Life and the Bomb: Framing early issue culture

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7/23/2019 Life and the Bomb: Framing early issue culture http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/life-and-the-bomb-framing-early-issue-culture 1/22 Mklg Fymkkrb NUEN 254 ;<):);< Hgjc kfb t`c Linl? Jrkngfm ckrhy gssuc euhturc ‘Nkmkzgfcs kfb fcwspkpcrs fi hifmcr eifvcy ‘gfjirnktgif„ lut ijjcr wkys ij sccgfm t`gfms&&&  Hgjc gs titkhhy kbvcrtgscncfts? gts krtgehcs pkeakmc kfb schh cnitgifs kfb gbcks oust ks gts pkgb kbs  schh einnibgtgcs„ (Ekrpcftcr <4;; p& <53'& 

Transcript of Life and the Bomb: Framing early issue culture

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Mklg Fymkkrb

NUEN 254

;<):);<

Hgjc kfb t`c Linl?

Jrkngfm ckrhy gssuc euhturc

‘Nkmkzgfcs kfb fcwspkpcrs fi hifmcr eifvcy ‘gfjirnktgif„ lut ijjcr wkys ij sccgfm t`gfms&&&

 Hgjc gs titkhhy kbvcrtgscncfts? gts krtgehcs pkeakmc kfb schh cnitgifs kfb gbcks oust ks gts pkgb kbs

 schh einnibgtgcs„ (Ekrpcftcr <4;; p& <53'& 

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Gftribuetgif? Gf t`cgr `cybky lcjirc tchcvgsgif hkrmchy usurpcb t`gs rihc fcwsnkmkzgfcs

wcrc k prgnkry siurec ij euhturc kfb tiih ly w`ge` t`c Kncrgekf pulhge nkbc scfsc ij t`c wirhb&

@cfry Huec lceknc afiwf ks ‘R`c Hirb ij t`c Trcss„ jir `gs wgbchy.rckb pcrgibgekhs gf t`gs

ektcmiry gfehubgfm t`c nkmkzgfcs Rgnc kfb gnkmc.ecftrge Hgjc& Gf w`kt lceknc t`c prititypc

jir t`c mcfrc Huec’s fcwswrgtgfm jirnuhk ‘ehcvcrhy Qsunnkrgzcb^ t`c wcca’s fcws gf prgft ir 

 pgeturcs gf wkys t`kt hcjt rckbcrs wgt` k eifegsc cftcrtkgfgfm kfb jrcqucfthy gfkbcquktc vcrsgif

ij kf cvcft ir trcfb„ (Jchhiw <4;< p& ;7<'& R`csc pulhgektgifs skvcb rckbcrs tgnc ly privgbgfm

 prc.bgmcstcb gfjirnktgif gf kf gfercksgfmhy einphcx wirhb ke`gcvgfm kfb sustkgfgfm `umc

egreuhktgifs gfti t`c ’24s& 

Ui gt eknc ti lc t`kt fcwsnkmkzgfcs ncbgktcb t`c einphgektcb gssucs ij ]]GG jir t`cgr 

nkss kubgcfecs& Mknsif kfb Nibgmhgkfg (;707' rceimfgzc bgseiursc gf t`csc mcfcrkh kubgcfec

ncbgk ks k bingfkft jirec gf gssuc euhturc ‘lit` rcjhcetgfm gt kfb eiftrglutgfm ti gts ercktgif„ (p&

5'& Lcekusc t`c ncbgk’s rihc ,gs lchgcvcb ti lc si ecftrkh gf jrkngfm gssucs jir t`c kttcftgvc

 pulhge t`cy krc … ‖k sgtc if w`ge` vkrgius siegkh mriups gfstgtutgifs kfb gbcihimgcs strummhc

ivcr t`c bcjgfgtgif kfb eifstruetgif ij siegkh rckhgty’, (p& 5'& R`c gnpirtkfec ij ncbgk bgseiursc

gf bcjgfgfm kf gssuc gs t`cirgzcb gf t`c ncbgk.bcpcfbcfey `ypit`csgs ti bcpcfb ‘if `iw rckbghy

kvkghklhc nckfgfm.mcfcrktgfm cxpcrgcfecs krc gf pciphc-s cvcrybky hgvcs1„ w`ghc t`c pulhge nky

`kvc sujjgegcft cxpcrgcfec ly w`ge` ti oubmc ecrtkgf gssucs bgmcst ncbgk.mcfcrktcb gnkmcs kfb

ercktc nckfgfm if it`crs t`cy nky `kvc hgtthc ir fi lkeamriufb puttgfm t`c tksa ij 

gftcrprctktgif nirc juhhy if t`c ncbgk’s s`iuhbcrs kfb kbbgfm wcgm`t ti gts rcfbcrgfm (p& 7'& 

Gf t`c eksc ij t`c ktinge linlgfms ij @gris`gnk kfb Fkmkskag gf Kumust ;723

Kncrgekfs’ ufjknghgkr gty wgt` t`c gssuc kfb rcnivcb fkturc jrin t`c cvcfts wiuhb t`us knphgjy

t`c gnpirtkfec ij ncbgk bgseiursc gf s`kpgfm t`c gssuc euhturc& Kfb yct kht`ium` t`c pulhge `kb

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hgtthc ufbcrstkfbgfm ij ir rchktgifs`gp ti ktinge linls lcjirc`kfb ,wgt`gf bkys ij @gris`gnk gt

wks ehkgncb t`kt fuehckr wckpifs pcrncktcb ‖cvcry kspcet ij nkf-s ketgvgtgcs jrin nke`gfcs ti

nirkhs jrin p`ysges ti p`ghisip`y jrin pihgtges ti pictry’, (Jkrrchh ;77; p& ;30'&

 Fcwsnkmkzgfcs khrckby gf t`c lusgfcss ij gftcrprctgfm t`c wirhb jir rckbcrs rcketcb

gnncbgktchy ti `chp Kncrgekfs mrksp t`c cncrmgfm ktinge kmc ‘kequkgftgfm pciphc wgt` k fcw

tce`fihimy wgt` w`ge` t`cy `kb fi pcrsifkh cxpcrgcfec… t`cy privgbcb…nctkp`irs kfb

fkrrktgvcs w`ge` ngm`t `chp rckbcrs ti gftcrprct t`c jrgm`tcfgfm kfb pringsgfm fcw p`cfincfif„

(vkf Hcftc <4;< p& 3'& Sfbcr sue` nifuncftkh prcssurc w`kt s`kpc bgb t`csc fkrrktgvcs tkac9

 Fuehckr gssucs kfb t`c linl eiftgfuc ti lc krcks ij eiftcftgif kfb t`cgr bcvchipncftkh

stkmcs ncrgt cxkngfktgif gfehubgfm cxphirktgif ij ckrhy rcprcscftktgifs ij @gris`gnk kfb

 Fkmkskag kfb t`cgr pripkmktirs& Knifm t`csc ‘Tcr`kps t`c nist gnpirtkft prgft ncbgun

t`rium` w`ge` t`c Kncrgekf pciphc jirncb t`cgr gfgtgkh gnprcssgifs ij t`c ktinge linl wks

@cfry Huec’s nkmkzgfc Hgj c wgt` gts jgvc nghhgif. phus egreuhktgif„ (Liycr ;703 p& 0'&

\csckre` qucstgif? @iw wcrc t`c ktinge linlgfms ij @gris`gnk kfb Fkmkskag jrkncb gf

Hgjc nkmkzgfc gf t`c jgrst yckr kjtcrwkrbs (Kumust ;723.;72:'1 w`kt prcvkghgfm fkrrktgvcs

cncrmcb ti s`kpc t`gs fcw gssuc euhturc9

Hgtcrkturc rcvgcw? Liycr’s liia (;703' cxkngfcs khh kspcets ij t`c euhturc ij t`c ckrhy

ktinge kmc pgfpigftgfm t`c brippgfm ij t`c linl ks t`c hiektgif ij k nincftius s`gjt kfb

cxkngfgfm `iw pulhgektgifs gfehubgfm Hgjc prcscftcb gt mgvgfm pkrtgeuhkr kttcftgif ti t`c Kumust

<4 ;723 gssuc ij Hgjc&

Hgacwgsc Hgjtif kfb Ngte`chh’s liia (;773' privgbcs kf gf.bcpt` bgseussgif ij ckrhy

ncbgk eivcrkmc ij @gris`gnk gfehubgfm t`c fkturc ij eivcrkmc t`cncs kfb hkrmcr eiftcxt sue`

