LICENSING AND SUPERVISION OF BANKING … LICENSING AND SUPERVISION OF BANKING BUSINESS DIRECTIVE NO....

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LICENSING AND SUPERVISION OF

BANKING BUSINESS

DIRECTIVE NO. SBB/1/94

1. Issuing Authority

These directives are issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the

authority vested in it by article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No.

83/1994 and by article 36 of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business

Proclamation No. 84/1994.

2. Definitions

In these directives:

2.1 Related parties shall mean directors, founders, principal officers,

employees and other businesses in which they have direct interest.

2.2 Residence shall have the meaning assigned to it under article 174 of the

Commercial Code of Ethiopia.

3. Information Required From Applicants For License.

3.1. Evidence for paid up capital which includes certificate of deposit in a

blocked subscription account and evidence for valuation of contribution in

kind.

3.2. Names and occupation (including dates and addresses of previous

employment), of the organizers of the bank if these are other than the

directors.

3.3. Feasibility study document.

3.4. Projection of Financial statements for the first three years of operation

showing major categories of loans by economic sectors and liabilities.

3.5. Disclosure of the identify of shareholders who have acquired more than ten

percent of the capital stock, indicating their names, nationality, number and

value of shares held.

3.6. Separate cost of vault, equipment, furniture and fixture purchased or leased.

3.7. Authenticated ownership certificate and/or lease agreement for items listed

under Section 11.1 of the application form.

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3.8. Description of any purchase or proposed purchase of goods and services, or

lease of real estate by the bank from related parties.

3.9. Proposal of insurance coverage and extent of such coverage.

3.10. Curriculum vitae of the proposed Chief Executive, founders and/or directors

including their age, martial status, education, employment history for the

past ten years, their experience in business and financial affairs, their

involvement in civic, social and charitable activities including any

leadership position held.

3.11. Duty completed application form as prescribed by the Bank and submit

enclosures specified therein.

3.12. Proposed organizational chart of the bank, and brief description of the

functions of the main organizational units.

4. Criteria For Selection Of Chief Executive

4.1. Education

A minimum of first degree or equivalent in relevant field having attended a

recognized higher institution of learning.

4.2. Employment

A minimum of 10 years of reputable managerial experience in a financial or

related institution at a senior level which can expose him to acquire

sufficient banking and management skills.

4.3. Age

A minimum of 35 years

4.4. Marital Status

Preferably married or responsible to a family

5. Criteria For Selection Of Members Of Board Of Directors

5.1. Education

A minimum completion of high school education with ability to read and

grasp reports, especially financial statements.

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5.2. Employment

Members of Board of Directors shall have adequate managerial experience

in business and/or similar organizations.

5.3. Age

A minimum of 30 years of age

6. Fees

6.1. A company applying to undertake banking business shall pay investigation

fee of Birr750.- (Birr seven hundred and fifty only), that is to be paid at the

time of lodging an application.

6.2. A company licensed to undertake banking business shall pay initial

registration fee currently prescribed by the Ministry of Trade for

registration of Memorandum and Articles of Association.

6.3. A company licensed to undertake banking business shall pay initial license

fee of Birr5,550.- (Birr five thousand five hundred fifty only).

6.4. A licensed bank shall pay annual license renewal fee of Birr5,550.- (Birr

five thousand five hundred fifty only).

These Directives shall enter into force as of Fifteenth day of May 1994.

Application Form to Undertake

Banking Business

1. Name of applicant and Designation__________________________________

___________________________________________.

2. Proposed Name of the company (under formation) ______________________

___________________________________________.

3. Name of the Spokesperson_________________________________________

Photo of

Representative

of Applicant

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Address: ________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

4. Address of company, and proposed branches

4.1 Head office Address:

Location_________________________________________________

P.O.Box _________________________

Tel. _____________________________

Telex ___________________________

Fax _____________________________

4.2 Branch Address: (if any)

4.2.1 Location

_______________________________________________

Tel. ________________________

P.O.Box _____________________

4.2.2 Location _____________________________________

Tel. _________________________

P.O.Box _____________________

(If there are more than two proposed branches, annex a list in

same form).

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5. Names and Addresses of the Founders

5.1 Name Nationality Occupation Residence Address Number of

Shares Held

5.1.1

5.1.2

5.1.3

5.1.4

5.1.5

5.1.6

5.1.7

5.1.8

5.1.9

5.1.10

* (Where the founders are more than ten, annex a list in same form)

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6. Names and Addresses of Members of Board of Directors

6.1 Name Occupation Residence Nationality Address Number of

Shares Held

6.1.1

6.1.2

6.1.3

6.1.4

6.1.5

6.1.6

6.1.7

6.1.8

5.1.9

6.1.10

6.1.11

6.1.12

6.2 (Attach curriculum vitae of each director)

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7. Transaction and operation of the bank

7.1 Transactions and operations the bank proposes to carry out

7.1.1 ___________________________________________________________________

7.1.2 ___________________________________________________________________

7.1.3 ___________________________________________________________________

7.1.4 ___________________________________________________________________

7.2 The manner in which the company proposes to carry out its transactions and operations.

7.2.1 ____________________________________________________________________

7.2.2 ___________________________________________________________________

7.2.3 ____________________________________________________________________

7.2.4 ____________________________________________________________________

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8. Contributions:

8.1 In cash Birr

_________________________________________________

8.2 In kind (specify the type of property and value)

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

9. Initial capital of the Company (in Birr)

9.1 Authorized capital_____________________________________

9.2 Subscribed capital _____________________________________

9.3 Paid up capital ________________________________________

10. Shares

10.1 Number of shares issued _____________________________________

10.1.1 Number of shares held by founders ____________________

10.1.2 Number of shares held by subscribers__________________

10.2 Par value of each share in Birr ________________________________

11. Provide the following information with respect to:

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11.1 Cost of premises' equipment and others where purchased or leased by the

applicant.

Item Manner of

Acquisition

Cost

Building

Land

Vault

Equipment

Fixture

Professional Services

Total

* Lease, purchase, rent .......etc.

11.2 Indicate if any of the items listed hereinabove are acquired from related

parties.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________

12. Types and extent of the company's proposed insurance coverage

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________

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13. Give statements that members of Board of Directors and the Chief Executive are

vetted to fulfill requirements stated under Article 30 (1) (a) and (b) of Proclamation

84/1994.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

14. Any other statement

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

15. I hereby confirm that the foregoing statements are true and correct.

Date________________________ Signature ____________________

Name and Official Designation

of the Applicant

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The following particulars are attached here to:

ENCLOSURES

1. Four authenticated copies of the Memorandum and Articles of Association by which

the Company is constituted.

2. Four copies of bank certificates of deposit for contributions in cash held in

subscription blocked account.

3. Four copies of valuation evidence for capital contribution in kind.

4. Two copies of feasibility study documents.

5. Two copies of projected Financial statements for the first three years of operation.

6. Two copies of authenticated ownership certificate for items listed under Section

11.1 of the application form.

7. Two copies of evidence of insurance coverage for premises already acquired or

leased.

8. Four copies of curriculum vitae of Chief Executive officer, founders and/or members

of Board of Directors.

9. One copy of evidence of payment of investigation fee.

10. Two copies of organizational chart of the proposed insurance company and

description of functions of main organizational units.

11. Four passport size photographs of the official designate who applies for the license

on behalf of the Company.

12. Two copies of disclosure of the identity of share holders who have acquired more

than ten percent of the Capital stock, indicating their names, nationality, number and

value of shares held.

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BANKING BUSINESS

Directive No. SBB/3/95

CONTRIBUTION IN KIND



authority vested in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No.

83/1994 and by article 5(b)(5) of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business


2. Contribution in Kind

2.1. Items like built in vault, buildings, essential vehicles and others that are

acceptable to the Bank may be considered as capital contributions.

2.2. Contributions in kind should be valued by professional valuers acceptable

to the National Bank of Ethiopia.

2.3. Capital contributions in kind shall not be considered for the purposes of

fulfilling minimum required capital and shall not exceed 25% of paid up

capital in excess of minimum required capital.

These Directives shall enter in to force as of 21st day of August 1995.


BANKING BUSINESS


LEGAL RESERVE



authority vested in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation

No. 83/1994 and by article 13(4) of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking

Business Proclamation No. 84/1994.

2. Requirement

2.1 Every bank shall transfer annually 25% of its annual net profit to its

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Legal Reserve Account until such account equals its capital.

2.2 When the legal reserve account equals the capital of the bank, the

amount to be transferred to the legal reserve account shall be 10% (ten

percent) of the annual net profit.

These Directives shall enter into force as of 21st day of August 1995.


BANKING BUSINESS


COMPUTATION OF RISK WEIGHTED ASSET




No. 83/1994 and by article 36 of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking


2. Definition

2.1 For the purpose of these Directives, the capital of a bank consists of issued

and fully paid in shares, legal reserves and other reserves to be approved by

the National Bank of Ethiopia and

2.2 The minimum capital requirement shall be applied to a bank on a

consolidated basis, including subsidiaries and affiliates engaged in banking

and financial activities.

3. Manner of computation

Risk weighted assets and percentage weight attached to each asset shall be

calculated in the manner as shown in the tables attached herewith which shall be a

part hereof.

These Directives shall inter into force as of 21st day of August 1995.

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BANKING BUSINESS


LIMITATION ON ACCOMMODATION




No. 83/1994 and by article 17(1) of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking


2. Definition

For the purposes of this Directive, ‘person’ physical (natural) person.

3. Limitation on Accommodation

No bank shall, directly or indirectly, except with the prior written approval of the

Bank, grant or permit to be outstanding unsecured loans, advances or credit

facilities of an aggregated amount in excess of birr 30,000.=(Thirty Thousand

Birr).

3.1 to its directors, or any of them, whether severally or jointly with any other

person.

3.2 To any person of whom or of which it or any one or more of its directors is

a guarantor.

These directives shall enter into force as of 1st day of September 1995.

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BANKING BUSINESS


LIMITATION ON INVESTMENT OF BANKS

These directives are issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to

the authority vested in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation

No. 83/1994 and by article 36 of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business


1. No bank shall engage in insurance business but may hold up to 20% in an

insurance company and up to a total of 10% of the banks equity capital in such

business.

2. Banks are prohibited from engaging directly in non-banking businesses such as

agriculture, industry, and commerce.

3. A bank may hold shares in a non-banking business only up to 20% of the

company’s share capital and total holdings in such business shall not exceed10%

of the bank’s net worth.

4. A bank’s equity participation in another bank shall be subject to prior

authorization by National Bank of Ethiopia.

5. No bank shall commit more than 20% of its net worth in real estate acquisition

and development other than for own business premises with out prior approval of

the National Bank of Ethiopia.

6. A bank may not invest more than 10 %(ten percent) of its net worth in other

securities.

7. The aggregate sum of all investments at any one time (excluding investment in

government securities) may not exceed 50% of the bank’s net worth, with out

prior approval by the National Bank of Ethiopia.

8. Dealing in securities shall be done by banks only through a limited liability

subsidiary company wherein the holding of the bank shall not exceed 10% (ten

percent) of its equity capital.

These Directives shall enter into force as of 8th

day of April 1996.

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BANKING BUSINESS


NAMING OF OFFICERS




No. 83/1994 and by article 36 of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking


2. Designation

Unless a General Manager, Chief Executive or Principal Officer of a bank is

member of the Board of Directors of the bank, it is prohibited to designate him a s

a Managing director.

3. Effective date

These Directives shall enter into force as of 8th

day of April 1996.


BANKING BUSINESS


AMENDMENT OF LIQUIDITY REQUIREMENT


This Directive is issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the authority

vested in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and by

Articles 16, sub-article 1(a) and (b) and 36 of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking


2. Definition

2.1. For the purpose of liquidity requirement “liquid asset”, in addition to what has

been provided for under 16(2) of Proclamation No. 84/1994, include deposits

held in O.E.C.D. currencies and payable by banks of OECD countries and in

such other currencies as may be approved by the National Bank of Ethiopia as

well as securities issued by OECD countries denominated in currencies of such

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countries with tenures as indicated under article 16 2(b) (3,4 and 5) of

Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business Proclamation No.84/1994.

2.2. “Current liabilities” shall mean the sum of demand (current) deposits, savings

deposits and time deposits and similar liabilities with less than one month

maturity period.

3. Total Requirement

Any licensed bank shall maintain liquid assets of not less than 15% (fifteen percent)

of its total current liabilities.

4. Specific Requirements

For the purpose of meeting the liquidity requirement, each bank shall maintain:

4.1 at least five percent(5%) of the current liabilities in the form of primary

reserve assets; and

4.2 ten percent(10%) of the current liabilities in the form of secondary reserve

assets.

5. Reports

5.1 Banks shall submit to the Supervision Department of the National Bank of

Ethiopia properly certified weekly liquidity positions showing the end-of week

balances of each Wednesday not later than Tuesday of the following week.

6. Repeal

Directive No.SBB/5/95 is hereby repealed and replaced by this Directive.

This Directive shall enter into force as of 20th

day of November 1996.

LCENSING AND SUPERVISION OF

BANKING BUSINESS


Approval of Appointment of an

Independent Auditor


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This directive is issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the authority vested in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and

banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and by Article 36 of the Licensing and supervision of Banking Business Proclamation No.

84/1994.

2. Definition

1.1 For the purpose of this Directive "associate" shall mean "any company where the

independent auditor or his partner(s) has a business interest".

1.2 The term "bank shall mean a company licensed under Licensing and Supervision

of Banking Business Proclamation 84/1994 to undertake banking business.

3. Application for Approval 1.3 After appointing an independent auditor in line with Article 370 of the

Commercial Code of Ethiopia, every licensed bank shall annually apply to the

National Bank of Ethiopia for approval of the appointed independent auditor.

1.4 In the application for approval, the bank should confirm that such an auditor has

been properly assessed prior to the appointment and is, in the bank's view, able to

comply with the provisions of Article 18 of the Licensing and Supervision of

Banking Business Proclamation No. 84/1994. For this purpose the bank must

seek a declaration from the auditor which will be submitted together with the

application to the effect that:

a) The auditor is qualified in terms of Article 18 of the Licensing and

Supervision of Banking business Proclamation No. 84/1994.

b) The auditor, his partners or associates do not operate an account or have

not been granted any type of facilities in the bank except in the normal

course of business and at arm's length.

Directive No. SBB/7/95 is hereby repealed and replaced by this Directive. This Directive

shall enter into force as of 20th



BANKING BUSINESS


Manner of Reporting Financial Information


This directive is issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the authority

vested in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994

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and by Article 19 of the Licensing and supervision of Banking Business


3. Reports

Reports shall be submitted to the Supervision Department of the National Bank of

Ethiopia within twenty days after the end of the period for which the data are

reported except the Reserve and Liquidity requirement reports which shall be

submitted in accordance with Directives No. SBB/14/96 & SBB/15/96,

respectively, in the form and manner as shown in the tables attached herewith

which shall be part hereof.



LICENSING AND SUPERVISION

OF BANKING BUSINESS


AMENDMENT OF BRANCHES


This directive is issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the authority vested

in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and by Article

5(4) of the Licensing and supervision of Banking Business Proclamation No. 84/1994.

2. Definition

For the purpose of this directive the term "Branch" shall include any branch office,

branch agency, additional office, or any place of business at which deposits are received

or cheques are paid out or money is lent and other banking business is solicited.

3. Requirement

3.1 To open a branch office an application accompanied by feasibility study shall be

submitted to the Bank.

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3.2 A bank authorized to open a branch shall open the said branch and commence

operation within 6(six) months from the date of the grant of authorization.

4. Duty of the Bank

The Bank shall give a written response within thirty calendar days from the date of

receipt of the application and feasibility study under Article 3 hereof.

5. Fee

A bank applying to open a branch shall pay an investigation fee of Birr 1,500.- (One

Thousand Five Hundred Birr) for each branch.

6. Repeal

Directive No. SBB/2/95 is hereby repealed and replaced by this Directive.

This Directive shall enter into force as of 20th day of November 1996.


BANKING BUSINESS


Minimum Paid up Capital to be maintained by Banks

WHEREAS, it has been necessary to raise the minimum capital required to establish a

new bank so that the newly established bank can compete successfully with existing

banks;

WHEREAS, it is known that as banks expand their business they must maintain a level of

capital commensurate with the volume of their business to withstand adverse operational

results;

NOW, THEREFORE, in accordance with Article 13(1) and 36 of Proclamation No.

84/1994, the National Bank of Ethiopia has issued these directives.

1. Minimum paid-up Capital

1.1 The minimum paid up capital that shall be required to obtain a banking

business license shall be Seventy Five Million Birr, which shall be fully paid

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in cash and deposited in a bank in the name and to the account of the bank

under formation.

1.2 Existing banks whose paid up capital is below Seventy Five Million Birr

shall raise their paid up capital to the said amount by end of June 2002. In

the mean time, they will continue to maintain minimum total capital levels

not less than 8% of risk weighted assets.

2. Sanctions for failure top comply with the new capital requirement

2.1 If a bank fails to comply with the capital requirements specified under sub-

article 1.2 above, the National Bank of Ethiopia may

a. prohibit such bank from engaging in any additional business until the

deficiency in capital is corrected;

b. require such bank to merge with another bank;

c. close such bank; or

d. take away other measures it considers fit.

3. Effective Date

These Directives shall enter into force as of the first day of June 1999.

Establishment of Special Account for Effecting Payments for

Coffee Purchases from the Coffee Auction Center


Whereas, issuing cheques without sufficient cover to coffee sellers has become a

concerning development;

Cognizant, that the practice of issuing such cheques has far-reaching negative

consequences on the supply of Ethiopian coffee to the international market;

Cognizant, that such malpractice erodes public confidence in the overall cheque

payment system of banks;

Now, therefore, the National Bank of Ethiopia has issued these directives pursuant to

the authority vested in it under Article 61 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation

No. 83/1994.

1. Definition

“Coffee Auction Center” shall mean the Coffee Auction Center operated by Coffee and

Tea Authority.

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2. Opening of a Special Coffee Auction Account

2.1 Upon a written request by a coffee exporter, commercial banks shall open

special coffee auction account in the name of the coffee exporter;

2.2 Balances in the special coffee auction account opened in accordance with 2.1

above shall be used solely for effecting payments to coffee sellers for coffee

purchases won at the coffee auctions conducted by the Coffee Auction Center.

3. Operation of the special coffee auction account

3.1 Upon request of the holder of the Special Coffee Auction Account, branches

of commercial banks shall issue, on behalf of the concerned bank, original

Letter of Undertaking addressed to the Coffee Auction Center, Coffee and Tea

Authority, with a copy to the account holder. The contents of the Letter of

Undertaking and the signatories shall be as specified inn the attachment to

these directives which shall be a part thereof;

3.2 The Letter of Undertaking which a bank issues to the Coffee auction Center in

accordance with 3.1 above shall constitute a commitment on the part of the

concerned bank to pay the coffee seller named in the payment authorization

the full amount upon receipt of a payment authorization letter from the Coffee

Auction Center and corresponding cheque from the holder of the Special

Coffee Auction Account;

3.3 No cheques shall be drawn on the Special Coffee Auction Account in favor of

the holder of the account or in favor of a third party other than the coffee

seller(s) specified in the payment authorization issued by the Coffee Auction

Center;

3.4 In the event that the holder of the Special Coffee Auction Account fails to win

at the coffee auction or otherwise disqualified from participation in the coffee

auction(s) or the amount payable by the account holder is less than the amount

blocked in his/her/their special account, the concerned bank may release the

original or the excess amount to the account holder provided that the bank

receives a written blocked account release authorization letter from the Coffee

Auction Center;

3.5 Commercial banks may charge their customers fees for the special service

they render in connection with the opening and operation of the Special

Coffee Auction Account.

