Low Impact Development Low Impact Development and and

Sustainable Infrastructure Sustainable Infrastructure

The Low Impact Development The Low Impact Development Center, Inc.Center, Inc.Balancing Growth and

Environmental Integrity

Watershed Management

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

�� Define LID Define LID

�� ““Issues and BaggageIssues and Baggage”” (apologies to (apologies to Freud)Freud)

�� Use for Resource Protection and Use for Resource Protection and RegulationsRegulations

�� ““Going GreenGoing Green””

E.S.

E.S.

Environmental Interests

Development Interests

Environmental Interests

Development Interests

$

$$

New Rules!

Low Impact Development Low Impact Development

1.1. Conservation (Watershed and Site Level ) Conservation (Watershed and Site Level ) 2.2. Minimization (Site Level) Minimization (Site Level) 3.3. Strategic Timing (Watershed and Site Level) Strategic Timing (Watershed and Site Level) 4.4. Integrated Management Practices (Site Integrated Management Practices (Site

Level) Retain / Detain / Filter / Recharge / UseLevel) Retain / Detain / Filter / Recharge / Use5.5. Pollution Prevention Traditional Approaches Pollution Prevention Traditional Approaches

Key LID PrinciplesKey LID Principles““ VolumeVolume ”” and Water and Water Balance Balance to Achieve Objectivesto Achieve Objectives

�� Unique Watershed DesignUnique Watershed Design�� Match Initial Abstraction VolumeMatch Initial Abstraction Volume

�� Mimic Water Balance Mimic Water Balance

�� Uniform Distribution of SmallUniform Distribution of Small--scale Controlsscale Controls

�� Cumulative Impacts of Multiple Systems Cumulative Impacts of Multiple Systems �� filter / detain / retain / use / recharge / evaporate filter / detain / retain / use / recharge / evaporate

�� Decentralized / DisconnectionDecentralized / Disconnection

�� Multifunctional Multipurpose Landscape & Architecture Multifunctional Multipurpose Landscape & Architecture

�� Pollution PreventionPollution Prevention

1. Conservation Plans / Regulations1. Conservation Plans / Regulations�� Local Watershed and Conservation PlansLocal Watershed and Conservation Plans

�� Forest (Contiguous and Interior Habitat)Forest (Contiguous and Interior Habitat)�� Streams (Corridors)Streams (Corridors)�� WetlandsWetlands�� Habitats Habitats �� Step Slopes Step Slopes �� BuffersBuffers�� Critical AreasCritical Areas�� ParksParks�� Scenic AreasScenic Areas�� Trails Trails �� ShorelinesShorelines�� Difficult SoilsDifficult Soils�� Ag LandsAg Lands�� MineralsMinerals

Large and Small ScaleLarge and Small Scale

Conserve Natural AreasConserve Natural Areas

•• FUNCTIONAL!! FUNCTIONAL!! Conservation of Conservation of drainages, trees & drainages, trees & vegetationvegetation

•• Land use planningLand use planning•• Watershed planning Watershed planning •• Habitat conservation Habitat conservation

plans plans •• Stream & wetland Stream & wetland

buffersbuffersTypical

Subdivision

Conservation

Courtesy CWP

Conventional Coved

Copyright 2007

53.32 Acres of public street paving that the city

owns and maintains forever…

82.35 Acres of public street paving that the

city owns and maintains forever

increasing financial burden by 35% -

forever…

Increasing environmental impacts by 35% -

forever…

2. Minimize Impacts2. Minimize Impacts

�� Minimize clearing Minimize clearing �� Minimize gradingMinimize grading�� Save A and B soils Save A and B soils �� Limit lot disturbance Limit lot disturbance �� * Soil Amendments * Soil Amendments �� Alternative SurfacesAlternative Surfaces�� Reforestation Reforestation �� Disconnect Disconnect �� Reduce pipes, curb and guttersReduce pipes, curb and gutters�� Reduce impervious surfacesReduce impervious surfaces