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ks eifeurrcft mivcrfncft ufbcrtkagfms& R`csc liias s`cb hgm`t if prcvkghgfm jrkncs ks wchh ks

t`c hkfbsekpc Hgjc wks sgtuktcb gf&

Jkrrchh’s krtgehc (;773' kfb rcvgcw (;77;' cxkngfc `iw t`c linl wks nkbc

einnifphkec kfb kssgnghktcb gfti hgjc kjtcr @gris`gnk scrvcb ks gts bclut hkrmchy buc ti ijjgegkh

cjjirts& R`c qukhgtgcs ij t`csc fkrrktgvcs krc cxphircb kfb t`c sueecss ij Rrunkf kfb it`crs gf

 pus`gfm t`cgr prcjcrrcb jrkncs (t`c ijjgegkh fkrrktgvc' gs bcnifstrktcb gf fitgfm t`c ncbgk’s

kbiptgif ij t`cn kfb t`cgr mcfcrkh infgprcscfec gf bgseiursc& Utrktcmgcs uscb ly Rrunkf’s tckn

ti kbvkfec t`gs gfehubcb usgfm ‘t`c eifvcftgifkh hkfmukmc ij wkr kfb k eifvcftgifkh strktcmy ij 

eifsunptgifgsn„ (;773 p& <7'& Jkrrchh fitcs `iw qugeahy t`c linl wks klsirlcb gfti hgjc kfb

nkbc einnif scfsc ij& Rcstkncft ti t`gs t`csc jrkncs ekf lc sccf gf Hgjc&

Mknsif kfb Nibgmhgkfg’s se`ihkrhy krtgehc (;707' cxphircs t`c rchktgifs`gp lctwccf

 pulhge ipgfgif kfb ncbgk bgseiursc if fuehckr gssucs gfehubgfm fcwsnkmkzgfc keeiufts jrin

;723 jirwkrb& Kttcstgfm ti t`c sgmfgjgekfec ij Hgjc’s eiftcft t`c kut`irs ksscrt t`kt sgfec mcfcrkh

kubgcfec ncbgk ‘eifstkfthy nkac kvkghklhc summcstcb nckfgfms kfb krc t`c nist keecssglhc gf k 

ncbgk.skturktcb siegcty sue` ks t`c Sfgtcb Utktcs t`cgr eiftcft ekf lc uscb ks t`c nist

gnpirtkft gfbgektir ij t`c mcfcrkh gssuc euhturc„ (p& 5'& R`gs euhturc t`cy sky gs t`c euhngfktgif

ij euhturkh rcsifkfecs spifsir ketgvgtgcs kfb ncbgk prketgecs (p& 3'& R`c gfjhucfec ij t`csc

bctcrngfkfts gs pkhpklhc gf Hgjc& Gf tcrns ij @gris`gnk eivcrkmc Mknsif kfb Nibgmhgkfg fitc

t`c t`cnc ij bukhgsn ncbgk gfstkhhcb gf t`c euhturc k prgnkry jrknc cnphiycb gf Hgjc&

Ni`kf (<44=' nkacs t`c krmuncft t`kt ‘t`c ncbgk `chpcb put gf phkec k fkrrktgvc t`kt

hcmgtgngzcb t`c usc ij fuehckr wckpifs kfb klsirlcb t`c linl gfti Kncrgekf hgjc„ ly ‘keecptgfm

mivcrfncft eiftrih ij gfjirnktgif kliut ktinge piwcr …nkrmgfkhgzgfm t`c egvghgkf vgetgns

ilseurgfm t`c jket t`kt Trcsgbcft Rrunkf eiuhb `kvc kvigbcb t`c linl gf jiregfm Okpkf’s

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surrcfbcr„ kfb it`crwgsc firnkhgzgfm fuehckr wckpifs (pkrkmrkp` 5'& R`csc pigfts rcsifktc

wgt` t`cncs rceimfgzcb gf eivcrkmc ly it`cr se`ihkrs kfb `kvc lccf eifsgbcrcb burgfm kfkhysgs

kfb ks k rcsuht jiufb ti lc qukhgtgcs ij Hgjc’s eivcrkmc&

Rkftcr (<443' gbcftgjgcs t`rcc acy prgfegphcs gf ckrhy ijjgegkhhy skfetgifcb Kncrgekf

eivcrkmc ij t`c fuehckr linlgfm? t`kt ‘t`c linls wcrc k oust kfb fcecsskry eiftrglutgif ti

wirhb pckec1„ ‘t`c nist gnpirtkft qukhgty ij t`c linls ti lc cnp`ksgzcb wks t`cgr p`ysgekh

 piwcr1„ kfb ‘t`c `unkf eifscqucfecs wcrc ti lc eifecbcb si jkr ks wks fcecsskry ti cstklhgs`

t`c ehkgn ij tce`fihimgekh infgpitcfec lut wcrc it`crwgsc ti lc gmfircb ir supprcsscb&„ Rkftcr 

skys t`kt k S&U& fkrrktgvc kttcnptgfm ti oustgjy t`c linl wks pcrvksgvc ckrhy if kfb suppirtgfm

t`gs ehkgn t`csc t`rcc t`cncs krc sccf vgk t`c jihhiwgfm rcsckre` ti lc cx`glgtcb gf Hgjc&

Rkyhir (;77=' cxphircs t`c pgeturcs pulhgegzcb ti einnufgektc t`c fuehckr kmc ksscrtgfm

t`kt rkbgktcb libgcs wcrc ‘bgskppckrcb„ ir ‘cxphkgfcb„ kwky gf bingfkft nghgtkrgstge kfb

fktgifkhgstge gftcrcsts’ kttcnpt ti kvigb t`c kfxgctgcs kfb nirkh ufecrtkgftgcs sue` bcpgetgifs

 priviac& R`gs krmuncft ce`igfm t`c tcfir ij t`c it`cr siurecs ekf lc skgb ti keeiuft jir t`c

hkea ij `unkf eiftcft gf Hgjc&

Zkf Hcftc’s liia (<4;<' bgseusscs `iw pipuhkr ncbgk lrium`t ufbcrstkfbgfm kfb

gfjirnktgif ij t`c fuehckr kmc ti t`c pulhge gfehubgfm vgk Hgjc gf pkrtgeuhkr& @iwcvcr ifhy

 pkmcs ;.;4 wcrc keecssglhc jir t`gs pkpcr& Fifct`chcss vkf Hcftc’s ksscrtgifs t`crcgf krc

rchcvkft ti t`gs rcsckre` tipge kfb gfehubc bcjgfgtgif ij t`c gnpirtkft rihc ij pipuhkr pcrgibgekhs

gf siegcty kfb t`c nkoir jrkncs cnphiycb ly t`cn gf rcmkrbs ti t`c ktinge linl& Zkf Hcftc

krmucs t`kt fit ifhy gs k jrknc ij bukhgsn uscb gf t`gs eksc kfb ly Hgjc lut gf khh fkrrktgvcs&

Wkvcfbgttg’s krtgehc (;7=2' jieuscs if rcecptgif ij Oi`f @crscy’s ‘@gris`gnk„ lut khsi

tiue`cs if fkrrktgvcs wgt`gf ckrhy ncbgk eivcrkmc ij @gris`gnk kfb Fkmkskag gfehubgfm

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 p`itimrkp`s& Wkvcfbgttg ehkgns gfehubc t`kt p`itimrkp`s bgb fit bgstgfmugs` ktinge linlgfms

jrin it`cr typcs firnkhgzgfm t`c bcstruetgif kfb t`cgr cxgstcfec ks wchh ks t`kt t`c ijjgegkh

fkrrktgvc trcktcb segcftgsts ks kut`irgtgcs lit` sgtuktgifs w`ge` krc cvgbcft gf Hgjc&

Uupphcncftkry wcrc tcxtliia cftrgcs jrin Ekrpcftcr (<4;;' Jchhiw (<4;<' kfb Mrklcr 

(<4;4' w`ge` privgbcb rchcvkft `gstirgekh eiftcxt kfb tcrn bcjgfgtgifs&

Nct`ibihimy? @gstirgekh bieuncft kfkhysgs wks ekrrgcb iut if t`c nkss egreuhktgif Hgjc

nkmkzgfc& R`gs wccahy pipuhkr pcrgibgekh bchgvcrcb Kncrgekfs t`c fcws gfehubgfm cxtcfsgvc

wkr eivcrkmc wgt` k strifm cnp`ksgs if p`itioiurfkhgsn& @gstirgekh gssucs ij Hgjc krc vgcwklhc

gf t`cgr cftgrcty ifhgfc vgk Miimhc Liias& Gssucs ij Hgjc jrin t`c spcegjgcb tgnc pcrgib (Kumust

