LIBRARY CLASSIFIC ATlON GLOSSARY - NISCAIRnopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/28555/1/ALIS 5(3)...

LIBRARY C LASSIFIC A TlON GLOSSARY

Shows the need for glossaries of classificatory terms fordifferent schools of thought, as recommended by the FID.Explains the procedure adopted in the compilation of thisglossary covering the Indian School of Thought. Definesand enumerates the terms in a systernat ic sequence.Arranges the terms under the following groups: 1) classi-fication of finite universes, 2) universe of library classi-fication, 3) knowledge classification, 4) universe ofdocuments, 5) chain procedure, 6) machine-search,7) normative principles, 8) canons of classification,9) abstract classification.

o INTRODUCTION

01 Genesis

At its meeting on Friday 16 September 1955in Brussels, The General Assembly of the FIDadopted my resolution that "FID should take thenecessary steps to prepare a glossary of classi-fication terminology". This simple resolutionwas based on six resolutions adopted by theCommittee on Classification on the motion ofCordonnier.

02 Scope

These resolutions indicated the needthe scope of the glossary as well as theto be followed in building the glossary.ing to them

1. To make the papers of the persons working

for andm~thodAccord-

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

s. R, RAN G A N A T H A N

in different countries on the theory of classi-fication comprehensible and to avoid annoyingmisunderstandings, a glossary should be pre-pared giving all the terms introduced by theauthor, together with their definitions inordinary words.

2 Such person's glossary should also includethose ·ordinary words' which the author isconscious of using in a sense different, thatis, narrower or broa'der from that of theirprecise definitions.

3 With some author, different definitions wouldbe necessary for successive publications.

4 In the present state of work on classification,it would be dangerous to try to translatethese "personel glo s sa r ie s P and the termsshould be quoted only in their original lan-guage.

5 The Secretariat of the FID should translatethe definitions.

6 One should avoid using in a sense differentfrom their original definitions, the ·personal"terms introduced by other authors.

03 Procedure

In 1957, the Secretary-General of the FIDasked me for suggestions for implementing thesimple resolution cited at the beginning. I

65

RANGANATHAN

recommended that the first step should be foreach school of thought on the theory of classifi-cation to prepare its glossary, that these glos-saries should be collated, and that the result ofcollation would suggest the further action to betaken by the FID. The Secretary-General indi-cated general agreement to this procedure.

04 Cause for Delay

The delay in producing the glossary pertain-ing to the Indian school of classification was dueto my desire that it should be compiled by some-body other than myself. As this wish of minehad not been fulfilled for three years, I myselfhad to take up the work.

05 Plan of Work

In view of Cordonnier's third point, an at-tempt was first made to peruse each of the con-tributions - books or articles - made at dif-ferent stages during the quarter of a centurybetween 193-3 and 1958. The perusal disclosedthat each major contribution contained a pr ecisedefinition of the terms-of-art used therein.Secondly, a steady evolutionary movement to-wards a stable vocabulary was also sensed. Itwas felt that it might be pedantic to give all thestages in the evolution of the terms and datethem with their sources. An attempt '1rashowever made to give reference to the firstsource and the latest source. Even this was'felt to be unnecessary. For, it was found thatin most cases, the evolution did not imply achange in meaning as much as an improvedstatement of the meaning. This progressiveimprovement has reached a further stage in thecourse of the preparation of this glossary itself.

06 An Illustration

A typical example relates to the definition ofthe devices such as chronological device andgeographical device. In the definition givendown to the 1957 editions of the Prolegomena tolibrary classification and the Colon classifica-tion, a failure to separate out what pertains tothe idea plane, the verbal plane, and the no-tational plane respectively, was discovered.

66

061 Helpful Definition

A helpful definition of the work in these planeshad been made as early as 1951. It was statedthat the choice of the preferred helpful a r r ang e,ment was the concern of the work in the ideaplane. It was the business of the notationalplane to implement this choice. The terms se-lected in the verbal plane should be made offundamental constituent terms, expressing theessential characteristics used to secure thehelpful arrangement chosen. Further, thebasic work in these planes should follow thepattern of each respectively. As far as possi-ble the terminology of classification should beseparated out for these three planes, thoughthey will naturally run parallel as shown insection 383.

062 Effect of Mix-up

And yet, the confusing rnix c up of the happ en,ings and the terms in the idea and ,the notationalplanes had persisted for seven years in respectof the devices. This confusion has even misledothers to misunderstand that these devices arepeculiar to Colon Classification.

063 Intrinsic to the Universeof Knowledge

But in fact these devices are intrinsic to theuniverse of knowledge and are to be taken ad-vantage of by any classification scheme in itswork in the idea plane. It is only in the way inwhich these devices are implemented or not, inthe notational and verbal planes, that classifi-cation schemes can differ. The separations andthe difference in the meanings of these devicesin the idea plane and in the notational plane,laid bare in the definitions 372 to 378 (for theidea plane) and the definitions 3792 to 3798 (forthe notational plane), would go a long way inremoving the above mentioned misunderstand-ing about the devices.

064 Elimination of Noise

This new experience gained in the prepara-tion of this glossary during the last two weeks

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LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION GLOSSARY

makes me feel that many dark regions in thedevelopment of library classification will getilluminated if the separation of the work in theidea plane, the notational plane, and the verbalplane is carried out vigilently, persistently andruthlessly at every step and in every nook and:::orner of the field of study. Then only eachterm will become precise with a unique mean-ing. And then only communication as well asauto-communication in respect. of the develop-ments in the theory of classification will befreed from confusing noises. It is hoped thatthis glossary makes some contribution towardsthat end.

07 Lay Out

The main part of the glossary gives the m ean,ing of terms in the chapters 1 to 9. This sys-tematic presentation of the glossary is in con-formity with Indian tradition. This traditiondates from the Vedic Period. The tradition hasbeen widely brought to notice by the classic inSanskrit lexicography entitled Amarakosa (dic-tionary beginni.ng with the word Amara whichmeans immortal beings). In Anglo-Saxon cul-ture also Thesaurus is a well known example ofthe presentation of a glossary in a systematicmanner.

070 The glossary begins with an alphabeticalindex to the terms defined in chapters 1 to 9,in a systematic sequence.

071 Chapter 1 defines the terms arising in thetheory of the classification of finite universe.

J72 Chapter 2 is devoted to the fixing of theterms relating to the structure and developmentof the universe of knowledge and to the universeof documentation, which tog ether form the uni-verse for library classification.

073 Chapter 3 is the pith of the glossary. Itgives the glossary for the terms arising in thetheory of knowledge classification. Some of theterms already defined in chapter 1 are re-defined here with a slant to the theory of classi-fication of an infinite universe, which by its verynature is concerned with the classification of theuniverse of multiple classes instead of the uni-verse of discrete entitites other than cla s s e s .

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

In other words, the entitites of the universe ofknowledge are themselves classes; and hencethe need for re-definition of some of the terms.

074 Chapter 4 is a simple and short one, deal.-ing with the glossary of terms developed in thetheory of book classification, that is in theattempt at a helpfuk method of individualisingthe books falling in the same class of know-ledge.

075 Chapter 5 gives a glossary of the termsconnected with the chain procedure developedin India and now used extensively in the BritishNational Bibliography and getting acc epted byan increasing number of persons as helpful inthe preparation of class indexes, ~ subjectheadings.

076 Chapter 6 gives only a short glossary ofterms pertaining to machinery for mechanicalsearch. As no work is being done in India inthis field, the terms listed are only those thatoccur in an elementary theoretical approac h.

077 Chapter 7 gives the enunciation of thepostulates for the idea plane and the notationalplane in the postulational approach to knowledgeclas sification, being developed since 1956. Acrude presentation of them occurred in theProlegomena in 1957. Classification was taughtalong the lines of postulational approach in theBritish schools in 1956, at the Vikram Univer-sity in the academic year 1957 -58, and in theLibrary Research Circle of Bangalore duringthe latter half of 1958. This teaching experi-ence had led to a more helpful system of postu-lates given in chapter 7.

078 Chapter 8 gives a definition of the canonsof classification and of the 'principles for secur-ing helpful sequence.

079 Chapters 91 and 92 give definitions ofterms abstract pertaining to classification andsymbolic meta-language.

08 Source Materials andAbbreviations Used

CC = Colon classification, ed 5, 1957.

67

RANGANATHAN

Prol = Pr oIe gorn ena to library classification,ed 2, 1957.

Fundamentals = Library classification: Funda-rne nt a.Is and procedure, 1944.

Elements::. Elements of library classification,1945.

Cla8 sification and international documentation(Review of documentation 14, 1947, 154-77).

CCMS == Classification, coding and machineryfor search. Unesco, Paris, 1950.

Philosophy = Philosophy of library classifica-tion, 1951.

Classification and communication, 1951.

Theory of library catalogue, 1938.

Heading and canons, 1955.

68

CCe. = Classified catalogue code, ed 4, 1958.

Depth classification, 1953.

The series of articles entitled Optional facetsin Abgila 1-3; 1950-53.

The series of articles continued as Depth clas-sification in the Annals of library science1-5; 1954-58.

The series on Common isolates in the Reviewof documentation 23-25; 1956-57.

Machine literature searching (by J. W. Perry,A. Kent, and M. M. Berry), 1956.

Documentation terms in Review of documenta-tion.

In the case of books, it is the latest editionthat is cited.

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Abridgement 2292Abstract

classification 911entity 34002

Abstracting periodicalAccession

facet 440number 44

Adaptation 2293Aggregate 1121Alien region 7443Alphabetical,

code 6233devioe in

idea plane 387notational plane

link, Fused 534sequence, Prinoiple

Ampere ClassifioationAmplified

class 162universe 163

Analysed name 3633Analysis, Facet 3641Analytico-synthetic

classification 364Anteriorising

common isolate ideadigi t 3786

Apupa pattern 744Array 141

Canons for 72Collateral 147isolate idea 3746Order of 143Telescoped 591

Arrester 3788Assemblage 234Assortment 131

characteristic 132Complete 136scheme 131

Attribute 114

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3


2435

3897of 838

36991

37421

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Author 227Auto-bias

device 3831isolate idea 37441

Automatic programming 633Bacon Classification 3694:Basic

class 3T~number 3898

classification 369facet 3898focus 3898subject 3898

Biasisolate 37721phase 37621relation 3762

Intrafacet 3772Bibliographic Classification

369991Binary code 6232Book 2436

classification 4Canons for 78

Multivolumed 2437number 40

Canons for 783Brunet Classification 3696Call numbers 4991Canon of

ascertainability 714book number 783classics 781collection number 784concomitance 712consistency 717consistent sequence 724context 754co-ordinate classes 742currency 751decreasing extension 731

Canons of (contd)differentiation 711distinctiveness 785enumeration 753exclusiveness 722exhaue t iveness 721expressiveness 762helpful sequence 723hospi tali ty in

array 771chain 772

local varia\io~ 782mixed notation 763mnemonics 773modulation 732permanence 715relativity 761relevance 713relevant sequence 716reticence 752scheduled mnemonics 775seminal mnemonics 776subordinate classes 741verbal mnemonics 774

Canonicalclass 372

number 3898facet 3898focus 3898sequence, Principle of 836subject 3898

Canons forarray 72book classification 78chain 73filiatory sequence 74knowledge classification 77notation 76terminology 75

CapaCity, Memory 615Card, Punched 611Catalogue, Contact with 5Catechism 2296

•

69

Categories, Fundamental 30Century, Effective 31531Chain 151

Canons for 73Complete 156formation 50Loose 151Order of 153Primary 154procedure 597with gap 594

Characteristic 117Assortment 132Division 122

Chart of equivalent terms 3898Chronological

device foridea planenotational

link, FusedClass

Amplified 162Canonical 372Collateral 146Completely amplified 164Complex 376Compound 375Coordinate 144in finite universe 133in universe of

knowledge 370Main 371Multiple 135number

in finite universe 174in universe of knowledge

365of order 0 148Order of 142Ultimate 400Unitary 134

Cl~sses, Scheme of 166Classic 222Classics, Canon of 781Classification

Abstract 911Analytico-synthetic 364Enumerative 3881Faceted 3642Index to 178Knowledge 3of finite universescheme 171Scheme of 177Symbolic meta-language for 95

Classificationist 1792Classificatory language for

finite universe 175universe of knowledge 366

Classifier 1793

384plane531

3894

70

RANGANATHAN

Classifying 1791Steps in 363

CodeAlphabetical 6233Binary 6232dictionary 6234

Coding 623Collateral

arrays 147classes 146

Collection 490number 491

Canon of 784CColon Classification 36998

language 367Commodity

Immediate 34008Intermediate 34006Ultimate 34005

Commonenergy isolate 338isolate

idea 3742number 3898term 3898

matter isolate 348Comparison

class 3898number 3898

focus 3898subject 3898term 3898

isolate 37731idea 3888number 3898term 3898

phase 37631relation 3763

Intra-facet 3773Complements, Method of 31533Complete

assortment 136chain 156division 126

Completely amplifiedclass 164univers~ 163

Complexclass 3898

number 3898Order of 3760

focus 3898isolate 377subject 3898

Compoundclass 3750

number 3898Order of 37501

focus 3818subject 3818

Computer forCalculation 612translation 626

Comte Classification 3698Concomitance, Canon of 712Concrete entity 34001

Constituent of 35003Organ of 35002Portion of 35001

Connecting symbol 3782Consistellcy, Canon of 717Consistent sequence, Canon of

724Constituent 35003Contact with

catalogue 5machine search 6

Context, Canon of 754Contribution 2161Converter 626Co-ordinate classes 144

Canons for 742Copy

facet 470number 47

CountryFavoured 3212MoU.er 3211

Criticismfacet 480number 48

Currency, Canon of 751Cybernetics 652

Decade, Effective 31532Decimal

Classification 36993fraction device 3890langucl.ge 368

Decreasing extension, Canon of731

Denudation 232Depth classification 3692Development of universe of

knowledge 23Device

Alphabetical, inidea plane 387notational plane 3897

Chronological, inidea plane 384notational plane 3894

Decimal fraction 3890Enumeration 388Facet, in

idea plane 381notational plane 3891

Gap 37891Geographical, in

idea pla.ne 385

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LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION G~OSSARY

Device (contp.)Geographical, in (contd)

notational plane 3895Group notation 37894Interpolation, in


Octave 37893Phase, in


Subject, inidea plane 386notational plane 3896

Super-imposition, inidea plane 3744notational plane 383

Devisedcommon isolate 3915isolate 3912special isolate 3912

Development of universe ofknowledge 23

Dictionary, Code 6234Difference

class 3898number 3898

focus 3898isolate 37741

idea 3898number 3898term 3898

phase 37641relation 3764

Intra-facet 3774subject 3898term 3898

Distinctiveness, Canon of785

Division 121characteristic 122Complete 126Orientation 3214

Document 2411Kinds of 243Host 2417Macro 22415Micro 2416Multifocal 2437Universe of

defined 24Terms for 4

Edi ting 622Effective

century 31531decade 31532link 551

Efficiency measure 64Elimination factor 642

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

Embodied thought 241Empire 3215Energy

common isolate 338Fundamental category 33isolate 330

Round 1 331Round 2 332

Entity 112Abstract 34002Concrete 34001Like 115Unlike 115

Enumeratedcommon isolate 3913is<llate 3911special isolate 3915

EnumerationCanon of 753device 388

Enumerative classification3881

Equivalent terms 3898Era

Favoured 3132Private 3141Public 3131

Everywhere apupa PdtternExolusiveness, Canon ofExhaustiveness, Canon ofExistent 111Expansive Classification