4. Scope of Application

The provisions of these directives are applicable only to the purchase of, and payment

for, coffee at the coffee auctions conducted by the Coffee Auction Center.

5. Effective Date

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These directives shall come into force as of 1 March 2001.

COFFEE AUCTION CENTER

(Addis Ababa/Dire Dawa, as Applicable)

_________________________________

PAYMENT AUTHORIZATION

Date _________________

To: The Branch Manager

______________ Branch

______________ Bank

Dear Sir/Madam:

Re: Your Ref. No. ________________ dated _____________

We hereby authorize you to honour and pay the under listed cheque(s) from

Mr./Mrs./M/S __________ (name of the buyer) Special Coffee Auction Account to the

under listed coffee seller(s).

No.

Name of Seller

Cheque No.

Amount to be

paid

Remaining

balance

Total XXXXXXXX

(Total amount in words ______________________________)

Sincerely yours,

Signature ___________ ___ Name & Title ________________ Date ______________


COFFEE AUCTION CENTER

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(Addis Ababa/Dire Dawa, as Applicable)

_________________________________

BLOCKED ACCOUNT REALEASE AUTHORIZATION

Date _________________

To: The Branch Manager

______________ Branch

______________ Bank

Dear Sir/Madam:

Re: Your Ref. No. ________________ dated _____________

You are hereby authorized to release any unutilized balance blocked in the Special

Coffee Auction Account of Mr./Mrs./M/S _____________ maintained with your Branch.

Sincerely yours,



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COFFEE AUCTION

LETTER OF UNDERTAKING

To: Coffee Auction Center

Coffee and Tea Authority

(Addis Ababa/Dire Dawa, as applicable)

_________________

Dear sirs:

The _______________ (name of the bank), _____________ Branch confirms that it has blocked

Birr ____________ (Amount in words) _________________ in the Special Coffee Auction

Account of Mr./Mrs./M/S _______________ as per Article 2 of the National Bank of Ethiopia's

Directive No. SBB/26/2001 to enable him/her/them/participate in coffee auction. The _________

(name of bank) undertakes to pay coffee seller(s) up to the limit of this blocked amount from the

account of the holder mentioned above upon presentation of letter of payment authorization from

Coffee Auction Center and corresponding duly signed cheque(s) drawn against the

aforementioned account. This undertaking will be valid only if signed by two authorized

signatories of the Bank and bears the Bank's stamp. The Bank is not liable for amounts

exceeding this undertaking.

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Truly yours,



LICENSING AND SUPERVISION

OF BANKING BUSINESS


Limitation on Open Foreign Currency Position of Banks



This directive is issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the authority vested in it

by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and by Article 36 of

the Licensing and supervision of Banking Business Proclamation No. 84/1994.

2. Definitions

2.1 An "Open foreign Currency Position" shall mean a situation where assets

denominated in foreign currencies do not equal liabilities denominated in the

same currencies and vice versa.

2.2 A "Long Position in a foreign currency" shall mean a situation where assets

denominated in a particular foreign currency exceed liabilities denominated in

the same currency.

2.3 A "Short Position if a foreign currency" shall mean a situation where liabilities

denominated in a particular foreign currency exceed assets denominated in the

same currency.

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2.4 An "Overall Open Foreign Currency Position" shall mean the greater of the

amount of the total long positions or the total short positions in all foreign

currencies.

2.5 The "Inter-bank foreign Exchange Rate" shall mean the rate determined in the

inter-bank foreign exchange market daily.

2.6 "Total Capital" shall include paid-up capital, legal reserve and any other

unencumbered reserves acceptable to the National Bank of Ethiopia.

2.7 "Squaring a foreign currency position" shall mean the buying from or selling of

foreign exchange to any other participant in the inter bank foreign exchange

market in order to eliminate any positions above the limit set under article 4

herein below.

2.8 "Peg balance" shall mean the minimum foreign currency balance required by a

correspondent bank as a condition for establishing a correspondent relationship.


3.1 In computing the overall open foreign currency position all foreign currency

denominated assets and liabilities shall be taken into account, including all

memorandum items denominated in foreign currency except:

a) peg balances;

b) expired import letters of credit;

c) import letters of credit issued by the bank with the condition that

payment of the foreign currency amount under the letter of credit will be

paid by (i) external donors, or (ii) external borrowings by the importer;

d) inward bills for collection, unless Birr equivalent of the value of the

documents is actually collected;

e) outward document bills for collection (ODBC) and outward bills for

collection (OBC), unless foreign currency value of the bills is actually

collected; and

f) unsold travelers checks.

28

3.2 The overall open foreign currency position of each bank shall be assessed on a

consolidated basis, that is, including its forex bureax and its subsidiaries, if any.

4. Limitation

The overall open foreign currency position of each bank at the close of business each day

shall not exceed 15% (fifteen percent) of its total capital.

5. Computation of Overall Open Foreign Currency Position

The overall open foreign currency position shall be computed in the following manner:

a) the difference between the assets and the liabilities denominated in each foreign

currency shall be determined and categorized either as long or as short position;

b) open positions in each foreign currency as determined and categorized under "a"

herein above shall be converted into their Birr equivalents by using the buying

rate prevailing at th3e close of business each day;.

c) the birr equivalents of open positions in each foreign currency obtained under "b"

herein above are added to arrive at the total long and the total short position;

d) the greater of the total long or the total short position total capital to determine

the ratio;

e) the ratio determined under "d" herein above is compared with the limit on overall

open foreign currency position laid down under article 4 herein above.

6. Squaring of Excess Foreign Exchange Position

Banks are required to monitor their open foreign currency positions on a continuous

basis. Any excess foreign exchange position must be squared without delay.

7. Penalty

7.1 Any bank that is in breach of the provisions of article 4 of this directive shall pay

a financial penalty. The financial penalty shall be assessed on the excess amount

29

using a 10 percent annual interest rate. The penalty so assessed will be

automatically deducted on the next business day from a bank's account

maintained with the NBE.

7.2 Any bank that fails to comply with the reporting requirement specified under

article 8 herein below shall pay a penalty of Birr 1,000 per day of delay. The

penalty so assessed will be automatically deducted from the bank's account

maintained with the NBE.

8. Submission of Daily Reports to the National Bank

Each bank shall submit to the Supervision Department of the National Bank of Ethiopia a

daily report, showing the amounts of foreign currency positions as of the close of

business each day, on the next business day before 12 a.m. The report shall be submitted

in accordance with the table attached herewith, which shall be a part hereof.

9. Repeal


10. Effective Date

This Directive shall enter into force as of the 24th day of October 2001.

30

Form-SD/FX

Report on Foreign Currency Positions

In Thousands of Birr

At close of Business _____________

Reporting Bank: Contact Person Phone Fax

Balance Sheet Items Memorandum Items Open Position (2-3+4-5)-6 Birr Equivalent Open

Position

Foreign

Currency

(1)

Assets(+)*

(2)

Liabilities (-)

(3)

Assets(+)

(4)

Liabilities (-)

(5)

Peg balance

(6)

Long (+)

(7)

Short (-) (8)

Closing

Buying Rate

(9) Long (+)

(7x9=10)

Short (-)

(8x9=11)

Percent of Total C

(12)

Total Capital (13) Total Long Positions (total column 10=15)

Total Short Positions (total Column 11=16) Overall Open Foreign Currency Position Limit (15% of Line 13=14) Overall Open foreign Currency Position (the

grater of 15 or 16=17)

31


BANKING BUSINESS


Amendment of Single Borrower Loan Limit


This Directive is issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the authority vested

in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and by

Articles 36 of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business Proclamation No.

84/1994.

2. Definition

2.1 “Affiliated Financial Institution” means a Company:

2.1.1 In which a bank, directly, owns or controls 10% or more of the voting shares

or controls in any manner the election of a majority of its directors or other

persons exercising similar function;

2.1.2 Which owns or controls in any manner, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of

the voting shares of a bank or controls in any manner the election of a

majority of the directors, or persons exercising similar function of a bank;

2.1.3 In which 50% or more of the voting shares is held, or control is held directly

or indirectly, through stock ownership or in any other manner, by the

shareholders of a bank who own or control 50% or more of the voting shares

of a bank; or

2.1.4 In which a majority of its directors, or other persons exercising similar

functions, are directors of a bank.

The term “company” as used in this definition means a bank or insurance company

and “indirect ownership or control” refers to ownership or control exercised through

ownership or control of entities that are shareholders in the same financial institution

or through similar arrangements.

2.2 “Cash collateral” means credit balances on accounts in the books of the lending

bank over which the customers have given the lending bank a formal letter of

cession and which the bank at its discretion has transferred from the customer’s

account(s) to a specific or general cash collateral account(s) or blocked.

2.3 “Cash-substitutes” shall mean:

2.3.1 A security issued by the Federal Government of Ethiopia;

2.3.2 An unconditional obligation or guaranty issued in writing by the Federal

Government of Ethiopia or a non-affiliated domestic financial institution,

where the beneficiary bank maintains a current written and wee-documented

32

evaluation evidencing that the non-affiliated financial institution is financially

sound and capable of honoring the guaranty on demand with respect to

repayment of the both principal and interest, or a specific amount, and the

lending bank has not been advised of any determination by the guarantor to

deny payment under the terms of the obligation or guarantee; and

2.3.3 An unconditional obligation or guaranty issued in writing by a foreign bank

with an A or above rating by Standards and Poor’s Corporation and/or by

Moody’s Investor Services in their latest rating.

2.4 “Loan” or “Advances” means any financial assets of a bank arising from a direct

or indirect advance (i.e. unplanned overdrafts, participation in loan syndication,

the purchase of loans from another lender, etc.) or commitment to advance funds

by a bank to a person that are conditioned on the obligation of the person to

repay the funds, either on a specified date or dates or on demand, usually with

interest. The term includes a contractual obligation of a bank to advance funds to

or on behalf of a person, claim evidenced by a lease financing transactions in

which the bank is the lessor, overdraft facility to be funded by the bank on behalf

of a person, revocable or irrevocable documentary letters of credit, standby letters

of credit, and guarantees or sureties issued on behalf of a borrower.

The term “person” as used in this definition and elsewhere referred in this

Directive, includes individuals, groups of individuals, partnerships, common

enterprises, share companies, joint ventures, private limited companies, public

enterprises, corporate entities or other similar business groups and companies.

2.5 “ Majority-owned Subsidiaries” means a subsidiary controlled by a business

entity holding over 50% of its capital.

2.6 “Total capital” shall mean the paid up capital, legal reserve and any other

unencumbered reserve acceptable to the National Bank of Ethiopia held by a

bank.

3. Combination of Loans

For the purpose of this Directive, a loan or extension of credit to one or more

borrowers in each of the companion categories listed below shall be combined and

shall be subject to the credit limit to one borrower:

i) A corporation, a share company, a public enterprise or any business entity

and its majority-owned subsidiaries;

ii) One or more private limited companies and

A) individuals who fully own such companies and/or spouses or relations in

the first degree of consanguinity or affinity of such individuals,

33

B) individuals who are majority-owners of such companies and/or spouses

or relation in the first degree of consanguinity or affinity of such

individuals, and

C) businesses which have a majority ownership in such companies;

iii) A partnership or joint venture and its individual general partners or

venturers;

iv) A partnership or joint venture and its limited liability partners or venturers;

v) A common enterprise and the participants therein who borrow for that

enterprise.

4. Single Borrower loan limit

The aggregate loan or extension of credit by a bank to any one borrower, whether a

natural person or business organization, shall at no time exceed 25% of the total

capital of the bank

5. Exclusion

For the purpose of this Directive, the following types of loans or extensions of credit

shall not be subject to the credit limit prescribed under article 4 hereinabove:

i) Loans fully secured by cash collateral; and

ii) Loans fully secured by cash substitutes.

6. Reporting Requirement

Reports showing month-end exposures to every single borrower that exceed 10% of

total capital of a bank shall be submitted to the Supervision Department of the

National Bank of Ethiopia with in twenty days after the end of the period for which

the data are reported. The report shall be submitted in accordance with the table

attached herewith which shall be a part thereof.

7. Repeal

Directive No. SBB/16/1996 is hereby repealed and replaced by this directive

8. Effective Date


day of May 2002

34

Monthly Return on Loans to Related Parties

List of All Related Borrowers

(in millions of Birr)

Name of Bank: _______________________

Reporting month _____________________

Approved Loan Limit Collateral

Borrower

Type of

Loan/facility2 Amount Percent of

Capital

Type3 Estimated/Face

Value

Outstanding

Balance

Status

(classification)4

1) Include all facilities extended to the borrower, be it on or off balance-sheet (i.e. overdrafts, term loans, mercandize loans, L/C facilities, guarantees, etc.) and whether

secured or clean.

2) In case the collateral is financial guarantee bond, indicate whether it is issued by affiliated or non affiliated finacial institution as defined in this directive.

3) Classified in line with provisions of article 6 of NBE Directive No. SBB/28/2002.

Prepared b: _____________________ Approved by: __________________

(name and signature) (name and signature)

Telephone: _____________________ Telephone: __________________

35


BANKING BUSINESS


Amendment of Limitation on Loans to Related Parties


This Directive is issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the authority

vested in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and by

Articles 36 of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business Proclamation No.

84/1994.

2. Definition

2.1 “Affiliated Financial Institutions” shall mean a company:

2.1.1 In which a bank, directly, owns or controls 10% or more of the voting

shares or controls in any manner the election of a majority of its

directors or other persons exercising similar function;

2.1.2 Which owns or controls in any manner, directly or indirectly, 10% or

more of the voting shares of a bank or controls in any manner the

election of a majority of the directors, or persons exercising similar

function of a bank;

2.1.3 In which 50% or more of the voting shares is held, or control is held

directly or indirectly, through stock ownership or in any other manner,

by the shareholders of a bank who own or control 50% or more of the

voting shares of a bank; or


functions, are directors of a bank.

The term “company” as used in this definition means a bank or insurance

company and “indirect ownership or control” refers to ownership or control exercised

through ownership or control of entities that are shareholders in the same financial

institution or through similar arrangements.

2.2 “Cash collateral” means credit balances on accounts in the books of the

lending bank over which the customers have given the lending bank a formal

letter of cession and which the bank at its discretion has transferred from the

customer’s account(s) to a specific or general cash collateral account(s) or

blocked.

2.3 “Cash-substitutes” shall mean:

36


2.3.2 An unconditional obligation or guaranty issued in writing by the

Federal Government of Ethiopia or a non-affiliated domestic financial

institution, where the beneficiary bank maintains a current written and

wee-documented evaluation evidencing that the non-affiliated

financial institution is financially sound and capable of honoring the

guaranty on demand with respect to repayment of the both principal

and interest, or a specific amount, and the lending bank has not been

advised of any determination by the guarantor to deny payment under

the terms of the obligation or guarantee; and

2.3.3 An unconditional obligation or guaranty issued in writing by a foreign

bank with an A or above rating by Standards and Poor’s Corporation

and/or by Moody’s Investor Services in their latest rating.

2.4 “Loan” or “Advances” means any financial assets of a bank arising from a

direct or indirect advance (i.e. unplanned overdrafts, participation in loan

syndication, the purchase of loans from another lender, etc.) or commitment

to advance funds by a bank to a person that are conditioned on the obligation

of the person to repay the funds, either on a specified date or dates or on

demand, usually with interest. The term includes a contractual obligation of a

bank to advance funds to or on behalf of a person, claim evidenced by a lease

financing transactions in which the bank is the lessor, overdraft facility to be

funded by the bank on behalf of a person, revocable or irrevocable

documentary letters of credit, standby letters of credit, and guarantees or

sureties issued on behalf of a borrower.

The term “person” as used in this definition and elsewhere referred in this

Directive, includes individuals, groups of individuals, partnerships, common

enterprises, share companies, joint ventures, private limited companies, public

enterprises, corporate entities or other similar business groups and companies.

2.5 “ Majority-owned Subsidiaries” means a subsidiary controlled by a

business entity holding over 50% of its capital.

2.6 “Related Party” to a bank shall mean,

On the one hand,

A share holder, a director or a principal officer of that bank and/or the spouse

or relation in the first degree of consanguinity or affinity of such share holder,

director or principal officer; and

On the other,

A partnership, a common enterprise, a private limited company, a share

company, a joint venture, a corporation, or any other business in which the share

37

holder, director or principal officer of the bank and/or the spouse or relation in the

first degree of consanguinity or affinity of such share holder, director or principal

officer has a business interest as shareholder, director, owner or partner.


unencumbered reserve acceptable to the National Bank of Ethiopia held by a

bank.

3. Threshold for Treatment of Shareholders as Related Party

As regards shareholders, only those shareholders of a bank with holdings of 5% or

more of a bank’s subscribed capital shall be treated as related party and shall be

subject to the provisions of this Directive.

4. Limitations

4.1 Banks shall not extend loans to related parties on preferential terms with

respect to conditions, interest rates and repayment periods other than the

terms and conditions normally applied to other borrowers.

4.2 The aggregate sum of loans extended or permitted to be outstanding directly

or indirectly to one related party at any one time shall not exceed 15% of the

total capital of the bank.

4.3 The aggregate sum of loans extended or permitted to be outstanding directly

or indirectly to all related parties at any one time shall not exceed 35% of the

total capital of the bank.

5. Exclusion

For the purpose of this Directive, the following types of loans or extensions of credit

shall not be subject to the credit limit prescribed under article 4 hereinabove:

iii) Loans fully secured by cash collateral; and

iv) Loans fully secured by cash substitutes.

6 Responsibility of Identifying Related Parties

Identification of related parties shall be responsibility of each individual bank.

7. Reporting Requirement

Reports showing month-end exposures to each related party shall be submitted to the

Supervision Department of the National Bank of Ethiopia with in twenty days after

the end of the period for which the data are reported. The report shall be submitted in

accordance with the table attached herewith which shall be a part thereof.

8. Repeal

38

Directive No. SBB/17/96 is hereby repealed and replaced by this directive

9. Effective Date


day of May 2002

39

30 Monthly Return on Loans to Related Parties

List of All Related Borrowers

(in millions of Birr)

Name of Bank: _______________________

Reporting month ____________________

Approved Loan Limit Collateral

Borrower

Type of

Loan/facility2 Amount Percent of

Capital

Type3 Estimated/Face

Value

Outstanding

Balance

Status

(classification)4

1) Defined in line with Article 2.6 of NBE Directive No. Sbb/30/2002.

2) Include all facilities extended to the borrower, be it on or off balance-sheet (i.e. overdrafts, term loans, mercandize loans, L/C facilities, guarantees, etc.) and

whether secured or clean.

3) In case the collateral is financial guarantee bond, indicate whether it is issued by affiliated or non affiliated finacial institution as defined in this directive.

4) Classified in line with provisions of article 6 of NBE Directive No. SBB/28/2002.

Prepared b: _____________________ Approved by: __________________

(name and signature) (name and signature)

40

Telephone: _____________________

Telephone: ____________________


Amendment of

Directive for the Proper Operation of

Current Account and Cheque

Whereas, the proper use of current accounts and the function of cheque as an instrument

of payment is crucial in a modern society;

Whereas, cheque as a negotiable instrument is recognized and given legal protection

under Ethiopian law;

Whereas, the National Bank of Ethiopia is entrusted with the responsibility of creating

and maintaining an efficient and sound financial system;

Now, therefore, the National Bank of Ethiopia has issued these Directives pursuant to

the authority vested in it under Article 61 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No.

83/1994.

1. Definitions

In these Directives, unless the context otherwise requires,

1.1 "Cheque" shall have the meaning ascribed to it under the Ethiopian

Commercial Code.