;723.:' eiftkgfgfm sgmfgjgekft eiftcft pcrtkgfgfm cxphgegthy ti @gris`gnk kfb)ir Fkmkskag

spcegjgekhhy (ks ippiscb ti nirc mcfcrkh fuehckr wkr S&U&.Okpkf gssucs cte&' `kvc lccf

kfkhyzcb gf k qukhgtktgvc kfb gftcrprctktgvc nkffcr kfb supphcncftcb ly sceifbkry rcsckre`

jgfbgfms& ]gt`gf t`c nkmkzgfc w`kt gs pgeturcb kfb w`kt gnprcssgifs krc mgvcf ly t`csc gnkmcs

ks wchh ks w`kt gs wrgttcf kfb t`c eiffitktgifs ij t`c wirbs gs eifsgbcrcb& R`cncs fkrrktgvcs

kfb jrkncs gf t`c ncbgk bgseiursc kfb prinitcb ly gftcrcst mriups (g&c& mivcrfncft kfb t`c

‘ijjgegkh fkrrktgvc„' ks keeirbgfm ti sceifbkry siurecs krc eriss.rcjcrcfecb kfb einpkrcb ti

t`isc jiufb gf Hgjc ti ufbcrstkfb `iw t`c gssuc wks ekpturcb kfb prcscftcb ti t`c pulhge&

Irgmgfkh rcsckre`? Jihhiwgfm gs k e`rifihimgekh sunnkry ij t`c eiftcft kfb e`krketcrgstges ij t`c

nist pringfcft eivcrkmc ij @gris`gnk kfb Fkmkskag kppckrgfm gf Hgjc jrin Kumust ;723 ti

Kumust ;72: ly gssuc&

Kumust <4( ;723 bcvitcs k hkrmc kniuft ij spkec ti eivcrkmc ij t`c cvcfts gf @gris`gnk kfb

 Fkmkskag& Gf ‘]kr’s Cfbgfm„ stkrtgfm if pkmc <3 gftcrcstgfmhy t`c jgrst gnkmc s`iwf gs k

rckhgstge brkwgfm w`ge` Hgjc skys ‘s`iws nirc mrkp`gekhhy t`kf kcrgkh p`itimr kp`s cjjcet ij 

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ktinge linl `gt if @gris`gnk sniac lghhiws 24444 jcct&„ R`c rcst ij t`c p`itimrkp`s s`iw

ifhy ehiubs ij sniac kfb kf kcrgkh ‘lcjirc.kjtcr„ einpkrgsif ij @gris`gnk w`ghc t`c kttke`cb

krtgehc cxphkgfs gf nghb tcrns t`c eifbgtgifs ij surrcfbcr& Lrgcj bcsergptgifs ij t`c brip bcserglc

gt ks khtcrfktchy tcrrglhc kfb tcrrgjge trcncfbius kfb umhy mgvgfm nirc cxphkfktgif ti t`c jhks`cs

ij hgm`t kfb sulscqucft ehiub t`kf t`c nirc eiferctc cjjcets w`ge` krc sunncb gf ifc quitc ks

‘Khh kriufb G jiufb bckb kfb wiufbcb…lhiktcb…lurfcb wgt` k `umc lhgstcr…&Khh mrccf

vcmctktgif…pcrgs`cb„ (p& <:'& Cnp`ksgs ti t`c ‘mrgn sktgsjketgif„ ij p`ysgegsts gs put if

 Fkmkskag’s linl ks lcgfm ‘gnprivcb„ ivcr @gris`gnk’s& 

Gf ‘R`c Ktinge Kmc„ cbgtirgkh nctkp`irs ij ,kfts kfb nyt`ihimy lit` rckssurc us gf

kwc lcjirc t`c `krfcsscb gfjgfgtc, lut t`cf @gris`gnk gs rceimfgzcb ks ,khnist purc

Ue`rceahge`acgt, kfb qucstgifs ij ,prketgecs kfb stkfbkrbs ij pcrngssglhc lc`kvgir tiwkrbs

it`crs&, R`c ufecrtkgftgcs ij t`c sgtuktgif krc lrgcjhy keafiwhcbmcb gf skygfm ,Cxecpt jir 

`kstcfcb bcjckt ij Okpkf t`c ktinge linl kfswcrs fi qucstgifs& Lut gt rckrrkfmcs t`c qucstgifs

ihb kfb fcw hkrmc kfb snkhh khrckby gf ncf-s ngfb kfb t`riws if khh ij t`cn k lhgfbgfm fcw

 pcrspcetgvc&, Shtgnktchy t`c stkfec Hgjc tkacs gs lkhkfecb lut iptgngstge?

R`c t`gfm jir us ti jckr tibky gs fit t`c ktin lut t`c fkturc ij nkf hcst `c hisc cgt`cr `gs

eifsegcfec ir `gs `unghgty lcjirc t`c gf`crcft nystcry ij t`gfms& Ktinge segcfec ecrtgjgcs

t`gs nystcry& Gts iwf hkws eifbcnf us ti uhtgnktc gmfirkfec1 lut khsi ti t`c ctcrfkh

jrccbin ij e`igec gf`crcft gf kf gfbctcrngfktc ufgvcrsc&&& ]c ekf klihgs` wkrjkrc kfb

ngtgmktc nkf-s gf`unkfgty ti nkf& Lut khh t`gs wghh tkac sinc bigfm& Kfb wc krc gf k

strkfmc fcw hkfb&

R`c jckturc if pkmc 0= ifhy skys ,Cvcf t`c kppkhhgfm jket t`kt sinc ;44444 Okpkfcsc

`kb bgcb sccncb gfegbcftkh ti t`c jket ‒ w`ge` tiue`cb t`c bcstgfy ij cvcryifc khgvc ‒ t`kt k wky

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`kb lccf jiufb ti rchcksc t`c jirecs w`ge` aghhcb t`csc ;44444„ kfb eiftgfucs gf gts bgkmrkns

kfb cxphkfktgifs ti prcscft t`c tce`fihimgekh ke`gcvcncft)primrcss pkeakmc (ti lc bgseusscb gf

t`gs pkpcr’s kfkhysgs scetgif'& If pkmc ;44 prijcssirs krc cquktcb wgt` Uupcrnkf& K bukh.fkturc

jrknc ij miib)lkb gs uscb? ,Gf t`c bkys kjtcr @gris`gnk t`c ifhy gnncbgktc kfb pisgtgvc

afiwhcbmc wks t`kt t`c wirhb `kb lceinc ks ufskjc ks gt ngm`t sincbky lceinc bchgm`tjuh, (p&

;44'&

Ucptcnlcr ;=( ;723? Jihhiwgfm k juhh pkmc kcrgkh p`itimrkp` ij ‘R`c bcscrt t`kt wks @gris`gnk„

if pkmc 5: lcmgfs t`c pgcec ‘]`kt cfbcb t`c wkr&„ R`c p`itis bcpget k ,jhkt sghcft phkgf k stghh.

stgfagfm oufapghc&, ]`ghc gt gs fitcb t`kt ,keeirbgfm ti QOkpkfcsc^ bietirs t`isc w`i `kb

sujjcrcb ifhy snkhh lurfs jiufb t`cgr kppctgtc jkghgfm t`cgr `kgr jkhhgfm iut t`cgr muns lhccbgfm&

R`cy bcvchipcb tcnpcrkturcs ij ;42° vingtcb lhiib kfb bgcb, fit ifc ij t`csc ;<3444 bckb

gs bcpgetcb&

Ucptcnlcr <2( ;723? ‘Fcw Ncxgei’s ktin linl erktcr„ rcjcrcfecs @gris`gnk kfb Fkmkskag if

 pkmc <= skygfm t`kt kjtcrwkrbs

t`c Okpkfcsc `gftcb strifmhy t`kt pkrts ij @gris`gnk kfb Fkmkskag `kb lceinc

rkbgiketgvc& \cseuc wiracrs… Okpkfcsc rcpirtcb wcrc aghhcb ly `krnjuh rkbgktgifs…

R`c ]kr Bcpkrtncft skgb t`kt nist ij t`c Okpkfcsc `kb lccf aghhcb ly lhkst kfb

`ckt…fifc bgcb j rin rkbgiketgvgty kjtcrwkrb& @gris`gnk kfb Fkmkskag wcrc skjc jir 

`unkf `klgtktgif kjtcr t`c mrckt jgrcs `kb bgcb kwky… Ri einphgektc t`c krmuncft t`c