36994Exploitation 63~Expressed thought 220Expressive name 3631Expressiveness, Canon of

745722

721

Facet 375analysi s 3641Basic 3898device in


for~Jla, Principle for 82Faceted olassification 3642False link 52Favoured

category, Principle of 837country 3212era 3132language 411

Featuredspace 3221time 3121

Filiatory sequenceCanons for 74in finite universe 165in universe of knowledge

753

762

Finite universe 1131Classification of 1Terms for 1

Firstlink 1521phase 37611remove

Immediate universe of1451

organ 35006Focus 380

Basic 3898Canonical 3898Complex 3898Compound 3898Equivalent terms 3898Sharpening of 3801

Formfacet 420number 42

FormationNear-sovereign 3217of chain 50

Fundamental category 30Energy 33Matter 34Personality 35Spaoe 32Time 31

Fusedalphabetical link 534chronological link 531geographical link 532intra-facet relation link

535link. 53subject link 533

GapChain with 594device 37891

Generalcanon of mnemonicsrelation 3766

isolate 37761phase 37661

Geographicaldevice

idea planenotational

link, FusedGroup 123

MultiplenotationUnitary

773

385plane123

3895·

125devioe124

37894

Hegel Classification 3696Helpful sequence, Canbn of

723Helpfulness in array

71

RANGANATHAN

Helpfulness in arrayPrinciple for 83

Hospi tali ty inarray, Canon of 771chain, Canon of 772

Hostdocument 2417focus 3802

(contd) Intra-facet (contd)relation 3771

deviceidea plane 3821notational plane 38921

link, Fused 535Inversion, Principle of 821Isolate ?'i7

Anteriorising common 3898at telescoping point 592Bias 37721Common 3898Comparison 37731Devised 3912Difference 37741Energy 330Enumerated 3911Facet 3898Focus 3898General relation 37761

idea 374CommonSpecial

InfluencingMatter 340

Level 1 343Level 2 344Round 1 341Round 2 342

Missing 595number 3898Special 3741term 3898

Item, Knowledge. 213

IdeaArray-isolate 3740Auto-biased isolate 37441Common isolate 3742Isolate 374plane, Postulates 361Seminal isolate 3743Super-imposed isolate

3744Immediate

Commodity 34008universe 145

of first remove 1451of second remove 1452

Increasingartificiality, Principle of812complexity, Principle of 83:concreteness, Principle of

811quantity, Principle of 831

Index to classification 178Indexing 621

periodical 2434Individualisation 1361Infinite universe 1132Influencing

isolate 37751phase 37651relation 3765

Information retrieval 6301Input 625Instruction 613Integral treatment 2251Intermediate

commodity 34006service 340092

Interpolation Qev1ce 37892Interpretation 632Intra-facet

biasisolaterelation

differencerelation

generalrelation 3776

isolate 37761influencing

iso,late 37751relation 3775

3742374137751

Kant ClassificatiorKinds of documentsKnowledge

classification 3Canons f'o.,. 77scheme 369

item 213Universe of 211

3695243

377213772377413774

Lamination 233Language

Classificatory, forfinite universe 175knowledge universe 366

Colon 367Decimal 368facet 410Favoured 411Machine 6231Meta 922Most popular 412number 41Object 921Scale of popularity 413Symbolic meta 923

72

Language (contd)Symbolic meta (contd)

for classification 924Last link in

chain procedure 51finite universe 1522

Later-inevolution, Principle of

833time, Principle of 832

Level 1Matter isolate 343Personality isolate 351Space isolate 321Time isolate 311

Level 2Matter isolate 344Personality isolate 352Space isolate 322Time isolate 312

Level 3Space isolate 323

Libraryclassification, Univerqe

for 2of Congress Classification

36996Like entities 115Link 152

at telescoping point 5~_Effective 551False 52First 1521Fused link 53Last, in

chain prooedure 51finite universe 1522

Lower 57MisS'ing 596Sought 55Unsought 54Upper 56

Literary work 223Local variation, Canon of

782Loose chain 155Lower link 57Machine 61

for search 610Language 6231search 6word 61310

Macrodocument 3415thought 215

Mainclass 371

number 3898focus 3898

An lib sc


Main (contd)subject 3895

Material 340081Natural 34003Near-natural 34004Raw 34007

MatterFundamental category 34isolate 340

Common 348Level 1 343Level 2 344Round 1 341Round 2 342

Memory 614capacity 615

Meta language 922Symbolic 923

for classification 924Method of complements 3153Micro

document 2416thought 316

Missingisolate 595link 596

Mixed notation, Canon of 763Mnemonics

Canon ofScheduled 775Seminal 776

General canon of 773Modulation, Canon of 732Most popular language 412Mother country 3211Multifocal

document 2437work 2253

Multipleclass 135group 125

Multi-volumed book 2937

NameAnalysed 3633Expressive 3631Ordinal, in

finite universe 176skeleton 3636universe of knowledge

3637Raw 3630Skeleton 3632Standardised 3635Transformed 3634

Nearnatural material 34004sovereign formation 3217

Noise factor 644Non-conventional zone 3218

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

Notation 173Canons for 76Group 37894

Notational planePostulates for 362Terms in 378

Object language 921Octave device 37893Octavising digit 3784Omission factor 646Order 0, Class of 148

of array 143of chain 153of class 142of complex class 3760of compound class 3750

Ordinalname in

finite universe 176universe of knowledge

3637skeleton name 3636

Organ 3503of concrete entity 35002of first remove 35006of. second remove 35007of social entity 35004

Orientation division 324Output 635

Packet notation 38961Parody 2294Pedeetrian work 224Penumbral region 7442Periodical 2432

Abstracting 2435Indexing 2435publication 2431

Permanance, Canon of 715Personality isolate 3501

Level (-1) 3592Level (-2) 3593Level 0 3591Level 1 351Level 2 352Rour..d1 353Round 2 354

Pertinant factor 643Phase 3761

Bias 37621Comparison 37631device in


Difference 37641Exploiting 63First 37611General 37661Influencing 37651

Phase (contd)Preparation 62relation 37613Second 37612

Pocket of time 312Portion 35001Posteriori sing common

isolate idea 37422Postulates 36

for idea plane 361for notational plane 362

Preparation 620phase 62

Press mark 4992Primary chain 154Principle

for facet formula 82for helpfulness in array

83of alphebatical sequence

833of canonical sequence 834of favoured category 837of increasing

artificiality 812complexity 835concreteness 811quanti ty 831

of inversion 821of later in

evolution 833time 832

of spatial contiguity 834Private

era 3141time 314unit of time 3154

Procedure, Chain 597Program 6131Programming 633Pseudo-entity 161Public

era 3131time 313unit of time 3153

Publication, Periodical2431

Punched card 611

Quasiclass 3701subject 3702

Ranking 1321Rapid selector 651Raw

material 34007name 3630

Recall factor 645Recording 624

73

Region, Subject 3216Relation

Bias 3762Comparison 3763Difference 3764General 3766Influencing 3765Intra-facet 3771Phase 37613

Relativity, Canon of 761Relevance, Canon of 713Relevant sequence, Canon of

716Resolution factor 641Reticence, Canon of 752Retrieval, Information

6301Round 1 of

energy isolate 331matter isolate 341personality isolate 353

Round 2 ofenergy isolate 332matter isolate 342personality isolate 354

Sacred work 221Scale of popularity of

language s 413'Scheduled mnemonics,

Canon of 775Scheme

Classification 171of assortment 137of classes 166of classification 177

Search 634Machine for 610

Secondphase 37612remove

immediate universe 1452organ 35031

Selector, Rapid 651Seminal

isolate idea 3743mnemonics, Canon of 776

SequenceFiliatory 165

Canons for 74Serial 2433Service

in machine search 650in universe of knowledge

34009Intermediate 340092Ultimate 340091

Sharpening focus 3801Significant digit 3785Skeleton name 3632

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RANGANATHAN

Social entity 35004Sought link 55Space 320

Featured 323isoiate of

level 1 321level 2 322level 3 323

Spatial contiguity,Principle of 834

Special 358isolate 3741

idea 3741Spencer Classification 36992Standardised name 3635,Starter 3787Statement 631Steps in classifying 363Subject

as assumed term 212Classification 36997device in

idea planenotational

link, Fusedregion 3216

Subordinate classes, Canon for741

Substantive digit 3783Subsystem 357Super-imposition device in


Supplementfacet 460number 46

Symbol, Connecting 3782Symbolic meta-language 923System 355

Favoured 356Telecommunicat~on 653Telescoped array 591Telescoping point

Link at 593Isolate at 592

Terminology 172Canons for 75

Thought 214Content 2412Embodied 241Expressed 220Macro 215Micro 216

Time 310Featured 3121Isolate in

level 1level 2

Pocket of

386plane533

311312312

Time (contd)Private 314

unit of 3154Public 313

unit of 318Unit of 315

Title 226Transformed 3634Translation 2295Treatment

Distinctive 2252Integral 2251

Types of work 229

Ultimq,teclass 400commodity 34005service 34009

Umbral region 7441Unit of time 315

Private 3154Public 3153

Unitaryclass 134group 124

Universe 113Completely amplified 163for library classification

2Immediate 145of documents 24of knowledge 211

Development of 23of wholes 35005of works 22

Unlike entities 116Unsought link 54Upper link 56

Vedic classification 774Volume 242

facet 450number 45

Wholes, Universe of 35005Word, Machine 61310Work 2201

Literary 223Multifocal 2253Pedestrian 224Sacred 221

Works, Universe of 22

Yearfacet 430number 43

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ZeroClass of order 148Personality facet of order

3590

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

Zone1234

Zone (contd)in array 3910Non-conventionalon surface of the

3213

3916139162391633916.1.

3218earth

75

RANGANATHAN

GLOSSARY

1 CLASSIFICATION OF FINITEUNIVERSE

Not e r-. Most of the terms in this chapterwere used for the first time in the firstedition of the Pro I (1937). But the ref-erence is given only to the sections inthe second editon (1957).

11 Universe and Entity

111 EXISTENT. - Undefined assumed term.

112 ENTITY. - Any existent, concrete orconceptual - ie a thing or an idea.(Pro I, S 120).

1121 AGGREGATE. - A collection of entitieswithout any special arrangement of them.(Prol, S 120).

113 UNIVERSE. - An aggregate under con-sideration in a context.(Prol, S 120).

1131 FINITE UNIVERSE. - Universe with afinite number of entities.

1132 INFINITE UNIVERSE. - Universe withan infinite number of entities.

Example: -Universe of knowledge is an infiniteuniverse. By its very nature all theentities of an infinite universe cannotbe known at a time. New entities willcontinuously corne to be known as andwhen they emerge.

114 ATTRIBUTE. - Any property or qualityof an entity.(Prol, S 120).

76

Example:-The following are some of the attributesof a book:- Subject-matter; form in whichthe subject-matter is expounded, such ascatechism, drama, prose narrative, pic-tures, etc.; language; author; year ofpublication; binding. The following aresome of the attributes of a system ofphi.Ioaophyr., Number of ultimate princi-ples assumed (as in monism, dualism,and pluralism); attitude towards reality(as in idealism and realism); .founder;country of origin.

115 LIKE ENTITIES.- Entities sharing agiven attribute equally in measure, intensity,extent, or on any other basis, the likenessbeing with reference to the said attribute.(Prol, S 1211).

116 UNLIKE ENTITIES.- Entities sharing agiven attribute unequally in measure, inten-sity, extent, or on any other basis, the un-likeness being with reference to the saidattribute.(Prol, S 1211).

Example:-Bas u+s Algebra and RadhakrishnaAyyarls Algebra are like with refer-ence to subject-matter, but unlike withreference to author.

117 CHARACTERISTIC. - Attribute or COIn-

plex of attributes with reference to whichthe likeness or unlikeness of entities can bedetermined and at least two of the entities ofthe universe are unlike.(Prol, S 1212).

Example:-Height is a characteristic of the entitiesin a universe of men; but possession ofa face is not.

An lib St


12 Division and Groups

121 DIVISION. - 1 Process of sorting theentities of a universe into sub-aggregateson the basis of a preferred characteristic,putting like entities into the same sub-aggregate and the unlike entities into differ-ent sub-aggregates.

2 The result of division in the first sense- ie a set of sub-aggregates formed by thedivision of the entities of a universe.(Prol, S 1213).

122 DIVISION CHARACTERISTIC. - Charac-teristic preferred as the basis for the divi-sion of the entities of a univer s e.(Prol, S 1213).

123 GROUP. - Any sub-aggregate of entitiesformed by the division of the entities of auniverse.(Prol, S 1214).

124 UNITARY GROUP. - Group consistingof one and only one entity.(Prol, S 1214).

125 MULTIPLE GROUP. - Group consistingof two or more entities.(Prol, S 1214).

126 COMPLETE DIVISION. - 1 The pro-cess of continuing the division of the entitiesof a universe on the basis of a sequence ofcharacteristics, until no multiple group isleft.(Prol, S 1215).

2 The result of complete division in thefirst sense.(Prol, S 12151).

13 Assortment and Class

131. ASSORTMENT._ 1 Process of the divi-sion of the entities of a univers e into groupsplus that of arranging the groups in a defi-nite sequence.

2 Result of the assortment of a univ-erse inthe first sense.(Prol, S 122).

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

132 ASSORTMENT CHARACTERISTIC._Characteristic preferred as the basis for theassortment of a universe.(Prol, S 12201).

1321 RANKING. - Arranging the groupsformed by the division of the entities of auniverse, so as' to arrive at an assortmentof the entities of the universe.

133 CLASS. - Ranked group.(Prol, S 1221).

134 UNITARY CLASS. - Class containingone and only one entity.(Prol, S 1221).

135 MULTIPLE CLASS. _ Class containingtwo or more entities.(Prol, S 1221).

136 COMPLETE ASSORTMENT. - 1 Pro-cess of continuing the assortment of theentities of a universe on the basis of asequence of characteristics, until no multi-ple clas s is left.(Prol, S 1223).

2 Result of complete assortment in the firstsense.(Pro I, S 1223).

1361 INDIVIDUALISATION. - Separation of anentity in a univ er s e into a unitary class bythe process of assortment.(Prol, S 12231).

137 SCHEME OF ASSORTMENT. - Statementof

1 the characteristics used as the basis of acomplete assortment of the entities of auniverse;

2 the sequence in which the characteristicsshould be used; and

3 the principles used for ranking the classesat each step in the progr es s towards thecomplete assortment.

(Prol, S 1224).

n

RANGANATHAN

14 Array, and Order ofClass and Arrav

141 ARRAY. - The sequence of the classes ofa universe, derived from it on the basis of asingle characteristic at any step in the pro-gress towards a complete assortment of theentities of a universe. (Prol, S 1222).

142 ORDER OF A CLASS. - The number ofsuccessive characteristics on the basis ofwhich it is derived from the universe.(Prol, S 123).

143 ORDER OF ARRAY. - The number ofsuccessive characteristics on the basis ofwhich the classes in the array are derivedfrom the universe. (Prol, S 123).

144 CO_ORDI1~ATE CLASSES. - Classes be-longing to one and the same array. (Prol,S 123).

145 IMMEDIATE UNIVERSE. - The class oforuer next higher to that of a class or anarray, when viewed relative to that class orarray. (Prol, S 123).

