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Library of Congress Library of Congress Subject HeadingsSubject HeadingsLecture 1
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Purpose of Subject HeadingsPurpose of Subject Headings• Provide additional access to the Provide additional access to the
work via the subject contentwork via the subject content
• Bring together in the catalog Bring together in the catalog items on the same subject using items on the same subject using the same terminologythe same terminology
• Provide a formal description of Provide a formal description of the subject content of any the subject content of any bibliographic unit in the most bibliographic unit in the most precise terms possibleprecise terms possible
• Provide additional access to the Provide additional access to the work via the subject contentwork via the subject content
• Bring together in the catalog Bring together in the catalog items on the same subject using items on the same subject using the same terminologythe same terminology
• Provide a formal description of Provide a formal description of the subject content of any the subject content of any bibliographic unit in the most bibliographic unit in the most precise terms possibleprecise terms possible
Growing petunias in Poughkeepsie
Cyberterrorism, electronic warfare…
Guppies
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Cataloging a book on KoiCataloging a book on Koi245 04 |a The essential book of koi /…650 _0 |a Koi.
Subject heading Title
Koi Essential book of koi
Koi Complete introduction to koi and garden pools
Koi Professional's book of koi
Subject heading: Koi
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Specificity of headingSpecificity of heading245 04 |a The essential book of koi /…650 _0 |a Koi.
650 _0 |a Fishes.
Subject heading Title
Fishes Advances in fish research
Fishes Genshoku gyorui daizukan = Illustrated fishes of the world in colour
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IndexingIndexing
The process of analyzing a The process of analyzing a bibliographic entity and bibliographic entity and creating entries for it, creating entries for it, especially subject entries, in especially subject entries, in an index.an index.
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Subject cataloging – two Subject cataloging – two main stepsmain steps
1)1) Conceptual analysisConceptual analysis - decide - decide what the book is aboutwhat the book is about
2)2) Translation - conversion of the Translation - conversion of the conceptual analysis into a conceptual analysis into a particular set of authorized particular set of authorized termsterms
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Lists of authorized termsLists of authorized terms• Library of Congress Subject Library of Congress Subject
Headings (LCSH)Headings (LCSH)
• Subject headings for children Subject headings for children (used in conjunction with LCSH)(used in conjunction with LCSH)
• Sears List of Subject HeadingsSears List of Subject Headings
• Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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Controlled vocabularyControlled vocabulary
BooksBooksAuthorized Authorized
TermsTerms
AlligatorsAlligators
AsparagusAsparagus
BananasBananas
BearsBears
CornCorn
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Problem: AmbiguityProblem: Ambiguity
BooksBooks TermTerm
Faults Faults ??
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Specify single meaning per Specify single meaning per termtermBooksBooks Authorized Authorized
termterm
Faults (Geology)Faults (Geology)
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Problem: SynonymsProblem: Synonyms
Books on UFOsBooks on UFOs Authors’ TermsAuthors’ Terms
Flying saucersFlying saucers
Unidentified Unidentified flying objectsflying objects
Alien Alien spacecraftspacecraft
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Single authorized term per Single authorized term per subjectsubjectBooksBooks
Authorized Authorized termterm
Unidentified Unidentified flying objectsflying objects
Flying saucersFlying saucersSeeSee Unidentified Unidentified
flying objectsflying objects
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Controlled vocabulary (1)Controlled vocabulary (1)
• Restricted to authorized Restricted to authorized termsterms
• Increases precision Increases precision — fewer — fewer "false drops""false drops"
• Out-performs keyword Out-performs keyword searchessearches
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Controlled vocabulary (2)Controlled vocabulary (2)
• Expensive Expensive — requires human — requires human knowledgeknowledge
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Controlled vocabulary (3)Controlled vocabulary (3)
• Implemented in two ways:Implemented in two ways:– Pre-coordinate indexingPre-coordinate indexing
– Post-coordinate indexingPost-coordinate indexing
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Pre-coordinate subject Pre-coordinate subject headingheading
Examples:
String built at time of indexing using the rules of the indexing language
Railroads—Right of way—Massachusetts
Children as inventorsChildren as inventors
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Post-coordinate descriptorsPost-coordinate descriptors
RailroadsRailroads
Terms put together at time of retrieval
ChildrenChildren
ANDAND
Right of wayRight of way
MassachusettsMassachusetts
ANDAND
InventorsInventors
ANDAND
Railroads Right ofway
Massachusetts
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Pre-Coordinate Indexing (1)Pre-Coordinate Indexing (1)
• Indexing using terms that are chosen Indexing using terms that are chosen and coordinated at the time of and coordinated at the time of indexingindexing