 Fcw Ncxgei erktcr wks stghh bcjgfgtchy rkbgiketgvc& Gt fcvcrt`chcss ijjcrcb strifm

cvgbcfec t`kt t`c Okps wcrc wrifm&

Gt gs eifehubcb t`kt ‘gt sccncb ecrtkgf t`kt Okpkfcsc gf @gris`gnk kfb Fkmkskag `kb bgcb wgt`gf

t`c mritcsquc hcmkhgty ij wkrtgnc aghhgfm&„

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Tkmc 54 gfehubcs kf cxecrpt ij ]& H& Hkurcfec’s cycwgtfcss keeiuft ‘Fkmkskag wks t`c

ehgnkx ij t`c Fcw Ncxgei tcst&„ R`c cxecrpt lrgfms up t`cncs ij fcecssgty jir cfbgfm t`c wkr

kfb bcserglcs t`c cvcft ij t`c brippgfm gf supcrfkturkh kwcsinc1 ,gt wks fi hifmcr sniac ir 

bust ir cvcf k ehiub ij jgrc& Gt wks k hgvgfm t`gfm k fcw spcegcs ij lcgfm…, 

Ietilcr 0( ;723? R`c ‘Riayi Cxprcss„ pgcec eivcrs k Hgjc p`itimrkp`cr’s cxpcrgcfec rgbgfm k

trkgf ti @gris`gnk ti ekpturc t`c eifbgtgifs& Kht`ium` t`c pgcec spkfs 7 pkmcs ifhy 5 krc

bcvitcb strgethy ti @gris`gnk1 pkmc 55 bcpgets yiufm mgrhs wckrgfm jkec nksas ekptgifcb tcrschy

ks ,pritcetgif kmkgfst gfjcetgif w`ge` sprckb rkpgbhy t`rium` t`c rugfcb egty kjtcr t`c linlgfms&,

Tkmc 52 s`iws twi nibcrktchy mrkp`ge p`itis ifc ij vgsglhy lurft ,ktin linl vgetgns

gf @gris`gnk sujjcrgfm jrin lurfs kfb jrketurcs, kfb gt gs fitcb t`kt t`cy krc ekrcb jir gf jght`y

eifbgtgifs ly uftrkgfcb mgrhs ks wchh ks ‘nit`cr kfb e`ghb lurfcb ly t`c lhkst&„ R`c ekptgif

stktcs ,T`itimrkp`cr Cycrnkf rcpirtcb t`cgr gfourgcs hiiacb hgac t`isc `c `kb sccf w`cf `c

 p`itimrkp`cb ncf lurfcb kt Tckrh @krlir&„ Sfbcrfckt` t`csc krc k einpkrktgvchy gffieuius

 p`iti ij k stirc wgt` k e`kfmc.ij.kbbrcss fitgec kfb ifc ij lixcs ij vgetgns’ ks`cs gf t`c

rcnkgfs ij k tcnphc& R`cy krc bcserglcb ks lcgfm uscb ks urfs kfb t`crcly k bcpgetgif ij bckt`

ir ngfgnkhhy k `gft kt bckb libgcs lut kvigb nirc bgrcet bcpgetgif ij sue`&

Tkmc 53 s`iws k juhh p`iti ij ‘gf k Lubb`gst tcnphc gf @gris`gnk k jknghy Qafcchgfm^ ti

 prky burgfm ncnirgkh scrvgecs jir rchktgvcs aghhcb ly t`c ktinge linl, ifec kmkgf gfsgfuktgfm

bckt` lut gf k skfgtgzcb wky ouxtkpiscb wgt` nirc rckssurgfm gnkmcs ij t`c hgvgfm&

Ietilcr ;3( ;723? Gf t`c pgeturc ij t`c wcca ekptgif if pkmc 5: k seuhpturcb `ckb ij E`rgst

knifmst t`c rugfs gf Fkmkskag ks k ‘synlih ij t`c nirkh prilhcn jkegfm k pciphc w`i prijcss ti

jihhiw QE`rgstgkfgty^? w`ct`cr cvcf t`c urmcfegcs ij wkr s`iuhb pcrngt sue` vgihktgif ij 

gfbgvgbukh hgjc ks t`c ktinge linl `kb einngttcb&,

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Ietilcr <7( ;723? R`c cbgtirgkh if pkmc 5: if ‘R`c Linl„ summcsts ,R`c Kncrgekf pciphc ks

t`cy s`iuhb lc krc bigfm k hit ij wirrygfm kliut R`c Linl& Sfjirtufktchy t`c tifc ij t`cgr 

wirrygfm `ks bcmcfcrktcb gfti kf klocet ngxturc ij s`knc eifjusgif kfb jckr& R`isc gf kut`irgty

krc pkrthy ti lhknc&, @iwcvcr t`gs spckas ti ktinge pihgey nivgfm jirwkrb fit bckhgfm wgt`

ufrcsihvcb nirkh gssucs ij t`c linlgfms&

Uegcftgsts krc bgsphkycb ks kut`irgty kfb khhiwcb ti prgft t`cgr iwf wirbs khifm wgt` k

 p`iti bgsphkygfm t`cn gf kut`irgtktgvchy gf ‘R`c ktinge segcftgst spcka up„ if pkmc 23& 

Jihhiwgfm t`gs gssuc t`crc wks k hifm mkp gf jgfbgfms ij rcjcrcfec ti @gris`gnk kfb)ir Fkmkskag

 lcyifb ifc.tgnc gfviektgifs gf hcttcrs ti t`c cbgtir kfb t`c hgac&

Nkre` ;;( ;72:? Gf ‘Ktin linl cjjcets„ if pkmc 7; ifhy kliut twi pkmcs kfb k `kfbjuh ij 

bgkmrkns krc mgvcf ti eivcr jgfbgfms t`kt purpirtcbhy ‘pkgft t`c jgrst prcegsc pgeturc ij w`kt

`kppcfcb kt @gris`gnk kfb Fkmkskag„ (p& 7;'& Kht`ium` t`c tcxtukh bcsergptgifs krc fit strgethy

skfgtgzcb ks gf ‘pciphc-s libgcs wcrc tcrrglhy squcczcb t`cf t`cgr gftcrfkh irmkfs rupturcb, (p&

7;' t`cy krc sekft kfb pkgrcb wgt` nirc tihcrklhc jkechcss ekrtiify gnkmcs& Trcscft tcfsc

bcsergptgifs cxphkgf cjjcets if `unkfs kfb lughbgfms gf sgnphc tcrns&

Kfkhysgs? R`c Kumust <4 gssuc ij Hgjc wks ‘w`crc nkfy Kncrgekfs cfeiuftcrcb jir t`c

jgrst tgnc t`c tiwcrgfm nus`riin.s`kpcb ehiub t`kt wiuhb lceinc t`c qugftcsscftgkh vgsukh

synlih ij t`c fcw crk„ (Liycr ;703 p& 0'& R`c p`itis ij ktinge linlgfms `crc krc gftcrspcrscb

wgt` p`itis ij jgrc linlcb krcks scrvgfm ti brkw k pkrkhhch lctwccf t`c twi1 t`c keeinpkfygfm

tcxt `ks t`c sknc cjjcet cxphgegthy hgacfgfm t`c twi typcs ij linlgfms gf skygfm t`c hkttcr ‘bgb

khnist ks nue` bknkmc ti pripcrty ks t`c ktinge linl bgb kfb gt khsi aghhcb khnist ks nkfy

 pciphc„ (‘]kr ’s Cfbgfm„ p& <7'& ]`ct`cr t`gs wks gftcfbcb ti sgnphy nkac t`c ktinge linl

nirc einprc`cfsglhc ir khsi nirc pkhktklhc ks k hcss cmrcmgius wckpif gt bics `kvc lit` cjjcets&

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Ks Wkvcfbgttg (;7=2' skys pist.linlgfm p`itimrkp`s ij @gris`gnk kfb Fkmkskag gf Hgjc ‘nkbc

t`cn hiia hgac kfy it`cr wkr bcvkstktcb egty& …t`c ncbgk bgb fit juhhy bcnifstrktc t`kt

@gris`gnk kfb Fkmkskag wcrc qukhgtktgvchy bgjjcrcft jrin it`cr agfbs ij wkrtgnc ektkstrip`cs„

(p 2='& R`us lcmkf t`c priecss ij firnkhgzgfm t`c ktinge linl&

R`c Kumust <4 cbgtirgkh jgts gf w`kt Hgjtif kfb Ngte`chh (;773' sky wks k wkvc gf ngb.

