Life Chances in Turkey: Expanding Opportunities for the Next Generation

8/7/2019 Life Chances in Turkey: Expanding Opportunities for the Next Generation

1/110

Cfjm Ebikems fk XurdmyMxpikhfko Gppgrtukftfms jgr

tbm Kmxt Omkmritfgk

@msdg Bmktsebmc, Amctma Irik, \ifj Eik,

Jrikefseg B. O. Jmrrmfri, @rafm Ofokgux, ikh Irzu ]riz

H F \ M E X F G K U F K H M Z M C G ^ A M K X

Buaik Hmvmcgpamkt


2/110


3/110

Cfjm Ebikems fk Xurdmy


4/110


5/110

Cfjm Ebikems fk Xurdmy

Mxpikhfko Gppgrtukftfms jgr tbmKmxt Omkmritfgk

@msdg Bmktsebmc

Amctma Irik

\ifj Eik

Jrikefseg B. O. Jmrrmfri

@rafm Ofokgux

Irzu ]riz


6/110

9> Xbm Fktmrkitfgkic Likd jgr \megkstruetfgk ikh Hmvmcgpamkt / Xbm _grch Likd

9292 B Utrmmt K__isbfkotgk HE 855Xmcmpbgkm0 >>Fktmrkmt0 www.wgrchlikd.groM-aifc0 jmmhliedNwgrchlikd.gro

Icc rfobts rmsmrvmh

9 < 5 8 95 9< 99 9>

Xbfs vgcuam fs i prghuet gj tbm stijj gj tbm Fktmrkitfgkic Likd jgr \megkstruetfgk ikhHmvmcgpamkt / Xbm _grch Likd. Xbm jfkhfkos, fktmrprmtitfgks, ikh egkecusfgks mxprmssmh fk tbfsvgcuam hg kgt kmemssirfcy rmjcmet tbm vfmws gj tbm Mxmeutfvm Hfrmetgrs gj Xbm _grch Likd gr tbm

ogvmrkamkts tbmy rmprmsmkt.

Xbm _grch Likd hgms kgt ouiriktmm tbm ieeuriey gj tbm hiti fkecuhmh fk tbfs wgrd. Xbm lgukh-irfms, egcgrs, hmkgafkitfgks, ikh gtbmr fkjgraitfgk sbgwk gk iky aip fk tbfs wgrd hg kgt fapcyiky ùhomamkt gk tbm pirt gj Xbm _grch Likd egkemrkfko tbm cmoic stitus gj iky tmrrftgry gr tbmmkhgrsmamkt gr ieemptikem gj sueb lgukhirfms.

\fobts ikh ^mrafssfgks

Xbm aitmrfic fk tbfs pulcfeitfgk fs egpyrfobtmh. Egpyfko ikh/gr triksafttfko pgrtfgks gr icc gj tbfswgrd wftbgut pmrafssfgk aiy lm i vfgcitfgk gj ippcfeilcm ciw. Xbm Fktmrkitfgkic Likd jgr\megkstruetfgk ikh Hmvmcgpamkt / Xbm _grch Likd mkegurioms hfssmafkitfgk gj fts wgrd ikh wfcc

kgraiccy orikt pmrafssfgk tg rmprghuem pgrtfgks gj tbm wgrd prgaptcy.Jgr pmrafssfgk tg pbgtgegpy gr rmprfkt iky pirt gj tbfs wgrd, pcmism smkh i rmqumst wftb egapcmtmfkjgraitfgk tg tbm Egpyrfobt Ecmirikem Emktmr Fke., >4 jix0 6?2-?=>-88?>4 Fktmrkmt0 www.egpyrfobt.ega.

Icc gtbmr qumrfms gk rfobts ikh cfemksms, fkecuhfko sulsfhfiry rfobts, sbguch lm ihhrmssmh tg tbmGjjfem gj tbm ûlcfsbmr, Xbm _grch Likd, 9292 B Utrmmt K_, _isbfkotgk, HE 855, ]UI4jix0 -2

Cflriry gj Egkormss Eiticgofko-fk-ûlcfeitfgk Hiti

Cfjm ebikems fk Xurdmy 0 mxpikhfko gppgrtukftfms jgr tbm kmxt omkmritfgk / @msdg Bmktsebmc ...Tmt ic.Q.

p. ea. (Hfrmetfgks fk hmvmcgpamkt)Fkecuhms lflcfgoripbfeic rmjmrmkems ikh fkhmx.FULK 6?2->-2>-2 (icd. pipmr) FULK 6?2->-29-=9. Ugefic fkhfeitgrsXurdmy.


7/110

v

Jgrmwgrh fx

Iedkgwcmhoamkts xf

Illrmvfitfgks xfff

Gvmrvfmw 9

Xbm Utitm gj Mquicfty gj Gppgrtukftfms fk Xurdmy Kgtms 99\mjmrmkems 99

Ebiptmr 9 Fktrghuetfgk 95

Kgtm 9=

Ebiptmr < Mqufty Ispfritfgks 9?

Kgtms


8/110

Ebiptmr 5 Xbm Utitm gj Mquicfty gj Gppgrtukfty fk Xurdmy Mircy Ebfchbggh Hmvmcgpamkt Lmkmjfts :5Kgtms :?\mjmrmkems :6

Ebiptmr : \mjcmetfgks ?9

Kgtm ?5\mjmrmkem ?5

Xmebkfeic Ippmkhfx ?=

\mjmrmkems 2:

Fkhmx 2?

Lgxms

=.9 Fktmrkitfgkic Lmkebairdfko Cmioum Xilcm jgr MircyEbfchbggh Hmvmcgpamkt =5

=.< Egaaukfty-Lismh MEH rgvfsfgk fk Xurdmy =:

vf Egktmkts


9/110

=.5 Jmaicm Cilgr Jgrem irtfefpitfgk ikh IjjgrhilcmEbfch-Eirm Gptfgks fk Xurdmy :=

Jfourms

G.9 \mcitfvm \fsd gj Ebfch gvmrty ikh Utuktfko, lyFktmromkmritfgkic Gppgrtukfty Orgup, >8 8

G.< ^mr Eipfti Ugefic Mxpmkhfturms ly Iom Orgupfk Xurdmy, >2 2

G.5 Ioormoitm Fkegam ikh gvmrty \mhuetfgk Mjjmetsgj Fkermismh Jmaicm Cilgr Jgrem ^irtfefpitfgk 6

>: 928 5=5.= \mcitfvm \fsd gj Ebfch gvmrty ikh Utuktfko, ly

Fktmromkmritfgkic Gppgrtukfty Orgup, >8 5=8.9 \mcitfvm \fsd gj gvmrty, ly Iom Orgup, >5

ikh >: 8>

8.< Hfstrflutfgk gj Mstfaitmh Kualmrs gj Ihhftfgkic ggr,ly Iom Orgup, >69> 898.5 Ebfch Hmvmcgpamkt Amisurmamkt Jriamwgrd 88 8:8.? Fktmrkitfgkic Egapirfsgks gj Dmy Fkhfeitgrs 8?=.9 Egvmriom gj Zirfgus MEH ^rgorias fk Xurdmy ly

Iom Eitmogry, Citmst Ivifcilcm Vmir =2=.< ^rmprfairy Orgss Mkrgccamkt jgr Ebfchrmk

Ioms 5: tg ?< Agktbs, Citmst Ivifcilcm Vmir =6

Egktmkts vff


10/110

=.5 ^rmsebggc ikh Hiyeirm Ieemss, ly UgefgmegkgafeUtitus ikh \uric-]rlik Cgeitfgk, >2 =6

=.8 ^rmsebggc Mkrgccamkt (>2>6) ikh BuaikHmvmcgpamkt Fkhmx (>8), ly ^rgvfkem :>

=.= Hfstrflutfgk gj Ugefic Mxpmkhfturms fk Xurdmyly Iom Orgup, >2 :9

=.: ^mr Eipfti Ugefic Mxpmkhfturms ly Iom Orgup fk Xurdmy(Emktric Ogvmrkamkt, Mxecuhfko Ugefic UmeurftyEgktrflutfgks), >2 :8 58

8.9 Ebfch Hmvmcgpamkt Ieemss ikh Gutegam Fkhfeitgrsly Gppgrtukfty Utitus, >8 85

vfff Egktmkts


11/110

fx

Gpfkfgk pgccs sbgw tbit bivfko megkgafe gppgrtukftfms ikh bivfko ioggh `gl irm tgp prfgrftfms jgr pmgpcm tbm wgrch gvmr. ^gccs icsg sbgw tbitpmgpcm eirm ilgut cfvfko fk `ust ikh mquftilcm sgefmtfmswbmrm fkhfvfhuicmjjgrts irm rmwirhmh, tbmrm fs jifrkmss ikh kg hfserfafkitfgk, ikh mvmrygkmbis pcmkty gj ebikems tg hmvmcgp eipilfcftfms ikh rmieb tbmfr cfjm ogics.

_bfcm jmw wguch iormm tg ifa jgr mquicfty gj gutegamsijtmr icc, mjjgrtsbguch rfobtcy lm rmwirhmhagst pmgpcm mkhgrsm tbm kmmh tg cmvmc tbm

pciyfko jfmch ikh prgvfhm jgr mquicfty gj gppgrtukftfms.Cfjm Ebikems mxpcgrms tbm stitm gj mquicfty gj gppgrtukftfms fk Xurdmy.

Ft lufchs gk tbm egkempts ikh fhmis prmsmktmh fk tbm _grch Hmvmcgpamkt\mpgrt >:0 Mqufty ikh Hmvmcgpamkt. Xbm iutbgrs issmss bgw tghiys hfs-trflutfgk gj wmictb ikh tbm sueemss gj ebfchrmk fk cmirkfko tg rmih ikhwrftm irm sbipmh ly tbm pistly jietgrs prmhmtmrafkmh it lfrtb, jietgrsgvmr wbfeb tghiys ebfchrmk ikh jiafcfms bivm kg egktrgc0 gkms omkhmr,pirmkts ikh orikhpirmkts mhueitfgk, rmofgk ikh irmi gj lfrtb, gr agtbmr

tgkoum. Ugam gj tbm jfkhfkos irm stird, mspmeficcy is tbmy pmrtifk tg bgwtbm gppgrtukftfms tghiys ebfchrmk bivm ijjmet tbm juturm gj tbm eguktry0i ofrc lgrk fk i rmagtm vfcciom tg i pggr jiafcy ikh pirmkts wftb prfairymhueitfgk hmormms wfcc vmry cfdmcy struoocm fk icagst mvmry irmi gj bmrhmvmcgpamkt. Egapirmh wftb i lgy lgrk tg wmcc-gjj, bfobcy mhueitmh

Jgrmwgrh


12/110

pirmkts fk gkm gj tbm urlik emktmrs fk tbm eguktrys wmst, tbit ofrc fs jgurtfams is cfdmcy tg sujjmr jrga cgw lfrtb wmfobt, gkm-tbfrh is cfdmcy tg lmfaaukfzmh, ikh tmk tfams is cfdmcy tg bivm bmr orgwtb stuktmh is i rmsuctgj aickutrftfgk. Ufafcircy sbm bis i gkm-fk-jfvm ebikem gj egapcmtfko bfobsebggc, wbmrmis tbm lgy wfcc cfdmcy jfkfsb sebggc ikh agvm gk tg egccmom.Cfjm Ebikems sbgws bgw fkvmstfko fk mircy ebfchbggh mhueitfgk bis buompiygjjsjgr hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk is wmcc is sgefic ikh megkgafe hmvmc-gpamkt it cirom.

_m bgpm Cfjm Ebikems wfcc jfkh fktmrmstmh rmihmrs fk Xurdmy ikh mcsm-wbmrm. Xbfs lggd ogms lmygkh trihmgjjs lmtwmmk mjjfefmkey ikh mqufty. Ft

sbgws tbit i jgeus gk mquftymquicfty gj gppgrtukftfmseik icsg cmih tgmkbikemh mjjfefmkey, gkem tbm prghuetfvm eipilfcftfms gj icc eftfzmks irmkurturmh tg tbmfr juccmst mxtmkt rmoirhcmss gj tbm cued gj tbm hriw it lfrtb.

Xiair Aikumcyik Itfke ]crfeb Piebiu

Umetgr Hfrmetgr, Buaik Hmvmcgpamkt Xurdmy Eguktry Hfrmetgr

Murgpm ikh Emktric Isfi \mofgk Murgpm ikh Emktric Isfi \mofgk

Xbm _grch Likd Xbm _grch Likd

x Jgrmwgrh


13/110

xf

Xbfs \mpgrt fs pirt gj i ciromr _mcjirm ikh Ugefic ^gcfey wgrd iomkhi tbittbm Xurdfsb Utitm ^cikkfko Groikfzitfgk ikh tbm _grch Likd irm eirryfkogut egccilgritfvmcy. Xbm \mpgrt wis prghuemh ly i tmia eggrhfkitmh ly@msdg Bmktsebmc ikh egapgsmh gj Amctma Irik, \ifj Eik, Jrikefseg B.O.Jmrrmfri, @rafm Ofokgux, ikh Irzu ]riz (icc wftb tbm _grch Likd),wftb Mcfj Vgkei Vdsmdmr prgvfhfko mxemccmkt mhftfko ikh prghuetfgkissfstikem. Xbm \mpgrt icsg hriws gk i tmebkfeic kgtm ly Airtbi Ccikgs

(egksuctikt) gk mircy ebfchbggh hmvmcgpamkt pgcfey fk Xurdmy.Gur tbikds jgr tbm egccilgritfgk fk tbm hrijtfko gj tbfs \mpgrt og jgrm-

agst tg gur pirtkmrs fk tbm Xurdfsb Utitm ^cikkfko Groikfzitfgk ikh fts]khmrsmermtiry, Dmaic Aihmkgocu, is wmcc is tg tbm Hfrmetgr Omkmric gjUgefic ^gcfefms, Vcaiz Xuki4 tbm Hfvfsfgk Ebfmj jgr Cilgr ikh Ugefic^gcfefms, Fcyis mcfdgocu4 ikh tbmfr tmias. Fk pirtfeucir, wm lmkmjftmh jrgatbm tmebkfeic fksfobts ikh oufhikem gj Bikhm ^icikegocu, Icpmr Vitaiz,Vchz Vipir, Umrhir ^gcit, ikh Odbik Ohmr. Jurtbmr, wm gltifkmh aueb

tmebkfeic suppgrt ikh ihvfem jrga egccmioums fk tbm Hmpirtamkt gj UgeficUtitfstfes, bmihmh ly Mkvmr Xist, it tbm Xurdfsb Utitfstfeic Fkstftutm, is wmccis jrga egccmioums fk tbm Hfrmetgritm Omkmric gj ^rmsebggc Mhueitfgk ittbm Afkfstry gj Kitfgkic Mhueitfgk, tbm Hfrmetgritm Omkmric gj ^rfairyBmictb, ikh tbm Amktic Bmictb ]kft it tbm Afkfstry gj Bmictb. _m irm icsg

Iedkgwcmhoamkts


14/110

oritmjuc tg ^rgjmssgr Kizc Liyhir jrga Dg ]kfvmrsfty ikh bmr rmsmirebtmia jgr lgtb jmmhlied ikh ieemss tg tbmfr rmsmireb stuhy gk MircyEbfchbggh Hmvmcgpamkt Megcgofms (XMOM). \mzi Bgssifkf (]KFEMJ)prgvfhmh us wftb aueb suppgrt tbrguobgut tbm fapcmamktitfgk gj tbmgvmricc wgrd iomkhi. _m wguch icsg cfdm tg tbikd egccmioums fk tbm mircyebfchbggh hmvmcgpamkt egaaukfty fk Xurdmy, fk pirtfeucir Iyci Odsmcit tbm Agtbmr Ebfch Mhueitfgk Jgukhitfgk (IMZ) ikh Umkoc Idir itDMHZ jgr sbirfko jfmch mxpmrfmkems ikh prgvfhfko vicuilcm fksfobts.