1.2 "Current Account" shall mean an active account on which cheques are

drawn and to which deposits are made and credits paid.

1.3 "Banks" shall mean all banks licensed and operating under proclamation

No. 84/1994.

1.4 "Delinquent List" shall mean the register held by the National Bank of

Ethiopia, indicating the names of current account holders whose cheques

have been dishonored repeatedly and whose accounts are closed by banks.

1.5 "Dishonored Cheque" shall mean a cheque drawn without sufficient

cover and is rejected by banks for this reason.

41

1.6 "Drawer" shall mean a person who signs a cheque giving an order to a

bank to pay the amount mentioned therein.

1.7 "Persons" shall include physical and juridical persons.

2. Bank' Action on Dishonoring Cheques

2.1 Banks shall maintain a register where all cheques dishonored for the first

time shall be registered. Banks shall notify drawers of the dishonored

cheques of such registration;

2.2 The register shall include the name and address of the bank and its branch,

the name and address of drawer, the date on which the cheque was

dishonored, the amount of the dishonored cheque and the action taken by

the bank;

2.3 Banks shall regularly check the register under 2.1 above and upon

dishonoring a cheque drawn by a current account holder whose name

appears on the register, they shall levy a fine of 5% of the amount

appearing on the dishonored cheque;

2.4 Upon dishonoring a cheque drawn by an account holder fined under 2.3

above, banks shall close the current account of such person at all their

branches.

3. Opening of Current Accounts

Banks shall, upon opening of current accounts,

3.1 verify that the name of the person requesting to open a current account

does not appear in the dishonored cheques register or in the list of persons

whose current accounts have been closed that is circulated by the National

Bank of Ethiopia;

3.2 check the memorandum and articles of association of juridical persons to

verify that the name of the members do not appear in the delinquent list;

3.3 inform their customers about the use and purpose of current account and

cheque and the consequences of misusing it; and

3.4 include in the current account deposit agreement a clause about the

measures that shall be taken when there is misuse of cheque.

4. Reporting

42

Banks shall send a report to the National Bank of Ethiopia, Supervision

Department, regarding customers whose current accounts are closed on the

following three working days from the date of such closing. the report shall

include the name and address of the drawer, the name of the branch where the

account was held and the date on which the account was closed.

5. Delinquent List

5.1 The National Bank of Ethiopia shall keep a delinquent list of the names of

reported misusers of current accounts;

5.2 The National Bank of Ethiopia shall send information to Banks about

persons whose names appear on the delinquent list;

5.3 Banks shall deny service of current account to customers whose names

appear on the delinquent list and shall close all already existing current

accounts under such names.

6. Conditions for Deletion of Names of Misusers of Current Accounts from the

Delinquent List

6.1 The NBE may delete the name of a current account misuser from the

Delinquent List stated under article 5 of this directive if such person

fulfills all of the following conditions;

6.1.1 Is suspended from use of current account for a minimum of 18

months from the date of closure of the account or produces a

guarantee valid for 18 consecutive months from a domestic bank

explicitly stating that the bank shall cover and effect full payment

against any one cheque drawn by such person at any one time;

6.1.2 Presents satisfactory evidence to the NBE with respect to full

settlement of all dishonored cheques and penalty charges related to

the earlier closure of current account, and

6.1.3 Files with the NBE a written application, with a copy to the

Federal Police Commission, indicating his/her intention and

commitment to operate current account honestly and carefully in

the future.

6.2 The NBE may authorize all banks to provide current account service to the

person whose name has been deleted from the delinquent list.

6.3 Banks shall maintain a separate register, wherein they book names of

persons deleted from NBE's delinquent list.

43

6.4 Upon dishonoring at any one time a cheque drawn by a person who has

been provided with current account service in line with the authorization

obtained from the NBE under article 6.2 and recorded in register book

established in accordance with article 6.3 of this directive, banks shall i)

levy a fine of 10% of the amount appearing on the dishonored cheque, and

ii) automatically close current accounts of such person in all their branches

and report to the NBE within the following three working days.

6.5 The NBE shall reenter the name of a person whose current account has

been closed in line with article 6.4 of this directive into its delinquent list

and shall inform all banks about the closure of current account of such

person for the second time. Banks shall apply all requirements set out

under articles 3 and 5.3 of this Directive with respect to such person:

6.6 Persons whose names are re-entered in the delinquent list for the second

time and subsequently shall be eligible to use current account service if

they fulfill the conditions specified in sub-article 6.1 of this directive.

7. Repeal

Directive No. SBB/25/200 is hereby repealed and replaced by this directive.

8. Effective Date

These Directives shall enter into force as of the 17th

day of June 2002.


BANKING BUSINESS


AMENDMENT OF PROVISIONS


This Directive is issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the authority vested

in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and by

Articles 15(1) and 36 of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business


2. Purpose of Directive

44

The purpose of this Directive is to provide uniform guidelines to banks to assure that:

2.1 Loans or advances are regularly reviewed and classified in a manner

consistent with regulatory standards;

2.2 Loans or advances which are not performing in accordance with

contractual repayment terms are recognized and reported as past due in a manner

consistent with regulatory standards;

2.3 Accrued but uncollected interest on loans or advances is accounted for in accordance with international accounting and

regulatory standards; and

2.4 Timely and adequate provisions are made to the Provisions for Loan Losses

Account in order to accurately reflect the risk inherent in lending activities and to

ensure that disclosed capital and earnings performance are accurately reflected.

3. Definitions

3.1 “Affiliated Financial Institution” means a “company”: 3.1.1 In which a bank, directly or indirectly, owns or controls 10% (ten percent) or more of the voting

shares or controls in any manner the election of a majority of its directors or other persons exercising similar

functions;

3.1.2 In which 50% (fifty percent) or more of the voting shares is held, or

control is held, directly or indirectly, through stock ownership or in any other manner,

by the shareholders of a bank who own or control 50% (fifty percent) or more of the

voting shares of a bank;


functions, are directors of a bank; or

3.1.4 Which owns or controls in any manner, directly or indirectly, 10% (ten

percent) or more of the voting shares of a bank or controls in any manner the election

of a majority of the directors, or persons exercising similar functions of a bank.

The term “company” as used in this definition means a bank or insurance

company and “indirect ownership or control “ refers to ownership or control

45

exercised through ownership or control of entities that are shareholders in the

same financial institution or through similar arrangements.

3.2 “Capitalized Interest” means any accrued and uncollected interest that has been

added to the principal amount of loans or advances at a payment date or maturity;

it also includes uncollected interest that is rolled-over into new loans or advances.

3.3 “Cash Collateral” means credit balances on accounts in the books of the lending

bank over which customers have given the lending bank a formal letter of cession

and which the bank at its discretion has transferred from the customer’s

account(s) to a specific or general cash collateral account(s) or blocked.

3.4 “Cash-substitutes” include:



Government of Ethiopia or a non-affiliated domestic financial institution,

where the beneficiary bank maintains a current written and well-

documented evaluation evidencing that the non-affiliated financial

institution is financially sound and capable of honoring the guaranty on

demand with respect to repayment of both principal and interest, or a

specific amount, and the lending bank has not been advised of any

determination by the guarantor to deny payment under the terms of the

obligation or guarantee; and

3.4.3 An unconditional obligation or guaranty issued in writing by a foreign

bank with an A or above rating by Standard and Poor's Corporation and/or by

Moody's Investor Services in their latest rating.

3.4.4 Other liquid and readily marketable securities approved in writing by the

National Bank of Ethiopia and which are held in the vaults of the lending bank.

Provided, any loan or advance unconditionally guaranteed in writing by an

affiliated financial institution as of the issuance of this Directive shall continue to

be treated as a “cash-substitute” until the maturity of the loan or advance as stated

in the loan contract/agreement, or the loan or advance is otherwise restructured, or

has its terms or maturity modified, or the loan or advance is renewed. At which

time, such affiliated financial institution guarantee shall no longer be considered a

“cash-substitute” for purposes of this Directive.

3.5 “Current” as used in reference to “current written,” or similar uses, means

information or documentation having an issuance date not more than 12 (twelve)

calendar months old.

46

3.6 “In Process of Collection” means that the collection of loans or advances is

proceeding in due course in a timely manner either through:

3.6.1 Enforcement of judgments against the borrower that is reasonably assured to result in full repayment

of the loan or advance (principal plus accrued interest) within 360 (three-hundred-sixty) days from the date the

loan or advance first became past due; or

3.6.2 Commencement of collection efforts not involving legal action but which are reasonably assured to

result in full repayment of the loan or advance (principal plus accrued interest) within 180 (one-hundred-eighty)

days from the date the loan or advance first became past due; or

3.6.3 Restoration of the loan or advance to a current status through payment, in cash, of all past due

amounts within 180 (one-hundred-eighty) days from the date the loan or advance first became past due is

reasonably assured.

3.7 “Loans” or “Advances” means any financial assets of a bank arising from a


syndication, the purchase of loans from another lender, etc.) or commitment to

advance funds by a bank to a person that are conditioned on the obligation of the

person to repay the funds, either on a specified date or dates or on demand,

usually with interest. The term includes a contractual obligation of a bank to

advance funds to or on behalf of a person, claim evidenced by a lease financing

transaction in which the bank is the lessor, and an overdraft facility to be funded

by the bank on behalf of a person. The term does not include accrued but

uncollected interest or discounted interest.

The term “person” as used in this definition and elsewhere referenced in this

Directive, includes individuals, groups of individuals, partnerships, and corporate

entities or other similar business groups and companies.

3.8 “Net Recoverable Value” means the most probable value of a loan or advance

which will be realized from the sale of collateral securing the loan or advance in a

competitive and open market. For purposes of this Directive, the most probable

value of a loan or advance recoverable from the sale of collateral securing a loan

or advance shall be the outstanding principal balance of a loan multiplied by the

“average recovery rate” of a bank for loans or advances secured by collateral.

3.8.1 For purposes of determining the outstanding principal balance of a loan,

accrued interest (limited to 90 days) may be added to the outstanding principal

balance.

3.8.2 The term “average recovery rate” as used in this definition means the ratio

of (i) aggregate net cash receipts (after deduction of any expenses

associated with the sale of the collateral which may have been necessary

to place the collateral in a saleable condition) of a bank over the preceding

12 (twelve) consecutive months from the sale of collateral which have

been seized, foreclosed, repossessed or otherwise acquired by a bank in

satisfaction of loans or advances previously granted to (ii) the aggregate

outstanding principal balance of the loans or advances backed by the

47

collateral at the time the collateral was seized, foreclosed, repossessed or

otherwise acquired by the bank.

3.8.3 In determining the average recovery rate as set out under 3.8.2 herein

above, the net cash receipt from the sale of collateral backing each

outstanding non-performing loan that shall be used in the computation

shall not exceed 100% of the outstanding non-performing loan.

3.9 “Non-accrual Status” means that a loan or advance has been placed on a cash

basis for financial reporting purposes. Interest on such loans or advances accrued

on the books of the bank, or for which a specific reserve (such as a suspended

interest account) has been established by the bank to offset the full amount of

interest being accrued, shall not be taken into income unless as otherwise

provided in this Directive.

3.10 “Non-performing” means loans or advances whose credit quality has

deteriorated such that full collection of principal and/or interest in accordance

with the contractual repayment terms of the loan or advance is in question.

3.10.1 For purposes of this Directive, loans or advances with pre-established repayment programs are non-

performing when principal and/or interest is due and uncollected for 90 (ninety) days or more beyond the

scheduled payment date or maturity.

3.10.2 For purposes of this Directive, overdrafts and loans or advances that do not have a pre-established

repayment program shall be considered as non-performing when:

a) The debt remains outstanding for 90 (ninety) consecutive days or more

beyond the scheduled payment date or maturity;

b) The debt exceeds the borrower’s approved limit for 90 (ninety)

consecutive days or more;

c) Interest is due and uncollected for 90 (ninety) days or more; or

d) For overdrafts, the account has been inactive for 90 (ninety)

consecutive days and/or deposits are insufficient to cover the interest

capitalized during the period;

3.10.3 For purposes of this Directive, the entire principal balance of loans or advances outstanding

exhibiting the characteristics described under 3.10.1 and 3.10.2 shall be considered as non-performing.

3.11 “Overdraft” means a deposit account on the books of the bank with a debit

balance.

3.12 “Provisions for Loan Losses Account” means a balance sheet valuation account

established through charges to provision expense in the income statement in

respect of possible losses in the loans or advances portfolio.

3.13 “Renegotiated Loans or Advances” means loans or advances which have been

refinanced, rescheduled, rolled-over, or otherwise modified at favorable terms and

48

conditions for the borrower because of weaknesses in the borrower’s financial

condition and/or ability to repay.

3.14 “Suspended Interest Account” means an account where previously accrued but

uncollected interest on loans or advances required to be placed on non-accrual

status is reserved out of the income of the bank.


unencumbered reserve acceptable to the National Bank of Ethiopia held by a bank

3.16 “Well-Secured” means that a loan or advance is secured by:

3.16.1 Cash collateral or cash-substitutes sufficient to repay the full debt (principal plus accrued interest);

for purposes of this Directive, sufficiency shall include proper legal documentation evidencing the bank’s claim

on the collateral; and/or

3.16.2 A guaranty from a financially responsible third party where the beneficiary bank maintains a current

written and well-documented evaluation evidencing that the guarantor is capable of honoring the guaranty on

demand; for purposes of this Directive, a guaranty must be (i) independently confirmed in writing by the

guarantor, (ii) unconditional, and (iii) payable on demand.

4. Responsibility for Loan Review and Specific Requirements

4.1 The board of directors of each bank is responsible for establishing a loan review

system which provides for the accurate and timely recognition of problem or

deteriorating loans or advances, assuring the adequacy of the Provisions for Loan

Losses Account, and assuring that accrued but uncollected interest reflected on

the books of the bank are in accordance with the requirements laid out in this

Directive.

4.2 The board of directors of each bank shall assure that a review is made of the quality of the bank’s loans or advances

portfolio on a regular basis, but no less than once each calendar quarter. At the end of each calendar quarter, or more

frequently if warranted, the board of directors shall require the principal officer(s) of the bank to take appropriate measures

in response to the findings of the loan review function to:

4.2.1 Accurately reflect earnings by assuring that all loans or advances categorized as non-performing in

accordance with the requirements laid out in this Directive are placed on non-accrual status and accrued but

uncollected interest has been reversed out of the bank’s income;

4.2.2 Assure that the Provisions for Loan Losses Account is adequate to absorb potential losses in

accordance with the requirements laid out in this Directive; and

4.2.3 Correct problems, either in individual loans or advances, loan underwriting practices, compliance

with prudent lending standards and the board-approved lending policy, or other credit administration

weaknesses as may be identified by the loan review function, within a specified time frame.

4.3 The board of directors of each bank shall maintain adequate records

supporting its evaluation of potential losses in the loans or advances portfolio and

the entries made to reflect earnings and the adequacy of the Provisions for Loan

49

Losses Account; such records shall be made available to examining personnel of

the National Bank of Ethiopia upon request.

4.4 The loan review function shall assure on an on-going basis, at a minimum,

that:

4.4.1 Lending activities are in compliance with prudent written lending standards as approved and adopted

by the board of directors;

4.4.2 The board of directors is adequately informed of the risks and potential

loss exposure in outstanding loans or advances;

4.4.3 Problem or deteriorating loans or advances are properly and timely

identified, classified, and placed on non-accrual status in accordance with the

requirements laid out in this Directive;

4.4.4 Appropriate provisions are made to the Provisions for Loan Losses

Account for loans or advances classified in accordance with the

requirements laid out in this Directive; and

4.4.5 Uncollectible non-performing loans or advances are written off as

appropriate.

4.5 The loan review function shall regularly and on an ongoing basis review

all loans or advances which exceed 5% (five percent) of a bank’s total capital to a

single borrower, calculated in accordance with in the Single Borrower Loan

Limit, all loans or advances required to be placed on non-accrual status in

accordance with the requirements laid out in this Directive, and a sampling of the

remaining loans or advances portfolio to determine that loans or advances

reflected as performing on the books of the bank are in fact performing pursuant

to the requirements and definitions laid out in this Directive.

50

4.6 The loan review function shall be performed by the board of directors of

each bank or a group of individuals to be designated by the board of directors,

who are knowledgeable in credit analysis methodologies and who are not

involved in the lending activities of the bank. In the latter case the group shall on

a regular basis, but not less than once each calendar quarter, report its findings

directly to the board of directors in writing.

5. Placement of Loans or Advances on Non-accrual Status

5.1 All loans or advances categorized under 6.1.3, 6.1.4 and 6.1.5 in

accordance with the requirements laid out in this Directive shall be placed on non-

accrual status effective January 1, 2004 unless the loans or advances are (i) well-

secured and (ii) in process of collection. Notwithstanding this provision a bank

which has already placed its non-performing loans on non-accrual status shall

continue to do so.

5.2 Accrued but uncollected interest being carried on the books for loans or

advances which are required to be placed on non-accrual status in accordance

with the requirements laid out in this Directive shall be eliminated by the end of

the calendar quarter in which the loans or advances are required to be placed on

non-accrual status, but in no event later than the fiscal year-end date of the bank,

whichever is sooner.

5.3 A non-performing loan or advance placed on non-accrual status may be

restored to accrual status only when:

5.3.1 None of the outstanding principal and/or interest is past due; and,

51

5.3.2 For renegotiated loans or advances, where all past due interest is paid by

the borrower in cash at the time of renegotiation and the loan or advance is

not classified as Substandard in accordance with 6.1.6. of this Directive;

and

5.3.3 The bank expects full repayment of the remaining contractual principal

and interest as evidenced by a current written and well-documented evaluation of the

borrower’s creditworthiness.

5.4 Banks shall report to the National Bank of Ethiopia on a quarterly basis

loans or advances which exceed 5% (five percent) of the bank's capital

that have been restored from non-accrual to accrual status.

5.5 If a bank has multiple loans outstanding to a single borrower as calculated in accordance with the Single Borrower Loan Limit,

and one loan or advance meets the criteria for non-accrual status, then the bank shall prepare a current written evaluation of

the borrower’s creditworthiness evidencing that repayment prospects for the other loans or advances are reasonably assured;

should such written creditworthiness evaluation suggest that repayment prospects for the other loans or advances are in

question or otherwise uncertain, then all such loans or advances to the borrower shall be placed on non-accrual status

regardless of any requirements laid out in this Directive.

6. Classification of Loans or Advances

6.1. For purposes of this Directive, banks shall classify all loans and advances,

whether such loans or advances have pre-established repayment programs or not,

into the following five classification categories using the criteria described below:

6.1.1 Pass

Loans or advances in this category are fully protected by the current

financial and paying capacity of the borrower and are not subject to

criticism. In general, any loan or advance, or portion thereof, which is fully

secured, both as to principal and interest, by cash or cash-substitutes, shall

be classified under this category regardless of past due status or other

adverse credit factors.

6.1.2 Special Mention

Any loan or advance past due 30 (thirty) days or more, but less

than

90(ninety) days shall be classified Special Mention.

6.1.3 Substandard

52

Non-performing loans or advances past due 90 (ninety) days or more but

less than 180 (one-hundred-eighty) days shall, at a minimum, be classified

Substandard;

6.1.4 Doubtful

Non-performing loans or advances past due 180 (one-hundred-eighty)

days or more but less than 360 (three-hundred-sixty) days shall be

classified, at a minimum, as Doubtful.

6.1.5 Loss

Non-performing loans or advances past due 360 (three-hundred-sixty)

days or more shall be classified Loss.