Kumust ij pist.@gris`gnk gssucs ij fktgifkh nkmkzgfcs gf w`ge` wrgtcrs ‘sium`t nckfgfm gf t`c

ercktgif kfb usc ij t`c linl t`kt `kb lccf `gbbcf ly t`c eksekbc ij ehge`çs„ ij t`c gfgtgkh

surprgsc surriufbgfm Rrunkf’s kffiufecncft (p& 53'& Hgjtif kfb Ngte`chh rceimfgzc jiur ecftrkh

t`cncs ti t`csc pgcecs? ‘k subbcf fcw `unkf bgshiektgif‒ cxtrcnc prilklhy pcrnkfcft kfb

fit qugtc afiwklhc1„ t`rckt ti t`c `unkf juturc1 t`c sphgttgfm ij t`c ngfb ( lctwccf pringsc kfb

jirclibgfm ij t`c Ktinge Kmc'1 kfb ‘qucstgifs ij oustgjgektgif kfb mught bgrcethy rchktcb ti t`c

usc ij t`c linl kmkgfst Okpkf„ (p& 53.:'& Khh ij t`csc t`cncs krc cvgbcft gf t`c cbgtirgkh1 gf jket

t`gs spcegjge tcxt gs uscb ks kf cxcnphkr ij t`c hkst t`cnc kfb t`c nkoir gnpuhsc ‘ti scca sinc

 oustgjgektgif jir usc ij t`c linl…Qufbcrfckt` w`ge`^ hky bccp hkycrs ij ufcksgfcss kfb nirkh

seruphcs„ (p& 50'& Liycr (;703' skys Hgjc ‘strivc jir k `ipcjuh fitc„ wgt` cvcf mrgn prcbgetgifs

vgcwcb gf kf iptgngstge hgm`t hifm.rkfmc rckssurkfec lkhkfegfm eifjriftktgif ij t`c jcriegty ij 

strktcmge linlgfms kfb fitcs ij nirkh chcvktgif eifehubgfm t`c cbgtirgkh (p& 7'& Nirkh eifecrfs

krc fit bgseusscb kt mrckt hcfmt` gf t`gs tgnc pcrgib kfb w`cf t`cy krc lrike`cb kt khh mcfcrkhhy

`kvc k pri.Kncrgekf kgr&

R`gs sphgttgfm ir bukhgsn kliut fuehckr cfcrmy lceknc kf cfburgfm jrknc jir t`c gssuc&

Mknsif kfb Nibgmhgkfg (;707' scc t`gs gf ,t`c cgt`cr)ir strueturc ij si nkfy pist.@gris`gnk

 prifiufecncfts? ‖Cgt`cr egvghgzktgif wiuhb vkfgs` gf k ektkehysnge `ihiekust ir t`c ktinge

juturc wiuhb lc ufgnkmgfklhy lrgm`t’, (p& ;<'& Zkf Hcftc (<4;<' bcjgfcs t`csc ‘twi

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bgknctrgekhhy ippiscb vgsgifs„ kliut t`c `unkf juturc t`ushy? If t`c ifc `kfb t`csc wckpifs

t`rcktcfcb ti ‘pissglhy Qput^ kf cfb ti khh `unkf hgjc if ckrt`& If t`c it`cr `kfb t`c

kpphgektgifs ij fuehckr jgssgif gf ncbgegfc kmrgeuhturc cfmgfccrgfm kfb piwcr privgsgif

 pringscb ti ercktc k utipgkf wirhb„ (p& 3'& Gf pursugt ij jrkncs t`kt spcka ti nkfy skys vkf

Hcftc ‘lksge ippisgtgifs lctwccf miib kfb lkb `ipc kfb jckr pringsc kfb biin strueturc khh

fkrrktgvcs„ (p& 0'& R`gs bukhgstge jrkngfm wks t`crcjirc ifc jknghgkr ti t`c kubgcfec kfb t`kt

kppckrcb ti kbbrcss lit` ‘sgbcs„ ij t`c gssuc t`ium` kr muklhy biwfphkygfm t`c fcmktgvc ti mgvc

t`c pulhge t`c rckssurkfec t`cy erkvcb gf t`c fcw ufsurc crk t`cy eifjriftcb& Ni`kf (<44='

tkacs k strifmcr stkfec t`kt t`c bukh fkturc ij ncbgk eivcrkmc wks rkt`cr ifc ij hgngtcb

fcmktgvgty kfb cxkmmcrktcb pisgtgvgty scrvgfm ti cksc t`c linl gfti Kncrgekf hgjc skygfm

Ks t`c ncbgk `chpcb ti ehckfsc t`c fcw wckpif ij ergtgegsn gt khsi cxkhtcb t`c lcfcjgts

ij fuehckrgsn ti Kncrgekf hgjc… Hgjc nkmkzgfc rcmuhkrhy jckturcb pgeturc sprckbs kfb

stirgcs kliut…t`c mhiry ij ktinge ngrkehcs… Gf t`c gnkmcry kfb fkrrktgvc t`kt ufjihbcb

ivcr tgnc t`c nkmkzgfc gnphgegthy urmcb gts rckbcrs ti sct ksgbc rcsgbukh jckrs…kfb

gfstckb jieus if t`c lcfcjgts kfb lcfcvihcfec ij t`c fuehckr cstklhgs`ncft& (pkrkmrkp`

<<'

Cvcf gf t`gs gfgtgkh eivcrkmc gf Hgjc k primrcss t`cnc `ks ehckrhy cncrmcb ifc t`kt puts

cnp`ksgs if t`csc tce`fgekh kfb segcftgjge kbvkfecncfts rchktgfm ti t`c linl kfb ktinge& R`gs

wks gf pkrt t`c vgsgif ij k lrgm`t juturc ij eifstruetgvc uscs jir fuehckr cfcrmy lut khsi sgnphy

 prkgsc jir t`c linl ks k tce`fihimgekh ke`gcvcncft& Keeirbgfm ti Mknsif kfb Nibgmhgkfg

(;707' sue` k jrknc nky lc schcetcb ly t`c oiurfkhgst jir pitcfey1 ‘Ecrtkgf pkeakmcs `kvc k

fkturkh kbvkftkmc lcekusc t`cgr gbcks kfb hkfmukmc rcsifktc wgt` hkrmcr euhturkh t`cncs&

\csifkfecs gfercksc t`c kppckh ij k pkeakmc1 t`cy nkac gt kppckr fkturkh kfb jknghgkr„ (p& 3'&

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]`crcks t`c pulhge `kb fi jknghgkrgty wgt` ktinge wckpifs ir fuehckr cfcrmy t`c nirc mcfcrkh

tipge ij fcw tce`fihimy wks nirc rckbghy ufbcrstiib kfb eiuhb lc uscb ti mgvc t`c kubgcfec

jiitgfm&

It`crs krmuc t`kt t`gs wks t`c prcjcrrcb kbviektcb jrknc ij t`c mivcrfncft& Keeirbgfm

ti Jkrrchh (;773' Rrunkf’s stktcncfts ufvcghgfm t`c ktinge linl ti t`c wirhb ‘cxcnphgjgcb t`c

 pkttcrf ij eifeckhcb bcvchipncft kfb brknktge ufvcghgfm t`kt t`c kbvcrtgsgfm gfbustry `kb

 pcrjcetcb„ (p& 5;'& Gf t`c prcss rchcksc kffiufegfm t`c linlgfm t`c usc ij wirbs sue` ks ,fcw

kfb rcvihutgifkry, ke`gcvcncft kfb nkrvch kfb cnp`ksgs if rcsckre` gfbustry kfb segcftgjge

kfb tce`fihimgekh primrcss cnphiy sue` tce`fgqucs kfb krc cviektgvc ij k fcw pribuet rihhgfm

iut (R`c ]`gtc @iusc ;723'& Hgjc’s Kumust <4 bcsergptgif ij t`c Fkmkskag linl `gm`hgm`tgfm

kbvkftkmcs gf skygfm gt wks ,cksgcr ti eifstruet kfb pribuetgvc ij k mrcktcr lhkst, (‘]kr ’s

Cfbgfm„ p& <=' kfb nkbc t`c jgrst ilsihctc phkys gfti t`gs jrknc ks bics Hkurcfec-s ,Fkmkskag

wks t`c ehgnkx ij t`c Fcw Ncxgei tcst, krtgehc summcstgfm nirc t`kf kf ket ij wkr t`c linl

wks k cxpcrgncft& ]`ct`cr t`gs jrknc t`kt prgvghcmcb tce`fihimgekh kbvkfecncfts kfb primrcss

wks kmkgf gftcfbcb ti nkac fuehckr gssucs cksgcr ti mrksp gt bgb `kvc it`cr eifscqucfecs& Rkftcr 

(<443' skys ]cstcrf gnkmcs ij fuehckr `ihiekust

`kvc khwkys lccf csscftgkhhy tce`fihimgekh ir nirc prcegschy wgt`iut `unkf

eiftcft… R`c nist mcfcrkh gnkmc t`c nus`riin ehiub gs cvcf jurt`cr rcnivcb jrin

t`c ckrt` kfb t`c jktc ij `unkf lcgfms… Utghh hcss bics t`kt gnkmc summcst t`c

rcspifsglghgty ij t`c `unkf kmcfey gfvihvcb . t`c prcssgfm ij t`c luttif kfb t`c bcegsgif

t`kt gt s`iuhb lc prcsscb&

Zkf Hcftc (<4;<' cxphkgfs t`gs ks usc ij nctifyny rcprcscftgfm t`c einphcx cvcft t`rium` k

sgfmhc pgeturc t`rium` w`ge` ‘t`c nus`riin ehiub eiuhb rcprcscft t`c piwcr ij k fuehckr 