Upmefic oritftuhm fs gwmh tg ^rgjmssgr Umkemr Iyiti jrga Afhhcm MistXmebkfeic ]kfvmrsfty (AMX]), wbg tbrguobgut tbm mktfrm prgemss prg-

vfhmh us wftb egktfkugus jmmhlied ikh suoomstfgks. _m irm oritmjuc tgbfa jgr groikfzfko i smrfms gj hficgoum ammtfkos wftbfk tbm Ugefic ^gcfeyOrihuitm ^rgoria gj tbm Orihuitm Uebggc gj Ugefic Uefmkems it AMX]ikh jgr jiefcftitfko egktfkugus fktmrietfgk lmtwmmk tbfs wgrd prgoriaikh tbm ieihmafe egaaukfty. Jfkiccy, wm ormitcy lmkmjftmh jrga smafkirsbmch hurfko tbm prmpiritfgk gj tbm egccilgritfvm wgrd prgoria it Lgoizff]kfvmrsfty, Dg ]kfvmrsfty, AMX], ikh Uilike ]kfvmrsfty is wmcc is wftbegccmioums fk tbm gjjfems gj tbm ]kftmh Kitfgks groikfzitfgks fk Xurdmy.

_ftbfk tbm _grch Likd, wm lmkmjftmh jrga erftfeic rmvfmws ly @uikHfmog Icgksg, Hfmog Ikomc-]rhfkgci, Ebrfstfik Lghmwfo, _mkhyEukkfkobia (pmmr rmvfmwmr), Irfmc Jfszlmfk (pmmr rmvfmwmr), ikh @ifamUiivmhri (pmmr rmvfmwmr). Ogrhgk Lmtebmraik, Xiair Aikumcyik Itfke,ikh ]crfeb Piebiu prgvfhmh gvmricc suppgrt ikh oufhikem hurfko tbmprmpiritfgk gj tbm \mpgrt.

xff Iedkgwcmhoamkts


15/110

xfff

IMZ Ikkm geud Mo ftfa Zidj (Agtbmr Ebfch MhueitfgkJgukhitfgk)

LIHM^ Lili Hmstmd ^rgoria (Jitbmr Uuppgrt ^rgoria)EEX egkhftfgkic eisb triksjmrMEH mircy ebfchbggh hmvmcgpamkt M\F Mhueitfgk \mjgra FkftfitfvmOH^ orgss hgamstfe prghuet

BLU bgusmbgch luhomt survmyBFKGO bfob fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty orgupDMHZ Dihk Mamo fkf Hmo mrcmkhfram Zidj (Jgukhitfgk jgr

Uuppgrt gj _gamks _grd)CFKGO cgw fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty orgupAMX] Afhhcm Mist Xmebkfeic ]kfvmrsftyAGEM^ Agtbmr Ebfch Mhueitfgk rgoriaAGKM Afkfstry gj Kitfgkic Mhueitfgk

KOG kgkogvmrkamktic groikfzitfgkGMEH Groikfsitfgk jgr Megkgafe Eg-Gpmritfgk ikhHmvmcgpamkt

^FUI ^rgoria jgr Fktmrkitfgkic Utuhmkt Issmssamkt^\GKGMF Mc ^rgoriai Kg Msegcirfzihg hm Mhueiefgk Fkfefic

(Kgk-Uebggc Fkftfic Mhueitfgk ^rg`met)

Illrmvfitfgks


16/110

UBMD Ugsyic Bfzamtcmr geud Msfromam Duruau (Ugefic Umrvfemsikh Ebfch ^rgtmetfgk Iomkey)

U^G Utitm ^cikkfko GroikfzitfgkUUF Ugefic Umeurfty FkstftutmUVHOA Ugsyic Virhacisai vm Hiyiksai Omkmc Ahrco

(Omkmric Hfrmetgritm gj Ugefic Issfstikem ikh Ugcfhirfty)XI^J Xrdfym Ifcm Uioco vm ^cikciais Zidj (Xurdfsb Jiafcy

Bmictb ikh ^cikkfko Jgukhitfgk)XHBU Xurdfsb Hmagoripbfe ikh Bmictb UurvmyXMOM Xrdfymhm Mrdmk geudcud Omcfsfa Mdgcg`fcmrf (Utuhy gj

Mircy Ebfchbggh Hmvmcgpamktic Megcgofms fk Xurdmy)XC Xurdfsb cfriXF

D Xrdfym Fstitfstfd Duruau (Xurdfsb Utitfstfeic Fkstftutm)

]BF ukfvmrsic bmictb fksurikem]KFEMJ ]kftmh Kitfgks Ebfchrmks Jukh]KH^ ]kftmh Kitfgks Hmvmcgpamkt rgoriaam

_HF _grch Hmvmcgpamkt Fkhfeitgrs

xfv Illrmvfitfgks


17/110

9

Jrga tbm Airairi mirtbquidm ikh tbm >9 jfkikefic erfsfs tg tbm gksmt

gj tbm ocglic megkgafe scgwhgwk fk afh->2, Xurdmy rmegrhmh ai`gr

sgefic ikh buaik hmvmcgpamkt prgormss. Agrticfty ritms jgr ebfchrmk

ukhmr iom = egktfkumh tbmfr rmairdilcm, hmeihm-cgko hmecfkm, rmiebfko

>> cfvm lfrtbs) fk >2.9 Kmt mkrgccamkt ritms fk smegkhiry

sebggc, gjtmk ebirietmrfzmh is tbm Iebfccms bmmc gj buaik hmvmcgpamkt

fk tbm eguktry, ecfalmh stmmpcy jrga =9 pmremkt fk >< tg =6 pmremkt fk

>2. Ufafcircy, pgvmrty hmermismh jrga


18/110

Fk tbm siam fkqufry, twg gj tbrmm Xurdfsb ihucts rmspgkhmh tbit fk`ustfem

fk sgefmty wis tbm aifk rmisgk tbit pgvmrty mxfstmh fk tbm eguktry, ikh

ecgsm tg tbrmm-jgurtbs gj icc rmspgkhmkts sifh tbit tbm pggr sbguch kgt lm

bmch ieeguktilcm jgr tbmfr jitm.

Xbm Utitm gj Mquicfty gj Gppgrtukftfms fk Xurdmy

Xbfs \mpgrt mxiafkms tbm rmicfty lmbfkh tbgsm stitmamkts. Ft jgeusms gk

mquicfty gj gppgrtukfty fk Xurdfsb sgefmty tghiyagst fapgrtiktcy gk tbm

cfjm ebikems gj tghiys ebfchrmk, tbm eguktrys juturm. Xbm \mpgrt sbgws

tbit cfjm ebikems gj pmgpcm fk Xurdmy hfjjmr wfhmcy tghiy ikh tbit tbmeguktry eguch vistcy faprgvm fts buaik ikh megkgafe hmvmcgpamkt

pgtmktfic ly mxpikhfko tbm gppgrtukftfms ivifcilcm jgr fts kmxt omkmritfgk,

pirtfeucircy tbm agst hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk.

Xriksjgrafko gppgrtukftfms fktg iebfmvmamkts hmpmkhs gk gkms gwk

hrfvm, mjjgrt, ikh, it tfams, cued. Lut tbm gppgrtukftfms tbmasmcvms afobt

lm hmtmrafkmh ly jietgrs tbit iky sfkocm pmrsgk eik hg ilsgcutmcy kgtb-

fko ilgut0 tbm jiafcy fktg wbfeb gkm fs lgrk ikh wbmrm4 tbm mhueitfgkic

liedorgukh gj gkms pirmkts ikh tbmfr wmictb4 tbm cikouiom spgdmk fk tbmjiafcy4 gr gkms omkhmr. Uueb jietgrs, gr efreuastikems, is @gbk \gmamr

eiccs tbma, irm icc fkhmpmkhmkt gj gkms gwk ebgfems ikh mjjgrt.

I sgefmty gjjmrfko mquic gppgrtukftfms tg fts eftfzmks wguch tbmk lm gkm

fk wbfeb icc tbgsm efreuastikems, sueb is tbm sgefgmegkgafe jiafcy lied-

orgukh gr lfrtbpciem, aittmr cfttcm gr kgkm fk hmtmrafkfko cfjm ebikems. Fk

tbfs sgefmty, i ofrc lgrk fk i rmagtm, pggr irmi gj tbm eguktry tg pirmkts wftb-

gut aueb jgraic mhueitfgk wguch bivm tbm siam ebikems tg sueemmh fk cfjm

is i lgy lgrk fk tbm emktmr gj Fzafr tg wmictby ikh mhueitmh pirmkts.Xbm mqufty egkempt usmh bmrm mapbisfzms gppgrtukftfms ritbmr tbik gut-

egams pmr sm. Mquicfty gj gutegams wguch fapcy tbit rmihfko segrms gj icc

9=-ymir-gch ebfchrmk sbguch lm mquiccy bfob, tbit wmictb sbguch lm hfs-

trflutmh bgagomkmguscy, gr tbit cfjm mxpmetikey sbguch lm tbm siam jgr

mvmrygkm fk sgefmty. Lut gutegams icsg hmpmkh tg i sfokfjfeikt mxtmkt gk

gkms gwk mjjgrts, hfspgsftfgk, gr cued. Agrmgvmr, rmwirhfko mjjgrt (tg

cmirk, stuhy, ikh wgrd) fs mssmktfic fk sgefmtfms jgr fkkgvitfgk ikh ihvikem.

Xbm \mpgrt jfkhs tbit efreuastikems irm fapgrtikt fk hmtmrafkfko cfjm

ebikems fk Xurdmy tghiy. Ft prmsmkts quiktftitfvm mstfaitms gj fkmquicftygj gppgrtukftfms jgr twg gutegam hfamksfgks0 megkgafe ikh mhueitfgkic

iebfmvmamkt. Megkgafe gppgrtukfty fs amisurmh is bgusmbgch wmictb,

wbfcm tbm gppgrtukfty jgr mhueitfgk fs issmssmh tbrguob quicftitfvm

iebfmvmamkt (pmrjgraikem fk stikhirhfzmh tmsts).

< Cfjm Ebikems fk Xurdmy


19/110

Ik mxiafkitfgk gj tbm hfstrflutfgk gj bgusmbgch wmictb rmvmics tbit it

cmist gkm-tbfrh gj tbm wmictb hfspirfty fk >8 rmsucts jrga fkmquicfty gj

gppgrtukfty.5 Xbm agst fapgrtikt efreuastikems tbit hmtmrafkm gppgrtu-

kftfms fk Xurdmy irm irmi gj lfrtb ikh pirmktic mhueitfgk. Xgomtbmr, tbmsm

ieegukt jgr twg-tbfrhs gj fkmquicfty gj gppgrtukfty rmcitmh tg tbm wmictb

hfstrflutfgk fk tbm eguktry. Cfaftmh ikicysms jgr gtbmr eguktrfms mxfst tbit

iccgw ik fktmrkitfgkic egapirfsgkis i rguob fkhfeitfgk, Xurdmy ippmirs

tg rikd tgwirh tbm agrm aghmritm mkh gj eguktrfms fk Citfk Iamrfei, i

rmofgk tbit bis cgko lmmk bfobcfobtmh jgr tbm pmrsfstmkem gj fkmquicftfms.

I sfafcircy strgko cfkd lmtwmmk efreuastikems ikh gutegams mamroms

wbmk gkm cggds it mhueitfgkic iebfmvmamkt jgr Xurdmys 9=-ymir-gchs, isamisurmh ly rmsucts gj tbm >: ^FUI (^rgoria jgr Fktmrkitfgkic Utuhmkt

Issmssamkt) segrms. Lmtwmmk i quirtmr ikh i tbfrh gj gvmricc mhueitfgkic

fkmquicfty eik lm triemh tg ukhmrcyfko fkmquicfty gj gppgrtukftfms. Is wis

tbm eism jgr tbm wmictb hfstrflutfgk, tbm sgefgmegkgafe liedorgukh gj tbm

jiafcfms fk wbfeb tbm tmmkiomrs ormw up ieegukts jgr tbm cfgks sbirm gj

sueb ukmquic gppgrtukftfms. Upitfic virfilcms rmtifk tbmfr fapgrtikem lut

agstcy icgko tbm ruric-urlik hfvfhm, sfokicfko fkmquicftfms fk ieemss tg

quicfty mhueitfgk fk tbm eguktry. Omkhmr, wbfeb fs i dmy hmtmrafkikt gjmkrgccamkt, fs kgt i sfokfjfeikt egrrmcitm gj iebfmvmamkt4 tbit fs, gkem tbmy

sueemmh fk stiyfko fk sebggc, ofrcs hg tbm siam is gr lmttmr tbik lgys fk

tbm iebfmvmamkt tmsts.

Jrga Orikhpirmkts tg Orikhebfchrmk

Egapirfko Xurdfsb sgefmty tghiy wftb tbm sgefic ikh megkgafe cfjm gj

jgur gr jfvm hmeihms mircfmr rmvmics tbit trmamkhgus triksjgraitfgks bivmtidmk pciem rmoirhfko urlik ikh ruric cfjm ikh cfvmcfbgghs icfdm. Uueb

triksjgraitfgks kgtwftbstikhfko, tbfs \mpgrt jfkhs tbit tbm sgefgmeg-

kgafe stitus gj orikhpirmkts, amisurmh ly tbm mhueitfgk tbmy ittifkmh

rguobcy 8> gr => ymirs iog, rmtifks i pgwmrjuc cfkd tg tbm wmcc-lmfko ikh

ebikems gj tbmfr orikhebfchrmk tghiy.8

Jgr fccustritfgk purpgsms, tbm \mpgrt hfstfkoufsbms twg orgups fk tbm

fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty prgjfcm, ieegrhfko tg omgoripbfe ikh mhu-

eitfgkic ebirietmrfstfes0 i cgw fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty orgup

(CFKGO), hmjfkmh is tbm orgup gj tghiys ebfchrmk ikh yguko ihuctswbgsm aitmrkic orikhpirmkts bih cmss tbik prfairy mhueitfgk ikh

wbgsm agtbmr wis lgrk fk tbm ruric, mistmrk pirt gj tbm eguktry. I bfob

fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty orgup (BFKGO) egksfsts gj ebfchrmk ikh

yguko ihucts wbgsm aitmrkic orikhpirmkts bih, egkvmrsmcy, it cmist jfkfsbmh

Gvmrvfmw 5


20/110

prfairy sebggc ikh wbgsm agtbmr wis lgrk fk tbm urlik, wmstmrk (gr

emktric) pirt gj Xurdmy.

Uueb fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty orgups irm ecgsmcy icfokmh wftb tbm

wmcc-lmfko gj prmsmkt-hiy ebfchrmk. Xbm agst strfdfko rmsuct fs tbm ecgsm

rmcitfgksbfp lmtwmmk ebfch pgvmrty fk >8 ikh tbm fktmromkmritfgkic

gppgrtukfty orgups0 ebfch pgvmrty fk tbm CFKGO wis, it ?2 pmremkt, 92

tfams bfobmr tbik ebfch pgvmrty fk tbm BFKGO, wbfeb lirmcy rmiebmh

= pmremkt (jfourm G.9).

Ufafcircy, agrm tbik i quirtmr gj ebfchrmk fk tbm CFKGO sbgwmh sfoks

gj stuktfko, ik fkhfeitgr tbit amisurms tbm cgko-tmra mjjmets gj aickutrf-

tfgk. Fk tbm BFKGO, gkcy 8 gj mvmry 9>> ebfchrmk sbgwmh sueb orgwtbrmtirhitfgk. _bfcm fghfkm hmjfefmkey, i cmihfko eiusm jgr amktic rmtirhi-

tfgk hurfko ebfch hmvmcgpamkt, wis prmsmkt fk agrm tbik 2> pmremkt gj

CFKGO ebfchrmk, ft wis hmtmetmh fk gkcy ilgut pmremkt gj tbgsm fk tbm

BFKGO.

Utuktfko ikh fghfkm hmjfefmkey irm, ieegrhfko tg ergss-eguktry

rmsmireb, iagko smvmric cmihfko ieutm rfsd jietgrs tbit sfokic ebfchrmk aiy

8 Cfjm Ebikems fk Xurdmy

Jfourm G.9 \mcitfvm \fsd gj Ebfch gvmrty ikh Utuktfko, ly Fktmromkmritfgkic

Gppgrtukfty Orgup, >8

9.=

9.9

>.2>.?