• Usually a person trained in indexing Usually a person trained in indexing assigns the termsassigns the terms
• Can be one term or a combination of Can be one term or a combination of terms but they are pre-determined terms but they are pre-determined (i.e., they are “authority controlled”)(i.e., they are “authority controlled”)
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Pre-Coordinate Indexing (2)Pre-Coordinate Indexing (2)
• Older; associated with booksOlder; associated with books• Associated with card catalogsAssociated with card catalogs• Usually referred to as subject Usually referred to as subject
headingsheadings• Examples: Examples:
–Children as air pilotsChildren as air pilots–Humor in educationHumor in education
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Advantages of Pre-Coordinate Advantages of Pre-Coordinate Indexing (1)Indexing (1)
• Consistency - we all use the Consistency - we all use the same terms to mean the same same terms to mean the same thingsthings
• More precise - we can obtain More precise - we can obtain things specifically about our things specifically about our topictopic
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Advantages of Pre-Coordinate Advantages of Pre-Coordinate Indexing (2)Indexing (2)
• Prevents false drops - because the Prevents false drops - because the phrase has been constructed in a phrase has been constructed in a manner that has a specific meaningmanner that has a specific meaning
Children as inventorsChildren as inventors would obtain would obtain works dealing with children in the works dealing with children in the role of inventors rather than role of inventors rather than inventors creating objects for inventors creating objects for childrenchildren
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Disadvantages of Pre-coordinate Disadvantages of Pre-coordinate Indexing (1)Indexing (1)
• Assumes that users know the Assumes that users know the indexing language--both its indexing language--both its vocabulary and syntax. vocabulary and syntax.
• Everyone has to use the same term; Everyone has to use the same term; if I don't know the predetermined if I don't know the predetermined term or if I have a different term or if I have a different perception of the same thing then I perception of the same thing then I may not find the item. may not find the item.
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Disadvantages of Pre-coordinate Disadvantages of Pre-coordinate Indexing (2)Indexing (2)
• Some systems will not allow user to Some systems will not allow user to search on subordinate termsearch on subordinate term
For example, if you have:For example, if you have:
SeedsSeeds—Cleaning—Equipment and —Cleaning—Equipment and suppliessupplies
The system may not allow you to search on The system may not allow you to search on equipment and supplies and find this equipment and supplies and find this subject headingsubject heading
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Searching for subject headingSearching for subject heading
France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.
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Searching for subject headingSearching for subject heading
France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.
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Searching for subject headingSearching for subject heading
France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.
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Searching for subject headingSearching for subject heading
France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.
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Searching for subject headingSearching for subject heading
France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.
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Searching for subject headingSearching for subject heading
France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—France—History—Revolution, 1789-1799—Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.Art and the Revolution—Catalogs.
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Post-Coordinate Indexing (1)Post-Coordinate Indexing (1)
• Coordination takes place at Coordination takes place at time of retrievaltime of retrieval
• Example would be ERIC Example would be ERIC descriptorsdescriptors
• Newer; associated with Newer; associated with documentsdocuments
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Eric descriptorsEric descriptors
Profiles; Cognitive Ability; Gifted; Cognitive Development; Bilingualism; Monolingualism; Socioeconomic Status; Quasiexperimental Design; Children; Hispanic Americans; Measures (Individuals); Cultural Influences
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Post-Coordinate Indexing (2)Post-Coordinate Indexing (2)
• Associated with computers and Associated with computers and Boolean logicBoolean logic
• Usually referred to as descriptorsUsually referred to as descriptors
• Examples:Examples:
– ChildrenChildren
– GiftedGifted
– Foreign countriesForeign countries
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Gifted children in ChinaGifted children in China
gifted children china
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Gifted children in ChinaGifted children in ChinaGifted children—ChinaGifted children—China—AnecdotesGifted children—China—Biography
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Gifted children in ChinaGifted children in China
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Gifted children in ChinaGifted children in China
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Gifted children in ChinaGifted children in China
giftedchildrenchina
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Gifted children in ChinaGifted children in China
No results were found.
