LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC
description
Transcript of LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC
![Page 1: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE
CENOZOICCENOZOIC
![Page 2: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATIC CHANGES IN THE CENOZOIC
There were a series of climatic changes during the Cenozoic that were the product of changes in the continental masses.
This has a direct relationship with changes in the vegetation and inthe animals represented in the different continents and latitudinal regions of the world.
We will see first the changes in the geography in the past, and then how that produced change in landscapes (principally vegetation) and influenced the evolution of certain traits in herbivorous mammals.
![Page 6: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CENOZOIC ERA BEGINS
65.5 MILLIONS YEARS AGO AND CONTINUES UNTIL TODAY
EPOCHS OF THE CENOZOIC ERA
PLEISTOCENE 1.8 MaPLIOCENE 5.3 MaMIOCENE 23 MaOLIGOCENE 34 MaEOCENE 55.5 Ma PALEOCENE 65.5 Ma
CRETACEOUS
10 Ma
21.5 Ma
11 Ma17.7 Ma3.5 Ma
![Page 7: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Landscape changes
In the early Cenozoic the global temperatures remains high and there are tropical-like forests in high latitudes (750 North)
The Miocene was hot and dry and produced a reduction in forest and an increase in savanna environments with grassland
![Page 9: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Palaeocene worldThe Palaeocene world 65-56 ma65-56 ma Earth was in a ‘greenhouse’ phaseEarth was in a ‘greenhouse’ phase Warm and wetWarm and wet Land covered in rainforestLand covered in rainforest
![Page 11: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Early Palaeocene Early Palaeocene MammalsMammals
Small and mostly arborealSmall and mostly arboreal UnspecialisedUnspecialised Few leaf eatersFew leaf eaters Few carnivoresFew carnivores
![Page 12: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Late PalaeoceneLate Palaeocene
Stronger seasonalityStronger seasonality Larger Herbivores and CarnivoresLarger Herbivores and Carnivores Usually lumped into trash-can: the Usually lumped into trash-can: the
“Condylarths”“Condylarths” Dominant carnivores were the Dominant carnivores were the
MesonychidsMesonychids
![Page 13: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Brachyodont (low crowned) and bunodont (rounded cusps) molars
Hypsodont (high crowned) and lophodont (with crests) molars
Molar changes in herbivores
BROWSER GRAZER
![Page 14: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Merychippus
17-11 Mya
Hyracotherium
55-45 Mya
Equus
5 Mya
Miohippus
33-29 Mya
The central digit became increasingly stronger while the lateral ones became less important, and are virtually lost in the modern horse
Limb changes in Perissodactyla
![Page 16: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Calcaneum
Phalanges
Metapodialelement
Mesopodial (tarsal)element
Specializations in limb anatomy in relation to gait
WP
![Page 17: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
RETURN OF DINOSAURSRETURN OF DINOSAURS
![Page 21: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Carnassial teethCarnassial teeth Specialised slicing teeth, where the Specialised slicing teeth, where the
trigonid and talonid are modified trigonid and talonid are modified into bladesinto blades
Present in two orders: Creodonta Present in two orders: Creodonta and Carnivoraand Carnivora
![Page 24: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
CreodontaCreodonta Carnassial pair towards back of jaws; MCarnassial pair towards back of jaws; M11/M/M22 or M or M22/M/M33
Late Palaeocene to Early Miocene, dominant Late Palaeocene to Early Miocene, dominant carnivores in North America, Asia, Europe and Africa carnivores in North America, Asia, Europe and Africa in the Eocene and Oligocenein the Eocene and Oligocene
Two main Families : Oxaenidae and HyaenodontidaeTwo main Families : Oxaenidae and Hyaenodontidae
![Page 25: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
OxaenidaeOxaenidae
More cat-like forms, specialised for pure meat dietsand ambush predationAlso some bone-crushing, hyaena-like formsNever made it to Africa
Patriofelis; Palaeocene
![Page 26: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
HyaenodontidaeHyaenodontidae
More dog-like forms, broader diet and adaptations to runningMade it into Africa and survived there longer than elsewhere in the world
![Page 27: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
MegistotheriumMegistotherium
A giant hyaenodontid. The largest creodontAlso had the largest skull of any terrestrial carnivore From the Miocene of northern Africa
![Page 28: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
True Carnivores: True Carnivores: Order CarnivoraOrder Carnivora
First appeared in the Late Palaeocene First appeared in the Late Palaeocene (small)(small)
By the Late Miocene had replaced creodonts By the Late Miocene had replaced creodonts as the dominant terrestrial carnivores in as the dominant terrestrial carnivores in Africa, North America, Europe and AsiaAfrica, North America, Europe and Asia
Carnassial pair are P4/M1Carnassial pair are P4/M1 Have evolved herbivorous and fully aquatic Have evolved herbivorous and fully aquatic
