Lidar Observations Of Impact Of Emissions From Atmospheric Deposition On Cultural Heritage
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Transcript of Lidar Observations Of Impact Of Emissions From Atmospheric Deposition On Cultural Heritage
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hmprcwimio| h~ fndhiwil/ \di FOO pcqir gcrinf~|hoa ~x~|im h~ ryoohoa cpirf|hcofegcrinf~|~ ho 6> ncyo|rhi~ fol gcr mcri |dfo >700 ~hoaei qhol |yrbhoi~ ho Iyrcpi/ Fmcoac|dir~ < cgg~dcri qhol pfrk~/
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qhol ~piil f| 60 m fol ho|irpcef|il |c 600 m grcm mclie eiwie~
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\di ri~ye|~ gcr |di lfx fdifl gcrinf~|hoa ~|ylhi~ ncmpfrhoa ifnd gcrinf~| dcyr qh|d |didcyrex prclyn|hco lf|f co pfrk eiwie ~dcq~ |di itpin|il dhadi~| irrcr~ gcr fee mclie~ honcmpeit |irrfho $^cy|d Iyrcpi( fol ecqi~| irrcr~ ho gef| |irrfho ho Ocr|d-qi~|iro Iyrcpi/\di cgg~dcri qhol pfrk~ dfwi dhadir MFI oymbir~ lyi |c |di gfn| |dix dfwi f dhadirprclyn|hco rf|i/ \di irrcr~ gcr ifnd pfrk fol mclie fri pri~io|il ho ghayri 9/
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Ghayri 9/ MFI ho pirnio|fai gcr |di ~hoaei ~h|i ho |irrfho |xpi fol |di ~hoaei mclie/ QRG$ril(% INMQG $beyi(% HRHI qh|d INMQG $befnk(% I\F qh|d AG^ $ariio(% mifo cg fee
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ho~|feeil MQ |yrbhoi h~ nfenyef|il bx y~hoa
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DIF\ FOL NCEL QFWI^ FOL \DIHR NDFOAI^ QH\D
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2060/ \drcyad |dh~ itfmpei% by| fe~c |drcyad io~imbei cg nehmf|i ~hmyef|hco~% qihowi~|haf|i |di iwcey|hco cg |di rh~k cg ecq |impirf|yri~ ho Iyrcpi ho |di oit| linfli~/
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27
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\RKXIOO BF\H^HOLF 6879-2007 XHEEFRH FRF^HOLF ^HNFKDFWF LFEAFEFRHOHO BIEREIOMI^
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24
AR^nfk dfwf lfeaf~% yzyo ~rieh fr wi rfdf|~z ilhnh lirinili ~nfk wi aioieehkei oimehdfwfoo i|kh~holi kfeofo loimeir hho kyeefoefo bhr |irhmlhr/ Rfdf|~z ilhnh lirinilikh
bhr ~nfkek foefo beaioho zieehkeirhoi bfe cefrfk lih|hh hho% ~nfk dfwf lfeaf~ooaioie bhr |fom xck|yr/ By ~ibipei ho~fo kcogcry hho yxayo ~nfkek fofehzhoho h~|ioheio
beai kcyeefrof yxayo xfpemf~ airikmik|ilhr/ ^nfk dfwf lfeafefr% fr xfefr wikyrfkek ahbh ik~|rim cefxefr% fz rf~|efofo cefxefr cemf~of kfro i|kheirh bxk|r/ ^nfkdfwf lfeafefr% hlli|hoi wi yzyoeyyof bfe cefrfk% ho~fo ~fe wi ikc~h~|im f~olfoemne |idehki xfrf|fbhemik|ilhreir/ roiho 200> xeolf Fwrypflf mixlfof aieio~nfk dfwf lfeaf~ Femfoxf% ~pfoxf% |fexf wi oahe|iri lfdhe cemfk ziri ck aioh bhrfefolf i|kho cemy wi by ~ibip xzolio Grfo~flf 669% Pcr|ikhzli 6>67 khhxffmo xh|hrmh|hr $QDC% 200>(/ hkfacxy i|kheixio 6889 xfz ~nfk dfwf lfeaf~ heiFwrypfx i|kheixio 200> xfz ~nfk dfwf lfeaf~oo i|kheirhoh; ghzhk~ie wi lhofmhkoilioeirhoh frf|rfo femf ~fx~ celykf gfzeflr $Kfre wi Kohad|% 6881; Gh~ndir wl/2001; ^|c|| wl/% 2000
cIbf|~olf xir fefo >2 h~|f~xcof fh| mi|icrcecjhk wirh kyeefoem|r/ LM |frfgolfo eeioaoek mfk~hmym ~nfkek wi 6
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>6
Kx beai~holio yzfkef|kf f|mc~gir oimholikh fzfemf oiliohxei bfe oim liireirhlfdf xk~ik|hr/
Ih|ehk 6li mfk~hmym ~nfkek wi bfe oim liireirh kyeefoefrfk di~fpefofo yzyo xeefrcr|fefmf dh~~ilhehr ~nfkek liireirh 27->9cN frf~olflr $ikhe 2n(/ Aioie lfem