Low Impact DesignLow Impact Design

DecentralizedDecentralizedControlsControls

RoofsRoofsParking LotsParking LotsOpen DrainageOpen DrainageRain BarrelsRain BarrelsOpen SpaceOpen SpaceTurfTurfEducationalEducationalcomponentscomponents

Multifunctional UseMultifunctional Useof Landscape andof Landscape andInfrastructureInfrastructure

3. Maintain Time of Concentration 3. Maintain Time of Concentration and Watershed Patternsand Watershed Patterns

�� Open DrainageOpen Drainage�� Use green spaceUse green space�� Flatten slopes Flatten slopes �� Disperse drainage Disperse drainage �� Lengthen flow paths Lengthen flow paths �� Save headwater areasSave headwater areas�� Vegetative swales Vegetative swales �� Maintain natural flow paths Maintain natural flow paths �� Increase distance from streams Increase distance from streams �� Maximize sheet flowMaximize sheet flow

4. Storage, Detention & Filtration4. Storage, Detention & Filtration““ LID IMPLID IMP’’ss””

�� Uniform Distribution at the SourceUniform Distribution at the Source�� Open drainage swalesOpen drainage swales�� Rain Gardens / BioretentionRain Gardens / Bioretention�� Smaller pipes and culvertsSmaller pipes and culverts�� Small inlets Small inlets �� Depression storageDepression storage�� Infiltration Infiltration �� Rooftop storageRooftop storage�� Pipe storagePipe storage�� Street storageStreet storage�� Rain Water UseRain Water Use�� Soil Management** Soil Management**

Emeryville and UCD

5. Pollution Prevention5. Pollution Prevention

�� MaintenanceMaintenance

�� Proper use, handling and disposalProper use, handling and disposal�� IndividualsIndividuals

•• Lawn / car / hazardous wastes / reporting / recyclingLawn / car / hazardous wastes / reporting / recycling

�� IndustryIndustry•• Good house keeping / proper disposal / reuse / spillsGood house keeping / proper disposal / reuse / spills

�� BusinessBusiness•• Alternative products / Product liabilityAlternative products / Product liability

30 30 -- 40% Reduction in N&P40% Reduction in N&P

Kettering Demonstration ProjectKettering Demonstration Project

LID is NotLID is Not�� A land use or zoning controlA land use or zoning control

�� An either this or that approachAn either this or that approach

�� Independent of watershed planningIndependent of watershed planning

�� ““TheThe”” AnswerAnswerLID isLID is

�� A Water Balance Approach to HydrologyA Water Balance Approach to Hydrology

�� A science and unit process based A science and unit process based approachapproach

�� Decentralized and IntegratedDecentralized and Integrated

�� Technology DrivenTechnology Driven

�� ““TheThe”” AnswerAnswer

Hydrologic Cycle

From Lake (2004)

Stormwater

Wastewater

Drinking WaterLID is a Holistic

Integrated Approach

Where did it all start?Where did it all start?N2

SANDY SOIL MEDIUMMULCH

RAINFALL

RUNOFFRUNOFF

NO3

AIR NH3

PARTICULATES

DRAININFILTRATION

NH4

METALS,NUTRIENTS

BIOLOGICAL FIXATION

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

DE

NIT

RIF

I CA

TIO

N

AD

SO

RP

TI O

N

VOLITILIZATIONPLANT MATERIALS

NO2

AMMONIFICATION

NITROGEN CYCLE FOR BIORETENTIONNITROGEN CYCLE FOR BIORETENTION

RECHARGE

DENITRIFICATION

NITROGEN FIXATION

LID Manual

Stormwater Standards Manual

Hydrology Manual

Landscaping Water Conservation

Manual

DPW Land Development

Manual

San Diego LID Manual

Village Homes

Issues and BaggageIssues and Baggage

““TraditionalTraditional”” Stormwater IssuesStormwater Issues

Volume

Non-Point Runoff

Trash & Debris

Minimize Impacts Minimize Impacts or or

Restore / Maintain FunctionsRestore / Maintain Functions

Ecological Integrity Ecological Integrity ProtectionProtection

1.1. Hydrology / HydraulicsHydrology / Hydraulics2.2. Habitat StructureHabitat Structure3.3. Water QualityWater Quality4.4. Energy SourcesEnergy Sources5.5. Biotic InteractionsBiotic Interactions