6.1.6 Without prejudice to the classification criteria used for the Sub-Standard

category set out under 6.1.3 herein above, the following non-performing

loans and advances shall be categorized as Substandard:

a) Renegotiated term loans unless equivalent of all past due interest is

paid by the borrower in cash at the time of renegotiation and the

following payments are made by the borrower on a consistent and

timely basis in accordance with the restructured terms of the loan or

advance:

i) in the case of term loans with monthly installment repayments, at

least 3 (three) consecutive repayments;

ii) in the case of term loans with quarterly installment repayments, at

least 3 (three) consecutive repayments;

iii) in the case of loans with semi-annual installment repayments, at

least 2 (two) consecutive repayments.

b) Renegotiated non-performing overdraft facilities unless equivalent of all past due interest is paid by the

borrower in cash at the time of renegotiation and the account shows at a minimum:

i) a nil balance at least once; or

ii) a turnover rate of once the approved limit.

c) Renegotiated non-performing merchandize loans unless physical

inventory of the merchandize taken by the bank at the time of

renegotiation shows that the outstanding principal loan and interest

thereof are fully covered and the safety margin determined following

the inventory is at least not lower than the margin stated in the loan

contract entered into by the bank and the borrower at the time of initial

extension of the loan.

53

6.2 Notwithstanding the classification criteria laid out under 6.1 herein above,

loans or advances may be subject to more severe classification by examiners

of the National Bank of Ethiopia if the actual condition of the loan or

advance warrants such classification. Conditions that warrant more severe

classification may include, but are not limited to: (i) significant departure

from the primary source of repayment; (ii) repayment terms which are too

liberal or inconsistent with the purpose and nature of the loan or advance

and/or collateral held; (iii) delinquencies which have been technically cured

by modifying the repayment terms, refinancing or renewing the loan or

advance, or advancing additional funds for the purpose of meeting

repayment requirements on an existing loan or advance.

7. Provisioning Requirements for Loans or Advances

7.1 All banks shall maintain a Provisions for Loan Losses Account which

shall be created by charges to provision expense in the income statement and shall

be maintained at a level adequate to absorb potential losses in the loans or

advances portfolio. In determining the adequacy of the Provisions for Loan

Losses Account, provisions may be attributed to individual loans or advances or

groups of loans or advances.

7.2 The Provisions for Loan Losses Account shall always have a credit

balance. Additions to or reductions of the Provisions for Loan Losses Account

shall be made only through charges to provisions in the income statement

7.3 Banks shall maintain the following minimum provision percentages

against the outstanding principal amount of each loan or advance classified in

accordance with the criteria for the classification of loans or advances as laid out

under 6.1 herein above:

Classification Category: Minimum Provision:

7.3.1. “Pass” (in accordance with the following build

up in minimum required provisions)

54

(a) by December 31, 2002 0.5%

(b) by June 30, 2003 0.75%

(c) Effective January 2004 1%

7.3.2. “Special Mention” (in accordance with the following build

up in minimum required provisions)

(a) by December 31, 2002 1%

(b) by June 30, 2003 2%

(c) Effective January 2004 3%

7.3.3. “Substandard”

(a) Until December 31, 2003 25%

(b) Effective January 2004 20%

7.3.4. “Doubtful” 50%

7.3.5. “Loss” 100%

7.4 Where reliable information, such as (i) historical loan loss experience, (ii) current economic conditions, (iii)

delinquency trends, (iv) ineffectiveness of lending policies and/or collection procedures, or (v) lack of timeliness and

accuracy in the loan review function, suggests that losses are likely to be more than the above minimum provision

percentages, banks may be required to maintain larger provisions.

7.5 The minimum provision requirements for each classification category here in above shall be applied against the

total outstanding principal balance, not against the amount of past due payments, for each loan or advance, or portion

thereof, classified regardless of whether the loan or advance is analyzed and provided for individually or as part of a group.

7.6 Before applying the minimum provision percentages laid out under 7.3.3, 7.3.4

and 7.3.5 herein above, banks may deduct from the outstanding non-performing

loans or advances:

7.6.1 any accrued but uncollected interest held in a suspended interest

account (by debiting this account), cash collateral and cash substitutes

held as collateral; and

7.6.2 in the case of loans secured by physical collateral:

a) Until 31 December 2003, 67% (sixty-seven percent) of the estimated

value of the collateral backing the non-performing loan, provided the

estimated value of the collateral used for this purpose shall not

exceed 100% (one hundred percent) of the outstanding non-performing

loan;

b) starting from 1 January 2004, net recoverable value.

7.7 Required provisions computed in accordance with 7.6.2.a. herein above shall be set

aside in the following manner:

7.7.1 at least 50% (fifty percent) of the required provisions by June 30, 2002;

7.7.2 at least 70% (seventy percent) of the required provisions by December

31, 2002;

7.7.3 at least 85% (eighty five percent) of required provisions by June 30, 2003;

and

7.7.4 100% (hundred percent) of the required provisions by December 31, 2003.

55

7.7.5 Notwithstanding the percentages set under items 7.7.1, 7.7.2 and 7.7.3

herein above, the provisions to be set aside shall not be lower than those

held prior to the coming into force of this Directive.

7.8 Provisions required to be maintained against non-performing loans or advances

classified in accordance with the requirements of this Directive may only be reduced by a bank when:

7.8.1 Cash payments on the loan or advance are received in full; or

7.8.2 A current written and well-documented evaluation of the borrower’s

creditworthiness clearly and unquestionably demonstrates that repayment

prospects have improved and are reasonably assured; and repayment terms on the loan or advance are consistent

with other loans or advances being made by the bank and in accordance with guidelines laid out in the board-

approved loan policy; or

7.8.3 The loan is not classified as Substandard in accordance with article 6.1.6. of this Directive.

8. Examiner Review

8.1 Each bank shall maintain adequate records in support of its evaluation of potential loss exposure in the loans or

advances portfolio and of the entries made to ensure an adequate Provisions for Loan Losses Account which shall be made

available to examining personnel of the National Bank of Ethiopia upon request to assess the reasonableness of the bank’s

loss estimation procedures, the reliability of the information on which estimates are based, and the adequacy of the

Provisions for Loan Losses Account.

8.2 Should examining personnel in applying the requirements of this Directive and after discussions with the

principal officer(s) of the bank find the Provisions for Loan Losses Account to be inadequate by more than 10% (ten

percent) when compared to the findings of an on-site examination, the board of directors shall within 30 (thirty) days of

such notice by the National Bank of Ethiopia of any deficiency in the Provisions for Loan Losses Account require the

principal officer(s) to record the appropriate entries to increase the balance of the Provisions for Loan Losses Account to a

level which is within 10% (ten percent) of the estimated amount of the Provisions for Loan Losses Account determined by

examining personnel of the National Bank of Ethiopia.

8.3 In the event of material disagreements between examining personnel of the National Bank of Ethiopia and the

principal officer(s) of the bank regarding the appropriateness of additional provisions needed to the Provisions for Loan

Losses Account, the board of directors may appeal to the National Bank of Ethiopia. Notwithstanding this appeal, it is

incumbent on the principal officer(s) of the bank to attend all loan discussions and meetings during on-site inspections in

order to be fully apprised of examiner concerns with respect to all classified loans or advances.

9. Other Provisioning Requirements

9.1 Provision for depreciation of fixed assets shall be made out of the annual income of a bank in accordance with

the law.

9.2 Operating and accumulated losses shall be provided for from the annual net profit until such losses are fully

covered.

9.3 The value of any assets lodged or pledged to secure a liability, as indicated under Article 15(1)(d) of

Proclamation No. 84/1994, shall be fully provided for upon the lodging or pledging of any asset.

9.4 Preliminary expenses representing expenses relating to organization or extension or the purchase of business or

good will and including share underwriting commission shall be fully provided for within 5 (five) years.

56

9.5 Any uncollectible claims, other than loans or advances, shall be written off as other operating expense of the

bank as they are identified.

10. Application and Interpretation of Directive

All loans or advances held by a bank must be accounted for and categorized in accordance with the requirements laid out in this

Directive. No interpretation of this Directive shall be permitted unless confirmed in writing by the National Bank of Ethiopia. In

recording a loan or advance not covered in principle by the requirements laid out in this Directive, a bank shall make a written request

to the National Bank of Ethiopia to confirm the proper application of the requirements laid out in this Directive.

11. Reporting

Banks shall submit to the Supervision Department of the National Bank of Ethiopia a quarterly report on loan classification and

provisioning in accordance with the table attached with this Directive which shall be part of the Directive.

12. Repeal


13. Effective Date

This Directive shall enter into force as of the 1st day of September 2002.


BANKING BUSSINESS


Amendment of

Penalty for Non-compliance with the

Directives of the National Bank of Ethiopia



These directives are issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the authority

vested in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and

57

Article 20(3) (d) of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business Proclamation

No. 84/1994.

2. Penalty

2.1 Any bank that fails to comply with the requirements of any of the

Directives of the National Bank of Ethiopia, excluding Directive No.

SBB/14/96, shall be subject to a penalty of Birr10,000 (ten Thousand Birr)

for each violation.

2.2 The National Bank of Ethiopia may, in addition to the penalty indicated

under 2.1 above, take any other measures it considers necessary.

3. Waiver

The National Bank of Ethiopia may waive the penalty on grounds that it considers to

be reasonable.

4. Repeal

Directive No. SBB/20/96 is hereby repealed and replaced by these directives.

These Directives shall enter into force as of 1st day of March 2004.

Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business

Credit Information Sharing


Whereas adequate and timely information that enables a satisfactory assessment of the

creditworthiness of borrowers applying for a bank loan is crucial for making prudent

lending decisions;

Whereas prudent lending decisions made on the basis of adequate information on the

creditworthiness of borrowers are one of the principal factors in ensuring the financial

soundness of banks;

58

Whereas there is still serious difficulty in Ethiopia of getting adequate and timely

information on prospective borrowers that facilitates the making of such prudent lending

decisions;

Whereas one of the means for alleviating this difficulty of getting adequate and timely

information on prospective borrowers is the establishment of a Credit Information Center

where relevant information on borrowers is pooled and made available to lending banks;

Whereas hitherto no such Center has been established;

Now, therefore, in line with the powers vested in it by article 36 of the Licensing and

Supervision of Banking Business Proclamation No. 84/1994, the National Bank of

Ethiopia has issued these directives to establish such a Credit Information Center.

1. Definitions

For the purpose of these directives:

1.1 “Banks” shall mean business entities licensed and supervised by the National

Bank of Ethiopia in accordance with the Licensing and Supervision of

Banking Business Proclamation No. 84/1994;

1.2 “Central Database” shall mean the Credit Information Database maintained

by the Credit Information Center of the National Bank of Ethiopia;

1.3 “Credit Information” shall mean all information about a borrower specified

in the Data Input Requirement attached to these directives;

1.4 “Credit Information Center” shall mean the Center located in the

Supervision Department of the National Bank of Ethiopia;

1.5 “Defaulter” shall mean a borrower whose outstanding loans have been

classified as “substandard” and/or “doubtful” and/or “loss” in accordance with

Directive No. SBB/32/2002 of the National Bank of Ethiopia;

1.6 “Loans or Advances” shall mean any financial assets of a bank arising from a


syndication, the purchase of loans from another lender, etc.) or commitment to

advance funds by a bank to a person that are conditioned on the obligation of

the person to repay the funds, either on a specified date or dates or on demand,

usually with interest which are approved and outstanding as of the reporting

date;

59

1.7 “Online System” shall mean a system whereby provision of input data,

updating and correction of input data and other related activities are carried

out electronically through computer networks;

1.8 “User Group” shall mean banks and the National Bank of Ethiopia.

2. Modus Operandi of the Credit Information Sharing System

2.1 Banks shall provide, alter and update credit information on each and every

one of their borrowers using online system;

2.2 Upon written request by banks, the Supervision Department of the National

Bank of Ethiopia shall provide to the requesting bank, in writing, all credit

information available in the Central Database on a prospective borrower

within three working days from the date of receipt of the request;

2.3 Access to the Central Database shall be restricted to the user group.

3. Role and Responsibility of the National Bank of Ethiopia

3.1 The role of the National Bank of Ethiopia shall be restricted to administering

the Credit Information Sharing system, providing in writing credit information

on borrowers available at Credit Information Center to banks, ensuring that

access to online system to update or alter credit information is given only to

authorized persons and ensuring that the system is operating smoothly and

reliably;

3.2 The National Bank of Ethiopia shall not be responsible for any damages,

claims or liabilities that may arise as a result of inaccurate, misleading or

incomplete credit information on borrowers supplied to the Credit Information

Center by individual banks and shared, through the National Bank of Ethiopia,

with other banks.

4. Obligations of Each Bank

4.1 Each bank shall provide, electronically, the initial credit and other related

information to the Credit Information Center on each and every one of its

borrower in such detail as specified in the Data Input Requirement attached to

these directives, which shall be part of these directives;

60

4.2 Banks are encouraged to update, electronically, their credit information on

each and every one of existing borrowers provided to the Credit Information

Center on an on-going basis but each bank shall update such information at

least once a month. In the case of the latter, the updating, showing positions as

of the close of each month, shall be made within 30 (thirty) days from the

close of each month;

4.3 Each bank shall designate at least two officers who shall be responsible for

providing and updating input data and for making written enquiries to the

National Bank of Ethiopia on prospective borrowers. Each bank shall

communicate to the Supervision Department of the National Bank of Ethiopia

in writing the full names and telephone numbers of such officers. If such

officers are replaced, each bank shall promptly communicate the full names

and telephone numbers of the replacements to the Supervision Department;

4.4 Banks are encouraged to obtain credit information from the Credit

Information Center on prospective borrowers irrespective of the size of the

loan. However, from the effective date of these directives, no bank shall

extend new, or renew, reschedule or refinance existing, loans or advances

equivalent to, or above, Birr 200,000 (two hundred thousand) without first

obtaining credit information on borrowers from the Credit Information Center;

4.5 From the effective date of these directives no bank shall extend new loans or

advances to a defaulter in any form whatsoever;

4.6 The provisions of sub-article 4.5 herein above shall have no effect on sub-

article 2.1(b) of the National Bank of Ethiopia Directive No. SBB/34/2004 on

Establishment and Operation of Export Credit Guarantee Scheme;

4.7 Each bank shall be fully responsible for providing accurate, complete and

timely credit information to the Credit Information Center. In cases where

errors have been made, such errors shall be corrected promptly by the

concerned bank;

4.8 Each bank shall be fully responsible for any damages, claims or liabilities that

may arise as a result of providing inaccurate, misleading or incomplete credit

information to the Credit Information Center or failure to provide,

inadvertently or otherwise, information to the Center that should have been

provided in line with these directives;

4.9 Each bank shall use the credit information on borrowers obtained from the

Central Database of the Credit Information Center only and only for making a

61

lending decision. Such information shall be treated with utmost confidentiality

and shall not be disclosed to any third party or used for any other purpose;

4.10 Each bank shall be fully responsible for any damages, claims or liabilities that

may arise as a result of disclosure of credit information on borrowers obtained

from the Credit Information Center to third parties or use of that information

for purposes other than for making a lending decision.

5 Penalty for Failure to Comply with the Requirements of these Directives

5.1 A bank that violates any of the provisions of these directives shall be penalized

in line with article 2 of National Bank of Ethiopia Directives number

SBB/35/2004;

5.2 In addition to the financial penalty specified under Directives number

SBB/35/2004, the National Bank of Ethiopia may require the removal of

concerned officers of a bank in breach of the requirements of these directives

depending on the frequency and seriousness of the violations.

6 Effective Date

These directives shall come into force as of June 15, 2004.

62

Credit Information Center

Data Input Requirement

1. Bank’s Profile

Name

Capital and Reserves as at reporting date

Borrower’s Profile

Identification and Address

(a) Full Name (if individual, including grand father’s name)

(b) All previous names (if any)

(c) If individual, Name of the spouse

(d) If company, its form (Public Enterprise, PLC, Share Company, Sole

Proprietorship)

(e) If company, Establishment date

(f) ID of Borrower (Tax ID)

(g) If company, Trade Registration No.

(h) Address (Current):

- Region

- City

- Woreda

- House No.

- P.O.Box

- Telephone

(i) Two most recent previous addresses:

- Region

- City

- Woreda

- House No.

- P.O.Box

- Telephone

Relation with the lending bank (Related/non related party, as defined by NBE

Directive No. SBB/30/2002)

If Company, list of first 20 largest shareholders/owners

(a)

(b)

(c)

.

.

63

.

Name of Affiliated/related/subsidiary companies

(a)

(b)

(c)

..

..

..

Sector

(a) Agriculture

(b) Manufacturing

(c) Mining and quarrying

(d) Building and Construction

(e) Trade and Services

- domestic trade

- International trade

- Hotel and tourism

- Transport and communications

- other services (specify)

(f) Other businesses (specify)

(g) Personal loan

If the borrower is a company/an enterprise, its board directors and CEO

- Name of members of board of directors

(a)

(b)

(c)

.

.

.

- Name of CEO/General manager

3. Existing Loans and Advances

3.1 Type of Loans and Facilities: Term loan/overdraft/L/C

facility/merchandize loan

3.2 Date on which loan/facility/was approved

3.3 Due/expiry date

3.4 Amount Approved

3.5 Repayment schedule, if term loan (monthly, quarterly, semi-annually…)

3.6 Outstanding balance as at reporting date

3.7 Loan status (Pass, Special mention, Sub-standard, Doubtful, or Loss as

defined by NBE Directive No. SBB/32/2002) or settled as at reporting

date

64

4. Collateral

- Type

- Collateral identification

(a)

(b)

(c)

..

..

- Estimated value

- Degree of security (first degree, second degree,…)

5. If Company, date of Most Recent Audited Financial Statements

6. Loan Workout, Involuntary Loan Collection and Legal Measures Taken on

the loans

- Number of times loan/facility has been restructured/renewed

- Legal measures taken (foreclosure, litigation,…)


BANKING BUSINESS

RESERVE REQUIREMENT


Whereas, the National Bank of Ethiopia is vested with powers, duties and

responsibilities of monetary management and regulation and supervision of banks;

Whereas, statutory reserve requirement, which obliges banks to hold a proportion

of their deposit balance with the National Bank of Ethiopia, is one of the important

monetary policy instruments and prudential regulation tools;

Whereas, a bank operating in Ethiopia currently has one reserve account with the

National Bank of Ethiopia which is used to carry out day-to-day settlement of

transactions through the National Bank of Ethiopia and to maintain statutory

reserve balance;

Whereas, the frequency of daily deposits to and withdrawals from the reserve

accounts of Banks has been too high and thus made it difficult to monitor

compliance with statutory reserve requirement by banks;

Whereas, because of the above reasons it has been found necessary to amend

National Bank of Ethiopia Directives No SBB/14/1996, so as to properly monitor

statutory reserve requirement;

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Now, therefore, the National Bank of Ethiopia has issued these directives pursuant

to the authorities vested in it by Article 41 of Monetary and Banking Proclamation

No. 83/1994 and article 16 of Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business


1. Opening Accounts with the National Bank of Ethiopia

Banks operating in Ethiopia shall open two separate Birr accounts with the

National Bank of Ethiopia to be used as follows:

1.1. Reserve Account

a) A reserve account shall exclusively be used to maintain the reserve

balance stated under article 2 of these directives;

b) No bank shall withdraw any money from its reserve account without

prior approval of the Supervision Department of the National Bank of

Ethiopia.

1.2 Payments and Settlement Account

A payments and settlement account shall be used to carry out all day-to-day

transactions of banks through the National Bank of Ethiopia.