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Gifted children in ChinaGifted children in China
giftedchildrenforeign countries
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Gifted children in ChinaGifted children in China
97
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Gifted children in ChinaGifted children in China
Intelligence, Gifted, Brain, Children, Comparative Analysis, Foreign
Countries
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Advantages of Post-coordinated Indexing
• Allowed the freedom to Allowed the freedom to combine authorized terms combine authorized terms that are relevantthat are relevant
• Can do Boolean logicCan do Boolean logic
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Disadvantage of Post-Disadvantage of Post-Coordinated IndexingCoordinated Indexing
• Lack of precisionLack of precision: Few items really : Few items really can be described by a single descriptor; can be described by a single descriptor; most searches involve Boolean logic, most searches involve Boolean logic, truncation, etc. These techniques, while truncation, etc. These techniques, while powerful, result in obtaining things we powerful, result in obtaining things we don't want (e.g., don't want (e.g., childrenchildren ANDAND inventorsinventors will retrieve items about people who will retrieve items about people who invent things for children as well as invent things for children as well as children as inventors).children as inventors).
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In general…In general…
Post-coordinated indexing increases Post-coordinated indexing increases recall (retrieves more items) but recall (retrieves more items) but decreases precision. If both the decreases precision. If both the indexer and the searcher know the indexer and the searcher know the indexing language, and both do their indexing language, and both do their jobs well, then pre-coordinate indexing jobs well, then pre-coordinate indexing will do as well as or better than post-will do as well as or better than post-coordinate indexing.coordinate indexing.
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Cutter's Cutter's Rules for a Rules for a Dictionary CatalogDictionary Catalog (1) (1)
• The reader as focus:The reader as focus:
Use terms that the user usesUse terms that the user uses
Published 1904Published 1904
Housefly Musca domestica
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Cutter's Cutter's Rules for a Rules for a Dictionary CatalogDictionary Catalog (2) (2)
Published 1904Published 1904
• UnityUnity
Objective is to unite all the books about Objective is to unite all the books about a specific subject under one headinga specific subject under one heading
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Cutter's Cutter's Rules for a Rules for a Dictionary CatalogDictionary Catalog (3) (3)
• UsageUsage
Common usage (determined by Common usage (determined by literary mandate)literary mandate)
Old term: Hawaii—History—Revolution of 1893
New term: Hawaii—History—Overthrow of the monarchy, 1893
What happened in Hawai`i in 1893?