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cxphisgif ks k agfb ij fkturkh p`cfincfif wgt`iut s`iwgfm vgetgns ir pcrpctrktirs„ (p& 0'&

\cbuegfm t`c einphcx gssuc ti t`gs gnkmc infgprcscft gf Hgjc kfb khh eiftcnpirkfcius ncbgk

eivcrkmc cxehubcs k nuhtgtubc ij it`cr gnkmcs kfb t`c gssucs t`cy lrgfm ti t`c jircjrift&

Hgjtif kfb Ngte`chh (;773' skgb Hgjc’s Ucptcnlcr ;= p`itis ‘bgb fit sueeccb einphctchy„

gf kfy ij t`c wkys Huec `kb bcserglcb ks eifstgtutgfm t`c ‘piwcr ij k pgeturc„ gf t`c gfercksgfmhy

tce`fgekh kfb einphgektcb wirhb1 t`isc klghgtgcs ti ‘ekpturc kf cvcft bgstghh kfb cnitgif knkzc

gfspgrc gfstruet kfb cvcf rcpuhsc„ (p& :4'& Uky Hgjtif kfb Ngte`chh ‘Kht`ium` t`c gnkmcs wcrc

`unkf sekhc t`cy hkeacb cvgbcfec ij `unkf bcstruetgif„ sue` ks vgetgns rchgcj cjjirts

niurfcrs kfb cvcf t`c pgeturcb p`ysgekh rugfs ‘wcrc hcss t`kf juhhy rcprcscftktgvc (fi se`iihs

`ispgtkhs ir `incs wcrc gfehubcb'„ (p& :4'& R`gs ingssgif ekf’t lc kttrglutcb ti stkfbkrb

cbgtirgkh prketgecs ir Hgjc lcgfm ‘squckngs`„ ks k ncrc nift` prgir gf t`c nkmkzgfc’s Kumust

;5 ;723 gssuc ‘K Okp Lurfs„ bcpgets k Okpkfcsc sihbgcr lcgfm lurfcb khgvc& @iwcvcr t`c

bgjjcrcfecs `crc gf rcegpgcft1 k sgfmhc gfbgvgbukh (fit egvghgkf' wgt` eiferctc gsihktcb iuteincs

(ifc bckt` wgt`gf t`c liufbs ij wkr'1 kfb pcrpctrktir1 Kustrkhgkf fit Kncrgekf1 hgachy phkycb k

 pkrt gf t`c ufrcstrkgfcb bcpgetgif&

Gf kfy eksc keeirbgfm ti Hgjtif kfb Ngte`chh (;773' gnkmcs ij t`c `unkf eifscqucfecs

 ly Okpkfcsc p`itimrkp`crs wcrc eifjgsektcb ir it`crwgsc ufpulhgs`cb gf Kncrgek jir bulgius

rcksifs uftgh Ucptcnlcr ;73< w`cf Hgjc prgftcb t`cn kfb rcvckhcb t`cy ‘`kb lccf supprcsscb

 ly ogttcry S&U& nghgtkry ecfsirs t`rium` scvcf yckrs ij t`c Ieeupktgif„ (p& :;'& \cmkrbhcss ij 

w`kt prinptcb gt ecfsirs`gp cxtcrfkh gftcrfkh ir it`crwgsc bchkygfm Kncrgekfs jrin sccgfm

sinct`gfm ti ‘put k `unkf jkec if t`c eifscqucfecs ij t`c linlgfm„ gs sinct`gfm Hgjc hktcr 

kbngttcb nckft ‘t`c wirhb…afcw ifhy t`c p`ysgekh jkets ij ktinge bcstruetgif„ (Hgjtif kfb

Ngte`chh ;773 p& :4'&

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R`c Ucptcnlcr <2 eifehusgif t`kt t`isc gf @gris`gnk kfb Fkmkskag ‘`kb bgcb wgt`gf t`c

mritcsquc hcmkhgty ij wkrtgnc aghhgfm„ (‘ Fcw Ncxgei’s ktin linl erktcr„ p& <=' fit ifhy

 oustgjgcs t`csc bckt`s lut qugcts rkbgktgif jckrs& Hgjtif kfb Ngte`chh (;773' kttrglutc t`gs ti

‘pulhge.rchktgifs wira„ ij S&U& ijjgegkhs ke`gcvcb gf pkrt t`rium` prcss tiurs ij t`c tcst sgtc t`kt

wcrc t`c lksgs ij t`c Hgjc pgcec& Keeirbgfm ti Ni`kf (<44=' ckrhy eivcrkmc ivcrkhh ufergtgekhhy

rcjhcetcb t`c ijjgegkh pri. linl vgcwpigft ‘buc ti sueecssjuh cjjirt ij kbngfgstrktgif ti oustgjy t`c

usc ij t`c linl t`rium` t`c Kncrgekf ncbgk„ (pkrkmrkp` 0'&

Mknsif kfb Nibgmhgkfg (;707' khsi rceimfgzc ‘nue` ij t`c e`kfmgfm euhturc ij kf gssuc

gs t`c pribuet ij cftcrprgsc& Tkeakmcs jrcqucfthy `kvc spifsirs„ (p& :'& Gj t`c ckrhy ktinge euhturc

`kb k fknklhc spifsir nkfy gbcftgjy segcfec oiurfkhgst ]ghhgkn H& Hkurcfec w`in Hgjtif kfb

Ngte`chh (;773' ekhh k vcry purpiscjuhhy pgeacb ijjgegkh ‘spiacsnkf„ jir t`c linl& Hkurcfec’s

wirbs kppckr gf Hgjc’s Ucptcnlcr <2 ;723 gssuc (‘Fkmkskag wks t`c ehgnkx ij t`c Fcw Ncxgei

tcst„' w`crc Hgjc gtschj bcserglcs `gn ks ‘rcerugtcb ly t`c Krny ti wrgtc gts ijjgegkh ktinge linl

rchckscs„ ehckrhy phkegfm `gn ufbcr t`c ijjgegkh t`unl (p& 54'& Hgjtif kfb Ngte`chh (;773' sky

‘`gs vgsgifkry cnlrkec ij segcfec… scrvcb t`c psye`ihimgekh purpisc ij `chpgfm `gn supprcss

t`c `unkf cjjcets ij t`c wckpif„ (p& <4'& R`gs wks ke`gcvcb gf pkrt t`rium` t`c klivc.bgseusscb

tce`fihimgekh jrkncs kfb nctifyny& Ni`kf (<44=' skys ‘QHkurcfec^ `crkhbcb t`c linl gf

 pictge kt tgncs lglhgekh tcrns& Kfb wgt` `gs bcsergptgifs `c `chpcb sct t`c prcbingfkft gnkmc ij 

t`c k.linl kfb ij t`c ktinge crk ‒ kf cfirnius piwcrjuh nus`riin ehiub t`kt `chb vgcwcrs gf

kwc„ bcjhcetgfm kttcftgif jrin vgetgns kfb gfstckb phkegfm gt if t`c ehiub bcserglcb gf tcrns ij 

wifbcr kfb gfercbuhgty (pkrkmrkp` 7'& R`us t`c nus`riin ehiub ks nctifyn kppckrs ti `kvc

 lccf kf ijjgegkhhy skfetgifcb rcprcscftktgif kfb gts ulgqugty kftgegpktcb&

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Einpkrcb ti t`c ehiub gnkmcs ij ‘t`c pihgtgekhhy gfecfbgkry ilocet ij t`c rkbgktcb liby„

krc ks ekf lc cxpcetcb kfb `ks lccf s`iwf hcss einnif (Rkyhir ;77= p& 3=4'& Hgjc’s Ietilcr 

0 K. linl vgetgn p`itis kfb t`c Nkre` ;; ‘cjjcets„ ghhustrktgifs s`iw twi kpprike`cs ti t`csc

bcpgetgifs mgvcf ‘t`c jirngbklhc prilhcn t`kt gnkmcs ij ketukh fuehckr eksukhtgcs pisc jir 

mivcrfncft ijjgegkhs `ipgfm ti nkgftkgf k fingfkhhy eifscftgfm kfb rcsihutc egtgzcfry„ (p& 3=4'&