9.>

>.=

>.>

rmcitfvmr

fsd

>.=

9.>

9.=

ebfch pgvmrty

(lmcgw iom =)

stuktfko

cgw fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty orgup gj ebfchrmk

bfob fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty orgup gj ebfchrmk

Ugurem0 Utijj eiceucitfgks lismh gk >8 Xurdfsb Hmagoripbfe ikh Bmictb Uurvmy (XHBU).

Kgtm0 \fsd fs rmcitfvm tg ivmriom fkefhmkem jgr icc ebfchrmk ukhmr iom =.


21/110

kgt lm ilcm tg rmieb tbmfr jucc egokftfvm hmvmcgpamkt pgtmktfic. Bmkem,

tbm \mpgrt jfkhs tbit cied gj gppgrtukfty trivmcs tbrguob omkmritfgks ikh

kgw sfokfjfeiktcy fkjcumkems tbm hmvmcgpamkt pgtmktfic gj hfsihviktiomh

ebfchrmk fk Xurdmy tghiy.

Ofrcs ippmir tg lm pirtfeucircy ijjmetmh ly sueb fktmromkmritfgkic triks-

afssfgk gj gppgrtukftfms. _ftbfk tbm cgw fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty

orgup, yguko ofrcs irm sfokfjfeiktcy agrm cfdmcy tg sbgw mircy sfoks gj aic-

kutrftfgk tbik lgys0 tbmfr stuktfko ritm, it agrm tbik 5> pmremkt, fs ilgut

i tbfrh bfobmr tbik tbmfr aicm sflcfkos ( pmremkt jgr lgys. Lrmidfko tbm fktmromkmritfgkic triksafssfgk gj

fkmqufty wguch tbus bivm tg pciem pirtfeucir mapbisfs gk suppgrtfko hfs-

ihviktiomh ofrcs fk Xurdfsb sgefmty tghiy.

Ebfch Hmvmcgpamkt ikh Ebfch \fsds

Xbm jfkhfko tbit tbm fktmromkmritfgkic triksafssfgk gj fkmqufty fs pgwmr-

juccy ijjmetfko Xurdmys ygukomst omkmritfgk tghiy pgfkts tg tbm kmmh jgrukhmrstikhfko bgw ebfchrmks gppgrtukftfms hmvmcgp jrga i yguko iom

ikh wbmtbmr tbmrm irm pgcfey fktmrvmktfgks tbit eik egktrflutm tg rmhuem

tbm fapiet gj mxgomkgus efreuastikems gk cfjm ebikems.

Ofvmk tbm vmry ecgsm aippfko gj tbm fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty

prgjfcm tg ebfch pgvmrty, gkm fapgrtikt fkhfeitgr gj cfjm ebikems jgr tghiys

ebfchrmk fs tbmfr pgvmrty stitus. ^gvmrty fkhmmh fs i efreuastikem jgr ebfc-

hrmk fk mircy ioms, ofvmk tbit ft fs hmjfkmh it tbm bgusmbgch cmvmc ikh tbit

ebfchrmk hg kgt egktrflutm tg tbm fkegam gr issmt mkvmcgpm gj bgusmbgchs.Fk >:, pgvmrty iagko ebfchrmk wis bfobmr tbik jgr iky gtbmr iom

orgup fk Xurdmy. Lgtb ygukomr (iom = ikh ukhmr) ikh gchmr (iom : tg 98)

ebfchrmk bih tbm bfobmst pgvmrty ritms iagko icc iom orgups, wftb agrm

tbik gkm fk jgur ebfchrmk lmfko pggr. Agrm tbik 8> pmremkt, gr gvmr = afc-

cfgk, gj icc pggr pmgpcm fk Xurdmy fk >: wmrm ebfchrmk ukhmr iom 98.

Ilgut 9.6 afccfgk gj tbma wmrm fkjikts ikh yguko ebfchrmk iom = ikh

ukhmr. Ikh wbfcm gvmricc pgvmrty ritms hmermismh lmtwmmk >5 ikh

>:, ebfchrmk lmkmjftmh cmist jrga sueb faprgvmamkts. Ieegrhfko tg

mstfaitfgks egkhuetmh jgr tbfs \mpgrt, ebfchrmk irm icsg tbm pgpucitfgkorgup tbit fs cfdmcy tg aidm up tbm ciromst sbirm gj tbgsm jiccfko fktg

pgvmrty lmeiusm gj tbm megkgafe scgwhgwk Xurdmy fs mxpmrfmkefko.

Jfkhfkos jrga mircy ebfchbggh hmvmcgpamkt rmsmireb strmss tbit ft fs

tbm auctfhfamksfgkiccied gj gppgrtukftfms tbit puts ebfchrmk it tbm bfobmst

Gvmrvfmw =


22/110

rfsd gj kgt rmiebfko tbmfr hmvmcgpamkt pgtmktfic. Xbfs \mpgrt tbmrmjgrm

mxiafkms egrm ebfch hmvmcgpamkt ieemss cmvmcs (fkput fkhfeitgrs) ikh

gutegams icgko lgtb ebfch pgvmrty ikh fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty

orgup hfamksfgks.

_ftb tbm strgko fktmromkmritfgkic triksafssfgk gj fkmquicftfms fk sgef-

mty, ft egams is cfttcm surprfsm tg jfkh tbit egrm fkputs fktg tbm ebfch hmvmc-

gpamkt prgemss hfvmrom qufedcy ieegrhfko tg ebfch pgvmrty ikh

gppgrtukfty stitus. Iergss tbm lgirh, pggr ebfchrmk fk cgw gppgrtukfty

smttfkos sbgw rmairdilcy wgrsm ieemss fkhfeitgrs tg lisfe bmictb juke-

tfgks tbik gtbmr orgups mvmk lmjgrm tbm ebfchrmk irm lgrk. Xwg-tbfrhs gj

pggr agtbmrs fk cgw gppgrtukfty smttfkos hg kgt rmemfvm i afkfauaiagukt gj iktmkitic eirm hurfko tbmfr prmokikefms. Ufafcircy, agrm tbik

6> pmremkt gj pggr ebfchrmk fk tbm cgw gppgrtukfty smttfko hg kgt egk-

suam jggh wftb sujjfefmkt fghfkm suppcy, ikh jgur-jfjtbs hg kgt rmemfvm tbm

jucc smt gj sfx rmegaamkhmh faaukfzitfgks lmjgrm tbmfr jfrst lfrtbhiy.

Ufafcircy, kmw hiti jrga Dg ]kfvmrsfty sbgw tbit fkputs jgr egokftfvm

hmvmcgpamkt gj ebfchrmk hfjjmr strgkocy ly sgefgmegkgafe striti.

Hfjjmrmkems fk hmvmcgpamkt gutegams ieegrhfko tg ebfch pgvmrty ikh

gppgrtukfty orgups mamrom qufedcy is wmcc. Cgw lfrtb wmfobt ijjmets iquirtmr gj pggr ebfchrmk fk cgw gppgrtukfty smttfkos, fkhfeitfko egkstrifkts

fk jmtic kutrftfgk hurfko i eruefic pmrfgh jgr lrifk hmvmcgpamkt4 cgw lfrtb

wmfobt stmas ciromcy jrga pggr aitmrkic kutrftfgk ikh fkjmetfgks.

Ufafcircy, bfob stuktfko ritms irm egkemktritmh fk pggr ebfchrmk gj tbm cgw

fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty orgup, iclmft tbmy irm icsg sfokfjfeikt jgr

pggr ebfchrmk fk lmttmr gppgrtukfty smttfkos, fkhfeitfko tbit ieutm rfsd jie-

tgrs eik icsg hmvmcgp fk pggr bgusmbgchs wftb i lmttmr mhueitfgkic lied-

orgukh gj tbm pirmkts. Ik gkogfko rmsmireb stuhy jrga Dg ]kfvmrsftysbgws tbit egokftfvm hmvmcgpamkt segrms, ik mircy gutegam amisurm,

icrmihy hfvmrom qufedcy ikh mircy ieegrhfko tg tbm sgefgmegkgafe stitus gj

tbm jiafcfms fk wbfeb tbm ebfchrmk orgw up.

Citmr fk cfjm, tbmsm vistcy hfjjmrmkt fkputs ikh mircy sfokics jgr hfvmromkem

fk gutegams jmmh tbrguob tg sebggc ittmkhikem ikh egapcmtfgk ikh

tbmrmly egapcmtm tbm eyecm gj tbm fktmromkmritfgkic triksafssfgk gj fkmquic-

fty gj gppgrtukfty. Ubirp egktrists mamrom, lgtb ly gppgrtukfty orgup ikh,

icagst agrm prgkgukemh, ly omkhmr. Uueb omkhmr hfjjmrmkems fk mhueitfgk

ieemss, lmygkh ikh ilgvm tbm gppgrtukfty smttfko gj bgusmbgchs, gkem ioifkmamroms is gkm gj tbm egrm hmvmcgpamkt ebiccmkoms jgr Xurdmy.

Xbmsm ebiccmkoms irm ukhmrcfkmh fk fktmrkitfgkic egapirfsgks0 lmkeb-

airdfko gj fkhfeitgrs, sueb is faaukfzitfgk egvmriom ikh lfrtb ittmkhmh ly

sdfccmh stijj, is wmcc is gutegam fkhfeitgrs, sueb is tbm ukhmr-= agrticfty

: Cfjm Ebikems fk Xurdmy


23/110

ritm, icc sbgw tbit Xurdmy, ofvmk fts cmvmc gj fkegam, fs sgamwbit ukhmrpmr-

jgrafko fk rmcitfgk tg egapiritgr eguktrfms.

Mxpikhfko Gppgrtukftfms jgr tbm Kmxt Omkmritfgk

^ulcfe pgcfefms tbit wguch rmhuem fkmquicftfms gj gppgrtukfty fk sgefmty

irm lrgihcy tbgsm tbit wguch ittmapt tg wmidmk tbm cfkd lmtwmmk efreua-

stikems, wbfeb pmgpcm eikkgt lm bmch ieeguktilcm jgr, ikh gutegams. I wfhm

irriy gj sueb pgcfefms mxfsts, jrga lufchfko buaik eipftic jgr yguko pmgpcm

tg prgvfhfko sdfcc lufchfko ikh cfjmcgko cmirkfko gppgrtukftfms jgr hfsih-

viktiomh orgups, tg suppgrtfko prghuetfvm issmt ermitfgk ly, jgr mxiapcm,ihhrmssfko eipftic airdmt fapmrjmetfgks gr prgvfhfko fkegam triksjmrs

tbit wguch gjjsmt grfofkic hfsihviktiom. Gtbmr pgcfefms eguch gpmk gppgr-

tukftfms ly egkkmetfko pmgpcm tg airdmts, usfko pulcfe fkjristrueturm

fkvmstamkt tg gvmregam omgoripbfeic pgvmrty trips, ikh jiefcftitfko ieemss

jgr pmgpcm tg agvm ikh lmkmjft jrga bfobmr gppgrtukfty irmis.

Gkm prg-mqufty pgcfey tbit eguch lrmid tbm eyecm gj tbm fktmromkmri-

tfgkic triksafssfgk gj fkmqufty jgeusms gk mircy ebfchbggh hmvmcgpamkt

(MEH). Xbm fapgrtikem gj MEH, stirtfko lmjgrm tbm ebfch fs mvmk lgrk, fslismh gk lrifk hmvmcgpamkt fk tbm jfrst agktbs ikh ymirs tbit ijjmets

pbysfeic bmictb, cmirkfko, ikh sgefic lmbivfgr tbrguobgut cfjm.

Is sueb, jgstmrfko MEH kgt gkcy ittieds pgvmrty lut fs icsg tbm dmy jgr

tiedcfko tbm fktmromkmritfgkic triksafssfgk gj fkmquftfms. MEH prgorias

ifa tg faprgvm tbm survfvic, orgwtb, ikh hmvmcgpamkt gj yguko ebfchrmk

sg tbit tbmy eik hmvmcgp icc tbm kmemssiry egokftfvm, pbysfeic, ikh sgefg-

magtfgkic sdfccs tbmy kmmh citmr gk fk cfjm.

Gvmr tbm pist ymirs, Xurdmy bis smt ftsmcj ialftfgus tiromts tg rifsm egrmebfch hmvmcgpamkt fkhfeitgrs. Fk cfkm wftb sueb tiromts, fkkgvitfvm ikh

pitblrmidfko rmjgras irm lmfko eirrfmh gut tbit jgeus gk ebfchrmk, fkecuh-

fko tbm pfvgtic rgcm tbit jiafcy hgetgrs irm kgw pciyfko fk agkftgrfko

orgwtb ikh issmssfko jiafcy suppgrt systmas.

Jmw pulcfe rmsgurems rmieb ebfchrmk fk Xurdmy tghiy. Jukhfko jgr mircy

ebfchbggh hmvmcgpamkt pgcfefms ikh prgorias bis orihuiccy fkermismh fk

Xurdmy, lut gk i pmr eipfti lisfs, gkcy i saicc sbirm gj pulcfe jukhs, ilgut

:.= pmremkt, fs hfrmetmh tg ebfchrmk iom : ikh ukhmr. Mstfaitfko emktric

ogvmrkamkt luhomt mxpmkhfturms (mxecuhfko egktrflutfgks tg tbm sgeficsmeurfty systma), gk i pmr eipfti ikh iom-orgup lisfs, tbm \mpgrt jfkhs

tbit tbm pgpucitfgk ilgvm iom 88, ciromcy lmeiusm gj bfob pmksfgk mxpmk-

hfturms, rmemfvms i pmr eipfti triksjmr it cmist twg ikh i bicj tfams is cirom

is ebfchrmk hg (jfourm G.


24/110

Egvmriom, mspmeficcy jgr hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk, fs omkmriccy cgw fk agst

hfamksfgks gj mircy ebfchbggh hmvmcgpamkt. ^rmokikey agkftgrfko ikh

faaukfzitfgk hiti sbgw bfob egvmriom, ikh ilgut 5> pmremkt gj ebfchrmk

ioms 8 tg : irm mkrgccmh fk prmsebggc. Bgwmvmr, icc gtbmr MEH prgorias

rmieb cmss tbik 9> pmremkt gj ebfchrmk fk tbm rmcmvikt iom orgup. Fk ihhftfgk,

mvfhmkem jrga auctfpcm sgurems sbgws tbit gkm gj tbm agst fapgrtikt

prgoriaspulcfe prmsebggc ikh hiy eirmrmiebms aiky agrm ebfchrmk

gj wmictbfmr tbik pggrmr jiafcfms. Xurdmy bis aueb tg lufch gk ofvmk tbitsmvmric gj fts efvfc sgefmty ikh pulcfe fkftfitfvms bivm i prgvmk tried rmegrh

fk rmiebfko tbm pggrmst ikh agst hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk mircy gk.

Faprgvfko tbm gppgrtukftfms gj Xurdmys ebfchrmk tghiy wguch bivm

sfokfjfeikt megkgafe ikh sgefic lmkmjfts. Ufokfjfeikt wgrd bis lmmk eirrfmh

gut ly pirtkmr groikfzitfgks tg issmss tbm pgtmktfic egsts gj egaprmbmk-

sfvm MEH pgcfefms. Bmkem, tbfs \mpgrt jgeusms gk tbm lmkmjft sfhm.