2. Requirement

Any bank operating in Ethiopia shall at all times maintain in its Reserve Account stated under article 1.1 of these directives 5% of all Birr and foreign currency deposit liabilities held in the form of demand (current) deposits, saving deposits and time deposits.

3. Computation of Reserve

3.1 Cash items in process of collection, if included under deposits, shall be

deducted therefrom in computing the balance of total deposits for reserve

purposes;

3.2 Cash items in process of collection through the National Bank of Ethiopia shall not be acceptable as reserve until credited to the reserve account;

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3.3 The reserve required shall be computed on the net deposit balance, i.e. excluding cash items in process of collection, shown at the end of each reporting week.

4. Reserve Deficiencies

4.1 Deficiencies in reserve balance are subject to a penalty; 4.2 The penalty shall be assessed at a rate twice the current average

rate of interest on loans and advances charged by banks computed on the amount of the deficiency in reserve and multiplied by the number of days over which the reserve account remained deficient;

4.3 The National Bank of Ethiopia may waive the penalty stated herein above on grounds it considers acceptable.

5 Reports

For the purpose of determining strict compliance with the reserve requirement stated

under article 2 of these Directives, properly checked and signed reports, showing

balances as of each Wednesday, shall be submitted to the Supervision Department of

the National Bank of Ethiopia. The reports shall be submitted not later than Tuesday

of the following week and shall show the balance of each type of deposit under article

2 herein above, reserve balance with National Bank of Ethiopia and the

excess/shortfall in reserves.

6 Repeal

Directive No. SBB/14/96 is hereby repealed and replaced by these Directives.

These Directives shall enter into force as of 31st day of January 2005.

National Bank of Ethiopia


Amendment to

The Establishment and Operation of

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Export Credit Guarantee Scheme Directive

Whereas, national exporters need to compete on an equal footing with other exporters in increasingly competitive foreign markets and to satisfy foreign buyers' requirements; Whereas, it is necessary that exporters with bona-fide export orders should not lose the export opportunity due to inability to get bank credit; Whereas, operation of enhanced export credit guarantee schemes has been found to be supportive of the export sector by availing the necessary financial resources from banks for pre and post-shipment of exports;

Whereas, export credit guarantee schemes have proved to be necessary vehicles to

facilitate exporters' access to bank credit;

Now, therefore, in accordance with Articles 6 and 61 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994, the National Bank of Ethiopia hereby issues these directives on Establishment and Operation of Export Credit Guarantee Scheme.

Article 1

Definitions

For the purpose of these directives, unless the context provides otherwise: 1.1 "Export Credit Guarantee" shall mean a guarantee provided by the Bank

to safeguard export financing banks against losses resulting from the export transactions they finance.

1.2 "Exporter" is a person engaged in non-coffee exports; 1.3 "Export" is non-coffee export. 1.4 “The Bank” is the National Bank of Ethiopia; 1.5 "Financing Banks" are licensed commercial banks in Ethiopia.

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1.6 "Pre-Shipment Export Credit Guarantee" is a guarantee provided by the Bank upto a maximum of 365 days to financing banks to cover pre-shipment export loan extended to exporters;

1.7 "Post-Shipment Export credit Guarantee" is a guarantee provided by the Bank upto a maximum of 180 days to financing banks to cover post-shipment export loan extended to exporters;

1.8 “Fund" is a special fund created by the Bank for financing Export Credit Guarantee Scheme.

1.9 “Bankable export project” shall mean a project appraised by financing banks in line with their applicable credit policy and procedures and found within acceptable risk level.

1.10 “Perishable export commodities” shall mean export commodities subject to significant deterioration in quality or spoilage or decay, such as fruits, vegetables, molasses, unpreserved meat, flowers, live animals and other commodities as determined by the Bank.

1.11 “Existing exporters” shall mean exporters who have been engaged in export business for at least 12 months prior to the date of application for export loan under export credit guarantee scheme and who can produce evidence of receipt of export proceeds over those months.

1.12 “New exporters” shall mean exporters who have been engaged in export business for less than 12 months at the time of applying for export loan under export credit guarantee scheme.

Article 2

Eligibility Criteria

2.1 Exporters shall satisfy all of the following in order to be considered eligible for export credit guarantee:

2.1.1 The export project to be financed under the export credit guarantee scheme shall be bankable;

2.1.2 Exporters shall not carry “loss” category loans, as defined in the Bank's Directives on Provisioning, owed to any bank in Ethiopia;

2.1.3 Exporters shall present a bona-fide order from a foreign buyer; 2.1.4 Exporters shall produce evidence of a valid investment certificate and/or

trade license; 2.1.5 New exporters shall:

2.1.5.1 produce property or other collateral equivalent to at least 40% for producer exporters and 50% for other exporters of the amount of the loan requested;

2.1.5.2 produce evidence that all proceeds from non-perishable goods to be exported shall be paid through irrevocable letter of credit; however, no letter of credit shall be required for perishable export commodities;

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2.1.6 Existing exporters shall produce from local banks documentary evidence about receipt of export proceeds in the 12 months preceding the date of application for export loan under export credit guarantee scheme;

2.1.7 Exporters shall submit all documents required by financing banks to conduct their normal credit risk analysis.

2.2 Financing banks may approve pre-shipment or post-shipment credit to exporters upon fulfillment of the above eligibility

criteria.

Article 3

Issuance of Guarantee

Upon written request of a financing bank, the Bank shall issue export credit

guarantee to cover 80% of the outstanding loan balance and interest thereof

extended to an exporter provided the request is acceptable to the Bank.

Article 4 The Guarantee Amount

The Bank may issue export credit guarantee to:

4.1 Existing exporters, who fulfill eligibility criteria set under article 2.1 herein above, upto 100% of export proceeds actually received through financing banks from export of non-coffee exports in the 12 months preceding the date of application for export loan under export credit guarantee scheme;

4.2 New producer exporters, who fulfill eligibility criteria set under article 2.1 above, upto two point five (2.5) times the estimated value of the pledged collateral;

4.3 Other new exporters, who fulfill eligibility criteria set under articles 2.1

upto two (2) times the value of the pledged collateral;

Article 5 Obligations of Financing Banks

5.1 Financing banks shall: 5.1.1 critically evaluate credit worthiness of the exporter who applies for a loan

and shall ensure that the export project to be financed is bankable; 5.1.2 finance only bankable export projects; 5.1.3 Collect credit information from all banks in Ethiopia to ensure that an

exporter applying for export loan does not carry “loss” category loans owed to any bank;

5.1.4 exercise all reasonable and usual care regarding operations of export financing and act with utmost good faith;

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5.1.5 Channel to the exporter's loan account, in settlement of the loan, all export proceeds collected from an exporter after the disbursement of the loan covered by the export credit guarantee.

5.1.6 promptly notify the Bank within 15 days of the occurrence of any event or

development likely to cause a loss or default; 5.1.7 collect on behalf of the Bank interest due to the Bank on loans covered by

export guarantee; and 5.1.8 act as the agent of the Bank to recover the due amount from the defaulting

exporter and report to the Bank actions taken on such borrowers promptly.

5.2 Where the exporter defaults, the financing bank, subject to prior approval of the Bank, may:

5.2.1 extend the due date of pre- or post shipment export credit covered by export credit guarantee for a maximum of 180 days

if it determines that the financial position of the borrower is sound and the loan repayment problem is temporary; or

5.2.2 provide additional loan that may not exceed 50 percent of the existing outstanding loan covered by export credit guarantee

and extend the due date of both the new and the existing loans for a maximum of 180 days if it determines that the

borrower will be rehabilitated and settle the loans out of the cash flow to be generated.

5.3 Financing banks shall submit to the Banking Supervision Department of the Bank:

5.3.1 Relevant credit risk analysis report and all other documents necessary to ensure the export project to be financed is

bankable; and

5.3.2 Monthly export credit performance report in accordance with the table attached with this Directive. Such report shall be

filed within twenty days after the end of the reporting month.

Article 6

Revolving Credit

Financing banks may, during the life of the export credit guarantee, repeatedly disburse loan to a borrower for export purposes equivalent to the amount of the partial or full loan settlement referred to under sub-article 5.1.5, so long as the outstanding balance of the loan does not exceed the export credit guarantee issued to cover it.

Article 7 Obligation of the Exporter

Exporter shall: 7.1 Provide accurate information, accompanied with all supporting documents,

to financing banks on their business, export activities and bank loan repayment status;

7.2 Exercise due care so as to ensure that the advances are used for the purposes they are earmarked for;

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7.3 Carry out all export activities only through financing bank until any loan under export credit guarantee taken from the financing bank is fully settled;

7.3.1 Repay the entire amount of the outstanding loan and interest thereof to the financing bank on or before due date of the loan;

7.3.2 In case of difficulties experienced in manufacture or shipment of goods or realization of export proceeds from foreign buyers, they should discuss the problem and the proposed course of action with their financing banks.

Article 8 Risk Coverage

8.1 The Bank shall cover 80 percent of the risk which may result from default

of repayment; 8.2 The financing bank shall bear the remaining portion (20 percent) of default risk.

Article 9 The Guarantee Fund and Fee

9.1 The Bank shall create a Guarantee Fund Account for funding the Export

Credit Guarantee Scheme; 9.2 Financing banks shall pay, out of the interest rate stated under article 9.1

here under, 2 (two) percent of the outstanding loan balance covered by export credit guarantee per annum to the Bank calculated in line with interest income accrual or collection policy and procedure of the respective financing bank. They shall pay such interest to the Bank on quarterly basis;

9.3 Interest income collected in line with article 9.2 above shall be transferred to Guarantee Fund Account of the Bank by

debiting the reserve account of the financing bank;

Article 10

Rate of Interest

10.1 Financing banks shall charge their respective prevailing lowest lending interest rate on pre- or post-shipment loans covered by the export credit guarantee scheme;

10.2 Non-compliance with the stipulation of the credit guarantee scheme might

result in charging the penal rate used by the financing bank. In the case of proven mis-use of funds, the financing bank may demand the immediate repayment of the loan.

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Article 11

Collateral

11.1 The Export Credit Guarantee of the Bank serves as part of the collateral when exporters apply for financing;

11.2 When applying for post-shipment credit, the exporter shall hand over to the financing bank all the necessary shipping and

other documents relating to the goods shipped for export. Also, the exporter shall authorize the financing bank to collect or

receive payment from the foreign buyer, on the basis of which the post-shipment credit is sanctioned to the exporter. Goods in

possession of the financing bank are considered as additional collateral providing the necessary security for the financing bank;

11.3 In case a borrower defaults, the Bank and financing bank shall share the cash collateral, or any proceeds from liquidation of

any property pledged as collateral, or any proceeds from liquidation of collateral secured through court ruling, in proportion to

the risk they took in lending to the defaulting borrower, that is, the Bank shall be entitled to collect 80% leaving the balance

(20%) to the financing bank.

Article 12

Repayment

12.1 Without prejudice to article 5.2 above, repayment period for pre-shipment credit shall not exceed 365 days. Pre-shipment advances shall be repaid by handing over the shipping documents to the financing bank within 10 days after the goods have been shipped for export. The date of shipment is the date of the stamp on the bill of lading or other shipping documents. The repayment of loan may be by way of adjusting from post-shipment credit obtained against the documents or by payment in an accepted manner;

12.2 Exporters, adjusting the pre-shipment credit, shall have the possibility of

extending the credit into the post-shipment period. Exporters willing to use this

facility shall have to apply well in advance to their financing bank for a post-shipment

credit to avoid possible delays, after the goods have been shipped. Any non-

compliance with the above stipulation may result in rejection of the exporter's post-

shipment credit

application and immediate repayment obligation of the pre-shipment credit;

12.3 Without prejudice to article 5.2 above, repayment period of the post-shipment credit shall not exceed 180 days. Post-shipment advances will be adjusted by the financing bank out of payments received from the foreign importer to enable it to automatically settle the outstanding debt of its exporter-borrower, after payment from the foreign buyer has been collected.

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Article 13

Settlement of Guaranteed Portion to Financing Bank

13.1 In case an export credit goes on default, the reserve account of the financing bank shall be credited by the guaranteed portion of the amount it lent to the exporter within seven days after the complete set of necessary documents have been presented to the Bank. The Bank, however, shall not pay any interest on the export credit during the seven days following submission of complete set of documents by financing banks;

13.2 When repayment of the full amount of defaulted loan is effected after the due date by an exporter, the financing bank shall

inform the Bank within 7 days to debit its reserve account by the amount which it received from the Export Credit Guarantee

Fund.

Article 14

Opening of a Special Unit

14.1 Financing banks utilizing the Export Credit Guarantee Scheme shall establish within their head offices a special unit, which will deal with the assessment and approval of export credit guarantee applications with the view of facilitating the operations of the scheme.

14.2 The special units created by financing banks in line with requirement of

article 14.1 shall have their own operational manual approved by the Bank.

Article 15

Expiry of Guarantee

15.1 Export Credit Guarantee shall be issued for a specific period of time that shall not exceed i) 365 days to cover pre-shipment export credit and ii) 180 days to cover post shipment export credit. However, the Bank, upon request of financing banks, may extend expiry date of the guarantee for a maximum of 180 days from its expiry date. At the last day of the guarantee period, unless extended in writing by the Bank, the Guarantee shall be null and void;

15.2 Under normal circumstances, the last day of the Guarantee shall be that indicated on the "Export Credit Guarantee Letter" as ending date of the Guarantee.

Article 16 Default and Non-compliance

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16.1 Where an exporter defaults and cannot qualify for loan rescheduling or

restructuring stipulated under article 5.2 above, he/she shall be suspended from all types of bank credit from the entire banking system until he/she fully settles the outstanding loan including interest and charges;

16.2 To facilitate the suspension, the Bank shall circulate the names of all

defaulters under the export credit guarantee scheme to all banks. Moreover, the Bank shall publish the names of such defaulters in widely circulating newspapers;

16.3 Upon receipt of defaulters list stipulated under article 16.2 above, all

banks shall deny provision of new bank credit service(s) and shall not renew all existing overdraft or other credit facilities to any one exporter in the list until the Bank notifies them that the exporter has fully settled his/her overdue export loans;

16.4 If a financing bank does not comply with the provisions of these directives,

the Bank maintains the power to reduce guarantee coverage and, in extreme cases, to suspend new coverage for a period of four years.

Article 17 Inspection by the Bank

The Bank may undertake an inspection of any financing bank at any time to verify that the financing bank complies with the

provisions of these Directives.

Article 18

Repeal

The Establishment and Operation of Export Credit Guarantee Scheme Directive Number SBB/34/2004 is hereby repealed and

replaced by these Directives.

Article 19

Effective Date

These directives shall come into force as of the 15th day of April 2006.

Corrigendum

Article 9.2 of the Directives, phrases “….article 9.1….” is replaced by “ ….article

10.1….”

1

LICENSING AND SUPERVISION OF BANKING BUSINESS

Amendment for New Bank Licensing and Approval of Directors and CEO

Directives No. SBB/39/ 2006


These directives are issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the authority vested in it by article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and by article 36 of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business Proclamation No. 84/1994.

2. Definitions

In these Directives:

2.1 “The Bank “shall mean National Bank of Ethiopia. 2.2 "Business continuity plan" shall mean the process by which banks

ensure the resumption of operations, including services to customers, interrupted as a consequence of adverse events such as natural disasters, technological failures, human error, or terrorism.

2.3 “Financial Institution” shall mean insurance companies, banks,

microfinance institutions and such other institutions as determined by the Bank.

2

¾›=ƒÄåÁ wN?^© v”¡ NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA

2.4 “Related Party of a bank” shall mean, on the one hand, a

shareholder, a director or a principal officer of that bank and/or the spouse or relation in the first degree of consanguinity or affinity of such shareholder, director or principal officer; and on the other, a partnership, a private limited company, a share company, a joint venture, or any other business in which the shareholder, director or principal officer of the bank and/or the spouse or relation in the first degree of consanguinity or affinity of such shareholder, director or principal officer has a business interest as shareholder, director, principal officer, owner or partner. For the purpose of these Directives, a person holding five percent or more of paid up capital of a bank, a partnership, a private limited company, a share company, a joint venture, or any other business shall be considered as a related party.

3. Information Required From Applicants For License

In addition to information required under article 5 of Proclamation Number 84/1994, applicants for new banking business license shall submit to the Bank the following:

3.1. Evidence for paid up capital which includes certificate of deposit in a

blocked subscription account maintained with a commercial bank for this purpose and evidence for valuation of contribution in kind;

3.2. Names, addresses and occupation (including dates and addresses

of employment covering the latest ten years) of the founders; 3.3. A feasibility study of the future operations and development of the

business for a minimum period of three years from the date of the commencement of operation, including:

3.3.1. Proposed organizational chart of the bank, and brief

description of the functions of the main organizational units;

3.3.2. A schedule of all preliminary expenses including costs of organization, share-selling and brokerage and commission;

3.3.3. Projections of balance sheet, cash flow statement and profit and loss accounts, with the following breakdowns where applicable:

3


i. deposit mobilization and interest payable stating separately the proposed major sources and types of deposits;

ii. loans and advances to be made and interest receivable, stating intended lending by sector;

iii. investments to be made and earnings thereof; iv. operating expenses including rents, salaries,

employee benefits, directors’ remuneration; v. liquid and reserve assets; vi. capital structure; vii. provision for bad and doubtful debts; viii. fixed assets, including business premises; ix. other income, including commissions, fees/charges;

and x. net operating profit/loss.

3.3.4. Interest rate sensitivity analysis of the projections submitted

or other similar analyses of the extent to which the forecasts will change when interest rates vary (the assumptions underlying the projections and the sensitivity analysis should be stated);

3.3.5. Statistical and other data which may have been collected in

respect of the area in which the applicant intends to operate including population of the area, business located in the area, etc. and existing banking facilities;

3.4. Disclosure of the identity of shareholders who have acquired five or more percent of the capital stock, indicating their names, nationality, number and value of shares held;

3.5. Authenticated ownership certificate and/or lease agreement for items

listed under Section 11.1 of Banking Business License Application Form attached with these Directives;

3.6. Descriptions of actual purchases made or proposed purchases of

goods and services, or lease of real estate by the bank from related parties;

4


3.7. Curriculum vitae of the proposed chief executive officer and directors

including their age, marital status, education, employment history for the past ten years, their experience in business and financial affairs, their involvement in civic, social and charitable activities including any leadership position held;

3.8. Completed “Propriety” questionnaire attached with these directives

as annex I for directors and nominated chief executive officer; 3.9. Duly completed application form and enclosures thereto as

prescribed by the Bank;

4. Selection Criteria and Appointment of Chief Executive Officer

4.1 Board of directors of a bank shall appoint a chief executive officer who demonstrates his/her competence and ability to understand the technical requirements of banking business, inherent risks and management processes required to conduct banking operations effectively, with due regard to the interests of all stakeholders.

4.2 In determining competence, and capability of the chief executive

officer, the board of directors shall take into account all relevant considerations, at a minimum including, but not limited to:

4.2.1 whether the person has a sound knowledge of the business and

responsibilities he will be called upon to shoulder; 4.2.2 whether the person has demonstrated, through his qualifications

and experience, the capacity to successfully undertake the responsibilities of the position, including the establishment of effective internal control and risk management regime;

4.2.3 whether the person has ever been:

i. fined, suspended, removed, or his/her professional license

revoked by a professional, trade or regulatory body because of incompetence, fraud, negligence, or violation of laws, rules, regulations and professional code of conduct; or

ii. fined, demoted, dismissed or requested to resign from any position or office for incompetence or mismanagement by his/her employer; and

5


4.2.4 whether the person has ever been diagnosed as being mentally ill or unstable.

