill

ASR

PP & PE from other waste flows

ASR 80%

Fluidized bedgasifier

Combustible gas

Cyclonic combustion chamber

solid residue

Metals sep. equipment

metals

Bottom ash (glass, stones)

Recycling

flue gas

molten slag

Road construction

Boiler

energy

Exhaust gas treatment

ash

Landfill

Sludge 20%

EbaraEbara

Grinding Density sep.Smelting cyclone

metals oxygenreduced iron

& copper

melt granulate

Gaseous fuel

Boiler

Exhaust gas treatment

Road construction

Recycling

energy

Recycling

MSW flying ash (45%)

ASR (55%)

ReshmentReshment

CitronCitron

Pelletization

Grinding

Rotating furnace

Oxyreducer

Metal concentrates

Grinding

Recycling in cement industry

gasesGravity

chamberExhaust gas treatment

Thermal energy

Zn dust Mercury

Recycling Recycling

iron sludge(40%)

ASR (60%)

Fibre

Granulate

Sand

metals

Dust/sludge

Recovery in blast furnace

Recycling as dewateringagent

Recycling in construction and nFe smelters

Recycling

Incineration

GrindingMechanical

sorting

Other SR

ASR

VW SiconVW Sicon

MSW

Others

EEEProdu

ct Life

Cyc

le Sp

ace

Environment

Car

Components ManufacturingComponents

ManufacturingAssemblyAssembly UseUse

Resources Waste

Physical nature of the economyPhysical nature of the economy

IndustrialIndustrial EcologyEcologyCreating loop closing industrial ecosystemsPromoting waste exchangesCascading energy utilization

Systems OrientedSystems Oriented

Extended product Extended product responsabilityresponsability

Eco-efficiencyDesign for EnvironmentLife Cycle Assessment

LCA

Product orientedProduct oriented

Business-as-usualBusiness-as-usual

Compliance with regulationPollution prevention

EIA, Energy audits, Envir. audits

Process orientedProcess oriented

Historical pattern of Environmental strategiesHistorical pattern of Environmental strategies Time and Time and SpaceSpace



Towards a physical economyTowards a physical economy

Are there tools available to support policy makingin the new framework?

Others

MSW

EEE

CarComponents

ManufacturingComponents


Inci

nerat

ion

Landfil

l

Resourc

es

Recyc

ling

Environmental Sphere

I.E. T

ech.

I.E. T

ech.

Shre

dder

Shre

dder

Produ

ct Life

Cyc

le Sp

ace

Others

MSW

EEE

CarComponents

ManufacturingComponents


Inci

nerat

ion

Landfil

l

Resourc

es

Recyc

ling

Environmental Sphere

I.E. T

ech.

I.E. T

ech.

Shre

dder

Shre

dder

Produ

ct Life

Cyc

le Sp

ace

Bulk- MFABulk- MFA

LCALCA

SFASFA MFAMFA

Materials Flow AnalysisMaterials Flow Analysis

Economy

Air Water

Air Water

* Matthews et al. (2000)

StocksStocks

Imports Exports

ENVIRONMENT

Environmentalburdens

DMITMRDomesticextraction

Domesticoutput

Foreign hidden flows

Domestic hidden flows

Evolution of DMI vs. GDPEvolution of DMI vs. GDP

Adapted from Bringezu and Schütz, 2000, Total Material Requirement of the European Union, European Environment Agency, Technical report No 55.

(1988-1997)

Portuguese DMI evolutionPortuguese DMI evolution

Portuguese DMI: Domestic/ImportedPortuguese DMI: Domestic/Imported

• Almost all non-renewable domestic extraction is due to Rock, Clay and Clay extraction for construction

•Imports: mainly fossil fuels

Portuguese DMI dynamicsPortuguese DMI dynamics

Metabolism time scale, from infraestructure to use

Environmental indicators frameworkEnvironmental indicators framework

Enhance the capability of the decision making processIntegrating physical and economical indicators, environmental impacts and policies with causality-effect relations

Requires appropriate Indicators Framework

Responses

Impact

StatePressures

Drivers

Eco-efficiency indicators and emissions factors

Pathways and dispersion models

Dose response indicators and relationships

Risk assessment costs and benefits of action/in action

Effectiveness of responses




Indicators framework: DPSIR Indicators framework: DPSIR

DriversDriversare the underlying factors that influence a variety of relevant variables

very static

are useful to calculate pressures indicators, to help decision-makers to plan action and to serve as basis for scenario development

PressurePressuress

describe the variables that directly cause environmental burdens

should be responsive

due to their celerity, demonstrate the effectiveness of policy actions

StateState show the current condition of the environment

have a great inertia

Used to do a first assessment of the situation, and to answer the question where do we stand?

ImpactImpact

describe the ultimate effects on the environment or changes of state

react even slower than

state indicators

formalize the cause-effect relationships, are more scientific “decision models” rather then statistical indicators

ResponsResponsee

demonstrate the efforts of society, namely decision-makers to solve the problems

are very fast

monitor the measures taken to reduce the environmental problems, in conjunction with others indicators show the effectiveness of the measures

DPSIR frameworkDPSIR framework

(Jesinghaus, 1999)

Towards a physical economyTowards a physical economy

Are there tools available to support DFEin the new framework?