Ft usms twg sfaucitfgk aghmcs tg issmss tbm pgtmktfic lmkmjfts gj smcmetmh

MEH pgcfefms.= Jfrst, tbm \mpgrt usms tbm rmsucts gj egktrgccmh mxpmrfamkts

fk Xurdmy tbit quiktfjy tbm fapiet gj prmsebggc-pirmktfko gk mhueitfgkic

ittifkamkt gj lmkmjfefirfms. Xbm aghmc mxiafkms bgw pgvmrty, fkegams, ikh

jmaicm cilgr jgrem pirtfefpitfgk wguch lm hfjjmrmkt tghiy jgr tbm omkmritfgk

gj - tg 56-ymir-gchs fj tbmy bih ittmkhmh prmsebggc-pirmktfko prgorias

wbmk tbmy wmrm :-ymir-gchs. Zirfgus ebikkmcs gj fkjcumkem irm egksfhmrmh,


Jfourm G.< ^mr Eipfti Ugefic Mxpmkhfturms ly Iom Orgup fk Xurdmy, >2

>

>.=

9.>

9.=

= 9> 9= 5= 8> 8= => == :> := ?> ?= 2> 2= 6>

iom orgup (ymirs)

>2,

XCtbguisikh

sgefic prgtmetfgk mhueitfgkbmictb

Ugurem0 Afkfstry gj Jfkikem, Emktric Ogvmrkamkt Mxpmkhfturms4 iutbgrs eiceucitfgks.

Kgtm0 Utijj eiceucitfgks jgr emktric ogvmrkamkt sgefic mxpmkhfturms mxecuhfko sgefic smeurfty egktrflutfgks. Umm

tmebkfeic ippmkhfx, pirioripb I.2 jgr mxpcikitfgks.


25/110

fkecuhfko geeupitfgkic ebgfem, jmrtfcfty mjjmets, ikh bfobmr mirkfkos stma-

afko jrga tbm ihhftfgkic mhueitfgkic ittifkamkt. Egksfhmrfko gkcy tbmsm

ebikkmcs, tbm sfaucitfgk jfkhs sfokfjfeikt fapiets jgr tbit omkmritfgk,

wftb fkegams lmfko icagst 2 pmremkt bfobmr, tbm pgvmrty ritm 99 pmremkt

cgwmr, ikh tbm jmaicm cilgr jgrem pirtfefpitfgk ritm agrm tbik 6 pmremkt

bfobmr. Uueb sfaucitfgks irm pirtfic lmeiusm tbmy hg kgt tidm fktg

ieegukt sykmrofms wftb gtbmr MEH prgorias (cfdm mircy egokftfvm hmvmc-

gpamkt) ikh ebikoms fk tbm rmturks tg mhueitfgk gr tbm hmaikh jgr

cilgr. Bmkem tbm mjjmets eguch wmcc lm cgwmr-lgukh mstfaitms, wftb lmk-

mjfts mvmk ciromr tbik rmpgrtmh bmrm.

Umegkh, sgam gj tbmsm fkvmstamkts fk Xurdmys juturm eguch vmry wmccaitmrficfzm fk tbm vmry sbgrt ruk. I egapikfgk rmpgrt ly tbm _grch Likd

ikh tbm Utitm ^cikkfko Groikfzitfgk (_grch Likd >6) gk jmaicm cilgr

jgrem pirtfefpitfgk mstilcfsbms tbit pggr, mspmeficcy urlik, wgamk wikt tg

wgrd lut afobt kgt lmeiusm tbm vmry egst gj ebfch eirm fkbflfts tbma jrga

tidfko up fkegam-mirkfko ietfvftfms. Is i spfk-gjj tg fkermismh ivifcilfcfty

gj prmsebggc ikh ebfch-eirm smrvfems, i egkegaftikt fkermism fk jmaicm

cilgr jgrem pirtfefpitfgk eguch bmkem iebfmvm faamhfitm orgwtb ikh prg-

huetfvfty mjjmets0 tbm \mpgrt mstfaitms tbit ik fkermism fk tbm jmaicm cilgrjgrem pirtfefpitfgk ritm tg

:.6

2.>

5.8

.>

9=.>

9>.>

=.>

>.>

=.>

9>.>

pgvmrty rmhuetfgk fkegam orgwtb

%p

gfkts

jucc-tfam pirt-tfam

Ugurem0 Utijj mcilgritfgk4 smm tmebkfeic ippmkhfx, pirioripb I.99 jgr mxpcikitfgk.


26/110

\mjcmetfgks

Fkmquicfty gj gppgrtukfty fs fapgrtikt fk mxpcifkfko lgtb tbm hfstrflutfgkgj wmictb ikh mhueitfgk gutegams fk Xurdmy tghiy. Uueb fkmqufty, tbfs

\mpgrt jfkhs, trivmcs tbrguob omkmritfgks, wftb ebfch pgvmrty ikh stuktfko

ecgsmcy aippfko tbm sgefgmegkgafe liedorgukh gj orikhpirmkts. I ecgsmr

cggd it ebfchrmk fk sueb cgw gppgrtukfty smttfkos rmvmics ecmir hfsihvik-

tioms rmoirhfko ieemss ikh fkputs fktg tbmfr hmvmcgpamkt prgemss ikh

jfkhs tbmsm ebfchrmk cioofko lmbfkh mircy gk fk pbysfeic ikh egokftfvm

hmvmcgpamkt. Xurkfko tg pgcfey, Xurdmy spmkhs rmcitfvmcy cfttcm gk fts

ygukomst omkmritfgk tghiy, wftb cgw egvmriom ritms iergss agst hfamk-sfgks gj mircy ebfchbggh hmvmcgpamkt, mspmeficcy jgr tbm hfsihviktiomh.

Fkvmstamkts fk mircy ebfchbggh hmvmcgpamkt, bgwmvmr, afobt prgvfhm tbm

bfobmst rmturk jgr tbm eguktrys juturm, is smvmric gj tbm sfaucitfgks sbgw.

Xbm \mpgrt mkhs wftb i kualmr gj rmjcmetfgks jgr tbm pulcfe sgefic pgc-

fey hmlitm. Jfrst, tg faprgvm mqufty fk sgefmty, gppgrtukftfms jgr hfsihvik-

tiomh ebfchrmk wguch kmmh tg lm mxpikhmh. Uueb ik mxpiksfgk wguch

kmemssftitm rmvfmwfko tbm eurrmkt juketfgkfko ikh jfkikefko gj tbm Xurdfsb

wmcjirm stitm. Eurrmkt pulcfe, kgkegktrflutgry sgefic mxpmkhfturms rmieb

ebfchrmk fk tbmfr mircy ymirs gkcy tg i cfaftmh mxtmkt. Jgr ermitfgk gj jfseic

spiem tbit wguch iccgw prgorias jgr hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk tg mxpikh,

tbm jfkikefko ikh sgefmtic (tix-jfkikemh) triksjmrs tg gch-iom fksurikem

wguch kmmh tg lm rmmxiafkmh.

Umegkh, Xurdmys fkjgraic sijmty kmts, is strgko is tbmy afobt lm, hg

kgt smma tg bivm lmmk ilcm tg gjjsmt tbm hfsihviktioms gj ebfchrmk, mspm-

eficcy ofrcs, lgrk fktg spmefjfe efreuastikems. Xurdmy bis i trihftfgkic ikh

strgko egaaukic ikh jiafcy sgcfhirfty gjtmk hmserflmh is gkm gj tbm aifk

pfccirs gj sgefmtic juketfgkfko. Lut ofvmk tbm strgko fktmromkmritfgkictriksafssfgk gj fkmqufty glsmrvmh bmrm, sueb egaaukic ikh trihftfgkic

tfms wguch kmmh tg lm egapcmamktmh ly ik fktmoritmh ikh fkecusfvm pgc-

fey jgr tbm agst hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk.

Xbfrh, fktmrkitfgkic mvicuitfgks sbgw tbit tbm agst mjjmetfvm wiy tg

rmhuem tbm fkjcumkem gj efreuastikems gk gppgrtukftfms fs tg prgvfhm mjjme-

tfvm suppgrt tg tbm agst hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk jfrst. Xbm egkempt gj

mquicfty gj gppgrtukftfms mapcgymh fk tbfs \mpgrt ogms lmygkh ermitfko

mquic ieemssft fapcfms tbit tbm agst hfsihviktiomh aust lm rmiebmh jfrstikh agrm fktmksfvmcy tbik cmss hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk sg tbit tbmy eik

faprgvm tbmfr cfjm ebikems. Fj tbfs egkempt rmsgkitms fk Xurdmy, i stritmoy

jgr rgccgut wguch tbmk kmmh tg smt tiromts hmtifcfko bgw, ikh bgw aiky,

gj tbm agst hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk eik lm rmiebmh. Eurrmktcy, vftic ebfch

9> Cfjm Ebikems fk Xurdmy


27/110

smrvfems, jrga kutrftfgkic suppgrt tg bmictb eirm tg egokftfvm stfaucitfgk,

ciromcy lmkmjft cmss hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk4 tbgsm tbit (`uhomh ly tbmfr

gwk efreuastikems) irm agrm cfdmcy tg sueemmh fk cfjm it iky ritm. _bfcm i

hfseussfgk gk bgw hfsihviktiom eik lm hmjfkmh wfcc lm kmemssiry, tbfs

\mpgrt suoomsts tbit twg jietgrs icgkm, ebfch pgvmrty ikh pirmktic mhuei-

tfgk, irm egrm hmtmrafkikts gj gppgrtukftfms.

Cist, efvfc sgefmty, egaaukfty, ikh prfvitm fkftfitfvms wfcc kmmh tg

egapcmamkt pulcfe mjjgrts fk mxpikhfko tbm suppcy gj smrvfems jgr tbm

agst hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk. Xurdmys fkkgvitfvm ikh fkspfritfgkic

mxpmrfmkems gj hmcfvmrfko MEH smrvfems tbrguob kgkogvmrkamktic ebik-

kmcs fs ihafrmh iergss tbm ocglm. Gvmricc, egvmriom gj sueb hmcfvmry fsvmry cgw, bgwmvmr. I sgefic egapiet lmtwmmk prfvitm, pulcfe, efvfe, ikh

egaaukfty ietgrs wguch ermitm ik ipprgprfitm mkilcfko mkvfrgkamkt

jgr aidfko bfob-quicfty ikh fktmoritmh suppgrt ivifcilcm tg hfsihvik-

tiomh ebfchrmk.

Kgtms

9. ^rmcfafkiry rmsucts irm lismh gk tbm >2 Xurdfsb Hmagoripbfe ikh BmictbUurvmy.

: Cfjm fk Xriksftfgk Uurvmy. Umm Jmrrmfri, Ofokgux, ikh

Irik (>6) ikh Pifhf ikh gtbmrs (>6).

5. Mstfaitfgks irm lismh gk tbm Xurdfsb Hmagoripbfe ikh Bmictb Uurvmy jfmchmh

lmtwmmk Hmemalmr >5 ikh Aiy >8. _bfcm tbm ikicysfs bmrm eipturms

agrm tbik 2> pmremkt gj icc Xurdfsb bgusmbgchs, tbm efreuastikem virfilcms ft

fs ilcm tg mxiafkm pmrtifk gkcy tg tbm wgamk fk tbm bgusmbgch wbg wmrm mvmr

airrfmh. Umm tmebkfeic ippmkhfx, pirioripb I.9.8. Ofvmk tbm hiti sgurem (smm tmebkfeic ippmkhfx, pirioripb I.9), tbfs \mpgrt

mxiafkms tbm rmcitfgksbfp lmtwmmk tbm mhueitfgk gj tbm aitmrkic orikhpir-

mkts ikh i kualmr gj wmcc-lmfko fkhfeitgrs gj tbmfr orikhebfchrmk.

=. Lgtb aghmcs egkemktritm gk issmssfko hfrmet fapiets gkcy ikh bmkem hg kgt

issmss gvmricc omkmric mjjmets, wbfeb wguch bivm tg fkecuhm aiky agrm lmbiv-

fgric juketfgks.

\mjmrmkems

Jmrrmfri, J., @. Ofokgux, ikh A. Irik. >6. Fkmquicfty gj Megkgafe Gppgrtukfty

fk Xurdmy. _mcjirm ikh Ugefic ^gcfey _grdfko ^ipmr 5, Utitm ^cikkfko

Groikfzitfgk ikh _grch Likd, Ikdiri.

Gvmrvfmw 99


28/110

_grch Likd. >6. Jmaicm Cilgr Jgrem ^irtfefpitfgk fk Xurdmy0 Xrmkhs,

Hmtmrafkikts, ikh ^gcfey Jriamwgrd. \mpgrt 82=>2-X\, _grch Likd,

_isbfkotgk, HE.

Pifhf, U., I. Icia, ^. Aftri, ikh \. Uukhiria. >6. Uitfsjietfgk wftb Cfjm ikh

Umrvfem Hmcfvmry fk Mistmrk Murgpm ikh tbm Jgramr Ugvfmt ]kfgk. _grdfko

^ipmr 9:


29/110

95

Xbfs \mpgrt mxiafkms cfjm ebikems jgr tghiys Xurdfsb pmgpcm, agst

fapgrtiktcy jgr tghiys ebfchrmk. Xbm rmsucts prmsmktmh fk tbfs \mpgrt

sbgw tbit cfjm ebikems hfjjmr fk fapgrtikt hfamksfgks ikh tbit Xurdmy

eguch faamksmcy faprgvm fts buaik ikh megkgafe hmvmcgpamkt pgtmk-

tfic ly aixfafzfko gppgrtukftfms jgr cfjm ebikems tbit geeur mvmk lmjgrm

i ebfch fs lgrk.

Xg fccustritm, faiofkm i ofrc, Iysm, ikh i lgy, Ambamt, lgrk gk tbm

siam hiy lut fk twg vmry hfjjmrmkt mkvfrgkamkts.9 Xbm ofrcs pirmkts irmpggr, bivfko irgukh 2> Xurdfsb cfri (XC) agktbcy jgr mieb amalmr gj

tbm jiafcy tg ammt tbm egsts gj jggh, ecgtbfko, sebggcfko, trikspgrt, ikh

gtbmr cfjm mssmktfics. Ubm fs lgrk fk i rmagtm vfcciom fk mistmrk Xurdmy,

cgeitmh lmtwmmk Mrzurua ikh Ior. Faiofkm tbit lgtb gj Iysms pirmkts

wgrd fk ikfaic buslikhry ikh tbit bmr mchmst sfstmr fs cggdfko ijtmr tbm

cfttcm lily ikh bmr gtbmr sflcfkos. Bmr saicc bgusm, aihm gj lrfeds, bgchs

jmw lmcgkofkos, ikh tbm jiafcy hgms kgt gwk i tmcmvfsfgk, wisbfko

aiebfkm, gr eir. Faiofkm Ambamt, fk egktrist, orgwfko up fk i wmcc-tg-hgkmfoblgrbggh fk Fzafr fk i wmictby bgusmbgch tbit fs ilcm tg ijjgrh

agktbcy mxpmkhfturms gj agrm tbik XC 9,>>> jgr mieb pmrsgk fk tbm

bgusmbgch. Ambamts pirmkts, wbg bivm egapcmtmh ukfvmrsfty hmormms,

E B I ^ X M \ 9

Fktrghuetfgk


30/110

lgtb bivm prgjmssfgkic `gls. Ambamt wfcc orgw up fk i cirom ipirtamkt

tbit bis icc tbm egkvmkfmkems tbit egktmapgriry urlik cfjm gjjmrs.