R`c hkttcr gf cse`cwgfm t`c rckh t`gfm jir bgkmrkns bcnifstrktcs `iw ‘Lcekusc t`csc nirlgb

 libgcs ercktc kfxgcty jir t`c hgvc libgcs t`kt nky yct oigf t`cn t`cy krc typgekhhy ,bgskppckrcb,

jrin … rcprcscftktgifs ij fuehckr .wckpifs cjjcets„ (p& 3=4'& Nckfw`ghc if t`c rkrc eksc gf

w`ge` sue` libgcs krc s`iwf t`cy krc hgvc kfb ijtcf cxphkgfcb kwky jir cxknphc gf t`c

Ietilcr 0 cxknphc vgk cquktgif wgt` wiufbcb Tckrh @krlir sihbgcrs w`ge` khsi sulthcty `gfts kt

k vcfmckfec fkrrktgvc& Krmucs Rkyhir ‘cqugvkhcfegcs gf`glgt nirkh rcjhcetgif kliut t`c

crkbgektgif ij bgstgfetgifs lctwccf egvghgkfs kfb einlktkfts gf titkh wkrjkrc„ (p& 3=;'& R`gs

cx`glgts kf urmc jir oustgjgektgif gf t`c sknc strkgf ks t`c ‘hcmkhgty ij wkrjkrc„ einncft kfb khsi

gfviacs t`cncs ij rctkhgktgif k acy tketge ti ke`gcvc hcmgtgngzktgif ij t`c wckpifs usc& Ukys

Rkftcr (<443'

Utktcs krc khwkys cfmkmcb gf k eiftcst ij hcmgtgnktgif Qij t`c rgm`t ij wkr^wgt` t`cgr 

 pciphcs&&& Uue` rgm`ts krc fcvcr w`ihhy keecptcb… kfb t`c `unkfgty ij t`c cfcny gs

khwkys gf bkfmcr ij cruptgfm… Gf t`gs scttgfm hcmgtgnktgif ij t`c ktinge linlgfm wks

fit kt khh ecrtkgf kfb sgfec t`c Sfgtcb Utktcs rkpgbhy bcegbcb ti lughb gts pist.wkr mhilkh

bingfkfec kriufb k fuehckr nifipihy sceurgfm pulhge kequgcsecfec wks ij pkrkniuft

gnpirtkfec& QSfecfsircb bgseivcrgcs^ kliut t`c `unkf cjjcets ij t`c linl kfb

 pkrtgeuhkrhy t`c bcvkstktgfm gnpket ij rkbgktgif ghhfcss fccbcb ti lc stippcb kfb kf

ijjgegkh gftcrprctktgif rcfbcrcb sceurc&

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Uegcftgsts ks kut`irgty krc k jgfkh jrknc ti eifsgbcr& @kfb.gf.`kfb wgt` primrcss t`cncs

bcpgetgif ij segcftgsts ks kut`irgtktgvc wks nirc t`kf k firnktgvc rcprcscftktgif lut khsi ifc

scrvgfm ti kbbrcss kfxgctgcs rchktcb ti fuehckr gssucs khhiwgfm t`c pciphc ti phkec t`cgr trust gf

t`c segcftgsts w`i (`ipcjuhhy kfb ks bcpgetcb' afcw w`kt t`cy wcrc bigfm kfb `kb t`cgr lcst

gftcrcsts gf ngfb& Gfbccb Hgjc khhubcs ti prijcssirs kfb segcftgsts ks kagf ti Uupcrnkf&

Wkvcfbgttg (;7=2' bcserglcs t`c fkrrktgvc t`kt sugtcb hckbcrs kfb t`c ifc ‘Kncrgekfs

wkftcb ti lchgcvc kliut t`c Nkf`kttkf Triocet? t`kt t`isc w`i mugbcb kfb wiracb if gt wcrc

`unkfc rcsiurecjuh kfb rcspifsglhc1 kfb t`kt Kncrgekf hckbcrs `kb uscb t`c linl ifhy kjtcr k

 lrgcj lut kppriprgktc pcrgib ij biult kfb scerct bclktc„ (p& 2:'& R`c rcprcscftktgif ij segcftgsts

ks kut`irgtktgvc ti lc cstccncb kfb trustcb ks t`c ‘R`c ktinge segcftgst spcka up„ krtgehc knifm

it`crs gf Hgjc prcscft krc gf syfe` wgt` sue` k fkrrktgvc&

Gf kfy eksc Jkrrchh (;77;' skys ly t`c cfb ij t`c ;734s nist Kncrgekfs

`kb keecptcb irt`ibix gftcrprctktgifs ij t`c irgmgfs kfb gnpket ij fuehckr cfcrmy? t`c

Linl wks k segcftgjge gfvcftgif k nghgtkry wckpif k jircgmf pihgey qucstgif kfb.if

rkrc ieeksgifs w`cf lgpkrtgskfs̀ gp lriac biwf.k pihgtgekh gssuc& Egtgzcfs ngm`t

cxpcrgcfec kfxgcty ks k rcsuht ij gts cxgstcfec lut t`cy cxpcetcb cxpcrts ti tkac ekrc ij 

 lit` t`c Linl kfb t`c kfxgcty&

Eifehusgif? R`c jrkncs t`c sceifbkry siurecs bctkgh krc gfbccb prcscft gf Hgjc’s

eivcrkmc& R`csc nkoir t`cncs `crc kfkhyzcb krc Firnkhgzktgif1 Rce`fihimgekh)primrcss1

Bukhgsn1 Upifsirs`gp1 kfb Uegcfec ks kut`irgty&

Jkrrchh (;77;' quitcs wckpifs krc ,prcegpgtktcs ij bgseiursc p`ysgekh cnlibgncfts ij k

euhturc-s kttcnpts ti bckh wgt` ecrtkgf qucstgifs, eiftgfugfm ti sky ‘ks euhturkh tiihs…wckpifs

ket upif us kfb gfjhucfec iur ketgifs gf nyrgkb kfb stghh nystcrgius wkys& ]c erkjt tiihs jir k

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 pkrtgeuhkr priocet ij eifstruetgif lut t`cy khsi erkjt t`c siegkh eifstruetgif ij rckhgty„ (p& ;:5'&

Ks ifhy ifc cxknphc ij sue` k eksc t`c Linl rkgscb nyrgkb qucstgifs kfb brivc siegcty ti

rcirmkfgzc gtschj ti kssgnghktc t`gs tce`fihimy kfb gts gnphgektgifs hkufe`gfm t`c ktinge kmc&

R`rium` t`gs rcsckre` gt `ks lccf sccf ti `ihb truc gf t`c eksc ij Hgjc’s ckrhy @gris`gnk

kfb Fkmkskag eivcrkmc t`kt ks pcr t`c gfbcxgfm `ypit`csgs ‘ncbgk mcfcrkhhy cnp`ksgzc t`c

mivcrfncft’s pisgtgifs uftgh nkfy rcspcetcb siurecs vigec strifm bgsscft„ gf pkrt ti kvigb

kfmcrgfm t`c pulhge kfb lcgfm keeuscb ij hkeagfm pktrgitgsn (Mrklcr <4;4 p& 54:'& Gf t`c jgrst

yckr jihhiwgfm t`c linl nirkh gssucs kfb t`c lhiibgcr ij trut`s wcrc mrkftcb k pcrjufetiry fib

 lut qugeahy pus`cb ksgbc ly it`cr eifecrfs& R`c `unkf kspcet ij t`c linlgfms bgb fit rcecgvc

sgmfgjgekft eivcrkmc kfb cxphirktgif gf t`c nkgfstrckn krmuklhy uftgh t`c ounlhc ij jckr kfb

cxegtcncft t`c cvcft gmfgtcb wks khhiwcb k miib yckr jir bgsscetgif kfb rceifeghgktgif kfb

 pcr`kps buc ti sueecssjuh pulhge rchktgifs cjjirts if t`c pkrt ij t̀ c mivcrfncft&

Keeirbgfm ti Ni`kf (<44=' ‘Jir t`c nist pkrt p`itimrkp`s ij t`c `unkf eist ij t`c

ktinge linlgfms schbin kppckrcb gf t`c Kncrgekf ncbgk uftgh t`c ;734s ly w`ge` tgnc t`cy

wiuhb `kvc `kb hgtthc gfjhucfec if fuehckr pihgey w`ge` `kb juhhy klsirlcb fuehckr krns kfb

 piwcr gfti Kncrgekf nghgtkry phkffgfm kfb egvghgkf hgjc„ (pkrkmrkp` ;2'& R`gs bcnifstrktcs t`c

gnpirtkfec ij ncbgk gf cstklhgs`gfm t`c bingfkft kfb pcrsgstcft jrkncs gf k fcw gssuc euhturc&

