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LIDAR–based measurements of wind characteristics within the
marine boundary layer over Lake Michigan
Frank J. Marsik, Aline Cotel and Kyle Chudler (University of Michigan)
Guy Meadows and Neel Desai (Michigan Technological University)
2014 Great Lakes Operational Meteorology Workshop
Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Outline• A bit of motivation….
• Description of AXYS Wind SentinalTM buoy
• Description of data analysis methodology
• Presentation of turbulent kinetic energy results from nearshore location (2011)
• Presentation of vertical wind profile data from mid-lake plateau location (2012)
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
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Motivation• Overall goal of the project
• Acquire data to investigate economic viability of offshore wind energy production in Lake Michigan
• UM/MTU Efforts
• Obtain a better understanding of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) characteristics over the lake
• Investigate season variation of vertical wind profile structure
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
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Washtenaw County• What: Wind energy feasibility study
for Washtenaw County (2008-2009)
• Where: Chrysler Proving Grounds, Chelsea, MI
• Why: Determine if wind energy production would be financially viable in the county
• American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) indicates that utility scale wind power plants require minimum average wind speeds of 6 m/s (13 mph) to be financially viable.
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
http://www.ewashtenaw.org
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State of Michigan
• Estimated wind speeds over land
• Generally less than 6 m/sec
• Estimated wind speeds offshore
• Generally 7-9 m/sec
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
Source http://www.michigan.gov/images/MI_Final_SPD50m_9Sept04_115624_7.jpg
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Field Monitoring Periods and Sites
65 km
MAY – DEC 2012
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
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Summary for 2012 and 2013 periods
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
Courtesy of Jim Edmonson, Grand Valley State University
Key point: On average, winds at all levels exceed 6 m/sec threshold.
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AXYS WindSentinelTM buoy
• Vindicator Laser Wind Sensor (hereafter, LWS)
• Capable of measuring wind velocity in three directions (U,V, and W) up to 175 m above the water surface
• One-second wind velocity data was collected and averaged over six 40-m vertical bins
• Horizontal wind data was motion compensated
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
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Additional measurements
• Two, three-cup anemometers located three meters above surface
• Air and water temperatures
• Wave height and period
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
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Analyses performed
• Thirty-second average turbulent kinetic energy (horizontal)
• Hourly-averaged horizontal wind speed
• For both of these analyses…
• Utilized AXYS-provided “data validity” flag
• Hourly average was accepted if over 50% of data was deemed valid
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
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Lake Muskegon Evaluation
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
Horizontal separation distance ~ 400 m.
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Lake Michigan – TKE Example December 04, 2011
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Conclusions
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Lake Michigan – TKE example
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
TK
E (
m2/
s2)
Enhanced TKE throughthrough entire layer
sampled
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Lake Michigan – Monthly mean example
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
Monthly Standard Deviation4-5 m/sec
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Lake Michigan (June 10-13,2012)
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
June 11 June 12
Surface frontal zone passed site evening of June 11th.
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Lake Michigan (June 10-13,2012)
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
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Lake Michigan (June 10-13,2012)
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
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Lake Michigan (Sept 10-13,2012)
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
September 12 September 13
Surface frontal zone passed site evening of September 12th.
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Lake Michigan (Sept 10-13,2012)
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
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Lake Michigan (Sept 10-13,2012)
Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
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Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
Summary and Next Steps• Two years of seasonal vertical wind profiles (2012-2013)
• Vindicator Laser Wind Sensor
• Annual mean wind speed results • Encouraging for viability for offshore wind production
• Vertical TKE profiles• Preliminary results suggest enhanced TKE through depth of lower
marine boundary layer• Shows promise for providing guidance of gustiness/turbulence at hub
heights
• Vertical mean wind speed profiles• Effects of stability seen in both monthly and daily profiles
• Next steps for me: Investigating applicability of power law relations for wind energy potential prediction elsewhere in Great Lakes
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Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
Summary and Next Steps
where uref is wind speed at reference height zref and u2 is wind speed at reference height z2
• Hsu et al. (1994)• Suggests “p-value” of 0.11 for neutral stability typical
of open seas.• For variable stability and conditions in the Great
Lakes….???
𝑢2𝑢ref
=( 𝑧 2𝑧 ref )𝑝
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Introduction Methodology Nearshore Mid-Lake Summary
Acknowledgements
• GVSU Funding: U.S. Department of Energy
• Special thanks to Arn Boezaart, Jim Edmonson and many others at Grand Valley State University for sharing their data