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Cutter's Cutter's Rules for a Rules for a Dictionary CatalogDictionary Catalog (4) (4)
• SpecificitySpecificityThe terms should be as specific The terms should be as specific
as possible (e.g. as possible (e.g. Calico catsCalico cats))In applying headings, rather than In applying headings, rather than
using broader subject heading using broader subject heading use 2 specific headings if applyuse 2 specific headings if apply
Rule of 3: If more than 3 related Rule of 3: If more than 3 related subject headings use the broader subject headings use the broader term (e.g., 4 dog breeds)term (e.g., 4 dog breeds)
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Library of Congress Subject Library of Congress Subject HeadingsHeadings
• Established ~1898*Established ~1898*• Adopted by many libraries around the Adopted by many libraries around the
worldworld• Now published annually Now published annually • Now five volumesNow five volumes• Referred to as LCSH or “The Big Red Referred to as LCSH or “The Big Red
Books”Books”• Subject authority records available Subject authority records available
onlineonline
*or 1902 or 1909*or 1902 or 1909
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Types of LCSH headingsTypes of LCSH headings
• Single nounsSingle nouns• Two word headingsTwo word headings• Adjectival headingsAdjectival headings• Conjunctive headingsConjunctive headings• Prepositional headingsPrepositional headings• Glossed headingsGlossed headings• Proper nounsProper nouns
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Authorized termsAuthorized terms
Authorized terms are in Authorized terms are in BOLD printBOLD print
Authorized terms are in Authorized terms are in BOLD printBOLD print
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Authorized terms in boldAuthorized terms in bold
Aztec danceAztec dance
Aztec dramaAztec drama
USE Nahuatl dramaUSE Nahuatl drama
Aztec Eagle, Mexican order of theAztec Eagle, Mexican order of the
USE Orden Mexicana del Aguila USE Orden Mexicana del Aguila AztecaAzteca
Aztec ethicsAztec ethics
Aztec danceAztec dance
Aztec dramaAztec drama
USE Nahuatl dramaUSE Nahuatl drama
Aztec Eagle, Mexican order of theAztec Eagle, Mexican order of the
USE Orden Mexicana del Aguila USE Orden Mexicana del Aguila AztecaAzteca
Aztec ethicsAztec ethicsauthorizedauthorized
termstermsauthorizedauthorized
termsterms
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Headings Headings — Nouns— Nouns
• Concepts Concepts — usually singular— usually singular
LoveLove
ViscosityViscosity
BereavementBereavement• Objects Objects — usually plural— usually plural
BirdsBirds
BookmobilesBookmobiles
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Korean-Japanese dictionaryKorean-Japanese dictionary
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Korean-Japanese dictionaryKorean-Japanese dictionary
Title:Title: ChosChosŏŏnŏ sajŏn nŏ sajŏn
Subject(s):Subject(s): Korean language Korean language Dictionaries Japanese.Dictionaries Japanese.
Japanese language Japanese language Dictionaries Korean.Dictionaries Korean.
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Headings Headings — Nouns (cont'd)— Nouns (cont'd)
• Exceptions to the singular/plural Exceptions to the singular/plural generalizationgeneralization
BibliographyBibliography
• Movement toward singular nounsMovement toward singular nouns
• Authorized terms in BOLD printAuthorized terms in BOLD print
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New termsNew terms
Cyberspace Cyberspace (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)BTBT Space and timeSpace and timeRTRT ComputersComputers
TelematicsTelematics — — Religious aspectsReligious aspects — — — — Buddhism, [Christianity, etc.]Buddhism, [Christianity, etc.]Cyberterrorism Cyberterrorism (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)
Here are entered works on attacks Here are entered works on attacks or threats of attack against any or threats of attack against any portion of an information portion of an information infrastructure.infrastructure.
Cyberspace Cyberspace (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)BTBT Space and timeSpace and timeRTRT ComputersComputers
TelematicsTelematics — — Religious aspectsReligious aspects — — — — Buddhism, [Christianity, etc.]Buddhism, [Christianity, etc.]Cyberterrorism Cyberterrorism (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)
Here are entered works on attacks Here are entered works on attacks or threats of attack against any or threats of attack against any portion of an information portion of an information infrastructure.infrastructure.
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Library of Congress. Subject Library of Congress. Subject Authority Cooperative ProgramAuthority Cooperative Program
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Two word headingsTwo word headings
• Adjective & nounAdjective & noun
• Normal word order (current Normal word order (current policy)policy)
Chariot racingChariot racing
• Inverted form Inverted form — — used to bring used to bring noun into initial positionnoun into initial position
Charities, MedicalCharities, Medical
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Inverted headingInverted heading
Bull Run, 1st Battle of, Va., 1861Bull Run, 1st Battle of, Va., 1861
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Adjectival headings (1)Adjectival headings (1)• Common adjectiveCommon adjective
Dental recordsDental records
• Ethnic, national, or geographic Ethnic, national, or geographic adjectiveadjective
African American librariansAfrican American librarians
• Participial (verb form used as Participial (verb form used as adjective) modifiersadjective) modifiers
Applied anthropologyApplied anthropology
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Adjectival headings (2)Adjectival headings (2)
• Common noun used as a Common noun used as a modifiermodifier
Household pestsHousehold pests
• Proper noun used as modifierProper noun used as modifier
Disney charactersDisney characters
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Conjunctive phrase Conjunctive phrase headings (1)headings (1)
• Two or more nouns connected by Two or more nouns connected by andand or ending with or ending with etc.etc.