Small Stream and Living Resource Protection

Ecological FactorsEcological Factors

Species Species –– Fauna / Flora Fauna / Flora

Structure Structure –– Spatial / Temp / Distribution Spatial / Temp / Distribution

Processes Processes –– Cycling (Energy / Materials / Nutrients)Cycling (Energy / Materials / Nutrients)

Courtesy Geoanalysis

Canadian TMDL Goose

Capacity Capacity

Amenity

Traditional Urban Drainage

Sustainable Urban Drainage

Stahre, 2006

Water Quality

The Good Old Days!

EconomicDevelopment

CommunityDevelopment

EcologicalDevelopment

Imperatives:

• Sustain economic growth

• Maximize private profit

• Expand markets

• Externalize costs

Imperatives:

• Respect carrying capacity

• Conserve and recycle

resources

• Reduce waste

Imperatives:

• Increase local

self-reliance

• Satisfy basic human needs

• Guarantee participation

and accountability

• Use appropriate

technology

SustainableDevelopment

Deep Ecologyor Utopianism

Conservationism

CommunityEconomic

Development

Courtesy ICLEI, 1999

Sustainable Stormwater Management!!!

The Future of the Urban AmericaThe Future of the Urban America

Where are the watershed functions?

TND & LID

Reston Watershed Reston Watershed Management PlanningManagement Planning

Buttermilk off North Shore Buttermilk off Ring Road

N2

SANDY SOIL MEDIUM

MULCH

RAINFALL

RUNOFFRUNOFF

NO3

AIR NH3

PARTICULATES

DRAIN

INFILTRATION

NH4

METALS,NUTRIENTS

BIOLOGICAL FIXATION

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

DE

NIT

RIF

I CA

TIO

N

AD

SO

RP

TI O

N

VOLITILIZATION

PLANT MATERIALS

NO2

AMMONIFICATION

NITROGEN CYCLE FOR BIORETENTIONNITROGEN CYCLE FOR BIORETENTION

RECHARGE

DENITRIFICATION

NITROGEN FIXATION

Industry Recognized Standards

Builder/Developer/Institution

Land Use Economic and Design Requirements

Local Community Codes/Ordinances and Watershed Requirements

Localized Sustainable Development

Performance and

Economics

Sustainability is not achieved by minimum

standards or rating systems!!!

United States Navy YardUnited States Navy Yard

ss

PICP OpenPICP Open --graded basegraded base

(optional)

SMO

G

HE

AT

/

LIGH

T

RA

INF

ALL

ET

Which office issafer at night?

Bioretention California

UCD

Rain Garden in an office building project along the G.W. Parkway. (Looking East)

UCD

Chiropractic Center

Appearance after 11 months

Emeryville

LEEDLEED™™, SPIRIT, Green Globes, SPIRIT, Green Globes™™, , Sustainable Sites, Rating ProgramsSustainable Sites, Rating Programs�� Point not performance systemsPoint not performance systems

�� Not Not ““regional or localregional or local”” one size fits allone size fits all

�� No Optimization No Optimization

�� Not targeted at water qualityNot targeted at water quality

�� Can achieve certification without Can achieve certification without necessarily addressing waternecessarily addressing water

How to Go Green

Process vs. StandardsProcess vs. Standards

�� RegucopyRegucopy

�� AgendicizingAgendicizing

�� Minimum StandardsMinimum Standards

�� Zoning and Building CodesZoning and Building Codes

�� Mass Production not ProfessionMass Production not Profession

�� Contract Process Contract Process ““Per UnitPer Unit””

�� LEEDLEEDtmtm is not necessarily LEED is not necessarily LEED ““No Builder Left No Builder Left BehindBehind””

�� Site Design Performance vs. BMP EfficiencySite Design Performance vs. BMP Efficiency

�� No One ReadsNo One Reads

Moving Environmental Regulations Moving Environmental Regulations (Restrictions) to an Economic and (Restrictions) to an Economic and Asset and Adaptable Management Asset and Adaptable Management

ApproachApproach

�� Regulations should even the playing field for Regulations should even the playing field for economic/environmental development instead of being a economic/environmental development instead of being a minimum standard!minimum standard!