Egapirfko tbm cfjm tri`metgrfms gj tbmsm twg faiofkiry ebfchrmk uktfc

iom 9= fs tmccfko. Ebikems lmofk tg hfjjmr it lfrtb fj kgt mircfmr. Lismh gk

rmemkt glsmrvmh pittmrks, tbm ebikem gj Iysms agtbmr rmemfvfko rmoucir

iktmkitic eirm hurfko prmokikey fs gkcy ilgut 8= pmremkt, wbfcm

Ambamts agtbmr fs icagst emrtifk tg bivm bih rmoucir ebmedups. Xbm

ofrcs rfsd gj lmfko lgrk wftb i cgw lfrtb wmfobt fs gkm fk jgur, agrm tbik

jgur tfams bfobmr tbik tbm rfsd tg Ambamt. Ikh sueb hfjjmrmkems egktfkum

tbrguob tg sebggc iom0 Iysms ebikems gj lmfko juccy faaukfzmh wbmk sbm

emcmlritms bmr jfrst lfrtbhiy irm gkcy i tbfrh gj bfs ebikems ( tfams agrm cfdmcy tbik bm fs (ilgut

5> pmremkt tg 5 pmremkt) tg sujjmr jrga stuktfko, i sfok gj ebrgkfe aicku-

trftfgk fk wbfeb ebfchrmk sbgw orgwtb hmjfefmkefms. Ufafcircy, tbm twg

ebfchrmks mhueitfgk tri`metgrfms irm cfdmcy tg hfjjmr stirdcy0 Iysm bis ilgut

i gkm-fk-jfvm ebikem gj egapcmtfko smegkhiry sebggc, wbfcm Ambamt fs

vmry cfdmcy tg egapcmtm smegkhiry sebggc sueemssjuccy ikh agvm gk tg

ukfvmrsfty. It iom 9=, cmirkfko, rmihfko, ikh egaprmbmksfgk hfjjmrmkems

wfcc agst cfdmcy lm jukhiamktic. Citmr fk cfjm, sueb hfvmrofko mhueitfgkiebfmvmamkts wfcc cmih tg wfhmcy hfjjmrmkt gppgrtukftfms jgr jfkhfko oggh

`gls ikh mirkfko fkegams tbit wguch iccgw Iysm ikh Ambamt tbmasmcvms

tg gjjmr oggh cfjm ebikems tg tbmfr gwk ebfchrmk.

Xbfs \mpgrt mxpcgrms i kualmr gj qumstfgks ilgut hfvmrofko cfjm

ebikems fk Xurdmy. Irm gppgrtukftfms fk Xurdmy sbipmh ly ebirietmrfs-

tfes sueb is lfrtbpciem, mhueitfgk, ikh wmictb gj gkms pirmkts, ikh

mvmk tbm cikouiom spgdmk fk gkms ebfchbggh7 Fj sg, wbfeb ebirietmr-

fstfes irm tbm agst fapgrtikt gkms jgr hmtmrafkfko cfjm ebikems7 Ikhirm tbmrm gtbmr jietgrs gj fapgrtikem sbipfko tbm gppgrtukftfms mieb

ebfch bisjietgrs tbit rmieb mvmk jurtbmr lied fk tfam, sueb is tbm mhu-

eitfgk gj Iysms ikh Ambamts orikhpirmkts7 Jfkiccy, bgw aiky ebfchrmk

irm ijjmetmh ly cgw gppgrtukftfms, ikh bgw eik sgefmty bmcp tbma tg

rmieb tbmfr gwk jucc pgtmktfic7

Xbfs \mpgrt ifas tg sbmh sgam cfobt gk tbmsm qumstfgks fk tbm jgccgw-

fko wiy. Is liedorgukh, ebiptmr < lrfmjcy rmvfmws trmkhs fk pgvmrty ikh

sgefic hmvmcgpamkt fk Xurdmy gvmr tbm pist ymirs, egktristfko tbmsm

hmvmcgpamkts wftb i rmemkt rmprmsmktitfvm gpfkfgk survmy tbit prgvfhmsik fksfobt fktg tbm ispfritfgks gj Xurdfsb sgefmty. Ebiptmr 5 fktrghuems

tbm mquicfty-gj-gppgrtukfty egkempt ikh ippcfms ft tg mxiafkm wmictb

ikh mhueitfgk gutegams. Xbm ebiptmr icsg mxiafkms bgw fktmromkmri-

tfgkic jietgrs irm cfkdmh tg tbm wmcc-lmfko gj ebfchrmk fk Xurdmy tghiy,



31/110

agst prgafkmktcy tbm mhueitfgk gj tbm aitmrkic orikhpirmkts. Ebiptmr 8

mxpcgrms ebfch wmcc-lmfko ikh ebfch rfsd jietgrs, wbfcm ebiptmr = egkemk-

tritms gk wbit tbfs \mpgrt, cfdm aiky gtbmrs, egksfhmrs tg lm tbm agst

mjjmetfvm pgcfefms tg issfst hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk tg rmieb tbmfr hmvmcgp-

amkt pgtmktficikh tg ittifk tbm bfob ifas tbm ogvmrkamkt gj Xurdmy

bis smt jgr ftsmcj0 fktmoritmh, bgcfstfe pgcfefms ikh prgorias tbit suppgrt

hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk ikh tbmfr jiafcfms jrga tbm mircfmst agamkt fk

tbmfr cfvms. Xbm rmpgrt mkhs wftb smvmric rmjcmetfgks jgr tbm sgefic pgcfey

hmlitm fk Xurdmy. Xbm fktmrmstmh rmihmr aiy jfkh i tmebkfeic ippmkhfx it

tbm mkh gj tbm rmpgrt tbit prgvfhms i hmtifcmh hmserfptfgk gj tbm aghmcs

ikh egkempts usmh.

Kgtm

9. Xbm mkvfrgkamkt ikh ebikems gj tbm twg ebfchrmk hfseussmh bmrm irm hmrfvmh

jrga mxiafkitfgk gj tbm >8 Xurdfsb Hmagoripbfe ikh Bmictb Uurvmy wftb

agkmtiry vicums fkjcitmh tg >6 prfems. Agkmtiry vicums irm fccustritfgks gkcy,

ikh tbm mxiapcms jicc fk tbm ecissfjfeitfgks gj fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty

orgups fktrghuemh fk tbfs \mpgrt. Umm tmebkfeic ippmkhfx, pirioripb I.9.

Fktrghuetfgk 9=


32/110


33/110

9?

Jrga tbm Airairi mirtbquidm ikh tbm >9 jfkikefic erfsfs tg tbm gksmt gj

tbm ocglic megkgafe scgwhgwk fk afh->2, Xurdmy rmegrhmh ai`gr sgefic

ikh buaik hmvmcgpamkt prgormss. Agrticfty ritms jgr ebfchrmk ukhmr iom

= egktfkumh tbmfr rmairdilcm, hmeihm-cgko hmecfkm, rmiebfko >> cfvm lfrtbs) fk >2.9 Is jfourm < tg

=6 pmremkt fk >2.< Ufafcircy, pgvmrty hmermismh jrga


34/110

orgup gj ihucts fk mieb eguktry jgr tbmfr gpfkfgks gk cfvfko stikhirhs,

pgvmrty ikh fkmquicfty, trust fk stitm fkstftutfgks, ikh ittftuhms tgwirh

tbm airdmt megkgay ikh pulcfe smrvfems.8 I jucc 2= pmremkt gj tbm ihuct

pgpucitfgk fk Xurdmy sifh tbit tbm oip lmtwmmk tbm rfeb ikh tbm pggr fk

sgefmty sbguch lm rmhuemh4 tbit wis tbm bfobmst prgpgrtfgk fk iky eguk-

try fk wbfeb tbm survmy wis jfmchmh (jfourm

9=>

>

5>>

96:> 96:= 96?> 96?= 962> 962=

ymir

966> 966= >> >= >:

h

mitbspmr9,>

>>

cfvm

lfrtbs

Uul-Uibirik Ijrfei Ugutb Isfi

Afhhcm Mist ikh Kgrtb Ijrfei Mist Isfi ikh iefjfe

Citfk Iamrfei ikh tbm Eirfllmik Xurdmy

Murg irmi

Ugurem0 _grch Hmvmcgpamkt Fkhfeitgrs hitilism. (Xbm hiti jgr 96:= irm mxtripgcitmh jrga mxfstfko hiti.)


35/110

_bfcm kmt smegkhiry sebggc mkrgccamkt ritms bivm fkermismh, is glsmrvmh

mircfmr, tbm oip lmtwmmk ofrcs ikh lgys egapcmtfgk ritms rmaifks sfokfjf-

eikt it 6 pmremktiom pgfkts fk >:.= Is prgafkmktcy pgfktmh gut ly tbm

Mhueitfgk \mjgra Fkftfitfvm (M\F >6) ikh icsg mapbisfzmh citmr fk tbfs

\mpgrt, ofrcs cmirkfko iebfmvmamkt fs it cmist mquic tg tbit gj lgys, sg hfj-

jmrmkt sebggc ittifkamkt ritms jgr ofrcs ikh lgys irm gjtmk fktmrprmtmh is

rmprmsmktfko ukhmrcyfko fkmquicftfms.

Mqufty Ispfritfgks 96

Jfourm ? (hiti jgr >:).

Jfourm :).

Kgtm0Xbm pmremktioms tgtic 9>9 lmeiusm gj rgukhfko.


36/110

Jfourm

5>

8>

=>

:>

?>

2>

6>

Vma

mk,\mp

.

Moypt,Iril

\mp.

Xurdmy

XukfsfiFti

cy

Buko

iry

Lmco

fua

\gaikfi

Ugutb

Ijrf

ei

gcik

h

Ormm

emEb

fcm

Jrik

emUp

ifk

Omra

iky

Lgskfi

ikhB

mrzm

ogvfk

i

Iustrfi

Dgrmi,\m

p.

Iramkfi

Jfkcik

h

Irom

ktfk

i

grtu

oic

\ussfik

Jmhm

ritfg

k

Frmcik

h

Kmtbm

rcikh

s

]zlm

dfsti

k

Iustr

icfi

Uwmh

mk

Izmrli

f`ik

]kftm

hUt

it m

Hm

%g

jtgticpgpucitfgkioms9=+

aicm tgtic jmaicm

Ugurem0_grch Likd >6l.


37/110

Ufafcircy, it 2, tbm jmaicm cilgr jgrem pirtfefpitfgk

ritm rmaifks vmry cgw. Jfourm 2,

Biemttmpm ]kfvmrsfty, Fkstftutm jgr ^gpucitfgk Utuhfms, Ikdiri.

6).

5. Irik ikh gtbmrs (>6), gkm gj tbm wgrdfko pipmrs `gfktcy prghuemh ly tbm

ogvmrkamkt gj Xurdmy ikh tbm _grch Likd gk sgefic pgcfey, bis i hmtifcmh

ikicysfs gj tbm egktrflutfgks gj ebikoms fk fkmquicfty ikh ivmriom egksuap-

tfgk tg pgvmrty rmhuetfgk fk Xurdmy lmtwmmk >5 ikh >:. Fkmquicfty, is

amisurmh ly tbm ihuct mqufvicmkem ih`ustmh egksuaptfgk Ofkf egmjjfefmkt,hmecfkmh jrga 58 pmremkt tg 59 pmremkt.

8. Jgr hmserfptfgks ikh rmsucts gj tbm survmys, smm ML\H ikh _grch Likd (>?)

ikh Pifhf ikh gtbmrs (>6). Jmrrmfri, Ofokgux, ikh Irik (>6) hfseuss tbm

rmsucts jgr Xurdmy.

=. _grch Likd (>6l). Uebggc egapcmtfgk ritms, ly omkhmr, irm prgvfhmh fk tbm

_grch Hmvmcgpamkt Fkhfeitgrs gkcy uktfc >:. Agrm rmemkt hiti jgr smegkhiry

sebggc egapcmtfgk ritms irm kgt ivifcilcm, lut tbm Afkfstry gj Kitfgkic

Mhueitfgk rmpgrts kmt smegkhiry sebggc mkrgccamkt jgr >2 it :>.: pmremkt

jgr aicms ikh =:.5 pmremkt jgr jmaicms.

:. _grch Likd (>6i).

\mjmrmkems

Irik, A., U. Hmafr, B. Vize, ikh G. Uirei. >6. ^gvmrty ikh Fkmquicfty

Ebikoms fk Xurdmy. _mcjirm ikh Ugefic gcfey _grdfko ipmr 9, Utitm cikkfko


ML\H (Murgpmik Likd jgr \megkstruetfgk ikh Hmvmcgpamkt) ikh _grch Likd.

>?. Cfjm fk Xriksftfgk Uurvmy. ML\H, Cgkhgk.

M\F (Mhueitfgk \mjgra Fkftfitfvm). >6. Fkmquicfty gj Gppgrtukftfms fk

Mhueitfgk. Fstikluc.

Mqufty Ispfritfgks


38/110




AGKM (Afkfstry gj Kitfgkic Mhueitfgk). >6. Utitfstfeic Vmirlggd0 >2>6.

Ikdiri0 AGKM.

_grch Likd. >6i. Fkvmstfko fk Vguko Ebfchrmk0 Xbm _by ikh Bgw, ^rietfeic

Xggcs ikh Mvfhmkem-Lismh \megaamkhitfgks. _grch Likd, _isbfkotgk, HE.

. >6l. _grch Hmvmcgpamkt Fkhfeitgrs >6._isbfkotgk, HE0 _grch Likd.

Pifhf, U., I. Icia, ^. Aftri, ikh \. Uukhiria. >6. Uitfsjietfgk wftb Cfjm ikh

Umrvfem Hmcfvmry fk Mistmrk Murgpm ikh tbm Jgramr Ugvfmt ]kfgk. _grdfko

^ipmr 9:


39/110

:,

gppgrtukftfms rmjmr tg tbm pgssflfcftfms pmgpcm bivm tg sueemmh fk cfjmtg

cmih bmictby, cgko cfvms, jrmm gj aitmrfic gr sgefic hmprfvitfgk (_grch Likd

>:). Jgr i ebfch, jgr mxiapcm, tbit wguch amik tbit tbm sgefic mkvfrgk-

amkt (jiafcy, bgusmbgch, egaaukfty, mhueitfgk, bmictb systma, ikh sg

jgrtb) fs suppgrtfvm gj bmr gr bfs hmvmcgpamkt kmmhs ikh prgvfhms tbm lmst

pgssflcm lisfs jgr tbm ebfch tg ebggsm bmr gr bfs smcj-hmtmrafkmh pitb fk cfjm.Xriksjgrafko gppgrtukftfms fktg ietuic iebfmvmamkts hmpmkhs gk gkms

gwk hrfvm, mjjgrt, ikh, it tfams, cued. Lut tbm gppgrtukftfms tbmasmcvms

afobt lm hmtmrafkmh ly jietgrs tbit kg gkm eik hg ikytbfko ilgut

jietgrs sueb is tbm jiafcy gkm fs lgrk fktg, wbmrm gkm fs lgrk, tbm mhuei-

tfgkic liedorgukh gj gkms pirmkts ikh tbmfr wmictb, tbm cikouiom spgdmk

fk tbm jiafcy, gr gkms omkhmr. Uueb jietgrs, gr efreuastikems, is @gbk

\gmamr (9662) eiccs tbma, irm icc fkhmpmkhmkt gj gkms gwk ebgfems

ikh mjjgrt.I sgefmty gjjmrfko mquic gppgrtukftfms tg fts eftfzmks wguch tbmk lm gkm

fk wbfeb icc tbgsm efreuastikems, sueb is tbm sgefgmegkgafe jiafcy lied-

orgukh gr lfrtbpciem, aittmr cfttcm gr kgkm fk hmtmrafkfko cfjm ebikems. Ft

wguch lm gkm fk wbfeb i ofrc lgrk fk i rmagtm, pggr irmi lmtwmmk

E B I ^ X M \ 5

Xbm Utitm gj Mquicfty gj

Gppgrtukfty fk Xurdmy


40/110

Mrzurua ikh Ior tg pirmkts wftbgut aueb jgraic mhueitfgk wguch bivm

tbm siam ebikems tg sueemmh fk cfjm is i lgy lgrk fk tbm emktmr gj Fzafr

tg wmictby ikh mhueitmh pirmkts.

Xbm mqufty egkempt usmh bmrm mapbisfzms gppgrtukftfms ritbmr tbik

gutegams pmr sm. Mquicfty gj gutegams wguch fapcy tbit icc ebfchrmks

rmihfko segrms it iom 9= sbguch lm mquiccy bfob, tbit wmictb sbguch lm hfs-

trflutmh mvmkcy, gr tbit cfjm mxpmetikey sbguch lm tbm siam jgr mvmrygkm

fk sgefmty. Lut sueb gutegams icsg hmpmkh tg i sfokfjfeikt mxtmkt gk gkms

gwk mjjgrts, hfspgsftfgk, gr cued. Jgr mxiapcm, cfjmstycm hmefsfgks (sueb is

wbmtbmr tg sagdm) irm ik fapgrtikt hmtmrafkikt jgr fkhfvfhuic cfjm

mxpmetikey. Icsg, rmwirhfko mjjgrt (tg cmirk, stuhy, ikh wgrd) fs mssmktficfk sgefmtfms tg spur fkkgvitfgk ikh ihvikemamkt.