• Established to describe a Established to describe a relationshiprelationship
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Conjunctive phrase Conjunctive phrase headings (2)headings (2)
• May include similar elementsMay include similar elements
Wit and humorWit and humor
• May be oppositesMay be opposites
Right and wrongRight and wrong
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Prepositional phrase Prepositional phrase headingsheadings
• Express relationshipsExpress relationships
Art in educationArt in education
• Inverted (no longer added)Inverted (no longer added)
Plants, Effect of alcohol onPlants, Effect of alcohol on
(New term: Plants—Effect of (New term: Plants—Effect of alcohol on)alcohol on)
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Prepositional phrase heading Prepositional phrase heading examplesexamples• againstagainst
Offenses against propertyOffenses against property• asas
Alfalfa as feedAlfalfa as feed• forfor
Sports for childrenSports for children• ofof
Illustration of booksIllustration of books• toto
Ceramic to metal bondingCeramic to metal bonding
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Glossed headingsGlossed headings
• Also called parenthetical qualifiersAlso called parenthetical qualifiers• Used to reduce ambiguity, clarify Used to reduce ambiguity, clarify
identical termsidentical termsAnnuals (plants)Annuals (plants)Bear (Fictitious character : Henson)Bear (Fictitious character : Henson)COGNAC (Computer)COGNAC (Computer)
UF Combined geometric-network UF Combined geometric-network analog computer (Computer)analog computer (Computer)
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Headings Headings — Proper nouns— Proper nouns• Any proper name can be used as a Any proper name can be used as a
subject headingsubject heading• Not all will appear in LCSHNot all will appear in LCSH• Correct form in LC's Name Correct form in LC's Name
Authority File (NAF)Authority File (NAF)• Name established in accordance Name established in accordance
with LC's interpretation of AACR2Rwith LC's interpretation of AACR2RWashington, George, 1732-1799Washington, George, 1732-1799Gandhi familyGandhi family
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Components of entryComponents of entry
• HeadingHeading• Subdivision for headingSubdivision for heading• Syndetic informationSyndetic information• Class numbersClass numbers• Scope notesScope notes
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Main termsMain termsPeabody picture vocabulary testPeabody picture vocabulary test
[BF432.5.P42][BF432.5.P42]BTBT Intelligence testsIntelligence tests
Psychological test for childrenPsychological test for childrenVocabulary testsVocabulary tests
Peabodys (Awards)Peabodys (Awards)USEUSE Peabody AwardsPeabody Awards
PeacePeace
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Use referencesUse references
Pacifists, African AmericanPacifists, African AmericanUSEUSE African American African American pacifistspacifists
Direct user from unauthorized heading Direct user from unauthorized heading to authorized headingto authorized heading
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Use-for referencesUse-for references
Unidentified flying objectsUnidentified flying objects[TL789-TL789.6][TL789-TL789.6]
UFUF Flying saucers Flying saucers [Former [Former heading]heading]
Saucers, FlyingSaucers, FlyingUFO phenomenaUFO phenomenaUFOlogyUFOlogyUFOsUFOs
See-from reference. UF term should See-from reference. UF term should point to authorized term.point to authorized term.
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MARC authority record for MARC authority record for Unidentified flying objectsUnidentified flying objects
150150____ |a |a Unidentified flying objectsUnidentified flying objects
450450____ |a |a Flying saucersFlying saucers
450450____ |a |a Saucers, FlyingSaucers, Flying
450450____ |a |a UFO phenomenaUFO phenomena
450450____ |a |a UFOlogyUFOlogy
450450____ |a |a UFOsUFOs
150150____ |a |a Unidentified flying objectsUnidentified flying objects
450450____ |a |a Flying saucersFlying saucers
450450____ |a |a Saucers, FlyingSaucers, Flying
450450____ |a |a UFO phenomenaUFO phenomena
450450____ |a |a UFOlogyUFOlogy
450450____ |a |a UFOsUFOs
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USE and UF referencesUSE and UF references
AhimsAhimsāāUFUF Non-harming (Ethics)Non-harming (Ethics)
Non-injury (Ethics)Non-injury (Ethics)
ReciprocalReciprocal
.