mfk~hmym ~nfkek lfemof biozi~i li Kfrfliohz% Mfrmfrf wi Iai Liohzh kxefrbcxyonf dh~~ilhehr ~nfkekefr mfk~hmym ~nfkekefrlfo lfdf xk~ik liireir femfk|flr/Kfrf~fe fefoefrlf mfk~hmym ~nfkek wi dh~~ilhehr ~nfkekefr frf~olf gfrkeekefrazeiomimik|ilhr/
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B/ Ihk LiireirIhk liireir% dir bhr h~|f~xcoyo wirh pirhxclyolfkh cef~ek lfem gcok~hxcoyolf )80f|ikfbe ilio liir cefrfk biehreiomh|hr/ Ihk liireir mfk~hmym ~nfkekefrlf 24/4->f(% bfe oimli )b(% wi dh~~ilhehr ~nfkekefrlf h~i >6/8/2cN $ikhe >n( frf~olf lihmik|ilhr/ Beailikh lfemefr cr|fefmf lfemefrf
biozimik|ilhr/ \m lihkioeirli cr|fefmf kcyeefrf ari io bxk lihhm \fwfoe$28/8/90/72I wi >8/10O(% on~ Fxwfek $27/78I%>8/>6O( wi lrlon~ Yfk$28/4/71O(|r/ By lihhmeir kfrf~fe beaieirlikh h~|f~xcoefrlfkh mi|icrcecjhklihkioeirlikh cef~ek lfem gcok~hxcoyoyo kx~fe fefoefrf ari lfdf xfxaocelyyoy a~|irmik|ilhr/
N/ ^nfk Dfwf LfeafefrDh~~ilhehr ~nfkekefr kyeefoefrfk% dh~~ilhehr ~nfkekefro ihk liirhoho zirholi ~ixrilioaoeirho ~fxefr dir xe hho di~fpefom|r/ Ehoiir io kk kfrieir xo|imh hei xeefr
bcxyonf cefo lihhmeirho ihehmeirh di~fpefom|r/ ikhe
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>2
dh~~ilhehr ~nfkekefro celyy ao ~fxefr dir co xelf < ao nhwfrolf fr|mfk|flr/ Byfr| Mfrmfrf beai~holi 6-2 ao nhwfrolflr/
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)80f kfr aieio ihk liireir f( Mfk~hmym ~nfkek% b( Bfe oim wi n( Dh~~ilhehr~nfkek/
f b nikhe
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>9cN wi )28-)12 frfeolf ~ixri|mik|ilhr/ Kyzixlio aoixi lcry ~nfkekefrlf fr|;
bfe oim liireirholi h~i fzfe miwny||yr/ Ihk liireir dir h~|f~xcoyo cef~ek lfemgcok~hxcoy xfrlmxef |i~ph| ilhemh wi )80 liirh ~ihemh|hr/ Ihk liireiri kfr aieioliireir kfrf~fe h~|f~xcoefrlf lfem gcok~hxcoyoyo lfdf bf~k wi ~|folfr| ~fpmf~oo
lfdf bxk celyyoy a~|irmik|ilhr/ By oilioei ihk liireir hei cr|fefmfefr frf~olfkhgfrk by h~|f~xcoefrlf io xk~ik|hr/ Kx~fe irh||i liohz~ie fefoefr hei kfrf~fe fefoefroi|kheihmholio lcefx ~nfkek lihkioehh lfdf kk|r/
Ihk liirh aiio ao ~fxefrolf |m beaili Bcznfflf h~|f~xcoy dfrh bhr fr| wfrlr/Fr| beaioho aoixlcy~yolf io gfzeflr wi xfkefk < ao nhwfrolflr/ \mh~|f~xcoefro xeefr bfzolf cr|fefmfefr 6884 xeolfo ~corf |m pirhxc||fkh loimi arilfdf gfzeflr wi fr| 60-20 ao frf~olflr/ Mfk~hmym liireiri 2006 wi 2007 xeefrolfyefem|r/ ^nfk dfwf lfeaf ~fxefr lf ihk liireirh ffo ao ~fxefroo lihhm dzof
pfrfeie bhr beai~ie lfem a~|irmik|ilhr/ Mhohmym liireir beaioho kyzix-bf|~olfwi lfdf xk~ik liireir beaioho aoix lcy~yolf |i~ph| ilhemh|hr/ Xeefr bfzolf
beai~ie cr|fefmf ~nfk dfwf lfeaf ~fxefr 2000 wi 2006 xeefrolf io xk~ik liireiri~fdhp|hr/ Byoyoef bhrehk|i ~nfk dfwf lfeafefroo cr|fefmf ao ~fx~ 2007 wi 6841xeefrolf lfdf xk~ik|hr/ By lyrym ~fxnf fz fmf lfdf yzyo aiio ~nfk dfwf lfeafefrofkfr aiemik|ilhr/
Kri~ie hkehm lihhmhoho beaimhzlikh xfo~mfefr mfk~hmym ~nfkekefro bf|\rkhxili fr|mf~of oilio cemy|yr/ Byoyo bhr ~coyny cefrfk lf ~nfk dfwf lfeafefr2000eh xeefrlf lfdf gfzef azeiomh|hr/ ^nfk dfwf lfeafefroo ho~fo ghzxcecjh~hzirholikh i|kheirh ~coyny zieehkei xfe wi cnykefrlf nhllh prcbeimeir cr|fxfkfbhemik|ilhr/ Aimh Iyrcpifo ^ymmir Dif| Qfwi% J/ Nehmf|i%20% 9046-9088/