4.3 Chief executive officer of a bank shall hold a minimum of first degree or equivalent from a recognized higher institution of learning.

4.4 Chief executive officer shall have a minimum of 10 years

experience in banking, of which, at a minimum, five years shall be in senior managerial position.

4.5 Board of directors of a bank shall appoint a person with high

honesty, integrity, reputation and diligence as chief executive officer for the bank.

4.6 In determining a person’s honesty, integrity, reputation and

diligence, the board of directors shall consider all appropriate factors (but not limited to) indicated in Annex I of these directives.

4.7 Chief executive officer of a bank shall be at least 30 years old. 4.8 Chief executive officer of a bank shall preferably be married or

responsible to a family. 4.9 Appointment of chief executive officer for a bank (be it for new or

existing bank) by board of directors shall be subject to approval by the Bank.

4.10 To obtain approval, the bank shall file with the Bank written request

along with relevant documents showing that the board has taken into account all relevant considerations set in these directives.

4.11 The Bank shall give written response for the request to approve a

chief executive officer submitted under Article 4.10 herein above within one month from the date of receipt of such request.

6


5. Appointment of Board of Directors and Selection Criteria

5.1 Selection Criteria

5.1.1 Education At least seventy five percent of a bank's board members shall hold a minimum of first degree or equivalent from recognized higher learning institution; and the remaining board members should, at a minimum complete general secondary school. 5.1.2 Employment

Members of Board of Directors shall have adequate managerial experience, preferably in banking business, and/or should take adequate training in banking business management after holding a seat on the board.

5.1.3 Propriety

i. A board member shall be a person with honesty,

integrity, diligence and reputation to the satisfaction of the Bank.

ii. In determining propriety, the Bank shall take into account

all the information (but not limited to) given in Annex I of these directives.

5.1.4 Prohibition

i. A board member of a bank shall not, at the same time, serve as a board member of any other financial institution;

ii. Chairperson of board of directors of a bank shall not be

chief executive officer of the same bank.

7


5.1.5 Rotation

i. A director shall not serve on a board of a bank for more than six consecutive years; however, he/she may be re-elected after a lapse of six years.

ii. Notwithstanding provisions of article 5.1.5(i) herein above, if the shareholders of a bank wish to maintain continuity in the board and re-elect some of the existing board members, they may re-elect such board members for only one more term. The number of board members so re-elected shall, however, be limited to a maximum of one-third (1/3) of the outgoing board members.

5.1.6 Financial Soundness

A director shall not sit on the board of a bank if he /she or a business entity in which he/she served or is serving as director or chief executive officer:

i. has filed for bankruptcy, been adjudged bankrupt, had

assets sequestrated, or been involved in court proceedings relating to any default on credit (bank or otherwise) repayments or tax payment;

ii. carries non-performing loans as defined in the Bank’s

relevant directives from any bank;

5.2 Age A member of the board of a bank shall be at least 30 years old.

5.3 Appointment

5.3.1 Appointment of members of board of directors for a bank (be it for a new or existing bank) shall be subject to approval by the Bank.

8


5.3.2 Banks shall submit to the Bank written request for such approval along with completed PROPRIETY TEST QUESTIONNAIRE (which is annexed with these directives) and other relevant documents necessary to process the approval.

5.3.3 The Bank shall give written response for the request to

approve appointment of board members submitted under article 5.3.2 herein above within one month from the date of receipt of such request.

6. Fees

6.1 A company applying to undertake banking business shall pay

investigation fee of Birr750 (Birr seven hundred and fifty only) that is to be paid at the time of lodging an application.

6.2. A company licensed to undertake banking business shall pay

license fee of Birr5,550 (Birr five thousand five hundred fifty only). 6.3. A bank shall renew its banking business license every year between

July 1 and September 30 and pay annual license renewal fee of Birr5,550 (Birr five thousand five hundred fifty only).

7. Application Submission

All application documents for banking business license duly completed shall be submitted to the Banking Supervision Department, National Bank of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.

8 Financial Year For the purpose of reporting to the Bank, financial year for all banks operating in Ethiopia shall be from July 1 of the current year to June 30 of the following year.

9


9 Commencement of Operation

A licensed bank shall fulfill the following before it commences operation:

9.1 Put in place comprehensive risk management policies and

operating manuals including, but not limited to:

9.1.1 Credit, 9.1.2 Recruitment and manpower development, 9.1.3 Investment, 9.1.4 Domestic and foreign banking, 9.1.5 Liquidity management, 9.1.6 Audit and inspection, 9.1.7 Management information systems, 9.1.8 Planning and budgeting, 9.1.9 Accounting; and 9.1.10 Business continuity Plan

9.2 Hire, train and place adequate and appropriate staff;

9.3 Ensure that the banking hall and staff operating area are

suitable for the type of business to be undertaken in the premises housing the bank including but not limited to:

9.3.1 Proper ventilation and circulation of fresh air, 9.3.2 Suitable and clean sanitary service,

9.3.3 Sufficient and suitable lighting, 9.3.4 Display of working hours and copy of the bank's license in a

visible area of the bank; 9.3.5 Cashier's till which is restricted to authorized persons;

9.4 Have a strong room with a minimum carrying capacity of 224

cubic meters.

9.5 Cash loading and unloading area shall be suitable and protected from public view and access.

9.6 Place fire extinguishers at appropriate places,

9.7 Have insurance policy for the following at a minimum:

10


9.7.1 Fire and other perils, 9.7.2 Burglary and theft,

9.7.3 Fidelity, 9.7.4 Cash and valuables in premises and in transit,

9.8 Outer doors of the building housing the bank shall be of heavy duty metal;

9.9 All windows and glass walls of the building housing the bank

shall be reinforced with metal grills;

10. Transition Period for Existing Banks The provisions of these directives shall apply on banks operating in Ethiopia prior to the effective date of these directives starting from 1st of July 2007.

11. Repeal

Directives No. SBB/1/1994 are hereby repealed and replaced by these Directives.

12 Effective Date

These Directives shall enter into force as of 1st day of May 2006.

11

Strictly Confidential ANNEX I

NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA PROPRIETY TEST QUESTIONAIRE

(To be completed by elected board member and nominated chief executive officer of a bank)

Please give yes or no answers for the following questions; if your answer is "yes" please give further explanation on separate paper.

Position: Board member/Chief Executive Officer (underline the applicable

position) Full Name .............................................................................................................. Name of Bank: …………………………………………………………………………..

a. Have you been convicted of any criminal offence, particularly an offence relating to dishonesty, fraud, financial crime or other criminal acts or been involved in any acts of misfeasance or serious misconduct?

b. Have you been the subject of any proceedings of a disciplinary or

criminal nature, or have you been notified of any impending proceedings or of any investigation, which might lead to such proceedings?

c. Has any business in which you have equity capital participation of five percent and above or in which you served as a director or as chief executive officer been fined, suspended or disciplined in other way or investigated or criticized by a government regulator or professional body?

d. Have you been associated, in ownership or management capacity,

with a company, partnership or other business association that has been refused registration, authorization, membership or a license to conduct trade, business or profession, or has had that registration, authorization, membership or license revoked, withdrawn or terminated?

12

e. Have you, as a result of the removal of the license, registration or other authority mentioned under “d” above been refused the right to carry on trade, business or profession requiring a license, registration or other authorization?

f. Have you been a director, chief executive officer, or otherwise

involved in the management of a business that has gone into receivership, insolvency, or liquidation?

g. Have you been dismissed, asked to resign or resigned from

employment or from a position because of questions or doubts about your honesty and integrity?

h. Have you ever been disqualified, under any law or regulation, from

acting as a director or serving in a managerial capacity?

I certify that the information given above is complete and accurate to the best of my knowledge.

Signature________________________________________ Date ____________________________________________

AMENDMENT OF BRANCH OPENING Directives Number SBB/40/ 2006


These Directives are issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the authority vested in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and Article 5(4) of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business Proclamation No. 84/1994.

2. Definition

For the purpose of this directive the term: 2.1 “The Bank” shall mean National Bank of Ethiopia; 2.2 “Branch” shall mean any place of business at which deposits are

received or cheques are paid out or money is lent and other

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banking business as defined in article 2(2) of Proclamation number 84/1994 is solicited.

3. Requirement

3.1 A bank shall obtain prior authorization from the Bank to open a branch office.

3.2 A bank planning to open a branch shall submit a duly completed

application attached to these directives together with a covering letter to the Bank and shall pay the fee indicated under article 6 of these directives.

3.3 A bank authorized to open a branch shall open the said branch and commence operation within 6(six) months from the date of the grant of authorization.

3.4 A bank authorized to open a branch shall notify the Bank the date it

plans to commence operation in the new branch 15 (fifteen) days before the planned date of commencement of operation.

3.5 Before commencing operation a bank authorized to open a branch

shall fulfill the following:

3.5.1 Ensure that the bank’s relevant policy and procedure manuals, and NBE directives are distributed to appropriate staff members of the branch to be opened;

3.5.2 Ensure that the branch is adequately guarded; 3.5.3 Display in a visible area of the branch working hours, copy of

the bank's license and branch authorization; 3.5.4 Ensure that the banking hall and staff operating area are

suitable for the type of business to be undertaken in the premises housing the branch including but not limited to:

i. Proper ventilation and circulation of fresh air; ii. Suitable and clean sanitary service; iii. Sufficient and suitable lighting; iv. Cashiers' Till, access to which is restricted to

authorized persons. 3.5.5 Ensure that the branch has appropriate strong room or

safe/vault; 3.5.6 Place fire extinguishers in appropriate area;

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3.5.7 Have insurance policy at least for the following: i. Fire and other perils, ii. Burglary and theft, iii. Fidelity, iv. Cash and valuable in premises and transit,

3.5.8 Ensure that outer doors of the building housing the branch

are of heavy duty metal; 3.5.9 Ensure that all windows and glass walls of the building

housing the branch are reinforced with metal grills; 4 Obligation of the Bank

The Bank shall give a written response within five working days from the date of receipt of the application.


5.1 Requirements set under sub-article 3.5 herein above shall be applicable on new branches as well as branches opened before the effective date of these Directives.

5.2 Branches opened before the effective date of these Directives shall

fulfill requirements under sub-article 3.5 herein above latest by June 30, 2007.

6. Fee

A bank applying to open a branch shall pay an investigation fee of Birr 500 (Birr five hundred) for each branch.

7. Prohibition

No bank shall relocate its branch without prior notification and approval by

the Bank.

8. Repeal

Directives No. SBB/22/1996 are hereby repealed and replaced by these directives.

9. Effective Date

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These Directives shall enter into force as of the 8th day of May 2006.

Directives to Transfer Duties and Responsibilities Related to Establishment and Operation of Export Credit Guarantee Scheme from the

National Bank of Ethiopia to Development Bank of Ethiopia

Directives No. SBB/ 41/2007 Whereas, national exporters need to compete on an equal footing with other exporters in increasingly competitive foreign markets and satisfy foreign buyers' requirements; Whereas, it is necessary that exporters with bona-fide export orders should not lose the export opportunity due to inability to get bank credit; Whereas, operation of enhanced export credit guarantee schemes has been found to be supportive of the export sector by availing the necessary financial resources from banks for pre and post-shipment of exports; Whereas, export credit guarantee schemes have proved to be necessary vehicles to facilitate exporters' access to bank credit; Whereas, the Government of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has decided to transfer duties and responsibilities related to establishment and operation of export credit guarantee scheme from National Bank of Ethiopia to Development Bank of Ethiopia; Now, therefore, in accordance with Articles 6 and 61 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994, the National Bank of Ethiopia hereby issues these directives.

¾›=ƒÄåÁ wN?^© v”¡

NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA

Article 1 Definitions

For the purpose of these directives, unless the context provides otherwise: 1.1 “The Bank” shall mean National Bank of Ethiopia;

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1.2 "Guarantor" shall mean Development Bank of Ethiopia; 1.3 "Financing Banks" are licensed commercial banks (excluding

Development Bank of Ethiopia) in Ethiopia; 1.4 “Bankable Export Project” shall mean a project appraised by financing

banks in line with their applicable credit policy and procedures and found within acceptable risk level by the Guarantor;

1.5 "Export" is non-coffee export; 1.6 "Export Credit Guarantee" shall mean a guarantee provided by the

Guarantor to safeguard export financing banks against losses resulting from the export transactions they finance;

1.7 "Exporter" is a person engaged in non-coffee exports; 1.8 “Existing Exporters” shall mean exporters who have been engaged in

export business for at least 12 months prior to the date of application for export loan under export credit guarantee scheme who can produce evidence of receipt of export proceeds over those months;

1.9 “New Exporters” shall mean exporters who have been engaged in export

business for less than 12 months at the time of applying for export loan under export credit guarantee scheme;

1.10 “Fund" is a special fund created by the Guarantor for financing guarantee

settlements under Export Credit Guarantee Scheme; 1.11 "Outstanding Active Export Credit Guarantees" shall mean guarantees issued by

the Bank to financing banks, which on the effective date of these directives (i) have not expired or (ii) original due dates have expired but extended by the Bank and not yet due;

1.12 "Outstanding Inactive Export Credit Guarantees" shall mean export credit

guarantees issued by the Bank before the effective date of these directives which have been (i) claimed by financing banks, or (ii) claimed by financing banks and disputed, or (iii) settled by the Bank and under litigation or transferred to Legal Services Department of the Bank for litigation;


NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA 1.13 “Perishable Export Commodities” shall mean export commodities

subject to significant deterioration in quality or spoilage or decay, such as

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fruits, vegetables, molasses, unpreserved meat, flowers, live animals and other commodities as determined by the Bank;

1.14 "Pre-Shipment Export Credit Guarantee" is a guarantee provided by the

Guarantor up to a maximum of 365 days to financing banks to cover pre-shipment export loan extended to exporters;

1.15 "Post-Shipment Export Credit Guarantee" is a guarantee provided by the

Guarantor up to a maximum of 180 days to financing banks to cover post-shipment export loan extended to exporters.

Article 2

Eligibility Criteria

2.1 Exporters shall satisfy all of the following in order to be considered eligible for export credit guarantee:

2.1.1 The export project to be financed under the export credit guarantee

scheme shall be bankable; 2.1.2 Exporters shall not carry “loss” category loans, as defined in the Bank's

Directives on Provisioning, owed to any bank in Ethiopia; 2.1.3 Exporters shall present a bona-fide order from a foreign buyer; 2.1.4 Exporters shall produce evidence of a valid investment certificate and/or

trade license; 2.1.5 New exporters shall:

i. produce property or other collateral equivalent to at least 40% for producer exporters and 50% for other exporters of the amount of the loan requested;

ii. produce evidence that all proceeds from non-

perishable goods to be exported shall be paid through irrevocable letter of credit; however, no letter of credit shall be required for perishable export commodities;


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2.1.6 Existing exporters shall produce from local banks documentary evidence about receipt of export proceeds in the 12 months preceding the date of application for export loan under export credit guarantee scheme;

2.1.7 Exporters shall submit all documents required by financing banks to

conduct their normal credit risk analysis.

2.2 Financing banks may approve pre-shipment or post-shipment credit to exporters upon fulfillment of the above eligibility criteria.

Article 3 Issuance of Guarantee

Upon written request of a financing bank, the Guarantor shall issue export credit guarantee to cover 80% of the outstanding loan balance and interest thereof extended to an exporter by the financing bank, provided the request is acceptable to the Guarantor.

Article 4

The Guarantee Amount The Guarantor may issue export credit guarantee to: 4.1 Existing exporters, who fulfill eligibility criteria set under article 2.1 herein

above, up to 100% of export proceeds actually received through financing banks from non-coffee exports in the 12 months preceding the date of application for export loan under export credit guarantee scheme;

4.2 New producer exporters, who fulfill eligibility criteria set under article

2.1 above, up to two point five (2.5) times the estimated value of the pledged collateral;

4.3 Other new exporters, who fulfill eligibility criteria set under articles 2.1 above,

up to two (2) times the value of the pledged collateral;


Article 5

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Obligations of Financing Banks 5.1 Financing banks shall:

5.1.1 critically evaluate credit worthiness of the exporter who applies for a loan and shall ensure that the export project to be financed is bankable;

5.1.2 finance only bankable export projects; 5.1.3 Collect credit information from all banks in

Ethiopia to ensure that an exporter applying for export loan does not carry “loss” category loans owed to any bank;

5.1.4 exercise all reasonable and usual care

regarding operations of export financing and act with utmost good faith;

5.1.5 Channel to the exporter's loan account, in

settlement of the loan, all export proceeds collected from an exporter after the disbursement of the loan covered by the export credit guarantee.

5.1.6 promptly notify the Guarantor within 15

days of the occurrence of any event or development likely to cause a loss or default;

5.1.7 collect on behalf of the Guarantor interest

due to it on loans covered by export credit guarantee; and

5.1.8 act as the agent of the Guarantor to recover the due amount from the defaulting exporter and report to the Guarantor actions taken on such borrowers promptly.

5.2 Where the exporter defaults, the financing bank, subject to prior written agreement of the Guarantor, may:

5.2.1 extend the due date of pre or post shipment export credit

covered by export credit guarantee for a maximum of 180 days if it determines that the financial position of the borrower is sound and the loan repayment problem is temporary; or

5.2.2 provide additional loan that may not exceed 50 percent of

the existing outstanding loan covered by export credit guarantee and extend the due date of both the new and the existing loans for a maximum of 180 days if it determines that the borrower will be

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rehabilitated and settle the loans out of the cash flow to be generated.


NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA 5.3 Financing banks shall submit to the Guarantor:

5.3.1 Relevant credit risk analysis report and all other documents necessary to ensure the export project to be financed is bankable; and

5.3.2 Monthly export credit performance report in accordance with the

table attached with these Directives or any other format developed by the Guarantor. Such report shall be filed within twenty days after the end of the reporting month.

Article 6 Revolving Credit

Financing banks may, during the life of the export credit guarantee, repeatedly disburse loan to a borrower for export purposes equivalent to the amount of the partial or full loan settlement referred to under sub-article 5.1.5, so long as the outstanding balance of the loan does not exceed the export credit guarantee issued to cover it.

Article 7 Obligation of the Exporter

Exporter shall: 7.1 Provide accurate information, accompanied with all supporting documents,

to financing banks on their business, export activities and bank loan repayment status;

7.2 Exercise due care so as to ensure that the advances are used for the

purposes they are earmarked for; 7.3 Repay the entire amount of the outstanding loan and interest thereof to

the financing bank on or before due date of the loan;

7.4 In case of difficulties experienced in manufacture or shipment of goods or realization of export proceeds from foreign buyers, they should discuss the problem and the proposed course of action with their financing banks.

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Article 8

Risk Coverage

8.1 The Guarantor shall cover 80 percent of the risk, which may result from default of repayment;

8.2 The financing bank shall bear the remaining portion (20

percent) of default risk. Article 9

The Guarantee Fund and Fee 9.1 The Guarantor shall create a Guarantee Fund Account for funding the

Export Credit Guarantee Scheme; 9.2 Financing banks shall pay, out of the interest rate stated under article

10.1 hereunder, 2 (two) percent of the outstanding loan balance covered by export credit guarantee per annum to the Guarantor calculated in line with interest income accrual or collection policy and procedure of the respective financing bank. They shall pay such interest to the Guarantor on quarterly basis;

9.3 Interest income collected in line with article 9.2 above shall be transferred to Guarantee Fund Account.

. 9.4 The Guarantor may invest the money in the guarantee fund account in risk

free and liquid assets such as Treasury bills and transfer the income from such investments to its Income Statement.