Non-harming (Ethics)Non-harming (Ethics)USEUSE AhimsAhimsāā.
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NT - Narrower termsNT - Narrower termsCereal products Cereal products ((May Subd GeogMay Subd Geog))
[TP434-TP435][TP434-TP435]UFUF Grain productsGrain productsBTBT Seed productsSeed productsNTNT Alimentary paste Alimentary paste productsproducts
Cereal-soy blendsCereal-soy blendsCereals, PreparedCereals, PreparedEnriched cereal productsEnriched cereal products……
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Narrower and broader termsNarrower and broader terms
Elves Elves BTBTFairiesFairies
Fairies Fairies BT BT FolkloreFolkloreNTNTChangelingsChangelings
ElvesElvesFairy Fairy
poetrypoetryGnomesGnomes
……
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RT RT - Related- Related terms terms
Stars Stars UFUF Sedereal systemSedereal systemBTBT GalaxiesGalaxiesRT RT Circumstellar matterCircumstellar matterSASA names of individual names of individual stars, e.g. stars, e.g. Sirius; Sirius; and headings and headings beginning with the wordbeginning with the word Stellar StellarNTNT Alpha CentauriAlpha Centauri
……
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RelatedRelated terms - reciprocal terms - reciprocalLibrarians Librarians
BTBT Information Information scientistsscientists
Library employeesLibrary employeesRT RT LibrariesLibrariesNTNT Acquisitions Acquisitions librarianslibrarians
……
Libraries Libraries BTBTDocumentationDocumentation
Public Public institutionsinstitutionsRT RT LibrariansLibrarians
……
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Syndetic structureSyndetic structure
TermTerm
BTBT
NTNT
RTRT
RTRT
RTRT
RTRT
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Topical subdivisionsTopical subdivisionsDecoration and ornament Decoration and ornament (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog) ......
— — Chippendale styleChippendale style……— — Queen Anne styleQueen Anne style……
Decoration and ornament Decoration and ornament — Chippendale — Chippendale stylestyle
Headings appear in card catalog as:Headings appear in card catalog as:
Decoration and ornamentDecoration and ornament — Queen Anne — Queen Anne stylestyle
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Period subdivisions (1)Period subdivisions (1)Church and state Church and state (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)
— — GermanyGermany—— —— HistoryHistory—— —— —— 19th century19th century—— —— —— 1933-19451933-1945—— —— —— 1945-1945-
—— IrelandIreland —— MexicoMexico
……
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Period subdivisions (2)Period subdivisions (2)Church and state Church and state (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)
— — GermanyGermany—— —— HistoryHistory—— —— —— 19th century19th century—— —— —— 1933-19451933-1945—— —— —— 1945-1945-
Church and state Church and state — Germany — History — 1945-— Germany — History — 1945-
Heading appears in card catalog as:Heading appears in card catalog as:
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Geographic subdivisions (1)Geographic subdivisions (1)Musical instruments Musical instruments (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog) — — AfricaAfrica
—— Andes RegionAndes Region—— Arab countriesArab countries—— ArmeniaArmenia—— Asia, CentralAsia, Central……
Musical instruments Musical instruments — Africa— AfricaHeading appears in card catalog as:Heading appears in card catalog as:
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Geographic subdivisions (2)Geographic subdivisions (2)
Musical groups Musical groups (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)
Musical groups Musical groups — Italy— ItalyHeading appears in card catalog as:Heading appears in card catalog as:
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Geographic subdivisions (3)Geographic subdivisions (3)Construction industry Construction industry (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)
—— FinanceFinance—— —— Law and legislation Law and legislation (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)
Construction industry Construction industry — Italy— ItalyAllowed headings:Allowed headings:
Construction industry Construction industry — Italy — Finance— Italy — Finance
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Geographic subdivisions (4)Geographic subdivisions (4)
Construction industry Construction industry (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)—— FinanceFinance—— —— Law and legislation Law and legislation (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)
Allowed heading:Allowed heading:
Construction industry — Finance — Law and legislation — Italy
most specific part that can be most specific part that can be subdivided geographicallysubdivided geographically
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Building heading with Building heading with geographic subdivisiongeographic subdivisionConstruction industry Construction industry (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)
—— FinanceFinance—— —— Law and legislation Law and legislation (May Subd Geog)(May Subd Geog)
1) Select or construct heading without place1) Select or construct heading without place
Construction industry — Finance — Law and legislation — Italy
2) Determine most specific point 2) Determine most specific point where heading can be subdividedwhere heading can be subdivided
3) Add geog. subd.3) Add geog. subd.