HPNN Gcyr|d F~~i~~mio| Ripcr|% 2001: Nehmf|i Ndfoai 2001% \di Pdx~hnfe ^nhioniBf~h~:Nco|rhby|hco cg Qcrkhoa Arcyp H |c |di Gcyr|d F~~i~~mio| Ripcr| cg |diHo|iracwiromio|fe Pfoie co Nehmf|i Ndfoai ^cecmco% ^/% L/ Vho% M/ Mfoohoa% Z/Ndio% M/ Mfrvyh~% K/B/ Fwirx|% M/ \haocr fol D/E/ Mheeir $il~/(/ NfmbrhlaiYohwir~h|x Pri~~% Nfmbrhlai% Yoh|il Khoalcm fol Oiq Xcrk% OX% Y^F% 887 pp/
Kfre R/\ wi R/Q/ Kohad|% 6881: \di 6889 Ndhnfac Dif| Qfwi: Dcq Ehkiex H~ f
Rinyrrioni3% Byee/ Fmir/ Mi|/ ^cn/% 14%7% 6601-6668/
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Miide A/ F/ wi N/ \ibfelh% 20009% 88
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^HNFK XHEEFR% MI\ICRCECJK KFXOFKEH FGI\EIR WI 2060XHEH
^ixgyeefd IEK%D/ Xk~ie ZFEPLiwei| Mi|icrcecjh eirh Aioie Mlre% Fokfrf% Mdiolh~%
~niehk@lmh/acw/|r% xczfep@lmh/acw/|rzi|2060 xe% kri~ie foefmlf ~co co xelf io gfzef ik~|rim cefxefroo xffol xeefrlfo
bhrh~h cefrfk kfx|efrf aimh|hr/ Loxf Mi|icrcecjh \ikhef| wirheirhoi ari% 2060 xe%hmlhxi kflfr kfxlilheio io ~nfk xe frf~olf xir fem|r/ ^co co xelf mi|icrcecjhkfgi|eir honieilhholi ~nfk xeefref bhrehk|i kywwi|eh xfefro lf o pefof k|oarxcryz/2060 xeolf% loxf zirholi ~nfk fefoefr Kfoflf wi Aroefol nhwfr% KyzixFgrhkf hei frfefrolf \rkhxioho li byeyolyy wi hoi kflfr yzfofo Aoix F~xf
beaieirh cemy|yr/ Pfkh~|fo wi Fwy~|rfexflf areio hlli|eh xf wi ~ie giefki|h heiRy~xf% ho wi Brizhexflf areio ~nfk dfwf lfeafefr wi kyrfkek 2060 xeoo io oimehmi|icrcecjhk cefxefrlr/2060 xe% \rkhxili io ~nfk xe cefrfk kfxlilhelh/ ^nfk dfwf
wi hlli|eh xfefr Rhzi% Fr% Fxlo wi Irzyrymlf nfo wi mfe kfxbof oilio cely/Fokfrflf ik~|rim bxkek|i lcey% Pcef|e hei~holi h~i ik~|rim ~ff|ehk hlli|eh xfairikei|h/
Fofd|fr Kiehmieir: ^nfk xe% kyrfkek% oim% hlli|eh xf% ~ie
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Ho |di aecbfe ~io~i% |di xifr cg 2060 df~ biio pefnil co rincrl~ f~ coi cg |di xifr~ |df||di mc~| it|rimi iwio|~ df~ biio cb~irwil/ Fnncrlhoa |c Qcrel Mi|icrcecahnfeCrafohzf|hco $QMC( lf|f% yp |c ocq% |dh~ xifr h~ pefnil ho |di |cp |drii cg |di mc~|qfrmi~| xifr~/ Howi~|haf|hoa |di ef~| 60 xifr~ mi|icrecahnfe dfzfrl~% bi~hli~ cg |di qfrm
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biio nfy~il ec~~ cg ehgi~ fol prcpir|hi~ ho Rhzi% Fr% Fxlo fol Irzyrym/ Fo it|rimidfhe h~ rincrlil cwir Fokfrf fol fo dcyrex it|rimi difwx rfhogfee h~ cnnyrril ho Pcef|elh~|rhn|/
Kixqcrl~ : Qfrmi~| xifr% lrcyad|% dymhlh|x% difwx rfhogfee% geccl
ARLoxf zirholikh ~nfkeo wi ~y bydfroo lfem% xf hlli|hoh biehreixio io oimeh
pfrfmi|rieirlhr/ Xk~ik wi lk ~nfkekefr% miw~hmeiri wi xk~ie|hxi xirlih|hrmik|ilhr/ Io xk~ik wi io lk ~nfkekefr kfrfefr zirholi arer% okkfrfefr dze ~or wi ~cyr/ Ckxfoy~ xzix ~nfkekefr h~i lfdf fz lihkiolhr% okckxfoy~efr ck xfwf ~or/ By% ckxfoy~efr zirholi aolio aoi% xk~ik xzix ~nfkeklihhmhoh ioaieeir/ Ckxfoy~efr fxo zfmfolf% zirholikh ~cyk f|mc~girh ~|mflfi|kholhr/
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>8
2060 xe% Kyzix Xfrmkri bhrei|hrhemh kfrf wi ckxfoy~ xzix ~nfkeolf% 20/ xzxecr|fefmf~oo 0/1> N zirholi ceyp% io ~nfk xelr/ Aoix Xfrmkri% bhrei|hrhemhkri~ie kfrf wi ckxfoy~ xzix ~nfkeolf% 20/ xzxe cr|fefmf~oo 0/96 N zirholiceyp% kfx|efrlf fe|on io ~nfk xelr/
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Linh~hco-mfkir~ ~dcyel dfwi ho mhol |df| |diri fri pcpyef|hco~ itpin|f|hco pcho|hoa|cqfrl f accl pirgcrmfoni% iwio yolir mfox |xpi~ cg flwir~i ncolh|hco~% gcr |di qf|irhogrf~|ryn|yri~/ \dh~ mifo~ |df| hogrf~|ryn|yri~ fri ~yppc~il |c bi rcby~| fol ri~hehio|yolir f qhli rfoai cg pc~~hbei gy|yri ~niofrhc~/ \dirigcri linh~hco-mfkir~ dfwi |c linhlidcq |di~i ~|ryn|yri~ ~dcyel bi byhe|% dfrlioil cr cpirf|il |c ncpi qh|d rh~kx ~h|yf|hco~/Bi~hli~ pfr|hnyefr mif~yri~ |df| dfwi |c bi |fkio |c fwchl nrhmhofe cppcr|yoh|hi~% ~cmimif~yri~ ~dcyel bi |fkio ho|c fnncyo| f| |di pefoohoa% li~hao cr mfofaimio| eiwie cg~ynd ~x~|im~/ Qf|ir ~x~|im~ fri wirx nc~|ex fol ripri~io|~ dyai ripefnimio| nc~|~/