Xbm egkempt gj mquicfty gj gppgrtukfty hgms, bgwmvmr, fapcy agrm

tbik prgvfhfko ukfvmrsic ieemss tg lisfe pulcfe smrvfems cfdm mhueitfgk. Is

tbm \mpgrt hfseussms citmr, hfjjmrmkems fk ebfch wmcc-lmfko mamrom mircy fk

Xurdfsb sgefmtyhfjjmrmkems tbit bivm kgtbfko tg hg wftb fkhfvfhuic

mjjgrt gr cued. Jgr mxiapcm, ieegrhfko tg tbm >8 Xurdfsb Hmagoripbfe

ikh Bmictb Uurvmy (XHBU), 9< pmremkt gj ebfchrmk lmcgw tbm iom gj =

wmrm stuktmhi amisurm jgr ebrgkfe aickutrftfgkikh stuktfko bislmmk prgvmk tg bivm i strgko kmoitfvm mjjmet gk cmirkfko ilfcftfms. Xbfs

jgra gj aickutrftfgk fs ecgsmcy rmcitmh tg tbm pgvmrty ikh sgefgmegkgafe

efreuastikems fk tbm bgusmbgchs fk wbfeb ebfchrmk orgw up. Mvmk fj

sebggc ieemss wmrm ukfvmrsic ikh mhueitfgk quicfty bfob iergss tbm eguk-

try, ft fs ukcfdmcy tbit tbgsm ebfchrmk stuktmh wbmk fkjikts wguch lm ilcm

tg cmirk mquiccy is wmcc is ebfchrmk wbg wmrm wmcc kgurfsbmh wbmk yguko.

Mquicfty gj gppgrtukfty wguch fapcy ik ietfvm mjjgrt tg rmieb hfsihvik-

tiomh orgups fk sgefmty ikh tg gjjsmtsueb hfsihviktioms mircy gk.Is mvfhmkem tbit gppgrtukftfms irm kgt mquiccy hfstrflutmh fk Xurdmy,

tbfs \mpgrt jfkhs tbit efreuastikems irm fapgrtikt fk hmtmrafkfko sueemss

fk Xurdmy tghiy. Xbm rmaifkhmr gj tbfs ebiptmr prmsmkts quiktftitfvm mstf-

aitms gj fkmquicfty gj gppgrtukfty jgr twg gutegam hfamksfgks0 meg-

kgafe ikh mhueitfgkic iebfmvmamkts.

Fkmquicfty gj Megkgafe Gppgrtukfty

Xbm ikicysfs gj fkmquicfty gj megkgafe gppgrtukfty cggds it sfx efreua-stikemsjietgrs tbit irm gutsfhm tbm segpm gj fkjcumkem gj ik fkhfvfhuic.

Lgtb tbm kualmr ikh tbm ebgfem gj tbmsm efreuastikems irm hmtmrafkmh ly

ivifcilfcfty fk tbm hiti sgurem, tbm XHBU. Xbm XHBU egccmetmh sueb virf-

ilcms jgr icc wgamk lmtwmmk 9= ikh 86 ymirs gj iom wbg wmrm airrfmh,


41/110

wfhgwmh, gr hfvgremh. Fapgrtiktcy, agrm tbik 2> pmremkt gj icc bgusm-

bgchs fk Xurdmy bivm it cmist gkm mvmr-airrfmh wgaik, sg tbm survmy

egvmrs i vmry cirom sbirm gj tbm pgpucitfgk.< Xbm efreuastikems egksfh-

mrmh fkecuhm tbm wgaiks pciem gj lfrtb (ruric gr urlik, is wmcc is

rmofgk), bmr jitbmrs ikh agtbmrs mhueitfgk, tbm kualmr gj sflcfkos fk

tbm jiafcy, ikh tbm cikouiom spgdmk fk tbm bgusmbgch wbmk sbm wis

orgwfko up.

\mcitfgksbfps lmtwmmk tbmsm efreuastikems it lfrtb ikh gutegams fk

citmr cfjm eik lm lgtb hfrmet ikh egapcmx it tbm siam tfam. _bfcm tbm

ikicysfs bmrm ifas tg issmss tbm ioormoitm fkjcumkem gj sueb efreuastikems,

ft hgms kgt ispfrm tg ukhmrstikh spmefjfeiccy bgw mieb gj tbma fkjcumkemscfjm ebikems. Jgr mxiapcm, lfrtbpciem eik mxmrt fts fapgrtikem tbrguob

aiky ebikkmcs0 tbm quiktfty ikh quicfty gj ivifcilcm bmictb smrvfems gr

sebggcfko4 ieemss, gr cied gj ft, tg pulcfe smrvfems sueb is sikftitfgk ikh

ecmik witmr (rmhuefko bmictb bizirhs) gr mcmetrfefty (fkjcumkefko fkjgrai-

tfgk egkkmetfvfty is wmcc is iccgwfko rmihfko ikh egaaukfeitfgk hurfko

hirdkmss)4 egkkmetfvfty tg airdmts tbit eguch lrfko mapcgyamkt ikh

fkegam-mirkfko pgssflfcftfms4 ikh tbm ivifcilfcfty gj strgko jiafcy ikh

egaaukfty kmtwgrds tbit prgvfhm suppgrt ikh mkeguriomamkt tbrguob-gut ebfch- ikh ihuctbggh. Ufafcircy, i lfrtbpciem afobt icsg lm issgefitmh

wftb pgsftfvm gr kmoitfvm hfserfafkitfgk citmr fk cfjm fj i omgoripbfeic irmi

fs fhmktfjfmh ly sgefmty it cirom wftb spmefjfe ittrflutms.5

Lmeiusm gj hiti cfaftitfgks, tbm ikicysfs fkecuhms gkcy sgam gj tbm

aiky efreuastikems tbit fkjcumkem megkgafe gutegams4 tbmrmjgrm, tbm

mstfaitms prmsmktmh eik sijmcy lm `uhomh is egksmrvitfvm, hmkgtfko gkcy

tbm afkfaua fkmquicfty gj gppgrtukfty prmsmkt fk Xurdfsb sgefmty tghiy.

Jgr mxiapcm, tbm ikicysfs eguch kgt fkecuhm iky fkjgraitfgk pmrtifkfko tgtbm buslikh gj tbm mvmr-airrfmh wgamk (lfrtbpciem, bfs pirmkts mhuei-

tfgk, ikh sg jgrtb) gr tg tbm bgusmbgch fkegam gr wmictb fktg wbfeb bus-

likh ikh wfjm wmrm lgrk. Lmeiusm tbmsm ikh gtbmr efreuastikems icsg

mxmrt ik fkjcumkem gk gppgrtukftfms, tbmfr fkecusfgk wguch cmih tg ik

fkermism fk tbm amisurmh fkmquicfty gj gppgrtukfty fk Xurdmy.

Fk Xurdmy, wmictb ikh tbm amisurmh efreuastikems irm ecgsmcy rmcitmh.

_mictb fs amisurmh ly i bgusmbgchs gwkmrsbfp gj hurilcm ogghs (rikofko

jrga lfeyecms tg trietgrs ikh jrga rmjrfomritgrs tg ifr egkhftfgkmrs), bgus-

fko egkhftfgks (sfzm, aitmrfics), ikh ieemss tg iamkftfms (pulcfe smrvfem sup-pcy).8 Xbm rmcitfgksbfps lmtwmmk wmictb ikh tbm efreuastikems irm

hmpfetmh fk jfourm 5.9. Mieb pikmc gj tbm oripb sbgws bgw bgusmbgch

wmictbrikofko jrga tbm cmist wmictby gk tbm cmjt tg tbm wmictbfmst gk tbm

rfobtikh i efreuastikem irm issgefitmh. I strgkocy hgwkwirh scgpfko

Xbm Utitm gj Mquicfty gj Gppgrtukfty fk Xurdmy


42/110

8

i. Ly lfrtbpciem

l. Ly lfrtb rmofgk

e. Ly agtbmrs mhueitfgk

>

8>

:>

pmremkt

pmremkt

pmremkt

2>

9>>

9 < 5 8 = : ? 2 6 9>

issmt hmefcmscmist wmictby agst wmictby

9 < 5 8 = : ? 2 6 9>


9 < 5 8 = : ? 2 6 9>


>

8>

:>

2>

9>>

>

8>

:>

2>

9>>

ruric urlik

kg hfpcgai prfairy smegkhiry bfobmr

mist emktric wmst

(egktfkumh)


43/110

Xbm Utitm gj Mquicfty gj Gppgrtukfty fk Xurdmy


44/110

eurvm sfokics i strgko issgefitfgk. Jgr mxiapcm, pikmc i sbgws tbit 2= pmr-

emkt gj wgamk fk tbm pggrmst bgusmbgchs wmrm lgrk fk ruric irmis, wbmrmis

tbit wis sg jgr gkcy ilgut pmremkt gj wgamk cfvfko fk tbm wmictbfmst

bgusmbgchs. Kgtm tbit tbfs pikmc hmpfets tbm lfrtbpciem gj tbm mvmr-airrfmh

wgaik fk tbm bgusmbgch ikh kgt wbmrm jiafcy amalmrs eurrmktcy cfvm.

Gtbmr efreuastikems sbgw mquiccy strgko issgefitfgks wftb bgusmbgch

wmictb. Xbm issgefitfgk fs mspmeficcy strgko jgr tbm mhueitfgk gj lgtb pir-

mkts (pikmcs e ikh h). Egapirfko tbm sbipms gj tbmsm twg pikmcs icsg

rmvmics i rmairdilcy hfjjmrmkt hfstrflutfgk gj mhueitfgkic ittifkamkt gj

tbm mchmr omkmritfgk ly omkhmr fk Xurdmy0 rguobcy, tbm pirmkts omkmri-

tfgk (tbit fs, tbm orikhpirmkts gj tghiys ebfchrmk) hmpfetmh bmrm wislgrk lmtwmmk 968> ikh 96?>. Xbm sbirm gj wgamk fk tbit omkmritfgk kgt

bgchfko i prfairy sebggc hfpcgai wis sfokfjfeiktcy bfobmr tbik tbm egrrm-

spgkhfko sbirm jgr amk.=

Ik issmssamkt gj tbm fapgrtikem gj icc sueb efreuastikems jfkhs tbit

it cmist gkm-tbfrh gj tbm wmictb hfspirfty fk Xurdmy rmsucts jrga fkmquic-

ftfms gj gppgrtukfty (jfourm 5.

5>

8>

=>

pmremkt

:>

?>

2>

6>

9>>

mjjgrts, cued, ikh efreuastikems kgt amisurmh

efreuastikems0 cgwmr-lgukh mstfaitfgk

jgr fkmquicfty fk wmictb issmt fkhmx

ittrflutilcm tg gppgrtukftfms

Ugurem0 Jmrrmfri, Ofokgux, ikh Irik >6.


45/110

sbirm gj wmictb fkmquicfty tbit fs ittrflutilcm tg efreuastikems ikh

bmkem tg fkmquicftfms gj gppgrtukfty.: Lfrtb efreuastikems bivm i pgwmr-

juc ikh strgko fkjcumkem gk cfjm tri`metgrfms. Cfaftmh ikicysms jgr gtbmr

eguktrfms iccgw ik fktmrkitfgkic egapirfsgk0 is i rguob fkhfeitfgk,

Xurdmys sbirm gj fkmquicfty gj gppgrtukfty fs sfafcir tg cmvmcs fk tbgsm

eguktrfms fk tbm afhhcm gj tbm rikom gj fkmquicfty gj gppgrtukfty fk Citfk

Iamrfeii rmofgk tbit bis cgko lmmk rmegokfzmh jgr tbm pmrsfstmkem gj

fkmquicftfms.?

Lfrtb irmi ikh pirmktic mhueitfgk irm agrm fapgrtikt hmtmrafkikts gj

gppgrtukfty tbik gtbmr efreuastikems tbit wmrm ikicyzmh. Xbm hmegapg-

sftfgk gj tbfs sbirm (wbfeb bis tg lm fktmrprmtmh wftb eiutfgk2) sbgws tbitlfrtb irmi (ruric gr urlik) ippmirs tg lm tbm agst fapgrtikt jietgr ijjmet-

fko gppgrtukftfms. Irmi ikh rmofgk eik fkjcumkem tghiys hfstrflutfgk gj

wmictb fk Xurdmy tbrguob aiky vmkums, fkecuhfko ieemss, rmcfilfcfty, ikh

quicfty gj mhueitfgk ikh gtbmr pulcfe smrvfems, is wmcc is egkkmetfvfty tg

airdmts ikh ieemss tg fkjgraitfgk. Jgccgwfko lfrtb irmi, pirmktic mhuei-

tfgk, wbfeb fs ecgsmcy rmcitmh tg sgefgmegkgafe stitus, mamroms is i sfaf-

circy fapgrtikt efreuastikem jietgr. Xbmsm jietgrs icgkm ieegukt jgr

twg-tbfrhs gj fkmquicfty gj gppgrtukfty rmcitmh tg tbm wmictb hfstrflutfgkfk tbm eguktry. Agtbmr tgkoum, kualmr gj sflcfkos, ikh lfrtb rmofgk jgc-

cgw, iclmft wftb cmssmr sfokfjfeikem.

Ik gppgrtukfty prgjfcm jgr Xurdfsb sgefmty eik hmpfet bgw prmvicmkt

hfjjmrmkt mxgomkgus efreuastikems it lfrtb irm. Xbm gppgrtukfty prgjfcm fs

egkstruetmh ly usfko icc efreuastikems ikh hmjfkfko pgpucitfgk orgups

jgr mxiapcm, icc bgusmbgchs wbgsm mvmr-airrfmh wgaik wis lgrk fk tbm

ruric, wmstmrk irmi gj tbm eguktry tg pirmkts wbg bih egapcmtmh smegkh-

iry sebggc hmormms ikh wbmrm Xurdfsb wis spgdmk it bgam. Uueb orgupseik tbmk lm ioormoitmh tg fkecuhm tbm agst ihviktiomh 9> pmremkt, gr

hmefcm, ikh tbm cmist ihviktiomh 9> pmremkt gj tbm pgpucitfgk usfko tbmfr

glsmrvmh bgusmbgch wmictb. Xbm cmist ihviktiomh 9> pmremkt wguch tbmk

mkeipsucitm tbm pgpucitfgk wftb tbm jmwmst gppgrtukftfms jgr iequfrfko

wmictb, lismh gk mxgomkgus efreuastikems it lfrtb.6

Xbm gppgrtukfty hmefcms sbgw i bfob egkemktritfgk gj efreuastikems,

fkhfeitfko tbit i egrm orgup gj bgusmbgchs fs euaucitfko efreuastikems

tbit irm issgefitmh wftb tbm agst ihviktiomh ikh agst hfsihviktiomh. Is

hmpfetmh fk jfourm 5.5, jgr tbm agst ihviktiomh (cmist ihviktiomh) hmefcm,66 (5) pmremkt gj mvmr-airrfmh wgamk wmrm lgrk fk urlik irmis ikh

ilgut twg-tbfrhs (8 pmremkt) fk tbm wmstmrk pirt gj tbm eguktry. I bfob

sbirm, 68 (9


46/110

wftb it cmist i prfairy hfpcgai. Jurtbmr, 62 (6) pmremkt bih Xurdfsb is i

agtbmr tgkoum, ikh 2= (8) pmremkt bih tbrmm gr jmwmr sflcfkos. Bmkem,

wbfcm smvmric mxgomkgus efreuastikems eik mxpcifk i cirom sbirm gj tbm

fkmquicfty gj gppgrtukftfms fk Xurdmy, tbm gvmrcip wftb gtbmr efreua-stikems (fkecuhfko rmofgk) fs bfob.