1451 IMMEDIATE UNIVERSE OF FIRSTREMOVE. - Immediate universe

1452 IMMEDIATE UNIVERSE OF SECONDREMOVE. - Immediate universe of the irnrn e,diate universe of first remove.

146thethe

COLLATERAL CLASSES. - Classes ofsame order but not belonging to one andsame array. (Prol, S 123).

147 CCLLATERAL ARRAYS. - Arrays of thesame order. (Prol, S 123).

148 CLASS OF ORDER O. - The original uni-verse. (Prol, S 123).

15 Chain of Classes andOrder of Chain

151 CHAIN. - The sequence of the classes ofa universe consisting of a class and of itsimmediate universes of successive removes,carried backwards to any point desired.(Prol, S 12.4).

78

152 LINK. - A class in a chain. [P'r ol, S 124)

1521 FIRST LINK. _ The class of the lowestorder contained in a chain. (Prol, S 124).

1522 LAST LINK. - The class of the highestorder contained in a chain. (Prol, S 124).

153 ORDER OF A CHAIN. - The order of thefirst link of the chain. (Prol, S 124).

154 PRIMARY CHAIN. - The chain of order 0_ie a chain with the original universe as thefi;;t link. (Prol, S 124).

155 LOOSE CHAIN. - Chain with a unitaryclass as its last link. (Prol, S 124).

156 COMPLETE CHAIN. _ Loose primarychain - ie chain with the original universe asits first link and a unitary class as its lastlink. (Prol, S 124).

16 Filiatory Sequenc e

161 PSEUDO ENTITY. - Any class a r i smg inthe course of the complete assortment of auniverse, considered as an empty receptaclefor the array of the entities ie for the uni-tary classes and the multiple classes de-rived from it as the immediate universe.(Prol, S 1251).

16.2 AMPLIFIED CLASS. _ Class enriched bythe addition of its pseudo entity. (Prol,S 1252).

163 COMPLETELY AMPLIFIED UNIVERSE. -Original universe amplified by the pseudoentity corresponding to itself and by thepseudo-entities corresponding to all themultiple classes that arise in the course ofits complete assortment. (Prol, S 1255).

164 COMPLETELY AMPLIFIED CLASS.-Any class amplified by the pseudo-entitiesco r r esponding to all the multiple clas s esthat arise in the course of its completeassortment. (Pro I, S 125).

165 FILIATORY SEQUENCE. - Filiatory se-quence is the sequence in which the entities

An lib sc


and the pseudo-entities of a universe fallafter its complete amplified assortment.(Prol, S 1256).

166 SCHEME OF CLASSES. - Statementshowing the filiatory sequence of the cla s s e s_ ie pseudo entities _ alone that arise inthe ~ourse of the complete amplified assort-ment of a universe, ignoring the entitiesthemselves. (Prol, S166).

17 Classification Scheme

171 CLASSIFICATION SCHEME. _ Scheme ofclasses fitted with terminology and notation.(Prol, S 1283).

172 TERMINOLOGY. _ The system of terms,in a natural language or in the jargon of aprofession or a trade, denoting or naming theclasses in a classification scheme. (Prol,S 12831).

173 NOTATION. _ The system of ordinalnumbers representing the classes in a clas-sification scheme. (Prol, S 12832).

174 CLASS NUMBER. - Ordinal number re-presenting a class in a classification scheme.(Prol, S 12832).

175 CLASSIFICATORY LANGUAGE. _ Artifi-cial language of ordinal numbers, made ofthe class numbers of a classification scheme.(Prol, S 12832).

176 ORDINAL NAME. _ Class number of aclass in a classification scheme. (Pr ol ,S 12832).

177 SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION. - Dic-tionary giving the meaning of each classnumber or ordinal name in a natural lan-guage or a jargon of a profession or a trade.(Prol, S 1284).

Note: Obviously this dictionary or schedulewill be arranged in the sequence of classnumbers.

178 INDEX TO CLASSIFICATION. _ Diction-ary giving the class number representing a

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

term in a natural language or the jargon ofa profession or a trade; in other words, giv-ing the meaning of such a term in terms ofthe ordinal names of a classificatory lan-guage. (Prol, S 1285).

Note: Obviously this dictionary or indexwill be arranged in alphabetical sequence.

1791 CLASSIFYING. - Assigning an entity .ofa universe to the appropriate class in thescheme of classification adopted, by a s c er ,taining the way in which each of the charac-teristics implied by the scheme is shared byit, and assigning the appropriate class num-ber to it. (Prol, S 1287).

-1792 CLASSIFICATIONIST. - Person who de-signs a classification scheme. (Prol, S 1286Rev doc 14, 1948, 156,S 102).

1793 CLASSIFIER. - Person whoentities of a universe accordingfication scheme. (Pro I, S 128614, 1948, 156, S 102).

classifies theto the classi-

Rev doc

2 UNIVERSE FOR LIBRAR YCLASSIFICATION

21 Universe of Knowledge

21.1 UNIVERSE OF KNOWLEDGE. _ Assumedterm. Its entities are subjects and isolates.

212 SUBJECT. - Assumed term.

213 KNOWLEDGE ITEM. - Subject. Its expo--si t io n may extend in print to several volumes

at one extreme or to only a single sentence or.even a single word at the other extreme. Forexample, the Knowledge It ern s , contained inand denoted by the following, stand arrangedin the decreasing sequence of their extension:

1 Encyclopaedia of general knowledge;

2 Encyclopaedia of library science;

3 The knowledge content of this document(Library classification glossary).

4 The knowledge content of chapter 2 of thisdocument; and

5 The knowledge content of this very section- section 213.

79

RANGANATHAN

214 THOUGHT. - Knowledge-item - ie sub-ject.

215 MACRO THOUGHT. - Subject of greatextension, usually embodied in the form of abook greater in size than a pamphlet. (Prol,S 61393. Depth, 1953, S 1.1. 32).

216 MICRO THOUGHT. - Subject of small ex-tension, usually embodied in the form of anarticle in a periodical, a section or a para-graph in a book, or a pamphlet. (Prol,S 61393. Depth, 1953, S 1.1. 32).

Macro thought and micro thought are rela-tive terms without a sharp line of demarca-tion.

2161 CONTRIBUTION. _ Micro thought embo-died in the form of an article in a periodical,section or a paragraph in a boo k or a pam-phlet. (CCC, S 1336).

217 ISOLATE. _ Entity in the universe ofknowledge which is not a subject by itself butwhose combination with a subject (host sub-ject) gives' rise to a subject of smaller ex-tension than the host subject. (Prol, S 345(5) ).

Example:-"Gold· is an isolate and no t a subjec r,But ·Chemistry of Gold" is a subject ofsmaller extension than the host subject,"Chemistry". So are "Mineralogy ofGold·, ·Smithy of Gold·, ·Sculpture in,Gold" and ·Economics of Gold".

22 Universe of Works

No t e r., Most of the terms in this sectionwere used for the first time in RanganathantsHeading and canons: Comparative study offive catalogue codes (1955). But the refer-ence is given here only to,CCC, ed 4, 1958.

220 EXPRESSED THOUGHT. - Thought ex-pressed in language, pictures, or symbols,or in any other medium and thereby madecommunicable. (CCC, S 113).

The above definition itself is ExpressedThought. It is expressed in the English lan-guage. A picture is also Expressed Thought.

80

A mathematical or a chemical formula isagain Exp r es s ed Thought. A gesture isequally an Expressed Thought.

2201 WORK. _ Expressed Thought. (CeC,S 114).

221 SACRED WORK. _ Basic work of a r el.i ,gion, generally accepted as such among itsfollowers. (CCC, S 116)

Vedas, Upanishads, T'arit r a s , Tripitakas,Talmud, Bible, New Testamant, Koran.' ASacred Work is often treated as if it were aclass or subject.

222 CLASSIC. - Work usually appearing 'inseveral versions, and/or having several ad-aptations and translations, inspiring otherworks on itself, and repeatedly coming inprint even long after its origin. (CCC, S117).

Examples:-Aristotle's Poetics, Newton's Principiaand Marx's Capital are Classics. AClassic too is often treated as if it werea class or a subject.

223 LITERARY WORK. - Work in the formof a poem, drama, fiction, prose, cha mpuor any other literary form. (CCC, S 113).

Strictly speaking; the outstanding qualitiesof a Literary Work should be beauty of form,emotional or intuitional appeal, and endlesslayers of suggestions in regard to meaning,and/ or which is of intuitive or trans -intellec-tualorigin.

Example s: -Ramayana, Iliad, Sakuntala, Canter-bury Tales, Hamlet, Hound of Heaven,Post Office and Apple Cart. This in-volves judgment particularly in the caseof poem, drama, fiction and champu;and judgment cannot be unanimous.Therefore it is a convention to treat awork in any of these four forms, asLiterary Work. A Literary Work istreated as if· it were a class or a subject.

224 PEDESTRIAN WORK. - Work which isnot a Sacred Work, a Classic or a LiteraryWork, and is not made into a quasi-class ora quasi-subject by the scheme of classifica-tion in use.

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2251 INTEGRAL TREATMENT. - Treatmentof a subject in a work in such a way that thetreatments of it s subdivisions are not sepa-rable from one another or from the wholework.

2252 DISJUNCTIVE TREATMENT. - Treat-ment of a subject in a work, in such a waythat the treatments of its subdivisions areseparable and admit of each being made orwork by itself independently of the othersubdivisions and of the whole work.

2253 MULTI-FOCAL WORK. _ Work treatingseveral collateral subjects, not having acommon immediate' universe of the first re-move, in accordance with the preferredscheme of classes.

226 TITLE. - Name of a work. (CCC, S 115).

227 AUTHOR. - 1 Person creating a work-ie the thought and the expression constitutingit.

2 Corporate body owning responsibility for awork - ie for the thought and the expressionconstituting it. (CCC, S 123).

2292 ABRIDGEMENT. - Reduced form of awork, by condensing and/ or omitting moreor less of details, but retaining the generalsense and the unity of the original work.(CCC, S 1141).

Example:-Chap 1 of Library manual give s- anAbridgement of my work entitled Fivelaws of library science.

2293 ADAPTATION. - A version of a work,re-written for a particular purpose, but notso changed as to be deemed an independentwork on the basis of the quality of its thoughtand expression. (CCC, S 1142).

Example:-The chapter on classification in my Lib-rary manual is an adaptation of the workcontained in my colon clas sification insmall libraries. Lamb's Tales fromShakespeare is an independent work, andnot an a.daptation of Shakespeare'sdramas, on account of its own individual-istic quality of thought and expression.

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

Ramodantam is an independent work andnot an adaptation of Valmiki's Ramayana.

2294 PARODY. - Work in which another workis ridiculed by imitation.

2295 TRANSLATION. - Work forming the ex-pression of another work in a language differ-ent from that of the original.

2296 CATECHISM. - Work in the form of.questions and answers.

23 Development of the Universeof Knowledge

231 DISSECTION. - Break-down of a subjector an isolate into several subjects or iso-lates of smaller extension on the basis of acharacteristic and thereby creating an arrayof new subjects or isolates. (Rev doc 14,1948, 157, S 14).

In dis section, the boundary line s of the newsubjects or isolates formed thereby are ex-clusive of one another as schematicallyshown below.

232 DENUDATION. _ Progressive dimunitionof the extension and the increase of the in-tention or the depth of a subject or an isolateand thereby producing a chain of new sub-jects or isolates. (Rev doc 14, 1948, 157,S 15).

In denudation, the boundary line s of the suc-cessive new subjects or isolates lie withinone another as schematically shown below:

€)) Denudation

233 LAMINATION. - Reducing the extensionand increasing the intension or the depth ofa subject by attaching to one of its isolatetwo or more isolates appropriate to it. (Revdoc 14, 1948, 158, S 16).

81

RANGANATHAN

The following is a schematic representation:

Lamination

234 ASSEMBLAGE. - Formation of a new sub ,je c t by bringing one subject into relation withanother not capable of forming or sharpeningthe first subject by subject device. (Rev doc14, 1948, 159, S 18).

The following is a schematic representation:

00 Loose-Assemblage

24 Universe of Documents

241 EMBODIED THOUGHT • - Record of workon paper or other material, fit for physicalhandling, transport across space, and pre-servation through time. (CCC, S 131).

2411 DOe UME NT • - Embodied thought.(CCC, S 1311).

This term is introduced for brevity. It wasbrought into use a few decades- ago to ernpha ,sise embodied micro thought. It is now ex-tended in use to include any embodiedthought, micro or macro.

2412 THOUGHT-CONTENT. - Expressedthought embodied within a document or avolume of it. (CCe, S 1313).

2415 MACRO DOCUMENT. - Document embo-dying macro thought. (CCC, S 13111).

2416 MICRO DOCUMENT. - Document em-bodying micro thought. (CCC, S 13112).

2417 HOST DOC UMENT. - Macro documentwhen viewed from the angle of a documentforming part of it. (CCC, S 1311).

Exa mp l e r-A periodical is a macro document. Eacharticle in it is a micro document. Theperiodical is the host document for eachof the articles contained in it. So also,a book is the Host Document for each of

82

its chapters and sections, which may belooked upon as micro documents.

242 VOLUME. - Physical entity formed ofseveral leaves of paper or other material onwhich is recorded, either the whole or a partof a work, fastened together so as to beopened at any desired place. (eCC, S 1312).

243 KINDS OF DOCUMENTS.

2431 PERIODICAL PUBLICATION. _ 1 Docu-ment with attributes as stated below:

1 A volume, or a small group of volumes ofit is published or intended to be publishedand completed normally once in a year (orat other regular intervals " thoughirregularity in interval is not ruled out:

2 Each successive volume, or periodicalgroup of volumes, is usually distinguishedby the year of publication and/or by anumber belonging to a system of simpleor complex ordinal number s , Such anumber is usually called a Volume Num-ber;

3 The intention had been to continue thepublication of the volume for ever, thoughnot actually carried out; and

Any single volume of a Periodical Publ.ic a.tionin the first sense. (CCC, S1332).

2432 PERIODICAL. - 1 Periodical publicationof which each volume is made up of distinctand independent contributions, not forming acontinuous e.,osition, normally by two ormore personal authors and normally the spe-cific subjects and the authors of the contri-butions in successive volumes also being, ingeneral, different, but all the subjects fall-ing within one and the same region of know-lege, contemplated to be brought within itspurview.

2 Any single volume of a periodical in thefirst sense. (CCC, S 13321).

Examples:-1 Annals of library science2 Proceedings of the Royal Society of

London3 Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenland-

is chen Gesellschaft.

An lib sc


2433 SERIAL. - 1. Periodical publication ofwhich each volume, or each periodical groupof volumes, embodies more or less similarinformation. mainly relating to its year (orother period) of coverage.

2 Any single volume of serial in the firstsense. (CCC, S 1.3322).

Examples:-1. Annual Report of the Director of

Agriculture, Madras,2 Madras Telephone Directory,3 Statesman's year-book,4 Who's who in America,5 Year-book of the Carnegie Institution

of Washington.

2434 INDEXING PERIODICAL. - A periodicalgiving a bare catalogue of articles bearing ona stated subject and appearing in the currentfas cicules of periodicals. It may also includebare entries of books currently published.(CCC, S 1.3324).

Examples:-1. Agricultural index2 Technical index3 Law index

2435 ABSTRACTING PERIODICAL. _ A periodi-cal giving a catalogue of articles bearing on astated subject and appearing in the currentfascicules of periodicals, each entry beingprovided with an abstract of the article des-cribed by it. It may also include annotatedentries of books currently published.(CCC, S 1.3323).