Kt t`c cfb ij Kumust ;72: wgt` t`c pulhgektgif ij Oi`f @crscy’s ‘@gris`gnk„ k fcw

kpprike` tkagfm t`c `gt`crti fcmhcetcb ir pcr`kps supprcsscb pcrsifkh kfb `unkfgzgfm kfmhc

jiufb nincftun& Trgir ti t`gs gf t`c jgrst yckr ij t`c Ktinge Kmc t`c linlgfm `kb lccf

jrkncb ks k biulhc.cbmcb swirb sinct`gfm lit` khkrngfm kfb cxegtgfm lut nirc ij k segcftgjge

t`kf nirkh gssuc& R`gs wgbchy uscb jrknc cx`glgts t`c rchgkfec if lksge lgfkry ippisgtgifs (gf

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t`gs eksc pringsc)biin' w`ge` vkf Hcftc (<4;<' skys strueturcs khh fkrrktgvcs (p& 0'& @cfec t`c

bukhgsn jrknc sccf gf Hgjc nky lc fit oust kf gfbustry lut ufgvcrskh `unkf stkfbkrb&

Jurt`crnirc t`c it`cr jrkncs cxkngfcb ekf lc kssiegktcb wgt` urmcs jir firnkhgzktgif

kfb rktgifkhgzktgif gfehubgfm t`c bcsgrcs ti lc klhc ti put trust gf segcftgsts kfb eifbcfsc t`c

gssuc ti k nirc nkfkmcklhc ifc ij tce`fihimy (kfb primrcss fi hcss'& R`csc khsi sccn ti

eirrcspifb ti `unkf kfb ncbgk firns ks t`cy strgvc ti ‘nkac einnif scfsc„ ij t`c wirhb lut

 pcr`kps ekf khsi lc trkecb ti spcegjge mriups w`i `kvc kf gftcrcst gf t`c egreuhktgif ij t`csc

jrkncs (gf t`gs eksc mivcrfncft cfbckvirgfm ti nkgftkgf suppirt kfb kpprivkh'&

R`c ups`it gs t`kt ncbgk bgseiursc t`c gnpirtkft nckfgfm.nkagfm priecss gf siegcty

ekhhs upif pkttcrfs& ]`ghc ecrtkgf jrkncs sue` ks t`c bgknctrge ippisgtgif ij miib)lkb nky

sccn fkturkh fi jrknc gs schcetcb `kp`kzkrbhy& Gf jket ecrtkgf jrkncs `kvc spifsirs& Ks

Mknsif kfb Nibgmhgkfg (;707' pigft iut wgt` ncbgk bgseiursc ks t`c lktthcjgchb ‘vkrgius siegkh

mriups gfstgtutgifs kfb gbcihimgcs strummhc ivcr t`c bcjgfgtgif kfb eifstruetgif ij siegkh rckhgty„

(p& 5'& Shtgnktchy euhturkh rcsifkfecs spifsir ketgvgtgcs kfb ncbgk prketgecs gfjhucfec w`ge`

 pkeakmcs krc uscb (p& 3'& R`c jrkncs ilscrvcb gf Hgjc’s jgrst yckr ij k.linl eivcrkmc krc fi

cxecptgif&

R`gs rcsckre` ufbcrhgfcs t`c fcecssgty ti ergtgekhhy kfkhyzc t`c jrkncs ncbgk ijjcr t`cgr 

kubgcfecs kfb t`c gftcrcsts w`ge` nky `kvc k `kfb gf t`cgr eifstruetgif& R`gs gssuc ij ktinge

euhturc wgt` t`c euhturkhhy gfjhknnktiry ilocet ij k wckpif kt t`c `ckb kfb jurt`cr gftcfsgjgcb

 ly t`c pulhge’s hkea ij jknghgkrgty wgt` t`c sulocet ti jkhh lkea upif kt gts lgrt` scrvcs ks kf

cxtrcnc cxknphc ij t`c wky ncbgk rcjhcet kfb jirmc euhturc& R`gs eksc gfjirns t`kt ncbgk gs

fcgt`cr sgnphy k ngrrir pkssgvchy rcpribuegfm fir wgfbiw jieusgfm kfb pripchhgfm euhturc lut

 lit` kt ifec stccrgfm bgseiursc ks gt gs khsi stccrcb&

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\cjcrcfecs

Liycr T& U& (;703'& Ly t`c linl-s ckrhy hgm`t? Kncrgekf t`ium`t kfb euhturc kt t`c bkwf ij t`c

ktinge kmc& Fcw Wira? Tkft`cif&

Ekrpcftcr C& (<4;;'& R`c fcw hkfmukmcs& Gf B& Eriwhcy * T& @cycr (Cbs&' Einnufgektgif gf

`gstiry? Rce`fihimy( euhturc( siegcty (: pp& <5;.<5='& Listif NK? Khhyf * Lkeif&

Jkrrchh O& (;77;'& Kncrgekf Ktinge Euhturc Q\cvgcw ij t`c liias Sft`gfagfm t`c Sft`gfaklhc?

 Fuehckr ]ckpifs kfb ]cstcrf Euhturc ly O& Ungt`1 ]kr Utkrs? R`c Uupcrwckpif kfb 

t`c Kncrgekf Gnkmgfktgif ly @& L& Jrkfahgf1 kfb Uynlihge Bcjcfsc? R`c Euhturkh 

Ugmfgjgekfec ij t`c Utrktcmge Bcjcfsc ly C& R& Hgfcft`kh^& Kncrgekf [ukrtcrhy(25(;' ;3=.

;:2& \ctrgcvcb jrin `ttp?))www&ostir&irm)stklhc)<=;<7=3

Jkrrchh O& (;773'& Nkagfm (Einnif' Ucfsc ij t`c Linl gf t`c Jgrst Fuehckr ]kr& Kncrgekf

Utubgcs( 5: (<' 3.2;& \ctrgcvcb jrin `ttp?))www&ostir&irm)stklhc)24:2<=<2

Jchhiw K& (<4;<'& Kncrgekf ncbgk `gstiry& Listif NK? ]kbswirt`&

Mknsif ]& * Nibgmhgkfg K& (;707'& Ncbgk Bgseiursc kfb Tulhge Ipgfgif if Fuehckr Tiwcr?

K Eifstruetgifgst Kpprike`& Kncrgekf Oiurfkh ij Uiegihimy( 73(;' ;.5=& \ctrgcvcb jrin

`ttp?))www&ostir&irm)stklhc)<=04243

Mrklcr B& (<4;4'& Nkss Ncbgk kfb Kncrgekf Tihgtges (5'& ]ks`gfmtif BE? E[ Trcss&

Hgjtif \& * Ngte`chh M& (;773'& @gris`gnk gf Kncrgek? Jgjty Wckrs ij Bcfgkh& Fcw Wira?

Tutfkn-s Uifs&

Ni`kf S& (<44='& Fuehckrgsn kfb t`c Hcmkey ij S&U& Ncbgk Eivcrkmc ij @gris`gnk& Trcscftcb

kt t`c ‘R`gfa Iutsgbc t`c Linl„ Fktgifkh Wiut` Eifjcrcfec if Fuehckr Gssucs

]ks`gfmtif BE& \ctrgcvcb jrin?

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`ttp?))www&wkmgfmpckec&irm)krtgehcs)<44=)42)<;Yni`kfYfuehckrgsnYkfbYt`cYhcmkey&`t

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R`c Ksgk.Tkegjge Oiurfkh? Okpkf Jieus& \ctrgcvcb jrin `ttp?))www&okpkfjieus&irm).

\ge`krb.Rkftcr)<4::

Rkyhir L& (;77='& Fuehckr pgeturcs kfb nctkpgeturcs& Kncrgekf Hgtcrkry @gstiry 7(5' 3:=.37=& 

\ctrgcvcb jrin ̀ ttp?))www&ostir&irm)stklhc)274;0;

Zkf Hcftc B& (<4;<'& Gftribuetgif? K Rrkfsfktgifkh @gstiry ij Tipuhkr Gnkmcs kfb Fkrrktgvcs

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R`c ]`gtc @iusc& (;723'& Utktcncft ly t`c Trcsgbcft ij t`c Sfgtcb Utktcs QTrcss rchcksc^&

\ctrgcvcb jrin

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`ttp?))www&ostir&irm)stklhc)5:5=307

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\cjcrcfecs? Hgjc nkmkzgfc gssucs

Khh rctrgcvcb jrin Miimhc liias&

Kumust ;5( ;723 `ttp?))liias&miimhc&ein)liias9gb>;SaCKKKKNLKO

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Ietilcr 0( ;723 `ttp?))liias&miimhc&ein)liias9gb>p4sCKKKKNLKO

Riayi cxprcss& (;723 Ietilcr 0'& Hgjc nkmkzgfc( ;7(;3' <=.53&

Ietilcr ;3( ;723 `ttp?))liias&miimhc&ein)liias9gb>sSsCKKKKNLKO

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