Rinryh|hoa oiq pir~cooie qh|d dhad ncmpi|ioni df~ bincmi fo imirahoa ndfeeioai homfox qf|ir ncmpfohi~/
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cg |di lighoh|hco/ Ho |di gceecqhoa qi qhee frayi ho |di ehoi~ cg Kfpefo $6886(/ \c itpri~~|di rh~k qi bf~hnfeex f~k |drii vyi~|hco~: h( qdf| nfo ac qrcoa3 hh( dcq ehkiex h~ h|3% fol hgh| aci~ qrcoa% hhh( qdf| fri |di nco~ivyioni~3
>( ^fgi|x wir~y~ ~inyrh|xHo |di eh|irf|yri |diri fri ~cmi lhggirioni~ bi|qiio |di qcrl~ ~fgi|x fol ~inyrh|x/Cg|io |di |irm ~inyrh|x h~ y~il gcr prc|in|hco fafho~| liehbirf|i honhlio|~ fol |di |irm~fgi|x h~ y~il gcr prc|in|hco fafho~| yoho|iolil honhlio|~/Mcri prinh~iex qi lighoi:
^fgi|x h~ prc|in|hco fafho~| rfolcm honhlio|~/ Rfolcm honhlio|~ fri yoqfo|ilhonhlio|~ |df| dfppio f~ f ri~ye| cg coi cr mcri nchonhlioni~/
^inyrh|x h~ prc|in|hco fafho~| ho|iolilhonhlio|~/ Yoqfo|il honhlio|~ dfppio lyi|c f ri~ye| cg liehbirf|i fol pefooil fn|~/
^inyrh|x honhlio|~ fri ri~ye|~ cg pefooil fn|hco~% h/i/ fn|hoa ho crlir |c fndhiwi f qfo|ilcy|ncmi $i/a/ mcoix(% qdhei ~fgi|x fnnhlio|~ fri yopefooil $oc coi pefo~ |c ny| dh~ ghoair
ho f ~fqhoa mfndhoi(/ \di ~inyrh|x honhlio|~ fri mfhoex mfehnhcy~ fol nrhmhofe fn|~/^fgi|x fnnhlio|~ fri ~ielcm% hg iwir% mfehnhcy~% by| |dix nfo bi nrhmhofe f~ |dix cg|io friwhcef|hco~ fafho~| riayef|hco~/
\di dfzfrl hlio|hghnf|hco hoGhayri 9Ghayri 9 h~ y~yfeex y~il ho f nco|it| qdiri ~fgi|x h~|di ~ncpi cg |di fofex~h~/ Qdio qi life qh|d ~inyrh|x prcbeim% |di qcrl dfzfrl mhad| biripefnil qh|d |di |irm |drif|/ Cg|io qi fe~c y~i |di qcrl |drif| faio|/ F |drif| faio|ncyel bi f pir~co% f arcyp cg pir~co~% f mi|dcl i|n/ y~il |c itpech| f wyeoirfbheh|x ho fohogcrmf|hco ~x~|im% cpirf|hco% cr gfnheh|x% ghri% of|yrfe lh~f~|ir fol ~c gcr|d/ \drif|~ qh|dho|di ghiel cg ~inyrh|x nfo feqfx~ bi |rfnkil lcqo |c dymfo~/ Honhlio|~ fri f ri~ye| cg fpir~co cr f arcyp~ qhee/ \di |drif|~ qh|dho ~inyrh|x nfo bi lhwhlil ho|c it|irofe |drif|~ folho~hlir |drif|~ $h/i/ ho~hli |di crafoh~f|hco(/ \di it|irofe |drif|~ $i/a/ dfnkir~( prhonhpfeexhmpex liehbirf|i honhlio|~/ \dh~ it|irofe |drif| mfki~ |di phn|yri cg |drif|~ mcri ncmpeitfol fll~ yonir|fho|x/ H| h~ hmpc~~hbei |c nco|rce fo it|irofe |drif|% |di coex mif~yri |dicrafoh~f|hco mfx hmpeimio| |c prc|in| coi~ieg/ Gyr|dir h| h~ lhgghnye| |c prilhn| |di |drif|$qdiri% qdio fol dcq |di f||fnk fppifr(% fol h| mhad| bi lhgghnye| |c ghol |di ri~pco~hbeifg|ir fo honhlio| ~honi |di f||fnkir ~ielcm eifwi fox |rfnk~ bidhol $hogcrmf|hco ~inyrh|x(/
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|di rh~k eiwie% fol qi ~dcyel ~|hnk |c |di dh~|crhnfe rh~k eiwie qdio |di RFN~ frii~|fbeh~dil/ Dcqiwir% ~honi |di oiq fn|hwh|x y~yfeex h~ oc| ivyfe |c |di dh~|crhnfe fn|hwh|xqh|d ri~pin| |c bioigh|~ fol c|dir honcowiohioni~% |di dh~|crhnfe rh~k mhad| oc| bi wirxrieiwfo|/ \di lh~ny~~hco fbcy| qdi|dir itpehnh| RFN~ ~dcyel bi y~il ho |di rh~kmfofaimio| prcni~~ h~ oc| pyr~yil gyr|dir ho |dh~ ripcr|/
9/ NCONEY^HCO^% KOCQEILAI AFP^ FOL GY\YRI RI^IFRND OIIL^