Fkmquicfty gj Gppgrtukfty jgr Mhueitfgkic Iebfmvmamkt

Bgw hg mxgomkgus efreuastikems it lfrtb fkjcumkem i kgkmegkgafe gut-

egam, kiamcy mhueitfgkic iebfmvmamkt79> Xg ikswmr tbit qumstfgk, tbm

fkmquicfty-gj-gppgrtukfty egkempt eik lm ippcfmh tg hiti jrga tbm >:

^rgoria jgr Fktmrkitfgkic Utuhmkt Issmssamkt (^FUI), wbfeb rmegrhmh

stikhirhfzmh tmsts jgr rmihfko, aitbmaitfes, ikh sefmkem. Xbm issmssamkt

wis ofvmk tg i cirom siapcm gj 9=-ymir-gch pupfcs fk Xurdmy, ikh fkjgrai-

tfgk wis rmegrhmh it tbm siam tfam ilgut tbm omkhmr gj tbm stuhmkt, irmi

ikh rmofgk gj tbm sebggc, tbm jiafcy liedorgukh (jitbmrs geeupitfgk,

pirmktic mhueitfgk), ikh i kualmr gj issmt (wmictb) virfilcms.


Jfourm 5.5 Gppgrtukfty ^rgjfcm jgr Cmist ikh Agst Ihviktiomh ^gpucitfgk

Orgups, >8

pmremkt

68.9

2=

8>

:>

2>

9>>

lfrtb irmi urlik

lfrtb rmofgk

wmst/emktric

agtbmr it cmist

prfairy mhueitfgk

jitbmr it cmist prfairy

mhueitfgk

agtbmr tgkoum

Xurdfsb

cmss tbik

5 sflcfkos

agst ihviktiomhcmist ihviktiomh

Ugurem0 Jmrrmfri, Ofokgux, ikh Irik >6. Umm icsg tmebkfeic ippmkhfx, pirioripb I.8.

Kgtm0 Efreuastikems hmjfkmh jgr mvmr-airrfmh wgamk.


47/110

Ufafcir tg tbm rmsucts rmoirhfko tbm hfstrflutfgk gj wmictb, tbm hiti sbgw

tbit lmtwmmk i quirtmr ikh i tbfrh gj tbm virfitfgk fk gvmricc mhueitfgkic

iebfmvmamkt eik lm triemh tg ukhmrcyfko fkmquicfty gj gppgrtukftfms.

_bmk icc efreuastikems irm egksfhmrmh tgomtbmr ikh egktrgccmh jgr, jia-

fcy liedorgukh mamroms is tbm hgafkikt sgurem gj sueb fkmquicfty jgr

mhueitfgk iebfmvmamkt0 tbrmm-quirtmrs tg jgur-jfjtbs gj tbm amisurilcm

fkmquicfty gj gppgrtukfty eik lm ieeguktmh jgr ly sgefgmegkgafe virf-

ilcms gj tbm stuhmkts jiafcfmspirmktic mhueitfgk, issmt gwkmrsbfp, ikh

jitbmrs geeupitfgk.

Omgoripbfe virfilcms, lgtb irmi ikh rmofgk, egktrflutm ilgut gkm-jfjtb

tg tbm gppgrtukfty fkmquicfty. Uebggcs cgeitmh fk tbm mist gr fk ruric irmisirm issgefitmh wftb cgwmr tmst segrms, mvmk wbmk gtbmr efreuastikems,

sueb is jiafcy liedorgukh, irm tidmk fktg ieegukt. Jgr rmihfko ikh sef-

mkem, tbm ruric-urlik hfvfhm fs agrm fapgrtikt tbik tbm lrgih rmofgkic

cgeitfgkik ikicgoy tg tbm rmsucts rmoirhfko tbm hmtmrafkikts gj fkmquic-

fty gj megkgafe gppgrtukfty.

Ictbguob omkhmr fs strgkocy issgefitmh wftb sebggc mkrgccamkt, ft fs kgt

i sfokfjfeikt hmtmrafkikt gj iebfmvmamkt. Ofrcs pmrjgramh lmttmr tbik

lgys fk rmihfko (sfokfjfeiktcy sg) ikh sgamwbit wgrsm fk aitbmaitfes,ieegrhfko tg tbm ^FUI rmsucts jgr >:.99 Gvmricc, tbm ^FUI rmsucts suo-

omst tbit gkem ofrcs irm fk sebggc, tbmrm fs kg mvfhmkem tbit tbmy pmrjgra

wgrsm tbik lgys.

Xbmsm jfkhfkos suppgrt tbm rmemkt ikh prgafkmkt mhueitfgk mqufty

ikicysfs egkhuetmh ly tbm Mhueitfgk \mjgra Fkftfitfvm (M\F >6). Xbm

M\F rmpgrt jfkhs tbit stuhmkts irm lmfko smpiritmh fktg hfjjmrmkt-quicfty

sebggcs it tbm smegkhiry cmvmc lismh gk tbmfr sgefgmegkgafe stitus ikh

tbit tbm lisfs jgr tbm smpiritfgk stmas jrga cied gj ieemss tg prmsebggcmhueitfgk ikh quicfty prfairy mhueitfgk jgr hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk.

Ofvmk tbit tbm typm gj smegkhiry sebggc i stuhmkt ittmkhs (Ikitgcfik,

omkmric, vgeitfgkic, auctftried) fs i egrm hmtmrafkikt gj ukfvmrsfty

ieemssikh bfobmr mirkfkos fk tbm juturmtbm M\F egkecuhms tbit tbm

mhueitfgk systma fk fts eurrmkt jgra rmstrfets sgefic aglfcfty ikh bis kgt

rmicfzmh mquic gppgrtukftfms jgr icc ebfchrmk.

Orikhpirmkts ikh Orikhebfchrmk

Xg wbit hmormm hg tbm glsmrvmh fkmquicftfms gj gppgrtukfty trivmc

tbrguob omkmritfgks tg fkjcumkem tghiys ebfchrmk7 Egapirfko Xurdfsb

sgefmty tghiy wftb tbm sgefic ikh megkgafe cfjm gj jgur gr jfvm hmeihms iog

rmvmics tbit trmamkhgus triksjgraitfgks bivm tidmk pciem rmoirhfko

Xbm Utitm gj Mquicfty gj Gppgrtukfty fk Xurdmy 59


48/110

urlik ikh ruric cfjm ikh cfvmcfbgghs icfdm. Lut sueb triksjgraitfgks

kgtwftbstikhfko, tbfs \mpgrt jfkhs tbit tbm sgefgmegkgafe stitus gj

orikhpirmkts, amisurmh ly tbm mhueitfgk tbmy ittifkmh rguobcy 8> gr =>

ymirs iog, rmtifks i pgwmrjuc cfkd tg tbm wmcc-lmfko ikh ebikems gj tbmfr

orikhebfchrmk tghiy.9 pmremkt kgw cfvm fk mistmrk urlik irmis.

Xbm twg gppgrtukfty orgups irm gj sfafcir sfzm. Xbm CFKGO egvmrmh i

cfttcm agrm tbik 98 pmremkt gj icc ebfchrmk fk Xurdmy, ikh tbm BFKGO

5< Cfjm Ebikems fk Xurdmy

Xilcm 5.9 Fktmromkmritfgkic Gppgrtukfty Orgups gj Ebfchrmk

Orgupfko

Lfrtbpciem

gj agtbmr

Mhueitfgk gj aitmrkic

orikhpirmkts

CFKGO \uric mist Cmss tbik prfairy egapcmtmh

BFKGO ]rlik wmst gr emktmr It cmist prfairy egapcmtmh

Ugurem0 Utijj mcilgritfgk.


49/110

ecgsm tg 9: pmremkt fk >8, tbm lism ymir jgr tbm ikicysfs. Is wis smmk fk

tbm gppgrtukfty prgjfcm, efreuastikems irm bfobcy egrrmcitmh. Ilgut 99pmremkt gj tbm ebfchrmk fk tbm CFKGO bivm i agtbmr wbgsm agtbmr

tgkoum wis Xurdfsb4 fk tbm BFKGO, tbfs fs tbm eism jgr 62 pmremkt gj tbm

ebfchrmk.

Ik mxiafkitfgk gj mhueitfgkic iebfmvmamkt gj tbm ebfchrmks pirmkts fk

tbm twg orgups jfkhs i sfokfjfeikt sbirm gj rmprghuetfgk gj mhueitfgkic

ittifkamkt iergss omkmritfgks. Xilcm 5.5 sbgws tbit mhueitfgkic ihvikem fk

tbm CFKGO bis lmmk cfaftmh, mspmeficcy jgr wgamk0 twg-tbfrhs gj tghiys

ebfchrmk fk tbm CFKGO bivm i agtbmr wftbgut i prfairy sebggc hmormmtbmsm wgamk bivm kgt ihvikemh fk tbmfr mhueitfgkic iebfmvmamkt ega-

pirmh wftb tbmfr gwk agtbmrs. I sfokfjfeikt sbirm gj tbm ebfchrmks jitbmrs

hfh gltifk i prfairy sebggc hmormm. Utfcc, agrm tbik 2> pmremkt hfh kgt

egapcmtm smegkhiry sebggc.

Xbm fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty orgups irm vmry ecgsmcy icfokmh

wftb tbm wmcc-lmfko gj prmsmkt-hiy ebfchrmk. Xbm agst hfrmet rmsuct fs

tbm ecgsm rmcitfgksbfp lmtwmmk ebfch pgvmrty, fk >8, ikh tbm fktmr-

omkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty orgups0 ebfch pgvmrty fk tbm CFKGO wis, it?2 pmremkt, 92 tfams is bfob is jgr tbm BFKGO, fk wbfeb ebfch pgvmrty

lirmcy rmiebmh 8.8 pmremkt. ^gvmrty rfsds viry jgr hfjjmrmkt sulorgups

gj tbm CFKGO. Jgr mxiapcm, tbm pgvmrty ritm gj tbgsm jiafcfms tbit

aforitmh tg urlik irmis fk wmstmrk ikh emktric Xurdmy fs, it 8> pmremkt,

cgwmr tbik jgr tbgsm tbit hfh kgt aforitm (26 pmremkt fk ruric mistmrk

irmis4 ?5 pmremkt fk urlik mistmrk irmis), lut ft rmaifks icagst tbrmm

tfams is bfob is tbm ivmriom pgvmrty ritm fk urlik wmstmrk ikh emktric

irmis. Bmkem, rmofgkic aforitfgk fs issgefitmh wftb rmhuemh lut kgt vik-

fsbfko hfsihviktiom. Gppgrtukftfms afobt lm faprgvfko lut kgt it tbm

spmmh tbit tbm Xurdfsb sgefmty ispfrms tg.

Xbm rmsucts jgr stuktfko irm mquiccy prgkgukemh. Jgr ebfchrmk ukhmr

iom =,


50/110

8 gj 9>> ebfchrmk sbgwmh sueb sfoks. Jfourm 5.8 sbgws bgw hfvmromkt tbm

orgwtb pitbs gj ebfchrmk fk tbm twg orgups irm. Xbm vmrtfeic ixfs fkhfeitms

tbm hmksfty gj tbm hfstrflutfgkbgw aiky ebfchrmk rmieb i emrtifk

bmfobt. Xbm bgrfzgktic ixfs fs ik fkhfeitgr gj tbm ietuic bmfobt tbmy

iebfmvm, wftb tbm > fkhfeitfko tbm mxpmetmh kgraic bmfobt jgr tbmfr iom.Xbm twg eurvms hfvmrom strgkocy, wftb tbm BFKGO eurvm pmidfko aueb

agrm tg tbm rfobt fk tbm seicm, wbfeb sfokics kgraic orgwtb pmrjgraikem.

Jgr tbm CFKGO, gk tbm gtbmr bikh, tbm eurvm sbfjts aueb agrm tg tbm

cmjt, wftb aiky ebfchrmk sbgwfko sfokfjfeiktcy wgrsm-tbik-kgraic orgwtb

pmrjgraikem.

Cied gj gppgrtukfty trivmcs tbrguob omkmritfgks ikh sfokfjfeiktcy fkjcu-

mkems tbm hmvmcgpamkt pgtmktfic gj hfsihviktiomh ebfchrmk fk Xurdmy

tghiy. Jfourm 5.= vfsuicfzms tbm egktrist lmtwmmk tbm fktmromkmritfgkicgppgrtukfty orgups wftb rmspmet tg tbm rfsds gj pgvmrty ikh stuktfko.

Utuktfko fs, ieegrhfko tg ergss-eguktry rmsmireb, iagko smvmric cmihfko

ieutm rfsd jietgrs sfokicfko tbit ebfchrmk irm kgt rmiebfko tbmfr jucc egokf-

tfvm hmvmcgpamkt pgtmktfic.95 Is tbm jfourm sbgws, i ebfch lgrk fk tbm

CFKGO fk >8 (lcied lirs) wis 99> pmremkt agrm cfdmcy tg lm stuktmh

tbik tbm ivmriom stuktfko cmvmc fk Xurdmy.

Fk ihhftfgk, ofrcs ippmir tg lm sulstiktficcy agrm ijjmetmh tbik lgys

ly tbm fktmromkmritfgkic triksafssfgk gj gppgrtukftfms. _ftbfk tbm

CFKGO, yguko ofrcs irm sfokfjfeiktcy agrm cfdmcy tg sbgw mircy sfoks gj

aickutrftfgk tbik lgys0 tbmfr stuktfko ritm fs, it agrm tbik 5> pmremkt,

ilgut i tbfrh bfobmr tbik tbmfr aicm sflcfkos (it 8

pmremkt

Orgup

Cmss tbik

prfairy,

fccftmritm ^rfairy Umegkhiry

Bfobmr

mhueitfgk Xgtic

CFKGO

Ebfchs agtbmr

Ebfchs jitbmr

:2

>

9>>

BFKGO

Ebfchs agtbmr

Ebfchs jitbmr

>

>

59

=9

==

92

>

9>>

Ugurem0 Utijj Mcilgritfgk lismh gk >8 XHBU.


51/110

Xbm Utitm gj Mquicfty gj Gppgrtukfty fk Xurdmy 5=

Jfourm 5.8 Bmfobt-jgr-Iom Amisurms jgr CFKGO ikh BFKGO, >8

>.>

>.9

>..5

>.8

Dmrkmchmksfty

: 8 < > < 8stikhirh hmvfitfgks jrga amik

ebfchrmk lmcgw iom =, CFKGO

ebfchrmk lmcgw iom =, BFKGO

Ugurem0 Iutbgrs mstfaitfgk lismh gk >8 XHBU.

Jfourm 5.= \mcitfvm \fsd gj Ebfch ^gvmrty ikh Utuktfko, ly Fktmromkmritfgkic

Gppgrtukfty Orgup, >8

9.=

9.9

>.2>.?

9.>

>.=

>

rmcitfvm

rfsd

>.=

9.>

9.=

ebfch pgvmrty

(lmcgw iom =)

stuktfko

cgw fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty orgup gj ebfchrmk

bfob fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty orgup gj ebfchrmk

Ugurem0 Utijj eiceucitfgks lismh gk >8 XHBU.

Kgtm0 \fsd fs rmcitfvm tg ivmriom fkefhmkem jgr icc ebfchrmk ukhmr iom =.


52/110

pirtfeucircy wgrryfko.98 Ebfch hmvmcgpamkt tri`metgrfms egktfkum tg hfj-

jmr fk mhueitfgk0 fk tbm CFKGO, tbm cfdmcfbggh gj ofrcs ioms ? tg 9= lmfko

mkrgccmh fk sebggc wis :2 pmremkt, egapirmh wftb icagst 6> pmremkt

jgr lgys.

Bmkem, lrmidfko tbm fktmromkmritfgkic triksafssfgk gj fkmqufty

wguch bivm tg pciem pirtfeucir mapbisfs gk suppgrtfko hfsihviktiomh

ofrcs fk Xurdfsb sgefmty tghiy. Ofvmk tbmfr sgefgmegkgafe liedorgukh

ikh gtbmr efreuastikems it lfrtb, ofrcs irm agrm cfdmcy tg cgsm fk tbm

egalfkitfgk gj cgw gppgrtukftfms ikh pgvmrty. ^rgvfhfko jgeusmh sup-

pgrt tg hfsihviktiomh ofrcs sg tbit tbmy eik rmieb tbmfr gwk hmvmcgpamkt

pgtmktfic, fkecuhfko mhueitfgk, wguch lm fkstruamktic fk faprgvfko tbmsgefgmegkgafe efreuastikems fktg wbfeb tbmfr gwk ebfchrmk irm lgrk

fk tbm juturm.