Examples:-1. Biological abstracts2 Library science abstracts3 Science abstracts: Electrical

engineering

2436 BOOK. - A physically independent docu-ment other than periodical publication -that is, it has been completed or has beenintended to be completed in a finite numberof volumes. It is generally in one volume.(CCC. S 1.333)

The above definition really connotes what iscommonly understood by the term aBookft

2437 MULTI_VOLUMED BOOK. - Set of vol-umes deemed to be inseparable to form a

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

single book, on the ground that

1. the set possesses a common index; or2 the same sequence of pagination is conti-

nued in all the volumes of the set; or3 the thought-content is so distributed

among the volumes of the set that it isunhelpful to treat each volume as it werea separate book. (CCC, S035)

3 KNOWLEDGE CLASSIFICATION

Idea Plane

30 FUNDAMENTAL CATEGORIES. _ Time,Space, Energy, and Personality. (Prol,S 3501.. Fund, 1.944, S 51.4).

These are only postulated categories, with-out any metaphysical significance. Theirconnotation is indicated in the succeedingsections.

31. Fundamental Category : Time

31.0 'fIME. - Assumed term. (Fund, 1.954,S 1.41.).

311 TIME ISOLATE: Level 1. - Conventionaldivision of time, such as Millennium, Cen-tury. Decade, Year, Month, Week, Day,etc., Geological age - measured from a con,ventional era. (Prol, S 463. Abgila 1., 1950,49, S3).

312 TIME ISOLATE: Level 2. - Pocket oftime repeating itself in the stream of time,as a result of astronomical factors like therotation of the earth on its axis, the periodi-cal motion of the moon, the earth, and theother planets along their respective ecliptics,astrophysical factors like the variations insun spots and other solar phenomena, orcosmic factors such as the periodical con-traction and expansion of the universe as awhole, with all of which are correlatedmeteorological occurences and seasons,thermal, radiational, elec trical, ionic, mag-netic, cosmic ray and other phenomena.(Prol, S 463. Annals 1.,1954, 68, S 31.3).

31.212.

FEATURED TIME. - Time isolate of level(Prol, S 463. Annals 1. 1.954, 68, S313)

31.3 PUBLIC TIME. - Time conventionally

83

RANGANATHAN

reckoned from the assumed year of birth ofJesus Christ or any other year as origin.(Pro I, S 4533. Abgila 1, 1950, 57, S 33).

3131 PUBLIC ERA. - Origin for reckoningpublic time. (Rev doc 23, 1956, 71, S 21).A schedule of some public eras is given inthe above reference.

3132 FAVOURED ERA. _ Era most helpful inclassifying the majority of the documents ina collection, library, or a bibliography.(R ev do c 23, 1956, 72, S 23).

The Christian era is now the favoured era inwide use.

314 PRIVATE TIME. - Time reckoned froman epoch intrinsic to a subject, as origin.(Rev doc 23, 1956, 77, S 6. Abgila 1, 1950,57, S 33).

Examples:-

1 In the study of the development of thefoetus and ontogeny of any organism,the epoch of fertilisation is a morehelpful origin for the measurement oftime than the year of Jesus Christ.

2 In the biography of a person or the his-tory of an institution, the year of hisbirth or the year of its foundation is amore helpful origin for the measure-ment of time.

3 So also, in the study of the fundamen .•tal particles in nuclear physics, andin c er tai n macro phenomena in phys-ics, chemistry, technology, biology,agriculture, medicine, education,and ec onomic s .

3141 PRIVATE ERA. _ Origin for reckoningprivate time. (Rev doc 23, 1956, 77, S 61).

315 UNIT OF TIME. - Duration of timeused in measuring time for forming time iso-late. (Rev doc 23, 1956; 72, S 2).

Examples: -Millennium, century, decade, year,month etc, geological age. Thus unitsof different durations may be used fo rdifferent epochs, according to the con-text and the array.

84

3153 PUBLIC UNIT OF TIME. - Unit of timebased on astronomical factors, such asmillennium, century, decade, year, common-ly in use.

31531 EFFECTIVE CENTURY. _ Odd centuryor a century whose century digit is 1,3,5,7,or 9, in an A D millennium; and even cen-tury or a century whose century digit is 0,2,4,6, or 8 in a B C millennium.

31532 EFFECTIVE DECADE. _ Odd decade ora decade whose decade digit is 1,3,5,7 or 9in an A D century; and even decade or a de ,cade whose decade digit is 0, 2,4,6 or 8 in aB C century. (CC, S 311).

3153 METHOD OF COMPLEMENTS. _Method for determining the digit for a cen-tury, decade or year in the ci rn e isolatenumber in a B C millennium, such that theordinal sequence of the years follows theprogression of time from the past into thefuture. It is as follows. Write the conven-tional number of the year in Indo-Arabic nu-merals. The excess of 9 over each corres-ponding digit is the century number, decadenumber, and year digit respectively in theisolate number. (CC, S 330).

Example:-Taking C to represent the first millen-nium B C, 3 B C =C996; 10 B C=C989;and 50 B C = C499.

3154 PRIVATE UNIT OF TIME. _ Unit of timeintrinsic and suited to a subj ec t , (Rev doc23, 1952, 79, S 8).

Exa mp l e t.,

In the ontogeny of a living organism,such as the stage of pre-natal, n ew borninfant, child, adolescent, adult, and theold, different units of time may have tobe used. So also, in the study of thefundamental particles in nuclear phys-ics' minute fractions of a second mayhave to be used, depending on the natureof the particle.

32 Fundamental Category: Space

320 SPACE. - Assumed term. (Fund, 1954,S 5143).

An lib sc

LIBRAR Y CLASSIFICATION GLOSSARY

321 SPACE ISOLATE: Level 1. - The con-ventional division of the surface of the earth,such as co nti nent , country, constituent state,district, county, taluk, and other political orgeneral administrative division. (Prol S3521 ).

3211 MOTHER COUNTRY. - Country to whichthe library belongs. (CC, S 42).

3212 FAVOURED COUNTRY. _ Country aboutwhich the library has a larger collection thanabout other countries barring mother country.(CC, S 43).

3213 ZONE. _ Division of the surface of theearth or of a geographical area, based on lati-tude as characteristic. (Rev doc 24, 1957,24, S 44. Abgila 1, 1950, 80, S 442).

3214 ORIENTATION DIVISION. _ Division ofthe surface of the earth of a geographicala r ea based on orientation as characteristic.(Rev doc 24, 1957, 23, S 43. Abgila 1,1950, 80, S 443).

3215 EMPIRE. - Territory of an empire.

3216 SUBJECT REGION. _ Geographicalarea(s), whether contiguous or not, but takentogether and having a special subject feature.

Examples:-Geological circles of a country, the ricebelt of the world or of a country, corn-s-munistic countries, postal district,dollar area, and underdeveloped coun-tries. (CC, S 413. Abgila 1, 1950, 98,S 452).

3217 NEAR-SOVEREIGN FORMATION.-Area comprising countries, whose govern-ments have agreed to form a group withwillingness to surrender or with the inten-tion of'surrendering eventually some part oftheir sovereignty, as part of the sovereigntyof the authority of the formation. (CC, S 412.Abgila 1, 1950, 83, S 448).

Example:-United Nations, The Commonwealth,League of Nations.

3218 NON-CONVENTIONAL ZONE. _ Divisionof the surface of the earth or of a geogr aphi ;

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

ca.l area, based on any d ia m ct e r OIl-., r ,i,;!;)

the polar axis and any other diary;:;:" r 01'1;10-

gonal or oblique to it. (Abgila 1, 1.9')0, 81,S 444).

Example:-Zones used for aviation maps.

322 SPACE ISOLAT E: Level 2. _ Smallerphysical fea.ture-smaller than a c on r in cntor an ocean. (Prol, S 3522. Rev doc 24,1957, 57, S 52).

Examples:-Desert, prairie, coa s tl.and , cape, delta,island, valley, plateau, mountain, city,gulf, lake, r iv e r ,

3221 FEATURED SPACE. _ Space isolate oflevel 2. (Rev doc 24, 1957,. 57, S 52).

323 SPACE ISOLATE: Level 3. _ Subdivi-sion of a physical feature based on somecharacteristic intrinsic to it. (Rev doc 24,1957, 27, S 6).

Examples:-Tree-less zone, snow zone, etc. of amountain; garden, ridge, street, notifiedarea, shopping zone, etc. of a locality;territorial wards and high sea of anocean.

33 Fundamental Category: Energy

330 ENERGY ISOLATE. - Category such as1 Action by human agent on another human

being or material or concept;

2 reciprocal action between physical, b io ,liogical or human entities;

3 reciprocal action between natural groupsin biology and social groups in social sci-ences;

4 auto-action within an entity;

5 method of action involved in reciprocalaction and auto action; and

6 anyone of the other categories deemedas manifestation of energy in a s cherne ofclas sification.Exa mp Le z; (for 6)

In CC, structure, normal functioning,reciprocal action with environment, evo-lution f r om one form to another, and

85

RANGANATHAN

development of one and the same form -these enumerated categories are withouta generic name. (Prol, S 3531. Fund1954, S 5143).

331 ENERGY ISOLATE: Round 1. - Firstmanifestation of the fundamental categoryenergy in a subject, when it is analysed intoits facets and the facets are arranged accord-ing to prescribed postulates and principles.(Prol, S 35611. Abgila 2, 1952, 185, S 5751).

The sequence of the manifestations of energyarising in the anaiysis of a subject into itsfac ets and arranging them are generally de-termined by the Principle_of_Later_in_ Timeand the Principle of Lat e r c in c Evo lut ion , orany other suitable principle which arises in-trinsically in the context of the subject.

332 ENERGY ISOLATE: Round 2. - Secondmanifestation of the fundamental categoryenergy in a subject, when it isanalysed intoits facets and the facets are arranged inaccordance with prescribed postulates andprinciples. (Prol, 5 3561. Abgila 2, 1952,185, S 5751).

34 Fundamental Category: Matter

3400 Preliminaries

34001 CONCRETE ENTITY. - Entity existingphysically in space-time mesh, outside themind of the knower, as it is commonly under-stood and recognisable with the aid of pri-mary senses.

Examples:-House, Door, Table.

34002 ABSTRACT ENTITY. _ Entity existingonly as a concept within the mind of theknower, without a concrete entity as a cor r e,late and not recognisable .w ith the aid of theprimary senses.

Example:-Goodness, constitution, law.

34003 NATURAL MATERIAL. - Concrete en-tity found in and extracted from nature.

Example:-Clay, paddy, milk.

86

34004 NEAR NATURAL MATERIAL. _ Naturalmaterial processed within small limits andwithout the aid of technology and machineryin order to bring it to the stage of being c on,sumable, or nearer to that stage.

Example:-Brick, rice, boiled rice, rice pudding,butter.

.34005 ULTIMATE COMMODITY. - Natural ornear-natural material either directly con-sumable or processed beyond small limitsand usually with the aid of technology andmachinery and brought to the state of beingconsumable as it is.

Exa rnp l.e t ,

Fruit, rice-pudding, motor car.

34006 INTERMEDIATE COMMODITY. _ Naturalmaterial processed to a definite stage in itsprogress towards becoming an ultimatecommodity.

Exa mp l e r ,Rice, boiled rice, steel plate.

34007 RAW MATERIAL. - Natural or near-natural material or an intermediate commo-dity, when viewed as the pre-form of theultimate cornrno di ty if it is the next stage orof the intermediate commodity of the. nextstage in its progress towards the stage ofultimate commodity.

Example:-Paddy is raw material for rice. Boiledrice is raw material for r ic evpudd irrg c,

milk also is raw material for butterand rice-pudding.

34008 IMMEDIATE COMMODITY. _ Raw mat-erial in the immediately next stage of pr o ,cessing in its progress towards the stage ofultimate commodity.

Example:-Rice is immediate commodity pro-cessed from paddy.

340081 MATERIAL. - Natural material, near-natural material, intermediate commodity,or ultimate commodity.

34009 SERVICE. - Action to satisfy a want.Example:-

Transport service, laundry service,teaching.

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340091 ULTIMATE SERVICE. _ Service at thestage of its being directly satisfying a want.

340092 INTERMEDIATE SERVICE. - Serviceat any stage in its progress towards con-surria.bl e s ervic e.

340 MATTER ISOLATE. _ Category such as

1 Natural rnat e r ia l2 Near -natural material3 Intermediate co mrnod ity when used as

raw rna te r i.al4 Int e r m ed iat e service5 Ul t irna.t e servic e6 Property. - Attribute of an entity7 Value

341 MATTER ISOLATE: Round 1. - Manifes.-tation of the fu nda m enta l category rria tt e r be-fore the rn arri fe s ta t io n of the furida m enta lcategory energy in the Round 1, in a subjectwhen it is analysed into facets and the facetsare arranged in accordance with prescribedpostulates and principles. (Prol, S 3532,Abgila 2,1952, 186, S 5752).

342 MATTER ISOLATE: Round 2. - Manifes-tation of the funda m enta.I category rna tt e rafter the rn an if'e s ta ti on of the fu nda m enta lcategory energy in its first round and beforeits rn an if e s ta t io n in the second round. (Prol,S 3532. Abgila 2, 1952, 186, S 5752).

343 MATTER ISOLATE: LevelL - Firstrna.n if e s ta t.i.on of the fundamental categoryrna tt er in any particular round, in a sub ,ject when it is analysed into facets and thefacets are arranged in accordance with pres-cribed postulates and principles. (Prol,S 466. Abgila 2, 1957, 186, S 5756).

344 MATTER ISOLATE: Level 2. - Secondmanifestation of the fu nda m enta l categorymatter in any particular round, in a subjectwhen it is analysed into facets and the facetsare arranged in accordance with prescribedpostulates and principles. (Prol, S 466.Abgila 2, 1952, 186, S 5756).

35 Fundarn enta.l Category: Personality

35001 PORTION OF A CONCRETE ENTITY.-

Sep 7958 V 5 N 3

Part of a concrete entity, different from itswhole only in quantity or size. (Prol, S 3503).

Exarnp le r-1 A gla s s of milk taken ou t of a jug of

rniLk ,2 A short piece of wire cut out of a long

piece.3 A IUITlpof clay taken out of a big ball

of clay.

35002 ORGAN OF A CONCRETE ENTITY.-Part of a concrete entity which is not a por-tion of it, which has its own individuality,with its own distinctive features and func-tions, which is specific to the whole entity,and which contributes to the make up of thewhole. (Pro!, S 3503).

Exa rnpl,e s:-1 Hand of a human body2 Wheel of a bicycle3 Top layer of a road surface.

35003 CONSTITUENT OF CONCRETE ENTITY. -Material of which the eq,l:ity or any of itsorgans are made. (Prol, S 3503).

Exa mp l e s r ,1 Iron in a bicycle2 Cement in the wall of a build! ng3 Water in the hurrian body.

The constituent of a concrete body is a man i,festation of the fundamental category Matter.

35004 ORGAN OF A SOCIAL ENTITY. - Partof social entity which has its own individuality,with its own distinctive features and functions,and which contributes to the make up of thewhole.

Exa.rnp Le s ; -1 Cabinet of a Government2 Academic Council of a University3 Top rnaria gerne nt of a business enter-

prise.

35005 UNIVERSE OF WHOLES. - Universe ofwhole entities of a specified kind, concreteor social. (Prol, S3503).

Examples:-1 Universe of the bicylces whatever be

the brand or size2 Universe of go ve r nrn ent s whatever be

the kind of go ve r nrnerit s '3 Universe of literature whatever be

the language.