\di qcrk ho NC^\ fn|hco N68 df~ hlio|hghil kocqeilai afp~ fol gy|yri ri~ifrnd oiil~:- Fppehnf|hco cg rh~k bf~il mi|dcl~ mhad| nco|rhby|i gcr rh~k mfofair~ |c fndhiwi
bi||ir ~cey|hco~/ ^cmi ~nip|hnh~m ~|hee ~yrrcyolhoa |di fppehnf|hco cg linh~hcomclie~ nfo bi yolir~|ccl bx |di ndfeeioai cg gcrmyef|hoa fol ~cewhoa rifeh~|hnmclie~ |c itpri~~ fee |di gif|yri~ cg |di linh~hco prcbeim~/ Iwio hg |diri friri~ifrnd oiil~ gcr hmprcwhoa |di mi|dcl~ fwfhefbei% ocqflfx~ |diri fri wirxpcqirgye |cce~ |df| nfo honcrpcrf|i fee |di gfni|~ cnnyrrhoa ho rife-qcrel ~h|yf|hco~/Coi rif~co gcr |di ~c gfr pccr fppehnf|hco cg rh~k bf~il mi|dcl~ h~ |di mh~~hoacrhio|f|hco cg rieiwfo| ri~ifrnd |cqfrl~ linh~hco mfkir~ f~ nco~ymir~ cg rh~kmfofaimio| ri~ifrnd/
- \di ho|irfn|hco~ cg yrbfo hogrf~|ryn|yri ~x~|im~ fri pdx~hnfeex wirx ncmpeit/\diri h~ oiil gcr bi||ir mi|dcl~ |c fllri~~ |di ncmpeit ho|irfn|hco~ cg yrbfohogrf~|ryn|yri ~x~|im~% pdx~hnfe iowhrcomio|% eiwie cg ~irwhni~ fol ~cnhfe gfn|cr~/ Fpririvyh~h|i gcr fo ho|iarf|il fpprcfnd h~ |di fbheh|x |c iwfeyf|i fol mif~yri |diho|irfn|hco~ bi|qiio pdx~hnfe hogrf~|ryn|yri% liehwiril ~irwhni~ fol ~cnhfenco~ivyioni~/ \di ncmpeit nco~ivyioni~ co yrbfo ~irwhni~% dymfo dife|d%incocmx ri~ye|hoa grcm mfegyon|hcohoa cg yrbfo hogrf~|ryn|yri fol |di ho|irfn|hcocg fee gyon|hco~ h~ lhgghnye| |c fllri~~/
- Cg honrif~hoa hmpcr|foni h~ |di itndfoai bi|qiio lhggirio| hogrf~|ryn|yri-~in|cr~fol lhggirio| y|heh|hi~ |c h( ncmmyohnf|i |di ho|irlipiolioni cg hogrf~|ryn|yri
~x~|im~ fol hh( |c |rfo~gir kocqeilai grcm |dc~i ~in|cr~#y|heh|hi~ qdhnd feriflx~ynni~~gyeex fppex rh~k bf~il mi|dcl~ $i/a/ che holy~|rx(/
- Nhrnyef|hco cg hogcrmf|hco fol my|yfe yolir~|folhoa $i/a/ bi|qiio itpir|~ folnconiroil nh|hzio~( fri nrynhfe gcr igghnhio| rh~k mfofaimio|/
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RIGIRIONI^
R~|ym i| fe% Prcfn|hwi Nrh~h~ Mfofaimio| cg Yrbfo Hogrf~|ryn|yri% NC^\ cgghni%Bry~~ie~ 2004
HIN >00->-8% Lipiolfbheh|x Mfofaimio| Pfr| >: Fppehnf|hco ayhli ^in|hco 8: Rh~k
fofex~h~ cg |indocecahnfe ~x~|im~HIN 462% Fofex~h~ |indohvyi~ gcr ~x~|im riehfbheh|x Prcnilyri gcr gfheyri mcli foliggin|~ fofex~h~ $GMIF(
\ydcwk%% E/% Kyirf% \/% Rykf% J/% ^wcbcl% M/% ^wh|k% Z/ $2007(: \indohnfe fylh| cg |diqf|ir lh~|rhby|hco oi|qcrk% Qf|ir ^nhioni ' \indocecax: Qf|ir ^yppex Wce 7 Oc 9%H^^O: 6707-814
qqq/Qf|irRh~k/nz; cgghnhfe qib~h|i cg |di Nzind of|hcofe ri~ifrnd prcjin| Hlio|hghnf|hco%vyfo|hghnf|hco fol mfofaimio| cg rh~k~ cg pybehn qf|ir-~yppex ~x~|im~ Qf|irRh~k
Qcrel Dife|d Crafohzf|hco% Ayhliehoi~ gcr lrhokhoa-qf|ir vyfeh|x >rl ilh|hco% QDCAioiwf% $200262764/
Ndfoa% ^/ $200>(/ Iwfeyf|hoa lh~f~|ir mh|haf|hco~: mi|dclcecax gcr yrbfo hogrf~|ryn|yri~x~|im~/ Of|yrfe Dfzfrl Riwhiq% /
Kfpefo/ ^/ 6886/ Rh~k F~~i~~mio| fol Rh~k Mfofaimio| - Bf~hn Nconip|~ fol\irmhocecax/ Dimh~pdiri Pybe/ Ncrp/% Bc~|co% Mf~~fndy~i||~% Y^F/ Ho Rh~kMfofaimio|: Itpfolhoa Dcrhzco~ ho Oyneifr Pcqir fol C|dir holy~|rhi~% pp/66-24/
Kehoki% F/ ' Rioo% C/ 2002/ F oiq fpprcfnd |c rh~k iwfeyf|hco fol mfofaimio|: Rh~k-bf~il% prinfy|hco-bf~il fol lh~ncyr~i-bf~il ~|rf|iahi~/ Rh~k Fofex~h~% 22$7(% 6016-60800->-8 Lipiolfbheh|x mfofaimio| - Pfr| >: Fppehnf|hco ayhli - ^in|hco 8 Rh~kfofex~h~ cg |indocecahnfe ~x~|im~/ Ho|irof|hcofe Iein|rc|indohnfe Ncmmh~~hco/ 6889/
HIN 462% ~|folfrl Fofex~h~ \indohvyi~ gcr ^x~|im Riehfbheh|x - Prcnilyri gcr GfheyriMcli Iggin|~ Fofex~h~
Wf|o% J/ 6884/ F lh~ny~~hco cg |di fnnip|fbei rh~k prcbeim/ Riehfbheh|x Ioahoiirhoa fol^x~|im ^fgi|x% 76$6-2(:66-68/