formsforms Two main branches: Feliformia (cat branch) Two main branches: Feliformia (cat branch)
and Caniformia (dog branch)and Caniformia (dog branch)
![Page 29: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
First Large CarnivoraFirst Large Carnivora
Appeared in the Oligocene, mostly Appeared in the Oligocene, mostly extinct dog-branch families: extinct dog-branch families: amphicyonids, nimravids and amphicyonids, nimravids and hemicyonine bears but the cat-hemicyonine bears but the cat-branch radiation of hyaenids soon branch radiation of hyaenids soon followed in the Early Miocenefollowed in the Early Miocene
![Page 31: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Amphicyonidae: Bear-dogsAmphicyonidae: Bear-dogs
Pouncing predators of samll to middle size game, probably able to climb to some degree.Some later members became heavy-built bear-like omnivoresSpread throughout northern continents Entered Africa in the Miocene
![Page 32: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Nimravidae: False Sabre-Nimravidae: False Sabre-ToothsTooths
Very similar to sabre-toothed felids (including retractable claws)A case of convergenceOligocene-MioceneNorth America, Europe, Asia and probably Africa
![Page 33: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Bears - UrsidaeBears - Ursidae Two types: Hemicyoninae and UrsinaeTwo types: Hemicyoninae and Ursinae Early Hemicyoninae (first occurrence in Early Hemicyoninae (first occurrence in
the Late Oligocene) running dog-like the Late Oligocene) running dog-like predators (although broader diet than predators (although broader diet than true dogs)true dogs)
Hemicyoninae were present in Africa in Hemicyoninae were present in Africa in Early MioceneEarly Miocene
Hemicyon
![Page 34: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Ursinae - modern bearsUrsinae - modern bears Large, heavily built and omnivorousLarge, heavily built and omnivorous Has produced an herbivorous species Has produced an herbivorous species
(Giant Panda)(Giant Panda) Were present in Africa in the Late Were present in Africa in the Late
MioceneMiocene Agriotherium
![Page 35: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Dogs - CanidaeDogs - Canidae Evolved in the Eocene of North Evolved in the Eocene of North
AmericaAmerica Earliest form was Earliest form was HesperocyonHesperocyon
(Late Eocene - Oligocene)(Late Eocene - Oligocene) It was small, fox-like and It was small, fox-like and
omnivorousomnivorous
![Page 36: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Dogs 2: The BorophaginaeDogs 2: The Borophaginae
A uniquely North American radiation of large predators including bone-crushing hyaena-like forms (Oligocene-Miocene)
![Page 37: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Dogs 3: Caninae -modern Dogs 3: Caninae -modern dogsdogs
Evolved the fast pack-hunting wolf-like forms that radiated out of North America in the Late Miocene.Did not reach Africa until the Pliocene
![Page 38: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Marine Carnivores: Marine Carnivores: PinnepediaPinnepedia
Part of the dog branch, related to Part of the dog branch, related to weasels and bearsweasels and bears
Evolved on the Pacific coast of Evolved on the Pacific coast of North America in the Early MioceneNorth America in the Early Miocene
Enaliarctos, earliest seal
![Page 39: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The hyaenid radiationThe hyaenid radiation
Started as small, civet-like hunters of small game and Started as small, civet-like hunters of small game and insectsinsects
First found in Europe but quickly moved to Asia and AfricaFirst found in Europe but quickly moved to Asia and Africa The aardwolf is a modern example of such small-game The aardwolf is a modern example of such small-game
specialised hyaenasspecialised hyaenas
![Page 40: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Later hyaenasLater hyaenas
Became larger game meat eaters, Became larger game meat eaters, The early large hyaenas were fast The early large hyaenas were fast
runnersrunners
Ictitherium, Miocene, Africa
![Page 41: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Bone-cracking hyaenasBone-cracking hyaenas
Evolved in the Late MioceneEvolved in the Late Miocene Spread as far as North America for Spread as far as North America for
a brief time in the Pleistocenea brief time in the Pleistocene
Pachycrocuta50% larger than modern hyaenaLate Pliocene-Early Pleistocene
![Page 42: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cats - FelidaeCats - Felidae
Started as small (caracal-sized) aboreal Started as small (caracal-sized) aboreal ambush predators in the Late Oligocene ambush predators in the Late Oligocene of Europeof Europe
Sabre-Tooths (Machairodontinae) were Sabre-Tooths (Machairodontinae) were the dominant large cats in the Miocene the dominant large cats in the Miocene to the Early Plioceneto the Early Pliocene
Short tooth big cats (Pantherinae) don’t Short tooth big cats (Pantherinae) don’t appear until the latest Plioceneappear until the latest Pliocene
![Page 43: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ProailurusProailurus
Earliest cat. More teeth than modern cats. Also flat footed (plantigrade).