87

RANGANATHAN

35006 ORGANS OF FIRST REMOVE. - Universeof the organs of a typical whole entity of theuniverse of wholes concerned, arrived at thefir s t level of br eakdown of the whole into itsorgans. (Prol, S 3503).

Examples:1 Wheel,

seat arebicycle

2 Head, cabinet,organs of firstment

3 Foundation, floor, walls, pillars,are organs of first remove of a bu i.Ld,ing.

gear, frame, handle, andorgans of first remove of a

legislature, areremove of a govern-

35007 UNIVERSE OF ORGANS OF SECONDREMOVE. _ Universe of the organs of thefirst remove of a typical whole organ of thefirst remove of a typical whole entity of theuniverse of the wholes concerned. (Prol,S 3503).

Examples: -1 The tyre, the tube, the rim, the

spokes and the hub of a wheel of abicycle

2 P'r irn e minister, education minister,finance minister, etc. of a cabinetof a government

3 The pedestal, the stanchion part andthe capital of a pillar of a building

3501 PERSONALITY ISOLATE. _ The residuearising in the analysis of a subject into thefundamental categories, after Time, Space,Energy, Matter, and Anteriorising Isolates'are separated out. (Prol, S 3550).

The residue may be a urriv er s e of whole con-crete or social entities or the universe oftheir organs of any remove or a universe ofabstract entities forming isolates in sub ,jects b elo ngi ng to certain main classes suchas mathematics, literature, linguistics, re-ligion, education, and law. The PersonalityIsolates in these subjects are usually indi-cated as such by a classification scheme.This will have to be so until an objective,general, more positive defi.ni t io n than theone given in the enumerative definition indi-cated above, could be formulated.

351 PERSONALITY ISOLATE: Level 1.-A universe of whole isolates of personality.(Prol, S 3551).

88

Example s:-

1 Hind cycle, Humber cycle, Raleighcycle, Men's cycle, Ladies cycle,Children's cycle.

2 Monarchy, Oligarchy, Democracyamong types of Government

3 English, Sanskrit, Tamil as mediafor literature.

352 PERSONALITY ISOLATE: Level 2. _ Auniverse of organs of first remove of wholeconcrete or social entity, and a universe ofisolates enumerated in a classificationscheme as isolates of level 2 in mathematicsand other subjec ts mentioned in 351. (Prol,S 3552).

Examples:-1 Wheels of different brands of a bicycle2 Head, Cabinet, Parliament, etc. of

a Government3 Forms of literature such as Poetry,

Drama, Fiction, Prose, etc.

353 PERSONALITY ISOLATE: Round 1. -Personality isolate manifesting itself in asubject before the first manifestation of thefundamental category Energy, when the sub-is analysed into facets and the facets arearranged in a cco r danc e with prescribed pos-tulates and principles. (Prol, S 3534-).

(

354 PERSONALITY ISOLATE: Round 2. -Personality isolate manifesting itself in asubject after the first manifestation of thefundamental category Energy but before itssecond manifestation. (Prol, S 3534).

355 SYSTEM. - Exposition of a subject inaccordance with a specific school of thought.(Prol, S 3671).

Examples:-1 Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Allopathy,

'and Homoeopathic systems in medicine2 Classical, Psychoanalytical, Beha ,

viouristic, Gestalt and Field systemsin psychology

3 Kindergarten, Dalton plan, Basic sys-tems in education.

356 SUB-SYSTEM. - Exposition of a subjectaccording to a system which is accepted to bea sub-system of another system.

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Examples:-i Adler's individualism and J'ung+s sys-

tem among the sub-systems of Freud'spsychoanalysis.

357 FAVOURED SYSTEM. - The systemwhich has the greatest literary warrantin a library. (Prol, S 36711).

358 SPECIAL. - Restriction of the field ofexposition of a subject to a particular rangeof the incidence of any of its characteristicslikely to belong to the unrestricted state ofthe subject. (Prol, S 3672).

Examples:-i Child medicine, Female medicine,

Industrial medicine in medicine.2 Low pressure physics, High tem-

perature physics, and Nuclear physicsin physics.

3 Hydroponics in agriculture.

3590 PERSONALITY FACET: Level 0.-Special.

359i PERSONALITY FACET: Level (-i).-Sub c sy s t am ,

3592 PERSONALITY FACET: Level (-2).-System.

36 Postulates and Procedure

361 Postulates for Idea Plane

3611 POSTULATE 11. - Time, Space, En-ergy, Matter, and Personality are the fivefundamental categories, one or more ofwhich only may manifest themselves in asubject, in combination with a basic subject.

3612 POSTULATE i2. - Arranged in the de-creasing sequence of their concreteness, thefive iundamental categories fall in the se-quence Personality, Matter, Energy, Space,and Time.

3613 POSTULATE 13. - Basic classes arethose enumerated as such in a scheme of

classification.

36i4 POSTULATE i4. - Anteriorising commonisolates are those enumerated as such in a

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

scheme of clas sification.

36i5 POSTULATE i5. - Every subject in-clude s a basic clas s , It may also includeisolates which are manifestations of one ormore of the five fundamental categories andalso anteriorising common isolates, phase re-lations, and intra-facet relations.

36i6 POSTULATE i6. - A subject may includemany rounds of manifestation of the funda-mental categories, energy, matter, andpersonality.

36i7 POSTULATE i7. - Space and time iso-lates can normally occur as manifestationsqua space and time, only in the last round ofasubject.

36i8 POSTULATE i8. - A subject may in-clude many levels of manifestation of thefundamental categories, personality, andmatter within any round, and space andtime in the last round. The levels ofpersonality in a round occur consecutively.So also with the levels of each of the othercategories.

362 Postulates for NotationalPlane

Note:- While the postulates for idea planeare suitable bases for many differentschemes of classification, only postulate 24for the notational plane can be a suitablebasis for all of them. The other postulatesare peculiar to CC. Similar postulates canbe enunciated for other schemes as shown forUDC under postulate 21.

362i POSTULATE 21. - The connectingsymbols to be inserted before an isolatenumber are as shown below:

Nature of the isolate CC UDC

PersonalityMatterEnergySpaceTimeAnteriorising

(... )

•••••nil (O ••• )

89

RANGANATHAN

3622 POSTULATE 22. - The connecting sym-bol due to be inserted before a personalityisolate of level 1, immediately fol.Icwirig thebasic class number or an energy isolatenumber, need not be written but may be takenas understood.

3623 POSTULATE 23. - The Roman smallsused as anteriorising common isolate num-bers have anteriorising quality.

3624 POSTULATE 24. _ The ordinal value ofany connecting symbol should be smallerthan that of any substantive digit ie a digitoccurring in a basic class number or anisolate number.

3625 POSTULATE 25. - Arranged in the in-creasing sequence 01 their ordinal values,the connecting symbols fall in the follow-ing sequence: 0 • : ; , ~

3626 POSTULATE 26. - The digits in each ofthe convetional groups of symbols - Romansmalls,.';:ndo-Arabic numerals, and Romancap it aIa .•...; hav e their respective conven-tiojra l ordinal values.

3627' POSTULATE 27. - Arranged in the in-creasing sequence of their ordinal values,the three conventional groups of digits fallin the following sequence: Roman smalls,Indo-Arabic numerals, Roman capitals.

3628 POSTULATE 28. - The ordinal value or'the starter bracket - ( - is smaller than thatof 0; and the ordinal value of the arresterbracket - ) • is greater than that of Z.

36291 POSTULATE 291. - The choice of anyother digit or set of digits and th eir res-pective ordinal values may be determinedad hoc in the light of the findings in theidea plane.

Exarnple: -If the Roman capitals form the staplebasis, and Greek letters are usedoccasionally, as for representing par-tial comprehensions of the main clas-ses, 8 (be eta ) is placed adjacent to B,.\ (lamda) is placed adjacent to L, andZ (sigma) is placed adjacent to S. Thishappens in CC.

90

363 Steps in Classifying

3630 RAW NAME OF SUBJECT. - The titleas it is found on the title page or at the headof the document.

Example:-Bio log rca l control of paddy-flower-virusin Tanjore delta.

3631 EXPRESSIVE NAME OF SUBJECT. -Name of the subject of the document got byscanning it, filling up any ellipsis found inthe raw name of the subject, breaking upeach derived composite term into its funda-mental constituent terms co:rresponding tothe five fundamental categories and, ifnecessary, corresponding to the character-istics leading to the various isolates, so asto bring out all the relevant facets.

Example:-This step is illustrated as follows WIththe example in 3630. The terms i.ntro ;duc ed as a result of scanning the doc u ;ment and of breaking down compositeterms are put within inverted commas.

Biological as a prevention step of "thedisease caused by" vir us "attack onthe- flower of the "paddy" as in thedelta "region of" Tanjore "in the firstweek of flowering during the winter of1958 in agriculture".

3632 SKELETON NAME OF SUBJECT. - Ex-pressive name of the subject got after theremoval of all the auxiliary terms, the re-placement of all the inflected words by theirnominative forms, and thus r ed r ing thename to a telegraphic or skeleton form.

Example:-The expressed name of subject given in3631 will yield the following skeletonna m e t , Biology control disease virusflower paddy preventive step deltaTanjore first week winter 1958 agricul-ture.

3633 ANALYSED NAME OF SUBJECT.-Skeleton name of the subject with the te r m sidentified and marked as pertaining tovarious facets as follows:

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[BC][pJ[P2][ZpJ[ZPZ][M][MZJ[ZM][ZM2][E][ZEJ[3E][S ][SZJ[T ][TZ][T3][ACI]


Basic classPersonality facet of round 1, level 1Personality facet of round 1, level ZPersonality facet of round Z, level 1Personality facet of round Z, level ZMatter facet of round 1, level 1Matter facet of round 1, level ZMatter facet of round Z, level 1Matter facet of round Z, level ZEnergy facet of round 1Energy facet of round ZEnergy facet of round 3Space facet of level 1Space facet of level ZTime facet of level 1Time facet of level ZTime facet of level 3Anteriorising isolate of level1

[ACIZ] Anteriorising common isolate oflevel Z

etc. etc. etc.Exa mp l e r.,

The skeleton name of subject given in363Z will yield the following ana Iy s edname:-' Biolugy control [3P] diseaseLEJ Virus [ZP! Flower (PZ] paddy[p J preventive step [ZE] delta [SZJTanjore [s1 first week rTl winter

[T3] 1958 [Tl agricultur-e "(BC).

3634 TRANSFORMED NAME OF SUBJECT. _Analysed name of the subject with the termsrearranged in the sequence prescribed by the,postulates and principles.

Example:-The analysed name of subject given in3633 will yield the following transformedname:- Agriculture (BC) paddy LP]flower [PZ] disease [EJ virus [Zp]prevention step [ZE] biology control[3P] Tanjore [S] delta [SZJ first week

[T] 1958 [Tzl winter [T3]

3635 ST ANDARDISED NAME OF SUBJECT. _Transformed name of the subject with eachterm replaced, wherever necessary, by thestandard equivalent term as found in theschedule of the classification scheme used.

Example:-The transformed name of subject givenin 3634 will yield the following s tandard-ised na m e r- Agriculture (BC) rice [p]

Sep 7958 V 5 N 3

flower [PZ] disease EEJ virus [ZP]preventive step [2E] control measurebiology [3P] Tanjore [S] delta [S2Jweek 1 [T] 1958 [T2J winter [T3]

3636 ORDINAL SKELETON NAME OF SUB-JECT. - Transformed name of the subjectwith each terms replaced by its facet num-ber according to the classification schemeused.

Exa mpl e r-The standardised name of subject givenin 3635 will yield the following ordinalskeleton name if CC is u s ed r- J (Be)381 [p] 6 [P2] 4 [E] 23 [2P] 5 [ZEJ5(G) [3p] 44114 [S] 137 [S2J (O)CI[TJ N58 [T2] Tl.7 [T3]

3637 ORDINAL NAME OF SUBJECT ORCLASS NUMBER. - Ordinal skeleton name ofthe subject with all the facet symbols re-moved and the appropriate connecting sym-bols put according to prescribed postulates.

Example:-The ordinal skeleton name of subjectgiven in 3636 will yield the followingColon ordinal name or Colon Class Nurn-ber:-

J381, 6 :423 :55 (G). 44114.13 7. (O)C!. N58.n7

If UDC is used, the results in steps 6and 7 will be respectively:- 63 (BC)18 [p] ? [P2] 632 [E] 3? [2PJ632.93 [ZE] ? [3P] 54114 [S] (282.6)

[S2] 0 C2 [T] 1958 (T2] 324 [T3]

The Universal Decimal ordinal name ortine Class Number will be:

631. 8:6323? :632.93? (54114:282.6)"o C2:1958:324

Note: This implements, the notation for in-trinsic era cum duration of time in UDC,suggested in Rev doc 24, 1956, P 77 and 78,S 61 and 72.

Z the question mark n? n is put in the placeswhere the necessary digits have not yet beenprescribed in UDC.

3 the geographical number of Madras iswhat is recommended by India to the FID.

91

RANGANATHAN

364 ANALYTICO-SYNTHETJr rLASSIFICA-TION. - Classification scheme involving ana-lysis of subject into its facets in the ideaplane, and transformation in the verbal plane,translation from the verbal to the notationalplane, and synthesis of the facet numbersinto class number in the notational plane.

Such a classification scheme does not usuallygive ready made class numbers for any butbasic subject. It gives only schedules forbasic subjects. It gives only schedules forschedule is thus not a monolithic one. It isa polylithic one.

3641 FACET ANALYSIS. - Analysis of a sub-ject into its facets according to prescribedpostulates, as in an analytico-syntheticcIa s sification.

3642 FACETED CLASSIFICATION. - Classi-fication scheme based on facet analysis.

365 CLASS NUMBER. - Translation of thename of a subject in the artificial languageof ordinal numbers, specified and elaboratedin a classification scheme. (CC S 02).

366 CLASSIFICATORY LANGUAGE. _ Arti-ficial language of ordinal numbers forminga systern of class numbers.

367 COLON LANGUAGE. _ Artifical Lariguag eof Colon class numbers.

368 DECIMAL LANGUAGE. - Artificial lan-guage of Decimal class numbers.

369 KNOWLEDGE CLASSIFICATIONSCHEME. - Classification scheme for theuniverse of knowledge.

It may be analytico-synthetic or faceted; orenumerative.

3691 BASIC CLASSIFICATION. - Version ofknowledge classification scheme, abb r evi a ,te I just to the needs of macro-thought - iefor general libraries.

3692 DEPTH CLASSIFICATION. - Version ofknowledge classification scheme, sufficientlyworked out for the needs of micro-thought.

92

3693 VEDIC CLASSIFICATION. - Scheme ofknowledge classes implied in the Upanishadsand later adopted in the Puranas, the Ba.gha ,vad Gita, and the Tantras.

3694 BACON CLASSIFICATION. - Scheme ofknowledge classes implied in the Advance oflearning (1605) of Francis Bacon.

It has influenced many of the knowledge clas-sification schemes of the West.

3695 KANT CLASSIFICATION. - Scheme ofknowledge classes implied in the Critique ofpur e reason (1781) of Immanuel Kant.

This is severely dic hoto rni c ,

3696 BRUNET CLASSIFICATION. - Know-ledge classification scheme given in theManual for book-sellers and book lovers(1809) of J. C. Brunet.