Kgtms

9. Xbfs smetfgk hriws gk Jmrrmfri, Ofokgux, ikh Irik (>6) ikh Jmrrmfri ikh

Ofokgux (>6).

6) jgr i rmemkt rmvfmw gj tbfs cftmriturm, spmefjfeiccy ilgut

bgw spitfic virfilcms eik ijjmet pgvmrty ikh buaik hmvmcgpamkt.

8. Jmrrmfri, Ofokgux, ikh Irik (>6) lufch gk tbm amtbghgcgoy hmvmcgpmh ly

Jfcamr ikh ^rftebmtt (>9) tg hmjfkm tbm wmictb virfilcm.

=. Xbfs eiceucitfgk hmjfkms egapcmtfgk is jfvm ymirs gj prfairy sebggcfko, is wis

tbm eism jgr tbm omkmritfgk gj orikhpirmkts egksfhmrmh bmrm.

:. Xmebkfeic ippmkhfx, pirioripb I.6)4 ims hm Lirrgs ikh gtbmrs (>6).

2. Umm tmebkfeic ippmkhfx, pirioripb I.5, ikh Jmrrmfri, Ofokgux, ikh Irik (>6)

jgr hmtifcs gk eiceucitfgks ikh amtbghgcgoy.

6. Xmebkfeic ippmkhfx, pirioripb I.8.

9>. Jmrrmfri ikh Ofokgux (>6).

99. Xbm lmttmr rmihfko gutegams jgr ofrcs eguch lm fkjcumkemh ly tbm bfob hrgpgut

ritm jgr ofrcs it smegkhiry cmvmcs. Fj tbgsm ofrcs wftb wgrsm tmst segrms wmrm tg

hrgp gut agrm tbik ofrcs wftb lmttmr tmst segrms, tbm ivmriom segrms gj tbmrmaifkfko egbgrt fkermisms.

9


53/110

95. Oriktbia-AeOrmogr ikh gtbmrs (>?)4 _icdmr ikh gtbmrs (>?).

98. I auctfvirfitm rmormssfgk ikicysfs icsg jfkhs tbit wbmk ebfch ieemss ikh gut-egams irm cfkdmh tg efreuastikem virfilcms, ofrcs bivm i sfokfjfeiktcy cgwmr

prglilfcfty gj gltifkfko faaukfzitfgk ikh amhfeic trmitamkt tbik lgys.

\mjmrmkems

M\F (Mhueitfgk \mjgra Fkftfitfvm). >6. Fkmquicfty gj Gppgrtukftfms fk

Mhueitfgk. Fstikluc.

Jmrrmfri, J., ikh @. Ofokgux. >6. Fkmquicfty gj Gppgrtukfty jgr Mhueitfgk0 Xbm

Eism gj Xurdmy. _mcjirm ikh Ugefic ^gcfey _grdfko ^ipmr 8, Utitm ^cikkfko





Jfcamr, H., ikh C. ^rftebmtt. >9. Mstfaitfko _mictb Mjjmets wftbgut

Mxpmkhfturm Hitigr Xmirs0 Ik Ippcfeitfgk tg Mhueitfgk Mkrgccamkt fk

Utitms gj Fkhfi. Hmagoripby 52 (9)0 99=5?.

Hmvmcgpamkt ^gtmktfic fk tbm Jfrst = Vmirs jgr Ebfchrmk fk Hmvmcgpfko

Eguktrfms. Cikemt5:60 :>?>.

^ims hm Lirrgs, \., J. Jmrrmfri, @. Agcfkis Zmoi, ikh @. Uiivmhri Ebikhuvf. >6.

Amisurfko Fkmquicfty gj Gppgrtukftfms fk Citfk Iamrfei ikh tbm Eirfllmik.

_grch Likd, Citfk Iamrfeik Hmvmcgpamkt Jgrua Umrfms, _isbfkotgk, HE.

\gmamr, @. M. 9662. Mquicfty gj Gppgrtukfty. Eialrfhom, AI0 Birvirh ]kfvmrsfty

^rmss._icdmr, U., X. H. _iebs, @. Ammds Oirhkmr, L. Cgzgjj, O. _issmraikk, M. ^gccftt,

@. I. Eitmr, ikh tbm Fktmrkitfgkic Ebfch Hmvmcgpamkt Utmmrfko Orgup. >?.

Ebfch Hmvmcgpamkt0 \fsd Jietgrs jgr Ihvmrsm Gutegams fk Hmvmcgpfko

Eguktrfms. Cikemt 5:60 98==?.

_fmtzdm, L. >6. Kmfoblgrbggh Mjjmets ikh Buaik Hmvmcgpamkt0 I Erftfeic

\mvfmw gj tbm Cftmriturm. Afamg. Cgkhgk Uebggc gj Megkgafes, Cgkhgk.

_grch Likd. >:. _grch Hmvmcgpamkt \mpgrt >:0 Mqufty ikh Hmvmcgpamkt.

_isbfkotgk, HE0 _grch Likd.

Xbm Utitm gj Mquicfty gj Gppgrtukfty fk Xurdmy 5?


54/110


55/110

56

Xbm jfkhfko tbit tbm fktmromkmritfgkic triksafssfgk gj fkmqufty fs pgwmr-

juccy ijjmetfko Xurdmys ygukomst omkmritfgk tghiy pgfkts tg tbm kmmh tg

ukhmrstikh bgw ebfchrmks gppgrtukftfms hmvmcgp jrga i yguko iom ikh,

fkhmmh, wbmtbmr tbmrm irm pgcfey fktmrvmktfgks tbit eik rmhuem tbm fapiet

gj mxgomkgus efreuastikems gk cfjm ebikems. Ofvmk tbm vmry stird hfvmr-

omkem lmtwmmk gppgrtukfty orgups fk tbm cfdmcfbggh gj ebfchrmk orgwfko up

fk pgvmrty, tbm ebiptmr lmofks wftb i ecgsmr cggd it ebfch pgvmrty fk Xurdmy.

Ebfch ^gvmrty

Xbm vmry ecgsm aippfko gj tbm fktmromkmritfgkic gppgrtukfty prgjfcm tg

ebfch pgvmrty amiks tbit gkm fapgrtikt fkhfeitgr gj cfjm ebikems jgr

tghiys ebfchrmk fs tbmfr pgvmrty stitus. ^gvmrty fkhmmh fs i efreuastikem

jgr ebfchrmk fk mircy ioms0 pgvmrty fs amisurmh it tbm bgusmbgch cmvmc,

ikh ebfchrmk hg kgt egktrflutm tg tbm fkegam gr issmt mkvmcgpm gj bgusm-

bgchs. Ergss-eguktry rmsmireb bis sbgwk tbit pgvmrty fs gkm gj tbm agstfapgrtikt jietgrs cfkdmh tg hmvmcgpamktic hmciy fk ebfchrmk. ^gvmrty fs

gjtmk issgefitmh wftb i kualmr gj virfilcms tbit hfrmetcy ijjmet ebfch

wmcc-lmfko, rikofko jrga fkihmquitm jggh fktidm tg pggr sikftitfgk ikh

byofmkm jiefcftfms tbit eik cmih tg fkjmetfgks ikh orgwtb rmtirhitfgk.

E B I ^ X M \ 8

Ebfch Hmvmcgpamkt ikh Ebfch \fsds


56/110

Fk ihhftfgk, pgvmrty fs gjtmk egrrmcitmh wftb pirmktic, mspmeficcy aitmr-

kic, strmss is wmcc is wftb cgwmr mhueitfgk cmvmcs gj tbm pirmkts ikh cmss

egokftfvm stfaucitfgk.9

Fk >:, pgvmrty wis bfobmr iagko ebfchrmk tbik iagko iky gtbmr

iom orgup fk Xurdmy. Agrm tbik gkm fk jgur ebfchrmk wmrm pggr. Jgrty-

gkm pmremkt, gr gvmr = afccfgk, gj icc pggr pmgpcm fk Xurdmy fk >: wmrm

ebfchrmk iom 98 ikh ukhmr. Ilgut 9.6 afccfgk gj tbma wmrm ebfchrmk iom =

ikh ukhmr.5 ikh >:,

ebfchrmk lmkmjftmh cmist jrga tbmsm faprgvmamkts fk wmcjirm. Jfourm 8.9

fccustritms tbm rmcitfvm pgvmrty ritm gj ebfchrmk, tbit fs, tbm rfsd gj ebfc-hrmk lmfko fk pgvmrty egapirmh wftb tbm rfsd jgr icc gtbmr iom orgups

fk Xurdfsb sgefmty. Xbm rmcitfvm rfsd jgr ebfchrmk iom = ikh ukhmr

fkermismh scfobtcy jrga >5 tg >:, wbfcm tbm rfsd jgr tbgsm ioms :

tbrguob 98 rgsm quftm strgkocy.

Ieegrhfko tg mstfaitfgks eirrfmh gut jgr tbfs \mpgrt, ebfchrmk irm

icsg tbm pgpucitfgk orgup tbit fs cfdmcy tg lm it bfobmst rfsd gj jiccfko

fktg pgvmrty lmeiusm gj tbm eurrmkt megkgafe scgwhgwk fk Xurdmy.

Lismh gk i sfaucitfgk aghmc tbit cfkds tbm gvmricc megkgafe scgwhgwk


Jfourm 8.9 \mcitfvm \fsd gj gvmrty, ly Iom Orgup, >5 ikh >:

9.8 9.8

9.99.>

>.:

>.2

>.6

9.8

9.:

>.?

>.2

9.9

>.2>.2

9.>

>.2

>.? >.:

9.9

>.2 >.?

>.6 >.6

>.?

>.=>.:

>.>

>..8

>.:

>.2

9.>

9.=

:98

9=96

8

8

8=86

=>=

8

===6

:>:

8:=

+

iom orgups

rmcitfvmrfsdgjpgvm

rty

>5 >:

Ugurem0 Utijj eiceucitfgks lismh gk Irik ikh gtbmrs >6.


57/110

tg rmhuetfgk fk mapcgyamkt fk hfjjmrmkt smetgrs gj tbm megkgay, icagst

gkm-tbfrh gj tbm ihhftfgkic pggr eguch lm ebfchrmk iom 98 ikh ygukomr

(jfourm 8.69>

ioms 9=


58/110

mircy sfoks gj hmvmcgpamkt oips mamrofko jgr hfjjmrmkt orgups gj ebfc-

hrmk. Xbmsm fkecuhm cgw lfrtb wmfobt, stuktfko, ikh egokftfvm hmvmcgp-

amkt rmtirhitfgk. Cist, ft amisurms bgw sebggc ittmkhikem hfvmroms

ieegrhfko tg gppgrtukfty orgups ikh pgvmrty. Xbmsm tbrmm hfamksfgks

jgra i amisurmamkt jriamwgrd tbit triems ebfch hmvmcgpamkt, iclmft

gkm aust lm eiutfgus ilgut issfokfko eiusicfty lmeiusm aiky gtbmr jie-

tgrs icsg fkjcumkem ebfch hmvmcgpamkt gutputs ikh gutegams. Xbm ikicy-

sfs jgr amisurms gj cied gj gppgrtukfty rmtifks tbm fktmromkmritfgkicgppgrtukfty orgup ecissfjfeitfgk (CFKGO ikh BFKGO) ikh ihhs ebfch

pgvmrty stitus.=

Egrm ieemss fkhfeitgrs hfjjmr ormitcy ly gppgrtukfty orgup ikh ebfch

pgvmrty stitus fk Xurdmy. Xilcm 8.9 sbgws, jgr >8, tbm hfjjmrmkt ieemss

fkhfeitgrs jgr pggr ebfchrmk ikh tbgsm ebfchrmk fk tbm CFKGO ikh

BFKGO. Iergss tbm lgirh, pggr ebfchrmk fk cgw gppgrtukfty smttfkos

sbgw rmairdilcy wgrsm ieemss fkhfeitgrs jgr lisfe bmictb smrvfems tbik

gtbmr orgups. Xbfs cied gj ieemss stirts mvmk lmjgrm tbm ebfchrmk irm

lgrk, wftb twg-tbfrhs gj pggr agtbmrs fk cgw gppgrtukfty smttfkos kgt

rmemfvfko i afkfaua gj iktmkitic eirm hurfko tbmfr prmokikefms.

Ufafcircy, agrm tbik 6< pmremkt gj pggr ebfchrmk fk tbm CFKGO hg kgt

bivm ieemss tg jggh wftb sujjfefmkt fghfkm suppcy, ikh jgur-jfjtbs hg kgt

rmemfvm tbm jucc smt gj sfx rmegaamkhmh faaukfzitfgks lmjgrm tbmy

rmieb tbmfr jfrst lfrtbhiy.

Xbm euaucitfvm kiturm gj tbm cied gj gppgrtukftfms fs icsg ippirmkt.

Hfjjmrmkems wftbfk tbm CFKGO ikh BFKGO (lmtwmmk pggr ikh kgk-

pggr ebfchrmk), is wmcc is lmtwmmk pggr ebfchrmk iergss tbm orgups, sbgwsgam airdmh hfjjmrmkems. Jgr mxiapcm, pggr ebfchrmk fk tbm BFKGO

rmprmsmktfko gkcy = pmremkt gj ebfchrmk wftbfk tbfs orgupirm twfem is

cfdmcy tg lm fssumh i lfrtb emrtfjfeitm is pggr ebfchrmk fk tbm CFKGO.

8< Cfjm Ebikems fk Xurdmy

Jfourm 8.5 Ebfch Hmvmcgpamkt Amisurmamkt Jriamwgrd

Ugurem0 Utijj mcilgritfgk lismh gk _grch Likd (>6i).

ebfch

hmvmcgpamktieemss

fkhfeitgrs

iktmkitic eirm

ittmkhmh lfrtb

fghfkm suppcy

faaukfzitfgk

lfrtb emrtfjfeitm

egokftfvm stfaucitfgk

ebfch

hmvmcgpamkt

gutput

fkhfeitgrs

cgw lfrtb wmfobt

stuktfko

hmciymh egokftfvm hmvmcgpamkt

amhfua- tg

cgko-tmra

fapiets gj

rfsd jietgrs

mircy hrgp-gut

cgw mhueitfgkic ittifkamkt


59/110

Xilcm 8.9 Ebfch Hmvmcgpamkt Ieemss ikh Gutegam Fkhfeitgrs ly Gppgrtukfty Utitus, >8

pmremkt

Ebfch ieemss (fkput) fkhfeitgrs

Orgupfko

Kg

iktmkitic eirm

]kittmkhmh

lfrtbs

Fksujjfefmkt

fghfkm

suppcy

Fkegapcmtm

faaukfzitfgk

(jfrst ymir)

Kg lfrtb

emrtfjfeitm

Icc ebfchrmk

^ggr

Kgkpggr

98

?6

55

82

:2

5:

9:


60/110

Ufafcircy, kgkpggr ebfchrmk fk tbm BFKGO irm 9> tfams agrm cfdmcy tg

lm lgrk fk i amhfeic jiefcfty tbik pggr ebfchrmk fk tbit orgup.

Kmw hiti jrga Dg ]kfvmrsfty sbgw tbit fkputs jgr egokftfvm hmvmc-

gpamkt gj ebfchrmk hfjjmr strgkocy ly sgefgmegkgafe striti.:_bfcm tbfs

hiti eikkgt lm prmsmktmh icgko tbm gppgrtukfty orguppgvmrty hfamk-

sfgk sbgwk fk tilcm 8.9, sgefgmegkgafe striti ikh gppgrtukftfms jgr

ebfchrmk irm ecgsmcy cfkdmh. I kualmr

Life Chances in Turkey: Expanding Opportunities for the Next Generation

Documents

Transcript of Life Chances in Turkey: Expanding Opportunities for the Next Generation