9.5 Guarantee fund created by the Bank in line with provisions of article 9 of

the Bank's Directives No. SBB/38/2006 shall be used to settle claims against export credit guarantee filed with the Bank before the effective date of these directives;

9.6 The closure of the Guarantee fund account with the Bank shall be decided

by the Bank . Article 10

Rate of Interest

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10.1 Financing banks shall charge their respective prevailing lowest lending interest rate on pre- or post-shipment loans covered by the export credit guarantee scheme;

10.2 Non-compliance with the stipulation of the credit guarantee scheme might

result in charging the penal rate used by the financing bank. In the case of proven mis-use of funds, the financing bank may demand the immediate repayment of the loan.



Article 11

Collateral 11.1 The Export Credit Guarantee of the Guarantor serves as part of the

collateral when exporters apply for financing;

11.2 When applying for post-shipment credit, the exporter shall hand over to the financing bank all the necessary shipping and other documents relating to the goods shipped for export. Also, the exporter shall authorize the financing bank to collect or receive payment from the foreign buyer, on the basis of which the post-shipment credit is sanctioned to the exporter. Goods in possession of the financing bank are considered as additional collateral providing the necessary security for the financing bank;

11.3 In case a borrower defaults, the Guarantor and financing

bank shall share the cash collateral, or any proceeds from liquidation of any property pledged as collateral, or any proceeds from liquidation of collateral secured through court ruling, in proportion to the risk they took in lending to the defaulting borrower, that is, the Guarantor shall be entitled to collect 80%, leaving the balance (20%) to the financing bank.

Article 12 5 Repayment 12.1 Without prejudice to article 5.2 above, repayment period for pre-shipment

credit shall not exceed 365 days. Pre-shipment advances shall be repaid by handing over the shipping documents to the financing bank within 10

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days after the goods have been shipped for export. The date of shipment is the date of the stamp on the bill of lading or other shipping documents. The repayment of loan may be by way of adjusting from post-shipment credit obtained against the documents or by payment in an accepted manner;

12.2 Exporters, adjusting the pre-shipment credit, shall have the possibility of extending the credit into the post-shipment period. Exporters willing to use this facility shall have to apply well in advance to their financing bank for a post-shipment credit to avoid possible delays, after the goods have been shipped. Any non-compliance with the above stipulation may result in rejection of the exporter's post-shipment credit application and immediate repayment obligation of the pre-shipment credit;



12.3 Without prejudice to article 5.2 above, repayment period of the post-shipment credit shall not exceed 180 days. Post-shipment advances will be adjusted by the financing bank out of payments received from the foreign importer to enable it to automatically settle the outstanding debt of its exporter-borrower, after payment from the foreign buyer has been collected.

Article 13

Settlement of Guaranteed Portion to Financing Bank 13.1 In case an export credit goes on default, the Guarantor shall pay the

guaranteed portion of the loan amount lent to the exporter within seven days after the complete set of necessary documents have been presented to it. The Guarantor, however, shall not pay any interest on the export credit during the seven days following submission of complete set of documents by financing banks;

13.2 When repayment of the full or partial amount of defaulted

loan is effected by the defaulting exporter to the financing bank after the settlement of the guaranteed portion, the financing bank shall transfer the money to the Guarantor within 7 days;

Article 14 Expiry of Guarantee

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14.1 Export Credit Guarantee shall be issued for a specific period of time that shall not exceed i) 365 days to cover pre-shipment export credit and ii) 180 days to cover post shipment export credit. However, the Guarantor, upon request of financing banks, may extend expiry date of the guarantee for a maximum of 180 days from its expiry date. At the last day of the guarantee period, unless extended in writing by the Guarantor, the Guarantee shall be null and void;

14.2 Under normal circumstances, the last day of the Guarantee shall be that

indicated on the "Export Credit Guarantee Letter" as ending date of the Guarantee.



Article 15

Default and Non-compliance

15.1 Where an exporter defaults and cannot qualify for loan rescheduling or restructuring stipulated under article 5.2 above, he/she shall be suspended from all types of bank credit from the entire banking system until he/she fully settles the outstanding loan including interest and charges;

15.2 To facilitate the suspension, the Guarantor shall circulate the names of all

defaulters under the export credit guarantee scheme to all banks. Moreover, the Guarantor shall publish the names of such defaulters in widely circulating newspapers;

15.3 Upon receipt of defaulters list stipulated under sub-article 15.2 above, all

banks shall deny provision of new bank credit service(s) and shall not renew all existing overdraft or other credit facilities to any one exporter in the list until the Guarantor notifies them that the exporter has fully settled his/her overdue export loans;

15.4 If a financing bank does not comply with the provisions of these directives,

the Guarantor maintains the power to reduce guarantee coverage and, in extreme cases, to suspend new coverage for a period of four years.

Article 16

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Inspection

The Bank may undertake an inspection of any bank, including the Guarantor, to verify its compliance with the provisions of these Directives.

Article 17

Administration of Outstanding Active Export Credit Guarantees 17.1 The Guarantor shall administer outstanding active export

credit guarantees issued before the effective date of these directives in line with the terms and conditions of the guarantees set at the time of their issuance.


17.2 The Bank shall transfer all files and documents in its

possession related to outstanding active export credit guarantees to the Guarantor.

Article 18

Administration of outstanding Inactive Export Credit Guarantees The Bank shall administer outstanding inactive export credit guarantees that are outstanding as of the effective date of these Directives until their full settlement or resolution.

Article 19 Repeal

The Establishment and Operation of Export Credit Guarantee Scheme Directives Number SBB/38/2006 is hereby repealed and replaced by these Directives.

Article 20

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Effective Date

These directives shall come into force as of the 1st day of February 2007.

RESERVE REQUIREMENT (3rd REPLACEMENT)

DIRECTIVES No. SBB/42/2007 Whereas, the National Bank of Ethiopia is vested with powers, duties and responsibilities of monetary management and regulation and supervision of banks; Whereas, statutory reserve requirement, which obliges banks to hold a proportion of their deposit balance with the National Bank of Ethiopia, is one of the important monetary policy instruments and prudential regulation tools;

Whereas, liquidity in the banking system remained relatively high;

Whereas, commercial banks have strong incentive to enhance profitability through credit extension;

Whereas, it has been found necessary to check monetary growth so as to avoid risk of high inflation and ensure a stable macroeconomic environment for a healthy economic growth; Now, therefore, the National Bank of Ethiopia has issued these directives pursuant to the authorities vested in it by Article 41 of Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and article 16 of Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business Proclamation No. 84/1994. NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA ¾›=ƒÄåÁ wN?^© v”¡

1. Short Title These Directives may be cited as “Reserve Requirement – 3rd Replacement “ Directives No. SBB/42/ 2007. 2. Opening Accounts with the National Bank of Ethiopia

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Banks operating in Ethiopia shall open two separate Birr accounts with the National Bank of Ethiopia to be used as follows:

2.1 Reserve Account

a) A reserve account shall exclusively be used to maintain the reserve balance stated under article 3 of these directives;

b) No bank shall withdraw any money from its reserve account

without prior approval of the Banking Supervision Department of the National Bank of Ethiopia.


A payments and settlement account shall be used to carry out all day-to-day transactions of banks through the National Bank of Ethiopia.

3. Requirement Any bank operating in Ethiopia shall at all times maintain in its Reserve Account stated under sub-article 2.1 of these directives 10% (ten percent) of all Birr and foreign currency deposit liabilities held in the form of demand (current) deposits, saving deposits and time deposits.


4.1 Cash items in process of collection, if included under deposits, shall be

deducted there from in computing the balance of total deposits for reserve purposes;

4.2 Cash items in process of collection through the National Bank of Ethiopia

shall not be acceptable as reserve until credited to the reserve account;

NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA ¾›=ƒÄåÁ wN?^© v”¡



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5.3 The National Bank of Ethiopia may waive the penalty stated herein

above on grounds it considers acceptable. 6. Reports For the purpose of determining strict compliance with the reserve requirement stated under article 3 of these Directives, properly checked and signed reports, showing balances as of each Wednesday, shall be submitted to the Banking Supervision Department of the National Bank of Ethiopia. The reports shall be submitted not later than Tuesday of the following week and shall show the balance of each type of deposit under article 3 herein above, reserve balance with National Bank of Ethiopia and the excess/shortfall in reserves. 7. Repeal

Directive No. SBB/37/2004 is hereby repealed and replaced by these Directives. 8. Effective Date

These Directives shall enter into force as of 20th day of July 2007.


ASSET CLASSIFICATION AND PROVISIONING (4th REPLACEMENT)

1. Issuing Authority These directives are issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the authority vested in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and by Articles 15(1) and 36 of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business Proclamation No. 84/1994.

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2. Short Title

These Directives may be cited as “Asset classification and Provisioning”

Directives No. SBB/43/2007.

3. Purpose of Directive The purpose of these directives is to provide uniform guidelines to banks to assure that:

3.1 Loans or advances are regularly reviewed and classified in a manner consistent with regulatory standards;

3.2 Loans or advances which are not performing in

accordance with contractual repayment terms are recognized and reported as past due in a manner consistent with regulatory standards;

3.3 Accrued but uncollected interest on loans or

advances is accounted for in accordance with international accounting and regulatory standards; and


3.4 Timely and adequate provisions are made to the

Provisions for Loan Losses Account in order to accurately reflect the risk inherent in lending activities and to ensure that disclosed capital and earnings performance are accurately reflected.

4. Definitions

4.1 “Capitalized Interest” means any accrued and uncollected interest that has been added to the principal amount of loans or advances at a payment date or maturity; it also includes uncollected interest that is rolled-over into new loans or advances.

4.2 “Cash Collateral” means credit balances on accounts in the books of

the lending bank over which customers have given the lending bank a formal letter of cession and which the bank at its discretion has transferred from the customer’s account(s) to a specific or general cash collateral account(s) or blocked.

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4.3 “Cash-substitutes” include:



Government of Ethiopia;

4.3.3 An unconditional obligation or guaranty issued in writing by a foreign bank with an A or above rating by Standard and Poor's Corporation and/or by Moody's Investor Services in their latest rating;

4.3.4 Export credit guarantee issued in writing by an institution or agency authorized

by Federal Government of Ethiopia; and

4.3.5 Other liquid and readily marketable securities approved in writing by the National Bank of Ethiopia and which are held in the vaults of the lending bank.

4.4 “Current” as used in reference to “current written,” or similar uses, means information or documentation having an issuance date not more than 12 (twelve) calendar months old.


NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA 4.5 “In Process of Collection” means that the collection of loans or advances

is proceeding in due course in a timely manner through enforcement of judgments against the borrower that is reasonably assured to result in full repayment of the loan or advance (principal plus accrued interest) within 360 (three-hundred-sixty) days from the date the loan or advance first became past due.

4.6 “Loans” or “Advances” means any financial assets of a bank arising

from a direct or indirect advance (i.e. unplanned overdrafts, participation in loan syndication, the purchase of loans from another lender, etc.) or commitment to advance funds by a bank to a person that are conditioned on the obligation of the person to repay the funds, either on a specified date or dates or on demand, usually with interest. The term includes a contractual obligation of a bank to advance funds to or on behalf of a person, claim evidenced by a lease financing transaction in which the bank is the lessor, and an overdraft facility to be funded by the bank on behalf of a person. The term does not include accrued but uncollected interest or discounted interest.

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4.7 “Net Recoverable Value” means the most probable value of a loan or an advance which will be realized from the sale of collateral securing the loan or advance in a competitive and open market. For purposes of these directives, the most probable value of a loan or an advance recoverable from the sale of collateral securing the loan or advance shall be the outstanding principal balance of the loan or advance multiplied by the “average recovery rate” of a bank for loans or advances secured by collateral, provided that such average recovery rate shall not be 15 (fifteen) percentage points greater than “industry average recovery rate”. If a bank has no information on aggregate net cash receipts or total net market value of acquired properties to compute its own average recovery rate, it shall use industry average recovery rate to determine the most probable value of a loan or an advance.

4.7.1 The term “ average recovery rate” means aggregate net cash

receipts from sale of collateral plus total net market value of acquired properties, divided by the aggregate outstanding principal balance of the loans or advances backed by the collateral sold or otherwise acquired by a bank calculated over the period of 18 consecutive months preceding the date of computing minimum provision requirement as laid down in these directives. In case a loan or an advance is secured by more than one collateral, such loan or advance and the collateral securing it shall be excluded from computation of average recovery rate unless all properties backing the loan or advance are sold or otherwise acquired by the bank.


4.7.1 “Aggregate net cash receipts” means net cash collection (after deduction of any expenses associated with the sale of the collateral which may have been necessary to place the collateral in a saleable condition), over 18 consecutive months preceding the date of calculating minimum provision requirement, of a bank from the sale of collateral which have been seized or foreclosed by the bank in satisfaction of loans or advances previously granted.

4.7.2 The term “total net market value of acquired properties” as

used in these directives shall mean the average of ask or reserve price of acquired properties and the highest offer bid amount registered at the last auction in the market that preceded the acquisition by a bank for properties which previously were offered by borrowers as collateral against loans or advances. The highest offer bid amount for auctioned property in absence of a bidder at the last auction shall be zero.

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4.7.3 “Ask or reserve price” shall mean minimum price at which

the lending bank is willing to sell foreclosed assets.

4.7.4 The term “ industry average recovery rate” means aggregate net cash receipts plus total net market value of acquired properties, divided by the aggregate outstanding principal balance of the loans or advances backed by the collateral at the time the collateral was seized, foreclosed, repossessed or otherwise acquired by all banks operating in Ethiopia calculated over the period of 18 consecutive months preceding the date of determining minimum provision requirement. In case a loan or an advance is secured by more than one collateral, such loan or advance and the collateral backing it shall be excluded from computation of industry average recovery rate unless all properties held as collateral against the loan or advance are sold or otherwise acquired by banks. The National Bank of Ethiopia shall compute such industry average recovery rate every calendar quarter and distribute to all banks operating in Ethiopia.

4.7.5 In determining the average recovery rate as set out under

4.7.1 herein above, the net market value of acquired property and/or the net cash receipt from the sale of collateral shall not exceed 100% of each outstanding non-performing loan backed by the collateral and used in the calculation of the average recovery rate.


NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA 4.8 “Non-accrual Status” means that a loan or advance has been placed on a

cash basis for financial reporting purposes. Interest on such loans or advances accrued on the books of the bank, or for which a specific reserve (such as a suspended interest account) has been established by the bank to offset the full amount of interest being accrued, shall not be taken into income unless as otherwise provided in these directives.

4.9 “Non-performing” means loans or advances whose credit quality has

deteriorated such that full collection of principal and/or interest in accordance with the contractual repayment terms of the loan or advance is in question.

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4.9.1 For purposes of these directives, loans or advances with pre-established repayment programs are non-performing when principal and/or interest is due and uncollected for 90 (ninety) consecutive days or more beyond the scheduled payment date or maturity.

4.9.2 For purposes of these directives, overdrafts and loans or advances

that do not have a pre-established repayment program shall be non-performing when:

a) The debt remains outstanding for 90 (ninety)

consecutive days or more beyond the scheduled payment date or maturity;

b) The debt exceeds the borrower’s approved limit for 90

(ninety) consecutive days or more; c) Interest is due and uncollected for 90 (ninety)

consecutive days or more; or d) For overdrafts, (i) the account has been inactive for

90 (ninety) consecutive days or (ii) deposits are insufficient to cover the interest capitalized during 90 (ninety) consecutive days or (iii) the account fails to show the following debit balance at least once over 360 days preceding the date of loan review:

i. 20% of approved limit or less latest by June 30, 2008; ii. 5% or less effective from June 30, 2009.

4.9.3 For purposes of these directives, the entire principal balance of loans or advances outstanding exhibiting the characteristics described under 4.9.1 and 4.9.2 shall be considered as non-performing.


4.10 “Overdraft” means a deposit account on the books of the bank with a

debit balance. 4.11 “Person” shall mean any judicial and natural person.

4.12 “Provisions for Loan Losses Account” means a balance sheet

valuation account established through charges to provision expense in the income statement in respect of possible losses in the loans or advances portfolio.

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4.13 “Renegotiated Loans or Advances” means loans or advances, which

have been refinanced, rescheduled, rolled-over, or otherwise modified at favorable terms and conditions for the borrower because of weaknesses in the borrower’s financial condition and/or ability to repay.

4.14 “Short or medium term loans” means loans or advances with original

repayment or maturity period of 5 (five) years or less. 4.15 “Suspended Interest Account” means an account where previously

accrued but uncollected interest on loans or advances required to be placed on non-accrual status is reserved out of the income of the bank.

4.16 “Total capital” shall mean the paid up capital, legal reserve and any

other unencumbered reserve acceptable to the National Bank of Ethiopia held by a bank.

4.17 “Well-Secured” means that a loan or advance is secured by cash

collateral or cash-substitutes sufficient to repay the full debt (principal plus accrued interest); for purposes of these directives, sufficiency shall include proper legal documentation evidencing the bank’s claim on the collateral.

5. Responsibility for Loan Review and Specific Requirements 5.1 The board of directors of each bank is responsible for establishing a loan

review system which:

5.1.1 recognizes accurately and timely problem of deteriorating loans or advances.

5.1.2 assures the adequacy of the Provisions for Loan Losses Account.


5.1.3 assures that accrued but uncollected interest reflected on the books of

the bank are in accordance with the requirements laid out in these directives.

5.1.4 ensures that overdraft facilities are properly used by borrowers only

for the purpose specified in the loan contract they entered with the

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bank, and in case such loans are diverted from the intended purpose enables to take timely, prompt and appropriate correction actions.

5.2 The board of directors of each bank shall assure that a review is made of the

quality of the bank’s loans or advances portfolio on a regular basis, but no less than once each calendar quarter. At the end of each calendar quarter, or more frequently if warranted, the board of directors shall require the executive officer(s) of the bank to take appropriate measures in response to the findings of the loan review function to:

5.2.1 Accurately reflect earnings by assuring that

all loans or advances categorized as non-performing in accordance with the requirements laid out in these directives are placed on non-accrual status and accrued but uncollected interest has been reversed out of the bank’s income;

5.2.2 Assure that the Provisions for Loan Losses

Account is adequate to absorb potential losses in accordance with the requirements laid out in these directives; and

5.2.3 Correct problems, either in individual loans or

advances, loan underwriting practices, compliance with prudent lending standards and the board-approved lending policy, or other credit administration weaknesses as may be identified by the loan review function, within a specified time frame.

5.3 The board of directors of each bank shall maintain adequate records

supporting its evaluation of potential losses in the loans or advances portfolio and the entries made to reflect earnings and the adequacy of the Provisions for Loan Losses Account; such records shall be made available to examining personnel of the National Bank of Ethiopia upon request.

5.4 The loan review function shall assure on an on-going basis, at a minimum,

that:

5.4.1 Lending activities are in compliance with prudent written lending standards as approved and adopted by the board of directors;


5.4.2 The borrowers are using overdraft facilities

for the purpose they negotiated with the bank; and incase of diversion

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from the intended purpose that timely measures are taken to correct the problem.

5.4.3 The board of directors is adequately informed

of the risks and potential loss exposure in outstanding loans or advances;

5.4.4 Problem or deteriorating loans or advances

are properly and timely identified, classified, and placed on non-accrual status in accordance with the requirements laid out in these directives;

5.4.5 Appropriate provisions are made to the

Provisions for Loan Losses Account for loans or advances classified in accordance with the requirements laid out in these directives; and

5.4.6 Uncollectible non-performing loans or

advances are written off as appropriate. 5.5 The loan review function shall regularly and on an ongoing basis review all

loans or advances which exceed 5% (five percent) of a bank’s total capital to a single borrower, calculated in accordance with the Single Borrower Loan Limit, all loans or advances required to be placed on non-accrual status in accordance with the requirements laid out in these directives, and a sampling of the remaining loans or advances portfolio to determine that:

5.5.1 loans or advances reflected as performing on

the books of the bank are in fact performing pursuant to the requirements and definitions laid out in these directives, and

5.5.2 overdraft facilities are used by borrowers for the intended purpose.