This is said to have influenced the classifi-cation of the Bibliotheque National of Franc eand of the British Museum Library.

3697 HEGEL CLASSIFICATION. - Scheme ofknowledge classes implied in the Logic (1812)of Hegel.This is severely trichotomic.

3698 COMTE CLASSIFICATION. _ Scheme ofknowledge classes implied in the CGurse ofpositive philosop.E:Y (1830).

36991 AMPERE CLASSIFICATION. - Scheme ofknowledge classes implied in the Essay onthe philosophy of sciences (1834).

36992 SPENCER CLASSIFICATION. - Schemeof knowledge classes given in the Classifi-cation of sciences (1864) of Herbert Spencer.

36993 DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION. - Know-ledge classification scheme designed byMelvil Dewey and published for the first timein 1876.This is essentially an enumerative classifi-cation scheme.

36994 EXPANSIVE CLASSIFICATION. _ Know-ledge classification scheme designed byCharles Ammi Cutter and published for thefirst time in 1893.

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This is essentially an enumerative classifi-cation.

36995 UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICA-TION. - Knowledge classification schemesponsored by the International Institute ofBibliography and its successor body, theInternational Federation for Documentation,and published for the first time in 1896.

This uses the Decimal Classification as thecore and super-imposes on it Time Facet,Space Facet, and Energy, Matter, and Per-sonality Facets and Phases without differ-entiation of these.

36996 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICA-TION. - Knowledge classification schemedesigned at the Library of Congress of theUnited States of America and published forthe first time in 1904.

This is essentially an enumerative classifi-cation with gap notation.

36997 SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION. - Know-ledge classification scheme designed byJames Duff Brown and published for the firsttime in 1906.

This is essentially an enumerative classifica-tion with some provision for facet analysisand phase analysis.

36998 COLON CLASSIFICATION. - Knowledgeclassification scheme along with book classi-fication scheme designed by Shiyali Rama-mrita Ranganathan and published for the firsttime in 1933.

This is essentially an analytico -syntheticfaceted classification with full provision forfacet analysis, phase analysis and anterior-ising common isolates.

369991 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION.-Knowledge classification scheme designed byHenry Evelyn Bliss and published for thefirst time in 1935.

This has a fair element of analytico-syntheticfeature and has provision for anteriorisingcommon isolate.

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

37 Idea Plane: Facetand Phase

370 CLASS. - Subject ranked among the othersubjects of the universe of knowledge.

3701 QUASI CLASS. - Work such as a sacredwork, a classic, a literary work, or a peri-odical publication treated in a clas sificationscheme and in cataloguing practice as if Hwere a class in the universe of knowledge.

3702 QUASI SUBJECT. - Work such as asacred work, a classic, a literary work,. ora periodical publication treated in a classifi-cation scheme and in cataloguing practice,as if it were a class in the universe ofknowledge.

371 MAIN CLASS. - Class enumerated in thearray of order 1, in a classification schemefor the universe of knowledge. (Prol, S345(1)).

372 CANONICAL CLASS. - Traditional sub-class of a main class, enumerated as suchin a classification scheme for the universeof knowledge, and not derived on the basisof definite characteristics. (Prol, S 345(3)).

373 BASIC CLASS. - Generic name for amain or a canonical class in a classificationscheme for the universe of knowledge. (Prol,S 345(4)).

374 ISOLATE IDEA. - Thought unit, whichis usually a manifestation of one of the fivefundamental categories or is enumerated assuch and which is not a subject by itself, butyields, when added to a basic class, a sub-ject of smaller extension than the basic class.(Prol, S 345(5)).

Example:-Chemistry, Technology, Mining, Smithy,and Economics are basic classes. Gold,Iron, and Coal are not subjects but onlyisolates. Combined with a class theyyield subjects such as Chemistry ofGold, Technology of Iron, Coal Mining,Economics of Gold.

3740 ARRAY -ISOLATE IDEA. - Thought unitenumerated in a single array taken by itself.

93

RANGANATHAN

3741 SPECIAL-ISOLATE IDEA. - Isolate ideaspecial to a basic class or to an array isolateidea - or small groups of basic classes,isolate ideas, and array isolate ideas, as thecase may be - and usually denoted by specialisolate terms and represented by special iso-late numbers, or special array isolate termsand represented by special array isolate num-bers, as the case may be.

Example:-Wave length in r adrat ion; design inengineering; circulatory system inmedicine.

3742 COMMON ISOLATE IDEA. - Isolate ideathat can be attached to several host classes,but is denoted by the same isolate term, andrepresented by the same isolate number,whatever be the host class.

This concept is exploited in many classifi-cation schemes.

Examples:-Bibliography, periodical, institution,application, criticism and any geogra-phical isolate, and any time isolate aremade common isolates in CC and UDC.But they are not so made in the Libraryof Congress Classification.

37421 ANTERIORISING COMMON ISOLATEIDEA. - Common isolate idea whose attach-ment to a host class makes the resultingclass have precedence, in arrangement,over the host class.

Example:-"Bibliography of Mathematics" hasprecedence over "Mathematics·. Thisis desired by the idea plane to securehelpful sequence, as one would like toconsult the bibliography on a subjectbefore selecting the regular books onit for reading.

37422 POSTERIORISING COMMON ISOLATEIDEA. - Common isolate idea who s e attach-ment to a host class makes the resultingclass succ eed the host class, in arrange-ment.

Example:-Criticism of work in a class succeedsthe work in the class. institution pertain-

94

ing to a class succeeds the class. Localtreatment of a class succeeds the class.

3743 SEMINAL ISOLATE IDEA. - Isolate ideathat can be attached to several host classesand represented by the same isolate number.whatever be the host class, but denoted bydifferent isolate terms in the context of thehost classes concerned.

This concept has been developed and is beingexploited in CC. The endeavour of the Iridianschool is to replace the several schedules ofspecial isolates by a single or few schedulesof seminal isolates.

Examples:-The digit 3 representing 'Physiology' inbiological sciences, 'Syntax' in linguis-tic s , 'T eaching technique' in education,'Function' in political science, 'Socialpractices' in sociology.

This concept was originated in CC in 1925.It was denoted by the term UnscheduledMnemonics. But in 1950, the more appro-priate term 'Seminal' in the place of 'Un-scheduled' was suggested by B.!. Palmerand A. J. Wells.

3744 SUPER-IMPOSED ISOLATE IDEA. _ Aportion of an isolate falling within the rangeof another co-ordinate isolate ie anotherisolate in the same array.

Example:-Blood vessels of the right foot in theorgan facet of medince; rural childrenwhere the isolate 'Child' is restrictedh¥ the isolate 'Rural residence' in thefacet of social groups in sociology.

37441 AUTO-BIASED ISOLATE IDEA. - Super-i.mpo s ed isolate idea tProl, S 237).

375 FACET. - Generic name for a basicclass or an isolate idea.

3751 COMPOOUND CLASS. - Class with a basicfacet and one or more isolate facets. (Prol,S 345(6)).

Example:-Coal mining in India in 1958 is &: com-pound class. Mining is its basic facet;"Coal· the personality facet, "India·the space facet; and "1958". the timefacet.

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37510 ORDER OF A COMPOUND CLASS. -Number of isolate facets in the class. (Pro I,S 345(7».

Example:-The example in 3751 is of order 3, as ithas the three isolate facets - coal, India,and 1958.

376 COMPLEX CLASS. - Class formed by thecombination of two or more basic or com-pound classes and made to express the rela-tion between them, but excluding the casewhen one of the classes forms an isolate ofthe other, formed by the subject device.(Prol, S 345(8».

Example:-Numerical solution of diff erential equa-tions for designers of machinery is acomplex class. But the "Chemistry"of ·Apple" is not a complex class as"Chemistry· is only an energy isolateformed by subject device.

3760 ORDER OF A COMPLEX CLASS. - Num-ber of basic or compound classes combinedto form it. (Prol, S345(9».

Example:-The example in 376 is of order 2, as ithas. two compound classes, relationbetween which is expressed.

3761 PHASE. - A bas ic or a compound. classforming a constituent of a complex class.(Prol, S345 (8».

Example:-"Numerical solution of differtial equa-tions" is one phase of the example in3760. "Design of machinery" is its otherphase.

37611 FIRST PHASE. - The phase of a complexclass, which is the primary class of exposi-tion or otherwise deemed to be primary.(CC, S8201).

Example:-In the example of 376, ·Numerical solu-tion of differential equations" is the sub.ject of exposition. It is therefore itsfirst phase.

37612 SECOND PHASE. - Phase of a complexclass, which is not the class of direct expo-sition but merely effects the exposition of

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

the first phase. (CC, S8202).Example:-

In the example of 376, "Design of ma-chinery· is the second phas e.

37613 PHASE RELATION. - Relation betweenthe phases of a complex class.

3762 BIAS RELATION. - Phase relation indi-cating that the exposition of the first phaseis biased towards the second phase, ie theexposition is specially attuned to the needsof a specialist in the subject forming thesecond phase, either by the selection or thearrangements of the topics, or by emphasis,or by the standard of exposition, or by theexamples selected, or by other means.(CC, S82b ).

Exarnp.le i-,

In the example of 376, the phase rela-tion is a bias relation.

37621 BIAS PHASE. - Second phase of a com-plex class in which the phase relation isbias relation. (CC, S82b1).

Example:-In the example of 376, ·Design ofrnac hi.rie r yf is bias phase.

3763 COMPARISON RELATION. - Phase re-lation in which the first phase is comparedwith the second phase. (CC, S82c).

37631 COMPARISON PHASE. - Second phaseof a complex class in which the phase rela-tion is comparison relation. (CC. S82c1).

3764 DIFFERENCE RELATION. - Phase re-lation in which the difference between thefirst phase and the second is expounded.(CC, S82d).

37641 DIFFERENCE PHASE. - Second phaseof a complex class in which the phase rela-tion is difference relation. (CC, S82d1).

3765 INFLUENCING RELATION. - Phase re-lation in which the influence of the secondphase on the first is expounded or the firstphase is expounded as influenced by thesecond phase. (CC S82g).

Example:-"Geopolitics" is exposition of "Political

95

RANGANATHAN

formation and development" as influ-enced by geographical factors. Here thephase relation is influencing relation.

37651 INFLUENCING PHASE. - Second phaseof a complex class in which the phase rela-tion is influencing relation. (CC, S82g1).

Example:-In the example in 3765 "Geographicalfactors" is the influencing phase.

3766 GENERAL RELATION. - Phase relationof a more or less comp r eh en s iv e or non-descript kind between the two phases. (CC,S82a).

37661 GENERAL RELATION PHASE. - Secondphase of a complex class in which the phaserelation is general phase relation. (CC,S82al).

377 COMPLEX ISOLATE. - Isolate formedby the combination of two or more isolatesin the same facet of a basic class to expressthe relation between them, but excluding thecase when the extension of the one of theisolates is merely restricted without bring-ing out any relation between them. (CC,S841).

Example:-"Physiological anato mys has "Medicine"as its implied basic class. It itself isenergy isolate. It is a complex isolateas it expounds the relation between thetwo energy isolates, "Physiology" and"Anatomy".

3771 INTRA-FACET RELATION. - Relationbetween the component isolates of a com-plex isolate. (CC, S84).

3772 INTRA FACET BIAS RELATION. -Intra-facet r ela tion indicating that the expositionof the first component isolate is biased to-wards the second, ie the exposition is spe-cially attuned to the needs of a specialistin the second component isolate, either bythe selection or the arrangement of thetopics, or by emphasis, or by the standardof exposition, or by the examples selectedor by other means. (CC, S84b).

Exa mp Ie z-In the example under 377, the intra-

96

facet relation is bias relation.

37721 BIAS ISOLATE. _ The second constituentisolate of a complex isolate in which the intrafacet relation is bias relation. (CC, S84b1).

Example:-In the example under 377, IIPhysiology"is bias isolate.

3773 INTRA_FACET COMPARISON RELA-TION. - Intra-facet relation in which the firstcomponent isolate is compared with thesecond. (CC, S84c).

Exarnpl er ,

Comparison of city folk and rural folkhas ·Sociology" as its basic subject,and denotes infra-facet comparison re-lation, as both the isolates "Rural folk"and ·City folk" are isolate in the samepersonality facet.

37731 COMPARISON ISOLATE. - The secondcons tituent in a complex isolate in whic h theintra-facet relation is comparison relation.(CC, S84cl).

3774 INTRA-FACET DIFFERENCE RELA-TION. - Intra-facet relation in which thedifference between the first constituent iso-late and the second is expounded. (CC,S84d). •

37741 DIFFERENCE ISOLATE. - The secondconstituent in a complex isolate in which theintra-facet relation is difference relation.(CC, S84dl).

3775 INTRA-FACET INFLUENCING RELA-TION. - Intra-facet relation in which the in.-fluence of the second constituent isolateover the first is expounded or the first con-stituent isolate is expounded as influencedby the second. (CC, S84g).

Example:-"Influence of school organisation onteaching technique" has nEdu cat iorrs asits basic subject and denotes intra-facetinfluencing relation as both "T eachingtechnique" and "Organisation" are iso-lates in the same energy facet.

37751 INFLUENCING ISOLATE. - The secondconstituent in a complex isolate in which theintra-facet relation is influencing relation.(CC, S84gl).

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Example:-In the example under 3775 "Organisation"is influencing isolate.

3776 INTRA-FACET GENERAL RELATION._Intra-facet relation of a more or less com-prehensive or non-descript kind between thetwo constituent isolates. (CC S84a).

37761 GENERAL RELATION ISOLATE. _ Thesecond constituent isolate in a complex iso-late in which the intra-facet relation isgeneral relation. (CC, S84al)

378 Notational Plane

3781 DIGIT. - Each one of the distinct basicor primary symbols taken by itself occurringin a class number or used in constructing it.(Prol, S181).

3782 CONNECTING SYMBOL. - Symbol usedonly as a connective or as a conjunction in aclassificatory language. (Prol, S 3615).

Exarnp Ie r ;See section 3621.

3783 SUBST ANTIVE DIGIT. - Digit other thana connecting symbol used in a classificatorylanguage. (CC, S0213).

Example:-Roman smalls and Arabic numerals andRoman capitals in CC; and Indo-Arabicnumerals in UDC.

3784 OCTAVISING DIGIT. - The last digit ina conventional set of digits, reserved for theformation of a further octave and given anyother semantic value. (CC, S0214).

Example:-9 among Indo-Arabic numerals and y &=. among Roman letters.

3785 SIGNIFICANT DIGIT. - Substantive digitother than an octavising digit and having asemantic significance. (CC, S0216).

3786 ANTERIORISING DIGIT. - Digit, theaddition of which at the end of a clas s num-ber (hereinafter referred to as host classnumber) makes the ordinal value of the re-sulting class number smaller than that of thehost class number. (CC. S0251).

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

Example:-

Roman smalls in CC. B33:3a comes an-terior to B33:3. FID/CA has recom-mended the use of ' {O' as ant e r io r is ,ing symbol in UDC.

3787 STARTER. - Symbol inserted at thebeginning of a subject-device ·number.(Prol. S36144).

3788 .ARRESTER. - Symbol inserted at the endof a subject-device-number. [P'r oI, S36144).

Example:-Circular brackets are used as starterand arrester in CC. FID/CA has re-commended the use of square bracketsas starter and arrester in UDC.

37891 GAP DEVICE. - Device of leaving a finitegap between two array-isolate numbers of twoarray-isolate ideas appearing to be consecu-tive at the time of the enumeration, in orderto accommodate new isolates, as the casemay be. claiming its filiatory place withinthat gap. (Pr oI, 5233).