�� Do those minimum standards really protect the Do those minimum standards really protect the watershed?watershed?

�� Sustainability/ LEED may not be a good example, Sustainability/ LEED may not be a good example, Economics and Capacity are!Economics and Capacity are!

�� What are the true costs/value to the installation for What are the true costs/value to the installation for stormwater?stormwater?

Courtesy E Takata

Courtesy SVR

City of AlbuquerqueCity of AlbuquerqueBest Residential ProjectBest Residential Project

20042004New Mexico National Association ofNew Mexico National Association of

Industrial and Office PropertiesIndustrial and Office Properties

Photo: Paseo de Estrella – Albuquerque, New Mexico (DR Horton Homes)

Conventional non-functional site design

Olive Garden Redesign

Rain garden in Rain garden in commercial parking lotcommercial parking lot

Hydrologic Benefits

�� 11% less 11% less impervious area impervious area than standard than standard street street improvement improvement and and disconnectivitydisconnectivity

�� 98% Reduction 98% Reduction in Volumein Volume

Fat Street

Skinny Street with Horizontally Challenged Person

Incorporating Bioretention in HamletIncorporating Bioretention in Hamlet

Courtesy NC State

Building Building ““HamletHamlet””

Rain Rain Garden Garden reduces reduces size of size of

pond from pond from 7900 sf to 7900 sf to

5900 sf5900 sf

Courtesy NC State

A new 2300 A new 2300 sf home on sf home on

an 11,000 sf an 11,000 sf lotlot

Courtesy NC State

Chicago, IllinoisChicago, Illinois

� More than 80 green roofs totaling over 1 million square feet. Another 1 – 2 million square feet planned.

� A 2003 study found green roof runoff volume was less than half that of conventional roofs.

� Subsidized rain barrel program used to reduce basement flooding and CSO volume.

� Downspout disconnection projected to reduce CSO peak flow in target area by 20%.

Chicago City Hall Green Roof. Photo courtesy of Roofscapes, Inc.

Portland, Oregon (cont.)Portland, Oregon (cont.)

Green Roofs� Zoning bonus allows

additional building square footage for buildings with a green roof.

� Two years of monitoring demonstrated that 58% of rainfall was retained.

� Nearly 100% retention of warm season rainfall. Hamilton Apartments Ecoroof. Photo courtesy of

the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services.

Seattle Green FactorSeattle Green Factor

�� Requires 30% of a parcel in the Neighborhood Requires 30% of a parcel in the Neighborhood Commercial Zone to be vegetated or the functional Commercial Zone to be vegetated or the functional equivalent as determined by the Green Factor.equivalent as determined by the Green Factor.

�� For example, the Green Factor for green roofs is For example, the Green Factor for green roofs is 0.7, permeable paving is 0.6, and lawn is 0.2. 0.7, permeable paving is 0.6, and lawn is 0.2. Bonuses provided for rainwater harvesting or Bonuses provided for rainwater harvesting or planting low waterplanting low water--use vegetation.use vegetation.

�� Encourages the planting of layers of vegetation on Encourages the planting of layers of vegetation on the property and in public rightthe property and in public right--ofof--ways adjacent to ways adjacent to the property.the property.

�� In effect as of January 2007.In effect as of January 2007.

Toronto, Ontario (cont.)Toronto, Ontario (cont.)

� More than 100 green roofs have been installed in the city, which reduce roof runoff by more than 50%.

� Ryerson University study modeled impacts of installing green roofs on all city roofs >3,750 ft2.� Would result in

12,000 acres of green roofs – 8% of total city land area.

� Estimated nearly $270 million in municipal capital cost savings and more than $30 million of annual savings.