![Page 44: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Machairodontinae - Sabre Toothed Machairodontinae - Sabre Toothed CatsCats
Smilodon, Pleistocene, America (North and South)Typical heavy- bodied ambush predator
![Page 45: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Homotherium Homotherium a running a running machairodontinemachairodontine
Pliocene, Africa, Europe and North AmericaSloping back, small claws, small sabres
![Page 46: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Megaherbivorous Terrestrial Mammals
Mammal groups that include large-sized species are
EXTANT GROUPSArtiodactyla (even-toed ungulates); the most diverse group of living ungulates includes pigs, hippos, camels, giraffes, deer, and bovids (cattle and antelope). Laurasia
Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) represented by horses, rhinos and tapir. Laurasia
Proboscideans are elephants and relatives. African
Edentata which are represented by sloths, anteaters and armadillos are from America. Fossils of this group (e.g. gliptodonts and ground-sloths) were part of the American Megafauna.
Marsupials which are known only in Australia and America. Fossils of this group (e.g. Diprotodon) were part of the Australian Megafauna.
![Page 47: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Megaherbivorous Terrestrial Mammals
EXTINCT GROUPS
Meridiungulata, an extremely diverse group of South American ungulates. This include at least four orders
Dinocerata, the largest of all the archaic Paleocene-Eocene herbivores. Laurasia
Pantodonts, the very first of the large, herbivorous placental mammals to evolve after the Cretaceous. Laurasia
Embrithopoda, huge rhinoceros-sized showing skull with massive horns known from the Eocene. Africa
![Page 48: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
PALEOCENE-EOCENE
Pantodonta 5 toed plantigrade, 2.5 metres length; 650 kg (weight of an eland)
Coryphodon, with large canines; a semiaquatic life is suggested for this animal
![Page 49: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
MesonychidsMesonychids
Early carnivores, weasel to bear sizedLived in Asia, Europe and North AmericaSharp teeth (but no carnassials), five fingers and toes that were tipped with small hoofsRelated to Artiodactyls (cows, camels, pigs etc.)
![Page 50: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Andrewsarchus Andrewsarchus
Giant mesonychid, skull was 83 cm long.The body was probably rhino-sized or largerLargest ever terrestrial carnivorous mammalMay have done a lot of scavenging
![Page 51: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Dinocerata includes uintatheres,enormous size, 1450 kilograms
rhino-like, with three pairs of largebony protuberances
without upper incisors and large upper canines
PALEOCENE-EOCENE MEGAHERBIVOROUS MAMMAL
![Page 52: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
EOCENE-OLIGOCENE HERBIVOROUS MEGAMAMMALS
70 cm
Closely related to elephants but withhippo-like lifestyle
![Page 53: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
EOCENE-OLIGOCENE HERBIVOROUS MEGAMAMMALS
Mongolia, U.S.
Artiodactyl, related to pigs
2.1 mts
Omnivorous, scavengerLow bunodont molarsSize varying from that of peccary to bisonSkull is half a meter long in Eocene forms and nearly one meter long in Miocene forms
Bony lumps
Mental and mandibular tubercles
![Page 54: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Perissodactyl lineage well diversified in the Eocene, restricted to North America and Asia
2.5 mts
Mongolia, U.S.