The “New Framework” requires the analysis ofdismantling vs shredding

The “New Framework” requires the analysis ofdismantling vs shredding

ELV Dismantler hulk Shredder

SR separator

He

av

y

SR

Non ferrous metals separatorL

igh

t S

R

SR

Non ferrous metals

Fe

rro

us

m

eta

ls

Re

us

e

pa

rts

Ha

zard

ou

s m

ate

ria

ls

rec

ov

ery

/re

cy

cli

ng

Landfill Residues Materials for recovery/recycling

Objectives:Evaluate environmental impact through all the life cycle;Minimize end of life costs achieving a pre specified recycling rate;

DfE Software ToolLife cycle approachDfE Software ToolLife cycle approach

The method is implemented in the EoL module of a software tool aimed at support eco efficient product design. This tool considers the product’s life cycle

Materials andprocesses

(transport & manufacture)

DfU

(use)

DfA

(production)

DfR

(end of lif e)

Environmentalimpacts



&

Optimum EoLstrategy

ModulesDatabase Results

DfE Software ToolStructure

DfE Software ToolStructure

EoL module

Optimization of disassembly sequenceExisting methods


Exhaustive (Lambert, 2002):

Considers the product’s connection diagram. Precedence relations are established between parts;

A

B

CD

E

F

G

H

I

Identifies and represents all the feasible disassembly sequences (ex: transition matrix, AND/OR graphic, Petri Net). These consist in feasible groups of parts “linked” by disassembly actions;

Exhaustive (Lambert, 2002):

Economic information is considered by attributing costs to disassembly actions and revenues to parts (reuse or recycling)

Optimum disassembly sequence is calculated using optimization methodologies such as linear programming and Petri Net optimization

May require significant amounts of computational time and dismantling information (for assessing parallel disassembly sequences) and expert user intervention



Optimization of disassembly sequenceExisting methodsOptimization of disassembly sequenceExisting methods

Simplified (Ramirez, 1996):

Considers the product’s bill of materials (parts and sub assemblies). Precedence relations are established for parts and sub assemblies

S1

S2 S3 S4

S5A BC DE

F

G

H

I

Revenues are attributed to parts and subassemblies (reuse, recycling, recovery or landfill). Costs are attributed to removal times for parts and sub assemblies Assessment of each disassembly sequence is done by evaluating the final state (set of separated parts and sub assemblies)

Optimization of disassembly sequenceExisting methodsOptimization of disassembly sequenceExisting methods

Simplified (Ramirez, 1996):

Optimum sequence is found by enumerating and comparing all the possible sets. For larger sets of parts a genetic algorithm based procedure is used

The results may be highly dependent on the way the user supplies information on parts, subassemblies and precedence relations, namely for complex assemblies

Optimization of disassembly sequenceProposed methodologyOptimization of disassembly sequenceProposed methodology

Main topics

Considers the product’s connection diagram.

Disassembly operations eliminate connections between parts. One operation may eliminate more than one connection

Precedence relations are defined for operations

The disassembly sequence is evaluated considering its final state (set of performed and non-performed operations).

In a feasible sequence, all the performed operations comply with precedence relations

A

B

CD

E

F

G

H

I

Optimization of disassembly sequenceProposed methodologyOptimization of disassembly sequenceProposed methodology

Information for assessing economic value and recycling rate:

Operation: time (costs are proportional), parts disconnected and precedence relations

Parts: mass, material composition and reuse value. Revenue from part (and groups of parts) is highest EoL value (reuse, recycling, shredding and landfill)

Subassembly: higher level assembly and reuse value

EoL scenarios: recycling value, shredding value (dependent on material composition), shredding efficiencies, SR separation efficiencies and landfill cost

DfE Software ToolDfR module


The user supplies information on:

product structure (parts and assemblies), part material composition and mass. Specific parts may be marked for removal

EoL operators costs (buildings, equipment, labor), recycled material revenues and separation efficiencies

The information on operations, connections and precedence relations is introduced by completely disassembling the product

Precedence relations

Connections



The Software identifies

an optimum DFR

strategy, (maximum

dismantling profit),

given a target recycling

rate and the available

recycling infraestructure



Case Study: automobile seatProduct Structure

Case Study: automobile seatProduct Structure

Case Study: automobile seatDisassembly Operations

Case Study: automobile seatDisassembly Operations

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Mat

eria

ls' e

nd

of

life

tota

l co

sts

(%)

Recycling rate Disassembled material

Disassembly sequence for a minimum cost achieving a recycling rate of 70%

Case Study: automobile seatOptimum disassembly sequenceCase Study: automobile seatOptimum disassembly sequence

Future policy directions ? Future policy directions ?

EconomyEconomy

Indicator Indicator frameworkframework

Environmental Environmental toolboxtoolbox

End-of-life End-of-life Environmental Environmental businessbusiness

Monetary

DPSIR

EIA,LCA,...

Product Green dot societies

ProductProduct orientedoriented

Environmental strategyEnvironmental strategy

+ Physical

DPSIR

+ MFA, SFA,...

+ Material flows symbiosis

IndustrialIndustrial EcologyEcology

Final remarksFinal remarks

DFE is an increasingly relevant concept, as a consequence of a broader extended product responsibility policies at an EU level

The DFR concept is not limited to disassembly operations, as shredding and post shredding recycling technologies are increasingly relevant

A new and innovative DFE software tool, including this broad approach was developed and used in the auto industry context

Future work will be concentrated on developing a database of shredding and post-shredding recycling technologies.

M.Sc. in ENGINEERING DESIGN

A development integrated in a new program…

http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt/mscdesign/

….at IST, LISBON

Life Cycle Assessment and Ecodesign ARW: Life Cycle Analysis for Assessing Energy and Environmental...

Documents

Transcript of Life Cycle Assessment and Ecodesign ARW: Life Cycle Analysis for Assessing Energy and Environmental...