Example:-Library of Congress Classification usesthis device extensively.

37892 INTERPOLATION DEVICE. - Device ofinterpolating between two consecutive digitsof one species a digit of another species anddefining its cardinal value accordingly.(Prol, 52231).

Example:-CC uses this device sparingly, for thispurpose. It usually draws digits fromthe Gr eek alphabetic.

37893 OCTAVE DEVICE. _ Device of reserv-ing the last digit in a species of digits as anon-significant digit to form another octaveor stretch of coordinate digits by adding toit the successive digits of the species anddeeming the result of the double-digitednumbers as if frozen into a single digit. andrepeating this process to form successiveoctaves. (Prol, S2232).

CC had adopted this device from the begin-ning consciously. It has noVl'lbeen adoptedby FID for UDC.

97

RANGANATHAN

37894 GROUP NOTATION DEVICE. _ Deviceof [J!sin.,:ordinal decimal Er ac tro n numbersof two or more digits but the same numberof significant digits to represent a numberof co-ordinate isolates or array-isolates,when they are too many to be representedconveniently by octave device alone. (Pro I,S368).

CC has begun to employ this device con-sc.iously since it was studied in 1954.

Exarnp l e e ;381 for "Rice" and 382 for "Wheat".

38 Focus

380 FOC US. - Generic term to denote classor isolate or array-isolate, in all the threeplanes - idea plane, verbal plane, and no-tational plane. (Prol, S345(10)).

3801 SHARPENING A FOCUS. - Decreasingthe extension of a class, isolate, or a r r ay ,isolate by the introduction of additionalfacet(s) or phase(s) or on the basis of addi-tional characteristic (s).

3802 HOST FOCUS. - Class or isolate, orarray-isolate being sharpened.

Sharpening Devices for Idea Plane

381 FACET DEVICE. _ Device for sharpeninga host focus in the form of a class by theaddition of new facet(s). (Prol, S235).

382 PHASE DEVICE. - Device for sharpeninga host focus in the form of a class by the addi-tion of phase(s). (Prol, S236).

3821 INTRA FACET RELATION DEVICE. _Device for sharpening a host focus in theform of an isolate, by the addition of anintra-facet relation constituent focus.

383 SUPER-IMPOSITION DEVICE. _Devicefor sharpening a focus in the form of an iso-late by restriction the extension of one iso-late to the portion of it falling within an an-other isolate of the same category. (Prol,S237).

98

3831 AUTO-BIAS DEVICE. _ Super-imposi-tion device.

384 CHRONOLOGICAL DEVICE. - Device forforming an isolate or sharpening a host focusin the form of an isolate or an array-isolateon the basis of chronological characteristic,such as the epoch of birth or origin or firstinvestigation or initiation, or commencementor occurrence or any other relevant event.

385 GEOGRAPHICAL DEVICE. - Device forforming an isolate or sharpening a host focusin the form of an isolate or an array-isolateon the basis of geographical characteristic.such as place of origin or habitation or pre-valence or any other relevant geographicalas sociation.

386 SUBJECT DEVICE. - Device for form-ing an isolate or sharpening a host focus inthe form of an isolate or a r r ay c iso Iat e onthe basis of subject characteristic, relevantand sufficient to denote the intended isolate.

387 ALPHABETICAL DEVICE. - Device forforming an isolate or sharpening a host focusin the form of an isolate or array-isolate onthe basis of its name in international use, asthe characteristic.

388 ENUMERATION DEVICE. - Device forforming the classes or the isolates in facetor the array-isolates in an array by merelyenumerating them.

3881 ENUMERATIVE CLASSIFICATION.-Classification scheme in which most of theclasses are enumerated ad hoc. instead ofthe enumeration being restricted only to theenumeration of the basic clas s e s and theisolates of various categories.

Its schedule is monolithic and not polylithic.

Sharpening Devices forNotational Plane

3890 DECIMAL FRACTION DEVICE. _ Deviceof taking the place value of each Indo-Arabicnumeral in a number as in a pure decimalfraction, though the decimal point is notactually put in front of it.' (Prol, S234).

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3891 FACET DEVICE. - Device of prefixingto an isolate number in a class number aconnecting symbol, in order to implementthe facet device of the idea plane. (Prol,S235 ).

3892 PHASE DEVICE. - Device of insertingconnecting symbol before the digit repre-senting a phase relation in the idea plane.(Prol, S236).

38921 INTRA-FACET RELATION DEVICE. -Device of inserting connecting symbol be-fore the digit representing intra-facet rela-tion in the idea plane.

3893 SUPER-IMPOSITION DEVICE. - Deviceof inserting a hyphen between the isolatenumbers representing the isolates involvedin the alphabetical device of the idea plane.(Prol, S237).

3894 CHRONOLOGICAL DEVICE. - Device ofadding to the host isolate number or arrayisolate number the chronological numberrequired to implement the chronologicaldevic e of the idea plane. (Prol, S223 3).

3895 GEOGRAPHICAL DEVICE. - Device ofadding to the host isolate number or arrayisolate number the geographical number re-quired to implement the geographical deviceof the idea plane. (CC, S684).

3896 SUBJECT DEVICE. - Device of adding tothe host isolate number or array-isolatenumber, the number of the subject requiredto implement the subject device of the ideaplane, and enclosing the number of that sub-ject within brackets, so that the said subjectnumber may be taken as frozen and treatedas it were a single digit. (Prol, S36141).

38961 PACKET NOTATION. - Subject numberenclosed in brackets in the use of the subjectdevice. (Prol, S36411).

CC is using circular brackets to form thepacket. The FUD/CA (the Committee onGeneral Theory of Classification of theInternational Federation for Documentationhas recommended the use of squarebrackets to form the packet. (Rev doc 22,1956, 156, section 2 of the minutes of FID/CA).

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

3897 ALPHABETICAL DEVICE. - Device ofadding to the host isolate number or array-isolate number, the first, or the first two,or the first three etc initial letters of theinternational name of an isolate or anyarray-isolate to be formed by the alpha-betical device of the idea plane; and thealphabetical part may be taken as frozenand treated as if it were a single digit.(Prol, S36i41~.·

3898 see Page 100.

391 Zone Analysis

3910 ZONE. - A portion of an array, in whichall the isolates are array isolates are for-med by one and the same device. (Prol,S362-368).

3911 ENUMERATED ISOLATES. - Array iso-lates of an array got by enumeration device.

3912 DEVICED ISOLATES. - Array isolatesof an array got by chronological or a.lphabe ti;calor subject device.

3913 ENUMERATED COMMON ISOLATES. -Common isolates got by enumeration device.

Examples:-Time isolates, space isolates, anterior-ising common isolates and posteriorisingcommon isolates.

3914 DEVICED COMMON ISOLATES. - Com-mon isolates got by subject device.

3915 ENUMERATED SPECIAL ISOLATES.-Special isolates got by enumeration device.

3916 DEVICED SPECIAL ISOLATES. - Spe-cial isolates got by chronological or alpha-betical device.

39161 ZONE 1 OF ARRAY. - The zone of thearray made up of enumerated common iso-lates.

3916 2 ZONE 2 OF ARRAY. - The zone of thearray made up of enumerated special iso-lates.

39163 ZONE 3 OF ARRAY. - Th~ zone of thearray made up of deviced special isolates.

99

RANGANATHAN

3898 Chart of Equivalent Terms

Note: The definition is given in appropriate places to the terms in the Idea Plane only.

Generic In the In the In theIdea Plane Verbal Plane Notational Plane

Focus Class Subject Class NumberIsolate Idea Isolate Term Isolate NumberArray Isolate Idea Array Isolate Term Array Isolate Number

Basic Focus Basic Class Basic Subject Basic Class Number

Main Focus Main Class MaiTJ.Subject Main Class Number

Canonical Focus Canonical Clas s Canonical Subject Canonical Class Number

Isolate Isolate Idea Isolate Term Isolate Number

Common Isolate Common Isolate Idea Common Isolate term Common Isolate Number

Ant e r io r is ing Anteriorising Common Anteriorising Common Anteriorising CommonCommon Isolate Isolate Idea Isolate Term Isolate Number

Posteriosing Com- Posteriorising Com- Posteriorising Com- Posteriorising Commonmon Isolate rno n Isolate Idea mon Isolate Term Isolate Number

Array Isolate Array Isolate Idea Array Isolate Term Array Isolate Number

Facet Basic Class Basic Subject Basic NumberIsolate Idea Isolate Term Isolate Number

Compound Focus Compound Clas s Compound Subj ect Compound Class Number

Complex Focus Complex CIa s s Complex Subject Complex Class Number

.Complex Isolate Complex Isolate Idea Complex Isolate Term Complex Isolate Number

Biasing Focus Biasing Class Biasing Subject Biasinc Class Number

Comparison Focus Comparison Class Comparison Subject Comparison Class Number

Difference Focus Difference Class Difference Subject Difference Class Number

Influencing Focus Influencing Class Influencing Subject Influencing Class Number

General Relation General Relation General Relation General Relation ClassFocus Class Subject Number

Biasing Isolate Biasing Isolate Idea Biasing Isolate Term Biasing Isolate Number

Comparison Isolate Comparison Isolate Comparison Isolate Comparison Isolate Num ,Idea Term ber

Differ enc e Isolate Difference Isolate Difference Isolate Difference Isolate Num ,Idea Term ber

Influencing Isolate Influencing Isolate Influencing Isolate Influencing Isolate Num ,Idea Term ber

General Relation General Relation General Relation General Relation IsolateIsolate Isolate Idea Isolate Term Number

100 An lib sc


39164 ZONE 4 OF ARRAY. - The zone of thearray made up of deviced common isolates.

4 UNIVERSE OF DOC UMENTS

Note:- Most of the terms in this chapterwere brought into use in first edition ofCC in 1933. But the references are givenhere only to editions 5 ofCC (1957).

400 ULTIMATE CLASS. - Class of thesmallest extension admitted by a scheme ofclassification, into which a document can beplaced. (CC, S027).

BOOK NUMBER

40 BOOK NUMBER. - Ordinal number whichfixes the position of a document. relatively tothe other documents having the same ultimateclass. (CC. S03).

Book number individualises the documentamong the documents having the same classnumber. It is used for mechanising the re-placing of a document in the correct positior .•among the documents having the same classnumber.

41 LANGUAGE NUMBER. - Ordinal num-ber into which the name of the language, inwhich a document is expounded. is transla-ted. (CC. S031).

410 LANGUACE FACET. - Part of the booknumber of a document. which is its lan-guage number.

4H FAVOURED LANGUAGE. - Language inwhich the majority of the books in a libraryare written. (CC. S03H).

4i2 MOST POPULAR LANGUAGE. - Lan-guage. among a given set of languages.occurring earliest in the scale of popularityof languages, maintained by a library.(CC. S03i2).

413 SCALE OF POPULARITY OF LAN-GUAGES. - Descending scale of popularityof the languages. maintained by a library

Sep J958 V 5 N 3

on the basis of their respective uses as themedium in the exposition of its documents.(CC, S03i2).

42 FORM NUMBER. - Ordinal number, in-to which the name of the form of expositionof document, is translated. (CC,S032).

420 FORM FACET. _ Part of the book nurn ,ber of a document, which is its form num-ber.

43 YEAR NUMBER. - Ordinal number, in-to which the year of publication of a docu-ment, is translated. (CC, 5033).

430 YEAR FACET. - Part of the book nu m ,ber of a document, which is its year num-ber.

44 ACCESSION NUMBER. - Integral num-ber which denotes the sequence of accession-ing of a document. which shares the sameultimate class and the same form number,language number, and year number withother documents. (CC, S033).

440 ACCESSION FACET. - Part of the booknumber of a document, which is its acces-sion number.

45 VOLUME NUMBER. - Integral numberwithin the book number of a volume of amulti-volumed book, md iv idua.l i s in g the saidvolume in the set. (CC, S035H).

450 VOLUME FACET. - Part of the booknumber of a document, which is its volumenumber.

46 SUPPLEMENT NUMBER. - Integralnumber within the book number of a book,which individualises the said supplementfrom the host volume and the other supple-ments. (CC, 50362).

460 SUPPLEMENT FACET. - Part of thebook number of a document, which is itssupplement number.

47 COpy NUMBER. - Integral numberwithin the book number of a copy of a docu-ment of which there are two or more copies,ind iv idua l is ing the said copy. (CC, 5037).

101

RANGANATHAN

48 CRITICISM NUMBER. - Cardinal numberwithin the book number of a document, whichis a critical study or a review, or a rejoinderto a pedestrian document or belongs to achain of such polemical documents centeringround the pedestrian document, individualis-ing the said document. (CC, S038).

480 CRITICISM FACET. - Part of the booknumber of a document, which is its critic-ism number.

Collection Number

490 COLLECTION. - One of the several se-quences, other than the main classified se-quence, in which some of the books of a lib-rary have to be kept, for administrative,safety, facility-for-use reasons. (CC S04and 041).

Examples:-Pamphlet or undersized collection,oversized collection, rare book collec-tion' reading room collection, mathe-rriat ics department collection, brows-ing collection, etc. A collection maybe permanent or temporary.

491 COLLECTION NUMBER. - Symbol todenote the collection, other than the normalcollection forming the main classified se-quence, to which a book belongs. (CC, S041).

4991 CALL NUMBER. - Ordinal number wbichfixes the position of a document relatively tothe other documents. (CC, S01).

Call number is a combination of the classnumber of the subject expounded in the docu-ment plua the book number of the documentplus if neceasory the collection number ofthe document.

4992 PRESS MARK. - Symbol which indicatesthe position of a document in the book shel-ves in stack-room or in the filing cabinetor in any other receptacle where the docu-ments are kept.

5 CONTACT WITH CATALOGUE

50 CHAIN FORMATION. - Representation

102

of a class number in the form of a chain,according to the following procedure:-

1 Make;11 the First Link, out of the first digit;12 the Second Link, out of the fir st two

digits;13 the Third Link, out of the first three

digits, and so on up to the last linkwhich is to be made of all the digits.

2 Write the Links one below the other. insuccession;

21 Write against each link its translationinto natural language _ ie the name ofthe class of which the link is the classnumber;

22 Connect each link with its translation byan n = n sign.

3 Joing the n = n sign of each link withthat of the next succeeding link by adownward arrow. (CCC, S320).

Example:-

0111, 2J64, 52

o01

011

0111.

0111,

0111,2

0111,2J

0111,2J6

0111,2J64

0111,2J64,

0111, 2J64, 5

0111, 2J64, 52

1J=

1=

11J1J,.tJ,T=

1

Othello

Literature (Sought Link)

Indo-European Literature(Unsought link)

Teutonic literature(Unsougbt link)

English Literature(Sought link)

(Fals e Link)

English Drama (Soughtlink)

(Fused link)

(Fus ed link)

Shakespeare (Sought link)

(False link)

Fifth Octave of theShakespearean plays

(Unsought link)

Othello (Sought link)

51 LAST LINK. - Link occurring last in thechain produced by a class number. (CCC,S321 ).

An lib sc


Example:-In the chain given under Sec 50,"0111, 2J64, 52 = Othello" is the lastlink.