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Scope notesScope notes
Bongo musicBongo music[M146][M146]Here are entered compositions not in a Here are entered compositions not in a
specific form or of a specific type for one specific form or of a specific type for one performer playing bongos, and collections performer playing bongos, and collections of music in several forms or types for one of music in several forms or types for one performer playing bongos.performer playing bongos.
scope notescope note
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Class referencesClass references
Asteroids Asteroids (Not Subd Geog)(Not Subd Geog)[QB377-QB379 (Planetary [QB377-QB379 (Planetary theory)]theory)][QB516 (Observations for solar [QB516 (Observations for solar parallax)]parallax)] [QB651 (Descriptive [QB651 (Descriptive astronomy)]astronomy)]
class referenceclass reference
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Subject headings in the card Subject headings in the card catalogcatalog
Bahamas Bahamas — — Anniversaries, Anniversaries, etc.etc.— — AntiquitiesAntiquities— — Description and Description and traveltravel— — HistoryHistory
Bahamas Bahamas — History— History
Cole, Octavia JaneA history of the Bahamas / by Octavia
Jane Cole. — Pittsburgh : Gambit Press, 1975.
127 p. : col. Ill. ; 28 cm.
Bibliography: p. 125-127
1. Bahamas — History I. Title.
Call no.
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Subject headings: MARC formatSubject headings: MARC format
Bahamas Bahamas — — Anniversaries, etc.Anniversaries, etc.— — AntiquitiesAntiquities— — Description and travelDescription and travel— — HistoryHistory
651651 00 Bahamas $x History.Bahamas $x History.
Library of Congress Subject Headings
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MARC subject access fieldsMARC subject access fields
600 - Subject Added Entry--Personal Name (R) 600 - Subject Added Entry--Personal Name (R) 610 - Subject Added Entry--Corporate Name 610 - Subject Added Entry--Corporate Name
(R) (R) 611 - Subject Added Entry--Meeting Name (R) 611 - Subject Added Entry--Meeting Name (R) 630 - Subject Added Entry--Uniform Title (R) 630 - Subject Added Entry--Uniform Title (R) 648 - Subject Added Entry--Chronological 648 - Subject Added Entry--Chronological
Term (R) Term (R) 650 - Subject Added Entry--Topical Term (R) 650 - Subject Added Entry--Topical Term (R) 651 - Subject Added Entry--Geographic Name 651 - Subject Added Entry--Geographic Name
(R) (R)
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MARC record with subject headings MARC record with subject headings 100 1 _|aJohnson, Whittington Bernard, |d
1931-245 1 0 |a Race relations in the Bahamas,
1784-1834 : |b the nonviolent transformation from a slave to a free society / |c Whittington B. Johnson.
260 _ _ |a Fayetteville : |b University of Arkansas Press, |c c2000.
300 _ _ |a xxi, 250 p. : |b ill. ; |c 24 cm.440 _ 0 |a Black community studies504 _ _ |a Includes bibliographical
references (p. 205-241) and index.
650 _ 0 |a Free Blacks |z Bahamas |x History.
651 _ 0 |a Bahamas |x Race relations.651 _ 0 |a Bahamas |x History.