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KEMF\CECJK WI MI\ICRCECJK FGI\EIR WI^ACR\FNHEHK
Myrf| \RKIwi Zfdhli FNFR LIOZ
Ncrfgxf Bem% Ghzhkh Ncrfgxf Fofbhehm Lfe% Gio-Ilibhxf| Gfke|i~h% fofkkfei Co~ikhz Mfr|ohwir~h|i~h% \irzhcey Xireiki~h% 61020 fofkkfeimyrf|/|yrki~@ncmy/ily/|r% zfdhli/liohz@dc|mfhe/ncm
zi|Dir aiio xe fr|fo ~fxlf ho~fo kehmf|cecjhk wi mi|icrcecjhk fgi|eirlio i|kheiomik|ilhr/Kri~ie fgi| i|kh liireiolhrmieirhoi ari% kehmf|cecjhk% mi|icrcecjhk wi dhlrcecjhkkkioeh fgi|eir% lcfe fgi|eirho xfkefk ) 40oholio ~crymeylyr/ Byoefrlfo% gr|ofefr%|fkoefr wi ~ieeir h~i% lcfe fgi|eirho ) 79hoh cey|yryr/ flf wi aioh kfp~fme bhr fgi|xoi|hmh pefoefmf~ iriwi~holi% fgi|i dfzrek% i|kheirho fzfe|emf~% kfr oeimeir wi
irkio yxfrefr ahbh ih|eh ixeim wi i|khoehkeir ~hacr|fnek ~ik|r f~olfo oimehlhr/ Byoilioei% zieehkei hkehm lihhkehh wi kyrfkek cefxefro lf hirio hkehm~ie lihibhehrehiwi#xf lcfe fgi|eiri kfr lyxfre $i|kheioibhehrehh xk~ik( cefo eki wi beaieirli% fgi|kfp~fm aiohei|hemiehlhr/ By iriwili% femfoo bfenf fmfn% kehmf|cecjhk wimi|icrcecjhk fgi|eirh ~ogefolrfrfk k~f bhr liireiolhrmi~hoh xfpmfk wi by fgi|eirh likfp~fxfo xioh bhr fgi| ~hacr|fne ~h~|imhoi cefo airik~hohmi lhkkf| ikmik|hr/
Fofd|fr Kiehmieir: Kehmf|cecjhk wi mi|icrcecjhk fgi|eir; kyrfkek; gr|ofefr% ~ie wi|fkoefr; ~hacr|fnek/
NEHMF\CECAHNFE FOL MI\ICRCECAHNFE LH^F^\IR^ FOLHO^YRFONI
Fb~|rfn|
Honrif~hoa oymbir cg dymfo pcpyef|hco ho iwirx xifr df~ biio fggin|il bx |dinehmf|cecahnfe fol mi|icrcecahnfe lh~f~|ir~/ Fnncrlhoa |c |di lh~f~|ir f~~i~~mio|~ mfli f||di aecbfe eiwie% nehmf|cecahnfe% mi|icrcecahnfe fol dxlrcecahnfe lh~f~|ir~ fri ri~pco~hbeigcr fbcy| 40) cg |di of|yrfe lh~f~|ir~/ ^|crm~% geccl~ fol gey~d-geccl~ grcm |dc~incmprh~i cg 79) cg |di of|yrfe lh~f~|ir~/ Wfrhcy~ fn|hco~ fol fn|hwh|hi~ ~ynd f~ lh~f~|irpripfriloi~~% mh|haf|hco% rilyn|hco fol priwio|hco cg |di hmpfn|~ fol ifrex qfrohoa~ frinco~hlirfbei qh|d ri~pin| |c |di ho~yrfoni ~in|cr/ \di~i fn|hwh|hi~ fol fn|hco~ ~dcyel bi
hmpeimio|il ho |di grfmi cg nco|impcrfrx fol ncmpridio~hwi lh~f~|ir mfofaimio|pefoi~/ Nco~ivyio|ex% ~ncpi cg |di of|yrfe lh~f~|ir ~dcyel bi itpfolil pfr|hnyefrex ho |dincyo|rhi~ fol riahco~ |df| fri wyeoirfbei |c |di hmpfn|~ cg |di nehmf|i ndfoai folwfrhfbheh|x honeylhoa lrcyad| iwio|~ fol#cr of|yrfe lh~f~|ir~/ Ho |dh~ nco|it|% mfho pyrpc~icg |di ~|ylx h~ |c nef~~hgx fol ~dcr|ex f~~i~~ |di nehmf|cecahnfe fol mi|icrcecahnfelh~f~|ir~ fol |c f||rfn| f||io|hco oini~~h|x cg f oiq lh~f~|ir ho~yrfoni ~x~|im nco|fhohoa|di~i lh~f~|ir~/
Kix Qcrl~: Nehmf|cecahnfe fol mi|icrcecahnfe lh~f~|ir~% lrcyad|% ~|crm~% geccl fol
gef~d-geccl% ho~yrfoni/
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cefbhehr/ Fxrnf% bfz lcfe fgi|eirho grikfo~olfkh wi hlli|holikh fr|efr hkehmlihhkehhoho bhr a~|irai~h cefrfk lf kfbye ilheibhemik|ilhr/
F|mc~girlikh bhrhkhmeirholi ~rikeh bhr fr| a~|irio ~irf afzefr% Xirkrioho omlioai~hoh bczfrfk f|mc~girlikh lcfe ~irf i|kh~hoh kywwi|eiolhrmik|ilhr/ Kywwi|eioio