5.6 The loan review function shall be performed by the board of directors of each bank or a group of individuals to be designated by the board of directors, who are knowledgeable in credit analysis methodologies and who are not involved in the lending activities of the bank. In the latter case, the group shall on a regular basis, but not less than once each calendar quarter, report its findings directly to the board of directors in writing.


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6. Placement of Loans or Advances on Non-accrual Status

6.1 All non-performing loans shall be placed on non-accrual status, unless the loans or advances are (i) well-secured and (ii) in process of collection.

6.2 Accrued but uncollected interest being carried on the books

for loans or advances which are required to be placed on non-accrual status in accordance with the requirements laid out in these directives shall be eliminated by the end of the calendar quarter in which the loans or advances are required to be placed on non-accrual status, but in no event later than the fiscal year-end date of the bank, whichever is sooner.

6.3 A non-performing loan or advance placed on non-accrual

status may be restored to accrual status only when:

6.3.1 None of the outstanding principal and/or interest is past due; and 6.3.2 For renegotiated loans or advances, where all past due

interest is paid by the borrower in cash at the time of renegotiation and the loan or advance is not classified as substandard in accordance with 7.1.6. of these directives.

6.4 Banks shall report to the National Bank of Ethiopia on a quarterly basis loans or advances which exceed 5% (five percent) of the bank's capital that have been restored from non-accrual to accrual status.

6.5 If a bank has multiple loans outstanding to a single borrower as

calculated in accordance with the Single Borrower Loan Limit, and one loan or advance meets the criteria for non-accrual status, then the bank shall prepare a current written evaluation of the borrower’s creditworthiness evidencing that repayment prospects for the other loans or advances are reasonably assured; should such written creditworthiness evaluation suggest that repayment prospects for the other loans or advances are in question or otherwise uncertain, then all such loans or advances to the borrower shall be placed on non-accrual status regardless of any requirements laid out in these directives.

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¾›=ƒÄåÁ wN?^© v”¡ NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA 7. Classification of Loans or Advances

7.1 For purposes of these directives, banks shall classify all loans and advances, whether such loans or advances have pre-established repayment programs or not, into the following five classification categories using the criteria described below:

7.1.1 Pass Loans or advances in this category are fully protected by the current financial and paying capacity of the borrower and are not subject to criticism. In general, any loan or advance, or portion thereof, which is fully secured, both as to principal and interest, by cash or cash-substitutes, shall be classified under this category regardless of past due status or other adverse credit factors.

7.1.2 Special Mention

The following loans and advance at a minimum shall be classified special mention:

a) loans or advances with pre-established repayment programs

past due 30 (thirty) days or more, but less than 90 (ninety) days;

b) overdrafts and loans or advances that do not have a pre-

established repayment program, if :

i. The debt remains outstanding for 30 (thirty) consecutive days or more beyond the scheduled payment date or

maturity, but less than 90 (ninety) days; or

ii. The debt exceeds the borrower’s approved limit for 30 (thirty) consecutive days or more, but less than 90

(ninety) days; or

iii. Interest is due and uncollected for 30 (thirty) consecutive days or more; but less than 90 (ninety) days

; or

iv. For overdrafts, the account has been inactive for 30 (thirty) consecutive days or more, but less than 90

(ninety) days or the account fails to show the following

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debit balance at least once over 360 days preceding the date of loan review:

1) ten to nineteen percent of the approved limit latest by

June 30, 2008; ¾›=ƒÄåÁ wN?^© v”¡ NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA

2) one to four percent of the approved limit effective from June 30, 2009.

7.1.3 Substandard

The following non-performing loans and advances at a minimum shall be classified substandard: a. loans or advances with pre-established repayment programs

past due 90 (ninety) days or more, but less than 180 (one-hundred-eighty) days;

b. overdrafts and loans or advances that do not have a pre-

established repayment program, if:

i. The debt remains outstanding for 90 (ninety) consecutive days or more beyond the scheduled payment date or maturity, but less than 180 (one-

hundred-eighty) days; or

ii. The debt exceeds the borrower’s approved limit for 90 (ninety) consecutive days or more, but less than 180

(one-hundred-eighty) days; or

iii. Interest is due and uncollected for 90 (ninety) days or more, but less than 180 (one-hundred-eighty) days; or

iv. For overdrafts, the account has been inactive for 90

(ninety) consecutive days or more, but less than 180 (one-hundred-eighty) days; or the account fails to show the following debit balance at least once over 360 days

preceding the date of loan review:

1) twenty to thirty-nine percent of the approved limit latest by June 30, 2008;

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2) five to nineteen percent of the approved limit effective from June 30, 2009.

7.1.4 Doubtful

The following non-performing loans and advances at a minimum shall be classified doubtful: a. loans or advances with pre-established repayment programs: past

due 180 (one-hundred-eighty) days or more, but less than 360 (three-hundred-sixty) days;


b. overdrafts and loans or advances that do not have a pre-established

repayment program, if :

i. the debt remains outstanding for 180 (one-hundred-eighty) consecutive days or more beyond the scheduled payment date or maturity, but less than 360 (three-hundred-sixty) days; or

ii. the debt exceeds the borrower’s approved limit for 180 (one-

hundred-eighty) consecutive days or more, but less than 360 (three-hundred-sixty) days; or

iii. interest is due and uncollected for 180 (one-hundred-eighty) days

or more, but less than 360 (three-hundred-sixty) days; or

iv. for overdrafts, the account has been inactive for 180 (one-hundred-eighty) consecutive days or more, but less than 360 (three-hundred-sixty) days; or the account fails to show the following debit balance at least once over 360 days preceding the date of loan review:

1) forty to sixty-nine percent of the approved limit latest

by June 30, 2008; 2) twenty to forty-nine percent of the approved limit

effective from June 30, 2009.

7.1.5 Loss

The following non-performing loans and advances at a minimum shall be classified loss:

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a) None performing loans or advances with pre-established repayment programs past due 360 (three-hundred-sixty)

days or more;

b) overdrafts and loans or advances that do not have a pre-established repayment program, if :

i. The debt remains outstanding for 360 (three-

hundred-sixty) consecutive days or more beyond the scheduled payment date or maturity; or


ii. The debt exceeds the borrower’s approved limit for 360 (three-hundred-sixty) days or more; or

iii. Interest is due and uncollected for 360 (three-

hundred-sixty) days or more; or

iv. For overdrafts, the account has been inactive for 360 (three-hundred-sixty) consecutive days or more,

or the account fails to show the following debit balance at least once over 360 days preceding the

date of loan review:

1) seventy percent and above of the approved limit latest by June 30, 2008;

2) fifty percent and above of the approved limit

effective from June 30, 2009.

7.1.6 Without prejudice to the classification criteria used for the Sub-Standard category set out under 7.1.3 herein above, the following non-performing loans and advances shall be categorized as substandard:

a) Renegotiated term loans unless equivalent of all past due

interest is paid by the borrower in cash at the time of renegotiation and the following payments are made by the borrower on a consistent and timely basis in accordance with the restructured terms of the loan or advance:

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i. in the case of term loans with monthly or quarterly installment repayments, at least 3 (three) consecutive repayments;

ii. in the case of loans with semi-annual installment

repayments, at least 2 (two) consecutive repayments;

iii. in the case of loans with annual installment repayments, at least one repayment;

b) Renegotiated non-performing overdraft facilities unless equivalent of all past due interest is paid by the borrower in cash at the time of renegotiation and the account shows at a minimum:

i. a nil balance at least once; or ii. a turnover rate of once the approved limit.


c) Renegotiated non-performing merchandize loans unless

physical inventory of the merchandize taken by the bank at the time of renegotiation shows that the outstanding principal loan and interest thereof are fully covered and the safety margin determined following the inventory is at least not lower than the margin stated in the loan contract entered into by the bank and the borrower at the time of initial extension of the loan.

7.1.7 If a bank has multiple loans outstanding to a single borrower as

calculated in accordance with the Single Borrower Loan Limit, and one loan or advance meets the criteria for non performing, then the bank shall prepare a current written evaluation of the borrower’s creditworthiness evidencing that repayment prospects for the other loans or advances are reasonably assured; should such written creditworthiness evaluation suggest that repayment prospects for the other loans or advances are in question or otherwise uncertain, then all such loans or advances to the borrower shall at a minimum be classified substandard regardless of any requirements laid out in these directives.

7.1.8 A bank shall not reschedule, restructure or renegotiate short or

medium term loan to a borrower for more than three iterations. Before rescheduling, restructuring or renegotiating a short or a

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medium term loan, a bank shall collect in cash full amount of interest in arrears thereof and the following principal amounts:

a. a minimum of 25% of outstanding principal balance in

case of rescheduling, restructuring or renegotiating for the second time.

b. a minimum of 50% of outstanding principal balance in

case of rescheduling, restructuring or renegotiating for the third time.

7.2 Notwithstanding the classification criteria laid out under 7.1 herein

above, loans or advances may be subject to more severe classification by examiners of the National Bank of Ethiopia if the actual condition of the loan or advance warrants such classification. Conditions that warrant more severe classification may include, but are not limited to: (i) significant departure from the primary source of repayment; (ii) repayment terms which are too liberal or inconsistent with the purpose and nature of the loan or advance and/or collateral held; (iii) delinquencies which have been technically cured by modifying the repayment terms, refinancing or renewing the loan or advance, or


advancing additional funds for the purpose of meeting repayment requirements on an existing loan or advance.

8. Provisioning Requirements for Loans or Advances 8.1 All banks shall maintain a Provisions for Loan Losses Account which shall

be created by charges to provision expense in the income statement and shall be maintained at a level adequate to absorb potential losses in the loans or advances portfolio. In determining the adequacy of the Provisions for Loan Losses Account, provisions may be attributed to individual loans or advances or groups of loans or advances.

8.2 The Provisions for Loan Losses Account shall always have a credit

balance. Additions to or reductions of the Provisions for Loan Losses Account shall be made only through charges to provisions in the income statement at least every calendar quarter.

8.3 Banks shall maintain the following minimum provision percentages against

the outstanding principal amount of each loan or advance classified in

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accordance with the criteria for the classification of loans or advances as laid out under article 7 herein above:

Classification Category Minimum Provision

8.3.1 “Pass” 1% 8.3.2 “Special Mention” 3% 8.3.3 “Substandard” 20% 8.3.4 “Doubtful” 50% 8.3.5 “Loss” 100%

8.4 Where reliable information, such as (i) historical loan loss experience, (ii)

current economic conditions, (iii) delinquency trends, (iv) ineffectiveness of lending policies and/or collection procedures, or (v) lack of timeliness and accuracy in the loan review function, suggests that losses are likely to be more than the above minimum provision percentages, banks may be required to maintain larger provisions.

8.5 The minimum provision requirements for each classification category here

in above shall be applied against the total outstanding principal balance, not against the amount of past due payments, for each loan or advance, or portion thereof, classified regardless of whether the loan or advance is analyzed and provided for individually or as part of a group.


8.6 Before applying the minimum provision percentages laid out under 8.3.3,

8.3.4 and 8.3.5 herein above, banks may deduct from the outstanding non-performing loans or advances:

8.6.1 any accrued but uncollected interest held in a suspended interest

account (by debiting this account); and 8.6.2 in the case of loans secured by physical collateral net recoverable

value, or estimated collateral value backing the non performing loan; whichever is lower.

8.7 Not withstanding deductions stipulated under 8.6 herein above, minimum

provision percentage maintained by a bank for each loan or advance classified as 'non performing' shall not be less than 3 percent of the outstanding loan or advance.

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9. Portfolio Composition and Review of Financial Statements of Borrowers 9.1 The share of overdraft loans (excluding those secured by cash

collateral) in total loans or advances portfolio of a bank shall not exceed at any time:

9.1.1 30 percent by June 30, 2008; 9.1.2 25 percent starting from June 30, 2009.

9.2 Banks shall review financial statements for the latest financial year of a

borrower, who has been in business for a year or above, audited by external auditors before granting loans or advances of:

9.2.1 Birr 10 million or above starting from June 30, 2008; 9.2.2 Birr 5 million or above starting from June 30, 2009.

10. Examiner Review 10.1 Each bank shall maintain adequate records in support of its evaluation of

potential loss exposure in the loans or advances portfolio and of the entries made to ensure an adequate Provisions for Loan Losses Account which shall be made available to examining personnel of the National Bank of Ethiopia upon request to assess the reasonableness of the bank’s loss estimation procedures, the reliability of the information on which estimates are based, and the adequacy of the Provisions for Loan Losses Account.


NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA 10.2 Should examining personnel in applying the requirements of these

directives and after discussions with the executive officer(s) of the bank find the Provisions for Loan Losses Account to be inadequate by more than 10% (ten percent) when compared to the findings of an on-site examination, the board of directors shall within 30 (thirty) days of such notice by the National Bank of Ethiopia of any deficiency in the Provisions for Loan Losses Account require the executive officer(s) to record the appropriate entries to increase the balance of the Provisions for Loan Losses Account to a level which is within 10% (ten percent) of the estimated amount of the Provisions for Loan Losses Account determined by examining personnel of the National Bank of Ethiopia.

10.3 In the event of material disagreements between examining personnel of

the National Bank of Ethiopia and the executive officer(s) of the bank regarding the appropriateness of additional provisions needed to the

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Provisions for Loan Losses Account, the board of directors may appeal to the National Bank of Ethiopia. Notwithstanding this appeal, it is incumbent on the executive officer(s) of the bank to attend all loan discussions and meetings during on-site inspections in order to be fully apprised of examiner concerns with respect to all classified loans or advances.

11. Other Provisioning Requirements 11.1 Provision for depreciation of fixed assets shall be made out of the annual

income of a bank in accordance with the law. 11.2 Operating and accumulated losses shall be provided for from the annual

net profit until such losses are fully covered. 11.3 The value of any assets lodged or pledged to secure a liability, as

indicated under Article 15(1)(d) of Proclamation No. 84/1994, shall be fully provided for upon the lodging or pledging of any asset.

11.4 Preliminary expenses representing expenses relating to organization or

extension or the purchase of business or good will and including share-underwriting commission shall be fully provided for within 5 (five) years.

11.5 Any uncollectible claims, other than loans or advances, shall be

classified and provided for in the same manner and method laid down in these directives for term loans with monthly repayment program or otherwise written off as other operating expense of the bank as they are identified.


12. Interpretation of the Directives

All loans or advances held by a bank must be accounted for and categorized in accordance with the requirements laid out in these directives. No interpretation of these directives shall be permitted unless confirmed in writing by the National Bank of Ethiopia. In recording a loan or advance not covered in principle by the requirements laid out in these directives, a bank shall make a written request to the National Bank of Ethiopia to confirm the proper application of the requirements laid out in these directives.

13. Reporting

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Banks shall submit to the Banking Supervision Department of the National Bank of Ethiopia a quarterly report on loan classification and provisioning in accordance with the table attached with these directives, which shall be part of the Directive.

14. Repeal

Directive No. SBB/32/2002 is hereby repealed and replaced by these directives.

15. Effective Date

These directives shall enter into force as of the 1st day of January 2008.

6 LIQUIDITY REQUIREMENT

(3rd replacement)

Directives No. SBB/44/08


This directives are issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia pursuant to the authority vested in it by Article 41 of the Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and by Article 16 of the Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business Proclamation No. 84/1994.

2. Definitions

2.1 For the purpose of liquidity requirement "liquid assets", in addition

to what has been provided for under 16(2) of Proclamation No. 84/1994,

include deposits held in Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD) member countries currencies and payable by

banks of OECD countries and in such other currencies as may be

approved by the National Bank of Ethiopia as well as securities issued by

OECD countries denominated in currencies of such countries with

tenures as indicated under article 16 (2)(b) of Licensing and Supervision

of Banking Business Proclamation No. 84/1994.

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2.2 "Current liabilities" shall mean the sum of demand (current)

deposits, savings deposits and time deposits and similar liabilities with less than one-month maturity period.

1 of 2


3. Total Requirement

Any licensed bank shall maintain liquid assets of not less than 25% (twenty five percent) of its total current liabilities.

4. Specific Requirements For the purpose of meeting the liquidity requirement, each bank shall maintain:

4.1 at least twenty percent (20%) of the current liabilities in the form of

primary reserve assets; and

4.2 five percent (5%) of the current liabilities in the form of secondary

reserve assets.

5. Reports Banks shall submit to the Banking Supervision Department of the

National Bank of Ethiopia properly certified weekly liquidity positions

showing the end-of-week balances of each Wednesday not later than

Tuesday of the following week.

6. Repeal Directives No. SBB/15/96 are hereby repealed and replaced by this Directives.

7. Effective Date

This Directives shall enter into force as of the 7th day of April 2008.

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RESERVE REQUIREMENT (4th Replacement)


Whereas, the National Bank of Ethiopia is vested with powers, duties and responsibilities of monetary management and regulation and supervision of banks; Whereas, statutory reserve requirement, which obliges banks to hold a proportion of their deposit balance with the National Bank of Ethiopia, is one of the important monetary policy instruments and prudential regulation tools; Whereas, liquidity in the banking system remained relatively high; Whereas, commercial banks have strong incentive to enhance profitability through credit extension; Whereas, it has been found necessary to check monetary growth so as to avoid risk of high inflation and ensure a stable macroeconomic environment for a healthy economic growth; Now, therefore, the National Bank of Ethiopia has issued these directives pursuant to the authorities vested in it by Article 41 of Monetary and Banking Proclamation No. 83/1994 and article 16 of Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business Proclamation No. 84/1994. ¾›=ƒÄåÁ wN?^© v”¡ NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA 1. Short Title

These Directives may be cited as " Reserve Requirement - 4th Replacement " Directives No. SBB/45/2008.

2. Opening Accounts with the National Bank of Ethiopia

Banks operating in Ethiopia shall open two separate Birr accounts with the National Bank of Ethiopia to be used as follows:

2.1. Reserve Account

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c) A reserve account shall exclusively be used to maintain the reserve balance stated under article 2 of these directives;

d) No bank shall withdraw any money from its reserve account

without prior approval of the Supervision Department of the National Bank of Ethiopia.


A payments and settlement account shall be used to carry out all day-to-day transactions of banks through the National Bank of Ethiopia.

3. Requirement

Any bank operating in Ethiopia shall at all times maintain in its Reserve Account stated under article 2.1 of these directives 15% (fifteen percent) of all Birr and foreign currency deposit liabilities held in the form of demand (current) deposits, saving deposits and time deposits.


4.1 Cash items in process of collection, if included under deposits, shall be deducted therefrom in computing the balance of total deposits for reserve purposes;

4.2 Cash items in process of collection through the National Bank of

Ethiopia shall not be acceptable as reserve until credited to the reserve account;






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5.3 The National Bank of Ethiopia may waive the penalty stated herein

above on grounds it considers acceptable. 6. Reports

For the purpose of determining strict compliance with the reserve requirement stated under article 2 of these Directives, properly checked and signed reports, showing balances as of each Wednesday, shall be submitted to the Supervision Department of the National Bank of Ethiopia. The reports shall be submitted not later than Tuesday of the following week and shall show the balance of each type of deposit under article 2 herein above, reserve balance with National Bank of Ethiopia and the excess/shortfall in reserves.

7. Repeal

Directives No. SBB/42/2007 is hereby repealed and replaced by these Directives.

8. Effective Date

These Directives shall enter into force as of the 7th day of April 2008.

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