EOCENE-OLIGOCENE HERBIVOROUS MEGAMAMMALS
![Page 55: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
EOCENE-OLIGOCENE HERBIVOROUS MEGAMAMMALS
Perissodactyl, closely related to rhinos
Paracetatherium is the largest terrestrial mammal ever4.5 mts
Oligocene Asian group1.3 mts
Browser on leaves well above the reach of any other mammals
![Page 56: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
EOCENE-OLIGOCENE HERBIVOROUS MEGAMAMMALS
![Page 57: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
EOCENE-OLIGOCENE HERBIVOROUS MEGAMAMMALS
Embrithopoda (Arsinoitherium) rhino-sized, massive and hollow horns almost of the same size of the skull and second small horns above the orbit
Late Eocene, Fayum, EgyptSemiaquatic animals
Complete dentition without tusks or enlarged canines, hypsodont molars
![Page 58: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Perissodactyl from Europe, Asia and, latter, Africa
Short, strong hind legs. The long front legs had enormously long, curved claws; knuckle-walking
2.6 m
MIOCENE HERBIVOROUS MEGAMAMMALS
Somewhat larger than a horse
![Page 60: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
MIOCENE HERBIVOROUS MEGAMAMMALS
Perissodactyl, from Asia and Africa, one of the last surviving chalicotheres
Sparse remains of this animal have been found in famous hominid fossil sites in East Africa
But didn’t walk on their knuckles
2 mts
![Page 61: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
PROBOSCIDEAN DIVERSITY
Miocene of Europe
4 mts
The deinotheres were the gigantic cousins of the elephants and flourished at the time of Australopithecus
Tusks of Deinotherium are a pair of lower incisors extending ventrally due to a downward reflection of the symphysis of the lower jaw
![Page 62: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
MEGAHERBIVORES FROM SOUTH AMERICA
1.5 mts
Toatherium
MERIDUNGULATA, Litopterna
Miocene, with a equid-like condition of the limbs
One of the last South American survivors. Extinct in the Pleistocene
It is a camel-like mammal with elongated neck and limbs
![Page 63: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
MEGAHERBIVORES FROM SOUTH AMERICA
MERIDUNGULATA, Notoungulata
Most diverse meridiungulates
Extremely variable in size
Toxodonts size of a rhino, from Miocene to Pleistocene
![Page 64: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
MEGAHERBIVORES FROM SOUTH AMERICA
1.5 mts
Edentate glyptodont, with an osseous carapace and tail with ring of bones and spines
Edentate pilosa known from many skeletons, fossilised footprints and mummified hair
6 mts
With huge claws on its feet. Like a modern anteater, it had to walk on the sides of its feet
![Page 65: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
MEGAHERBIVORES FROM AUSTRALIA
Giant marsupial Diprotodon
2.5 m at the shoulder
Browsing on soft vegetation
![Page 66: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
PLEISTOCENE HERBIVOROUS MEGAMAMMALS
Megaloceras or giant deer is a cervid artiodactyl from Europe
2.5 mts
Colour patterns known from cave paintings
Mamuthus primigenius or woolly mammut
3 mtsKnown from bones and frozen carcasses from Ireland to North America. The best preserved carcasses are from Siberia.
![Page 67: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
AMERICAN BIOTIC INTERCHANGE
![Page 68: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Megaherbivorous mammals from the Cenozoic. Summary
1. The majority of Paleocene mammals were still small-bodied insectivores and omnivores, but there were several new groups that were medium-sized (5-40 kg) and large (>40 kg).
2. Some specialized herbivores existed in the northern faunas such as Pantodonta and Dinocerata that includes the first large, herbivorous placental mammals to evolve after the Cretaceous.
3. In South America edentates and the first Meridiungulata (or South American ungulates) are known from the Late Paleocene.
4. In the Eocene, Perissodactyls soon become an important group of medium to large-sized herbivores. There are already early representatives of the families of horses, rhino, and tapirs, and also include bizarre, large-bodied browsing groups, the chalicotheres and the brontotheres. Artiodactyls remained relatively modest during the Eocene and Proboscidea are also first known from the Eocene.
5. In the Late Eocene of Fayum, Egypt, the herbivores were dominated by proboscideans, hyracoidean, and Arsinoitherium. In South America, the meridiungulates radiated throughout the Eocene.
![Page 70: LIFE AFTER JURASSIC PARK: MAMMAL EVOLUTION DURING THE CENOZOIC](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062722/568139ff550346895da1c6e6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
6. In the Miocene, there is an immigration into Africa (that was previously an isolated continent) of many Eurasian groups, basics for the development of the modern African fauna: rhinocerotid and chalicothere, and giraffid, bovid, suid and tragulid families of artiodactyls. Proboscideans migrate from Africa northward, at about 20 Ma.
7. Towards the end of the Miocene (about 7 Ma) there was a spread of grasslands, coincidental with a worldwide faunal change in which hypsodont-toothed mammals, especially artiodactyls, became the dominant ungulates.
8. In the Plio-Pleistocene, the most remarkable episode is the great American Biotic Interchange, which concerns the exchange of faunas, including megaherbivores, following the connection of South America and North America by the Isthmus of Panama.
9. The end of the Pleistocene (~ 10,000 years ago) was marked by the abrupt extinction of many mammals but especially species of the megafauna.