Source: Report on the Environmental Benefits and Costs of Green Roof Technology for the City of Toronto

Battery Park City, New YorkBattery Park City, New YorkEnvironmental GuidelinesEnvironmental Guidelines

Stormwater Standards:� Require that the first

2.4 inches of rainwater falling on all building roofs and setbacks be collected, treated, and stored on-site for reuse (i.e., cooling tower, irrigation, and building and sidewalk maintenance, and laundry).

The Solaire. The first green U.S. residential high rise.

Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. ––Casey Trees study Casey Trees study

(released in April 2007)(released in April 2007)

Photo courtesy of Casey Trees, Washington, D.C.

� Green roofs of 103 million sq. ft., tree coverage of 57% of the city, and tree boxes of at least 6 X 20 ft. together would:� Reduce annual CSO

discharges by more than 500 million gallons (22%) and the frequency of discharges 6.7%.

� Reduce annual MS4 discharges by nearly 600 million gallons (6.6%).

Emeryville

Green Infrastructure EvolutionGreen Infrastructure Evolution

�� Green Infrastructure is the community Green Infrastructure is the community open space and infrastructure assets (e.g. open space and infrastructure assets (e.g. parks, roads, vacant land)parks, roads, vacant land)

�� Functional Environmental Functional Environmental AssettAssett(stormwater, energy, air)(stormwater, energy, air)

�� Integrated functions with the watershed Integrated functions with the watershed (e.g. hydrology, habitat, circulation)(e.g. hydrology, habitat, circulation)

Green InfrastructureGreen Infrastructure

�� An ecosystem , watershed based network An ecosystem , watershed based network approach to managing growth and creating approach to managing growth and creating sustainable environments in a variety of sustainable environments in a variety of development densitiesdevelopment densities

�� Economically cost effective approach to solving Economically cost effective approach to solving various issues (water quality, habitat, urban heat various issues (water quality, habitat, urban heat island, CSO reductions, NPDES compliance, island, CSO reductions, NPDES compliance, TMDL, safe communities) when compared to TMDL, safe communities) when compared to other approaches other approaches

Links and HubsLinks and Hubs

�� An organizing form idea for planning green An organizing form idea for planning green infrastructureinfrastructure

�� Creates an interdependent network of Creates an interdependent network of green green

�� Fits a watershed model of planningFits a watershed model of planning�� Can be implemented and maintained in Can be implemented and maintained in

sectionssections�� Is an opportunity for publicIs an opportunity for public--private private

partnershipspartnerships

Coyote Creek Green Infrastructure Coyote Creek Green Infrastructure PrinciplesPrinciples

�� Start upstreamStart upstream

�� Connect the DotsConnect the Dots

�� Use Nature as a GuideUse Nature as a Guide

�� All Fronts/No backsAll Fronts/No backs

�� Manage for the Long TermManage for the Long Term

�� Multiple ObjectivesMultiple Objectives

Courtesy E. Takata

Courtesy E Takata

Courtesy E. Takata

Courtesy E. Takata

Green Highways

Theme AreasTheme Areas

��Watershed Driven StormwaterWatershed Driven Stormwater

��Recyclables and ReuseRecyclables and Reuse

��Conservation and EcosystemsConservation and Ecosystems

2005 Great American Main Street Award™

WinnerBarracks Row

Washington, District of Columbia

Environmental Infrastructure is Community Development

SHA Mt. Ranier Gutter FiltersSierra Club Community Award Program

Green Highways Initiative

AWI Great Streets: AWI Great Streets: NannieNannie Helen BurroughsHelen Burroughs

Sustainable Communities

Economic Development

Environmental Development

Community Development

Sustainable Communities:•Green Complement Gray….

•Bridge Infrastructure Gap

•etc

Green Infrastructure

Green Highways

•Stormwater

•Recycling

•Ecosystem

•Conservation Approach

•Structural Approach

•Non-Structural Approach

Theme Areas

Programs

Programs Linkable and Expandable

Create

Link

ages

and

Common Goa

ls ICLI, 1999