lcfe ~irf i|kh~h li birfbirholi kri~ie ~nfkekefrlf bhr fr| cey|yrmfk|flr $\rki%2004f% 2004b(/ Kri~ie eik|i% xeek cr|fefmf ~nfkekefro fr|mf~% bfz fefoefrlfxfefro fr|mf~% byzyeefro irhmi~hhei ckxfoy~ wi liohz ~iwhxieirhoho xk~iemi~h fefkkx fefoefr hho $Mfr~dfee Flfefr% Pfpyf Xioh Ahoi% Mfelhw Flfefr% wb/( bxk bhr|idlh| cey|yryr/ Fefk fefoefrlfkh xirfe| ~yxy fkhgireirhoho xk~ieio liohz ~yxy~iwhxi~hxei bhrehk|i |yzey ~yefr |frfgolfo xy|yemf~% nfoe xffm hho bxk oimh cefohmi ~yxyoyo oh|iehhoho bczyemf~of wi aieinik|ikh ~y krhzeirhoi hfri| ilir/ 20/xzxelf% cr|f ioeim wi ky|yp~fe kfr r|~% ky|yp~fe kfrf wi liohz byzefr hei cr|fioeimeirho lf byzyeefr irhxirik fefo~fe wi dfnhm~ie cefrfk fzfem|r/ Aie-ah| wi liohz~iwhxi~h eireirhoho azeim kfx|efrof ari kri~ie cr|fefmf liohz ~iwhxi~h% xfkefk0/61 m $0/62-0/22 m frf~olf( xk~iemh wi ckxfoy~efro ~ hirhkeirh fr|m|r $HPNN%
2006; HPNN 2001(/ Xfefr kyzix xfrmkrioho cr|f wi xk~ik ioeim beaieirholi dir coxelf xfkefk ) 0/9 hei ) 6 frf~olf fr|frkio% ~yb|rcphkfe kfrfefro $Fkliohz Dfwzf~olf hirhr( oimeh bhr bemoli dir co xelf xfkefk ) > fzfem|r $HPNN% 2006(/ HPNNlrlon liireiolhrmi rfpcryof ari; kri~ie cr|fefmf xzix ~nfke% 6807-2009loimholi 0/1< N fr|m|r/ 6806-2009 loimholi Fmirhkfoo lcy beaieirh%Fwrypfoo kyzixh wi F~xfoo kyzixh hei h ki~hmeirh xfefro fr|| beaieirkio%Fgrhkfoo ^fdie beai~h% Fkliohz Dfwzf~% Fgrhkfoo aoixh% F~xfoo aoix ki~hmeirhh~i xfefrlf oimeh fzfemfefro celyy beaieirlhr $\rki% 2004n(/
>/ FKLIOZ DFWZF^H WI \RKXILI AZEIOIO WI OAREIO
KEM LIKEKEIRWI COYEFRHFkliohz dfwzf~ hho xfpefo femfefrlf% zieehkei ~nfkekefrlf 6840eirlio ~corfkh
biehraho fr|efr wi 6810eirlio bfefxfrfk lf xfefrlfkh biehraho fzfemfefr lhkkf|h ikir$ro/ Mfdirf~ wi Ky|hie% 6888; Tcpefkh wi frk/% 200>; \rki% 2004b% 2004n; \rki wifrk/% 2002; \rki wi ^mir% 200f(/ Xfefr% Kf~m 2006lio 200< hekbfdfrokfp~fxfo loimli wi ~co cefrfk Frfek 2004-Dfzhrfo 2060 loimholi \rkhxiohooimeh bhr bemoli yzyo ~rieh cr|fefmfefro zirholi airikeihrkio% Kf~m 2007-Kf~m 2004 loimholi \rkhxioho zieehkei bf|% h bf|% kyzixbf| wi aoixholi aiohfefoe wi hlli|eh kyrfkek cefxefr xffom|r $\rki% 2004b% 2004n; \rki wi \f|e%2060(/ \rkhxi h~|f~xcoefroo cyoyo kyrfkek holh~eirh% 68>0-8> pirhxclyolf 6870exeefrf kflfr oimeh kcyeefr a~|irhrkio% 6880efref bhrehk|i kyry-xfroimeh wi xfroimeh
kcyeefrf lcry lihhkehk a~|irhr $\rki% 6888% 200>f% 200>b; \rki wi \f|e% 2060(/
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\fbec 6:Fgi|eirho kkioeirhoi ari ~ogefolremf~ $*( $**(/
$*( Kfxofk: IM-LF\: \di CGLF#NRIL wirheirhoi ari \rki wi Fnfr Liohz$2060(lio/$**( Jicghzhk~ie kkioeh fgi|eir jicecjhk wi jicmcrgcecjhk kfxofke fgi|eirh hirhrkio%dhlrcecjhk kkioeheir jicmcrgcecjhk kfxofke fgi|eirh hirhr/
\rkhxioho ~nfkek rijhmholi lfdf emfo wi#xf lf lfdf ~nfk hkehm kcyeefrof xoiehk
bhr lihmiwfrlr $\rki wi frk/% 2002; \rki% 200>b(/ idhreimioho dze celyy wiidhreimh h~|f~xcoefro aini io lk dfwf ~nfkekefrolfkh ~omf ihehmhoho crfo0/04-0/97 N#co xe frf~olf lihhr $\rki wi frk/% 2002; \rki% 200>b(/ 6840ehxeefrlfo ~corf kri~ie cr|fefmf xzix ~nfkekefrolf azeioio fr|efr wi 6870 wi6810eirlio h|hbfrio ^fdie wi Fkliohz dfwzf~ ahbh bfz |rcphkfe wi ~yb|rcphkfe
beaieirlikh xf |cpefmefrolfkh fzfemfefr ~yxf cefo airik~hohmh fr||rmfk|flr$\rki% 6887% 6884; \rki% 200>f;\rki wi Fnfr% 2004; Fnfr wi \rki% 2004(/
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^feao Df~|fekefr Frf|rmf Mirkizhoho $NRIL( h~|f|h~|hkeirhoi ari% 6844lio 2001xikflfrkh loimli mi|icrcecjhk kkioeh fgi|eir hei dhlrcecjhk kkioeh fgi|eirho fr| crfoefr
bhrbhrhxei yxymeylyr/ \fko wi k|ei dfriki|eirh% mi|icrcecjhk cefxefref bfefo|e aieh|hhhho% bhrck hlli|eh dfwf cefx birfbirholi dhlrcecjhk kkioeh fgi|h ai|hrhr/ Ik~|rim~nfkekefr $~nfk wi ~cyk dfwf lfeafefr(% kyrfkek wi crmfo xfoaoefr ahbh kehmf|cecjhk
kkioeh fgi|eirho grikfo~olf 6880efro cr|f~olfo bfefxfrfk bhr fr| azeiohr/ Fxrnf%kyrfk wi ~nfk aiio xfz fxefrolfkh ~nfk dfwf lfeafefr% crmfo xfoaoefro |i|hkeixirikbxk kfxpefrf xce ffr $\rki wi Fnfr Liohz% 2060(/
ikhe 6:Mi|icrcecjhk% kehmf|cecjhk% dhlrcecjhk wi jicghzhk kkioeh kri~ie lcfe fgi|~kekefroo 6844-2001 loimholikh xeefrfrf~ lihhmeirh $^ndiyrio wi frk/ $2004(of
ari \rki wi Fnfr Liohz $2060(lio(/
Kkioh oi ceyr~f ce~yo airikeiio lcfe cefxefro fgi|i lomi~holi io oimeh i|mio%i|kheioio ekieirho xf lf beaieirho ~c~xcikcocmhk kfekomek lzixhlhr/ ^hacr|fhrki|eirh wi fgi| frf|rmf mirkizeirhoho h~|f|h~|hkeirhoi ari% 2004 wi 2008 xeefr lcfefgi|eirli io gfzef df~fr wi kfxpefro airikei|hh xeefrlr/ By xeefrlf airikeiiofgi|eirho ~fx~% 2000-2001 cr|fefmfefroo zirholilhr/ Kri~ie fgi| kfx|efroo |y|yelyyFnhe Cefxefr Wirh|fbfoof $Imiraionx Iwio|~ Lf|fbf~i - IM-LF\( ari% 2000-2001loimholikh lcfe fgi|eirho cr|fefmf~ >81 hkio% 2004 xeolfkh lcfe fgi| ~fx~ >90 crfoolf lfdf xk~ik|hr/ 2004xeolf holikh ik~|rim k kcyeefr 11 mhexco ho~foo i|kheiomi~hoi% Fgrhkflfkh $6
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hkehm ~h~|imh zirholikh bf~k~o lfdf lf fr|m|r/ ^co xeefrlf% fgi| cefxefroogrikfo~efroo fr|mf~ loxf ogy~yoyo ) 74->18/ fofkkfei Co~ikhz Mfr| ohwir~h|i~h% Ncrfgxf Bem% fofkkfei/
Feeir L/ fol Kczecq~kh I/ 200>/ Ec~~ \riol~ ho Ieimio|fe Ec~~ Ho~yrfoni/ It|rimiIwio|~ fol Nehmf|i Ndfoai% Crafoi nco~ye|f|hg ~yr ei~ ndfoaimio|~ nehmf|hvyi~
birf|ioli~ crafo gr grfaio lir kehmffoliryoa% Biro/Afrf|qf% Q/ fol Bceeho% N/% 2002/ Lh~f~|ir Rh~k Mfofaimio|% Qcrkhoa Nconip|/
Liy|~ndi Ai~iee~ndfg| gr \indoh~ndi Zy~fmmiofrbih| $A\Z( AmbD% I~ndbcro/HPNN% Nehmf|i Ndfoai/ 2006/ \di ^nhio|hghn Bf~hn - Nco|rhby|hco cg Qcrkhoa Arcyp H |c
|di \dhrl F~~i~~mio| Ripcr| cg |di Ho|iracwiromio|fe Pfoie co Nehmf|i Ndfoai$HPNN(% Il~/: J/ \/ Dcyad|co i| fe/% Nfmbrhlai Yohwir~h|x Pri~~% Nfmbrhlai/
HPNN% Nehmf|i Ndfoai/ 2001/ \di Pdx~hnfe ^nhioni Bf~h~: ^ymmfrx gcr Pcehnxmfkir~ -Nco|rhby|hco cg Qcrkhoa Arcyp H |c |di Gcyr|d F~~i~~mio| Ripcr| cg |diHo|iracwiromio|fe Pfoie co Nehmf|i Ndfoai $HPNN(% HPNN ^inri|frhf|% QMC%Aioiwf/
Kyee% L/ 200% Oc/6 Jfoyfrx 200/ It|rimi Iwio|~ grcm |di ^|folpcho| cg |di Ho~yrfoni By~hoi~~/ It|rimiiwio|~ fol nehmf|i ndfoai% Crafoi nco~ye|f|hg ~yr ei~ ndfoaimio|~ nehmf|hvyi~
birf|ioli~ crafo gr grfaio lir kehmffoliryoa% Biro
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Mfdirf~% P/ fol Ky|hie% D/ 6888/ ^pf|hfe fol \impcrfe Wfrhf|hco~ ho |di \impirf|yriRiahmi ho |di Milh|irrfoifo fol \dihr Rief|hco~dhp qh|d Nhrnyef|hco Lyrhoa |diEf~| Nio|yrx/Ho|irof|hcofe Jcyrofe cg Nehmf|cecax% 68: 1f/ ^pf|hfe fol \impcrfe Wfrhf|hco~ ho Prinhph|f|hco fol Frhlh|x Holit^irhi~ cg \yrkix/ Ho: Bceei D-J $il( Milh|irrfoifo nehmf|i-wfrhfbheh|x fol |riol~/
Riahcofe Nehmf|i ^|ylhi~/ Dihliebira: ^prhoair% pp/ 64626>/\rki% M/ 200>b/ Kri~ie kehm Lihhkehh wi Aieinik|ikh kehmhmhz/ holi: \/N/ iwri
wi Crmfo Bfkfoe Liwei| Mi|icrcecjh eirh Aioie Mlre% 2> Mfr| LoxfMi|icrcecjh Ao ky|efmf~% Aieinik|ikh kehmhmhz Pfoieh Bhelhrheir Kh|fb $il/\rki% M/(% 62->1% Fokfrf/
\rki% M/ 2009/ Fgi| ncrfgxf~ f~olfo |~yofmheir/ Nymdyrhxi| Bhehm wi \ikohk% 8>6:64-68/
\rki% M/ 2001/ \rkhxioho kyrfkef% eeimixi ihehmh wi hkehm lihhkehh f~olfoliireiolhrhemi~h/ Pfokcbhrehk% 86: >4-
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\rki% M/ wi Fnfr% Z/ 2004/ Bhaf Xfrmflf~ Dfwf ^nfkekefrolfkh Ihehmeir-Lihhkehkeir wi F|mc~girhk Yzfkbfefo| Li~i