52 FALSE LINK. - Link

1 which is not a class number ie, it isnot a concatenation of digits, intelligibleaccording to the rules of classification-that is, it has no meaning; or

2 which is the last link of a compound classnumber and does not have a name in theverbal plane, in common usage in anatural language. (CCC, S322).Example:-

In the chain given under Sec 50, thefollowing are false links:

0111, = (False link)0111, 2J64, = (False link)

Consider the following chain of the classnumber V4. N5

History (Sought link)History of Asia (Sought link)(False link)(False link)(False link)

VV4V4.

'"V4.N ~V4.N5=

53 FUSED LINK. - Link within a part of aclas s number, the part being obtained by1 chronological device;2 geographical device;3 subject device;4 alphabetical device;5 phase device; or6 intra-facet relation devic e;

which should be treated as a whole, as if itwere a single digit. (CCC, S323).

Example: -In the chain given under Sec 50, thefollowing are fused links:

0111,2J =0111, 2J6 =

(Fused link)(Fused link)

~:31 FUSED CHRONOLOGICAL LINK. _ Linkending within a part of a class number, whichis obtained by the chronological device.(CCC, S323).

532 FUSED GEOGRAPHICAL LINK. _ Linkending within a part of a class number,

Sep. 1958 V 5 N 3

which is obtained by geographical devic eand the whole of the geographical numberhas to be treated as if it were a single digit.(CCC, S323).

533 FUSED SUBJECT LINK. - Link endingwithin a part of a class number, which isobtained by subject device. (CCC, 5323).

534 FUSED ALPHABETICAL LINK. - Linkending within a part of a class number, whichis obtained by alphabetical device. (CCC,S3 23).

535 FUSED INTRA -FACET RELATION. -Link ending within a part of a class number,which is obtained by intra-facet relationdevice. (CCC, S323).

54 UNSOUGHT LINK. - Link which

1 ends with a part of the isolate focus in afacet of a class number; and

2 represents a subject on which readingmaterial is not likely to be produced orsought or which is not likely to be lookedup by any reader seeking materials on thespecific subject forming the last link ofthe full class number. (CCC, 5324).

This Rule admits of local variation in itsapplication. In the light of the readingmaterials organised, the interest of thereaders served, and the nature of the ser-vice attempted, each library may define inan exact way suited to itself the links whichshould be deemed to be unsought links. Thismore precise local definition should be con-sistently followed. A similar local definitionmay also be made by an or gan isat ion engagedin the p roduct ion of international or nationalbibliographies, of union catalogue of booksand/or of periodical publications.

55 SOUGHT LINK. - Link which is neitherfalse, nor fused nor un-sought and link end-ing with an after-time anteriorising commonisolate digit. (CCC, S325).

551 EFFECTIVE LINK. - Sought link.(Theory, P117). This term was replaced by·sought link- in 1954.

103

RANGANATHAN

56 UPPER LINK. - Link other than the lastlink. (CCC, S326).

57 LOWER LINK. - This term is a relativeone wh en two links are engaging attention.Lower link is that one of the tw o links whichoccurs lower in a chain than the other of thetwo links. (CCC, S327).

591 TELESCOPED ARRAY. - An array ofisolates in a schedule of classification, madeof an isolate and its sub-isolates, as viewedfrom the idea plane, but whose isolate num-bers appear to be co-ordinate ones, asviewed from the notational plane. (CCC,S3191 ).

Example:-

Consider the following array of the iso-lates in the natural group of plants facetin Botany in CC and UDC:

CC No Isolate Term UDC No

1 Cryptogamae 212 ThaUophyta 223 Bryophyta 324 Pteridophyta 355 Phanerogame 417 Monocotyledon 528 Dicotyledon 61

Here, cryptogamae and phanerogamaebelong to array of order 1, and all theother isolates belong to an array oforder 2, as viewed from the idea plane.But as viewed from the notational planeit is easily seen that both the groups ofisolates belong to an array of order 1in CC and of order 2 in UDC, as thenumber of digits in the respective isolatenumbers show.

592 ISOLATE-AT-TELESCOPING-POINT.-The isolate in a telescoped array, of whichsucceeding isolates in the array are sub-isolates. (CeC, S31911).

Example:-In the telescoped array given as examplein Sec 591, the following are isolates-at-telescoping-points:

12

CryptogamaePhanerogamae

104

593 LINK-AT-TELESCOPING-POINT. - Alink in a telescoped chain, whose class num-ber ends with a digit r ep r e s ent ing an isolate-at-telescoping-pomt. (CCC, S3291).

594 CHAIN-WITH-GAP. - A chain of isolatesin a schedule of classification, in which anintermediate isolate is not given, as a resultof failure to conform to the canon of modula-tion. (CCC, S3192).

Example:-In Decimal Classification 2 Religion,22 Sacred Books, 225 New Testament,is a Chain-with-Gap, as the Isolate"Christianity· is missing between 2Religion and 22 Sacred Books. .

595 MISSING ISOLATE. - The isolate miss-ing in a chain-with-gap. (CCC, S31921).

Example: -In the Chain-with-Gap .given as exampleunder Sec 594 "Chrisnanity· is MissingIsolate, its Isolate Number may bewritten as 22128.

596 MISSING LINK. - A link in a chain-with-gap, corresponding to the missing isolatein the chain. (CCC, 53292).

597 CHAIN PROCEDURE. - Procedure fordetermining the class index entries, thespecific subject entries, and the see alsosubject entries of a document from its classnumber and the class number of the crossreference entries provided for it.(CCC, Part 3).

6 CONTACT WITH MACHINE SEARCH61 Machine

610 MACHINE FOR SEARCH. - Mechani-cal aid for searching entries of sought docu-ments, in a list of documents.

Examples:-1 Machines involving holes puriched in

cards;

2 Magnetic spots in steel;

3 Magnetised and unmagnetised seg-ments in a steel wire; and

4 Pattern of transparent spots in acinema film.

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611 PUNCHED CARry. - Card with holespunched in particular positions, each punchedhole representing a particular idea, basicsubject, isolate, or term, and admitting ofmechanical sorting.

612 COMPUTER. -'1 Machine designed tocalculate - ie perform a s cqu enc e of arith-metical or logical operations.

2 Machine designed to receive and storepieces of information, manipulate them inassigned ways, and supply the result of themanipulation.

613 INSTRUCTION. - Information which,when coded and fed as a unit into a digitalcomputer, causes it to perform a sequenceof ma~ipulations.

6131 PROGRAM. _ Sequence of instruction toa digital computer to solve a problem.

614 MEMORY. - Device into which informa-tion can be fed for extraction at a later time,and which usually forms an integral part ofa computer.

615 MEMORY CAPACITY. - Maximum num-ber of distinguishable stable states in whicha memory device can exist, the measure ofthe capacity being given as the logarithm tobase 2.of that maximum number.

62 Preparation Phase

620 PREPARATION. _ Sequence of steps inwhich

1 documents are analysed into their rele-vant facets ie basic class and isolates;

2 the facets are coded; and

3 the code is fed into an appropriate scan-ning medium to be scanned by a machinewhenever required.

621 INDEXING. - The first step in the pre-paration phase involving the technique of

1 perusing documents and spotting out therelevant facets in them;

2 choosing the standard term to denoteeach of the facets;

Sep 1958 V 5 N 3

3 glVIng a location or identification symbolof the document concerned, as an indexnumber to the several terms arising in2; and

4 alphabetising the terms, pertaining to allthe documents of the collection, along withtheir respective index numbers.

S22 EDITING. - The second step "in the pre-paration phase involving the technique of ex-pressing, either by indicators or by the for-mation of sequences, the relation betweenappropriate facets figuring in the index.

623 CODING. - Rendering the index entriesinto non-graphic physical symbols suited tothe machine.

Example:-Punching holes in a card; making mag-netic spots.

6231 MACHINE LANGUAGE. - Code languagein non-graphic physical symbols suited to themachine handling them in accordance withprescribed program.

62310 MACHINE WORD. - Unit of informationinvolving the standard number of distinct orprimary code digits, which a digital compu-ter regularly handles in each operation.

6232 BINARY CODE. - Code with only twoprimary code digits-equivalent to "yes"and "no", respectively, for example.

6233 ALPHABETICAL CODE. - System ofabbreviation used in preparing informationfor input or feeding into a machine, so thatinformation may be extracted in letters andwords.

6234 CODE DICTIONAR Y. - Dictionary givingcode symbols for the techttical terms usuallyoccurring in learned papers and their ab-stracts.

625 INPUT. - Information fed into the inter-nal memory of the computer.

626 COMPUTER. - Machine which translatesin one kind of language suitable to a machineinto another kind of language also suitable toa machine.

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Example:-Machine which translates informationexpressed in punched cards into thesame expressed in magnetic tape.

63 Exploiting Phase

630 EXPLOIT ATION. - Sequence of steps inwhich

1 the information sought is stated in astandard form;

2 the statement of information is analysedfrom the angle of the machine;

3 the p r og r am of instruction is fed into themachine;

4 the entries of the relevant documentsare searched by the machine; and

5 the findings in the search are utilised.

6301 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL. - Ex-ploitation.

631 STATEMENT._ Enunciation, in a stand-ard form, of the information for which theentries should be located and brought out bythe machine.

632 INTERPRETATION. - Analysis of theinformation sought into facets along withtheir relation and expression of it in themachine language.

633 AUTOMATIC PROGRAMMING. - Tech-nique whereby the computer its elf is usedfor transforming the program from a formsuited to the human mind to a form suitedto the efficient functioning of the computer.

634 SEARCH. - Passing through the machinethe medium in which entries are coded, inorder to locate the relevant entries.

635 OUTPUT. - Information transferredfrom the internal memory of the computerto the outside in a form suited to the humanmind.

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64 Efficiency Measure

641 RESOLUTION F ACTOR. - Ratio of thenumber of selected documents to the totalnumber of documents searched.

642 ELIMINATION FACTOR. - Ratio of thenumber of rejected documents to the totalnumber of documents searched.

643 PERTINANCE FACTOR. - Ratio of thenumber of relevant documents among theselected documents to the total number ofdocuments selected.

644 NOISE FACTOR. - Ratio of the numberof irrelevant documents among the selecteddocuments to the total number of documentsselected.

645 RECALL FACTOR. - Ratio of the num-ber of relevant documents selected to thetotal number of relevant documents for whichthe machine had been fed with entries.

646 OMISSION FACTOR. - Ratio of the num-ber of relevant documents not s elected to thetotal number of relevant documents for whichthe machine had been fed with entries.

65 Service Phase

650 SERVICE. - Supplying copies of the docu-ments sought by the reader with the aid ofautomatic equipment, in which the machine

1 gets activated by the location or the iden-tification symbol of the document sought;

2 inspects the film roll containing a photo-graphic record of the document along withtheir respective location or identificationsymbol; and

3 provides a photographic reproduction ofthe record of the document selected.

651 RAPID SELECTOR. - Machine designedto scan film reel at a great speed.

652 CYBERNETICS. - Comparative study ofthe communication system made of the brainand the nervous system, and the communi-cation system made of a mechano-electricalsystem such as a computing machine.

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653 TELE-COMMUNICATION SER VICE. -Service in which the copy of the documentselected is read out and made audible or ismade visible to the reader at a distant placeor is typed out at the consumer's end.

The possibility and desirability of this ser-vice has been suggested in CCMS, (CCMS,S37).

7 NORMATIVE PRINCIPLES

Note:- Most of the canons were formulatedfor the first time in the first edition of theProl (1937). But the references are givenin this chapter only to the second edition of1957.

71 Canons for Characteristics

711 CANON OF DIFFERENTIATION. - Thecanon requiring that a characteristic usedas the basis for the clas sification of a uni-verse should differentiate some of its enti-ties - that is, it should give rise at leastto two classes. (Prol, S13).

Example:-In the universe of men, height is acharacteristic that differentiates; butthe possession of a face is not acharacteristic that differentiates.

712 CANON OF CONCOMITANCE. - Thecanon requiring that no two charac teristicsused in succession as the basis for the clas-sification of a universe should be con-comitant - that is, they should not give riseto the same array of cIa s s e s , (Prol, S132).

Example:-In the universe of men, the character-istics, age and year of birth, should notbe used as successive basis for classifi-cation, as they will both give ris e to thesame array. But the characteristicsheight and age can be used in succession,as they will give rise to two differentarrays.

713 CANON OF RELEVANCE. - The canonthat a characteristics used as the basis forthe classification of a universe should berelevant to the purpose of the classification.Prol, S133).

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Exa.mp l e t -

In the universe of books, if the purposeof classification is to help readers, thesubject-matter, the language of exposi-tion, the year of publication, and thename of author may be relevant charac-teristics as the basis of classification.But the thread and the tape used forstitching, the mode of stitching, theboard and the covering materials usedfor binding, and the tooling on the back,are not relevant characteristics. How-ever, they may be relevant if the pur-pose of classification is to help the bind-ing trade.

714 CANON OF ASCER TAlNABILITY. - Thecanon that a characteristic used as the basisfor the classification of a universe should be

...definitely asc ertainable. (Prol, S134).Example:-/ In the universe of poets, the year of

birth is ascertainable and is thereforeeligible for use as the basis of its classi-fication. But the year of death is not, asit can not be ascertained with certainty inthe case of living authors even with theaid of astrologers and palmists.

715 CANON OF PERMANENCE. - The canonthat a characteristic used as the basis for theclassification of a universe should continue tobe ascertainable and unchanged, so long asthere is no change in the purpose of classifi-cation. (Prol, S151).

Example:-Classification of the territory of a coun-

/ tryon the basis of its physical featuressatisfies this canon •. But its classifica-tion on the ba s is of its political and ad-ministrative divisions often violatesthis canon. And yet,. the latter is a

. relevant one for most purposes.

716 CANON OF RELEVANT SEQUENCE.-The canon that the cha r ac ter is ti c s used as

the basis of classification of a universeshould be used successively in a sequencerelevant to the purpose of the classification.(Prol, S136).

Example:-If In classifying books on literature, the

four characteristics language, form,

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author, and work, may be used as thebasis. Using them in the sequencementioned above is more helpful to themajority of readers than any of the other

I 23 possible sequences.

717 CANON OF CONSISTENCY. - The canonthat the characteristics used as the basis forclassification of a universe should be usedsuccessively in the same sequence, so longas there is no change in the purpose of theclassification. (Prol, S137).

Exa rnp l e r-We should not use the sequence language,Form, Author, and Work in classifying

j some of the books on literature, and thesequence Language, Author, Form, andWork, in the case of some other bookson literature.

72 Canons for Array

721 CANON OF EXHAUSTIVENESS. - Thecanon that the classes in an array of classesshould be totally exhaustive of their commonimmediate universe. (Pro I, S141).

722 CANON OF EXCLUSIVENESS. - Thecanon that the classes in an array of classesshould be mutually exclusive. (Prol, S142).

Example:-The classification of professors into th e./single array - mathematicians, geolo-gists, dull lecturers, and brilliant lec •.turers - violates this canon.

723 CANON OF HELPFUL SEQUENCE. -The canon that the classes in an array shouldbe helpful to tho ee to whom it is intended.(Prol, S143).

724 CANON OF CONSISTENT SEOUENCE.-The canon that if similar classes occur indifferent arrays, their sequences. should be/parallel in all the arrays, unless there is anpositive difference, in purpose and helpful-ness. (Prol, S144).

73 Canons for Chain

731 CANON OF DECREASING EXTENSION.-The canon that while moving down a chain of

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classes, from its link to its last, the inten-sion of the classes should increase and theirextension should decrease at each step.(Prol, S151).

732 CANON OF MODULATION. - The canonthat a chain of classes should comprise aclass of each and every order that lies bet-ween the orders of first and last links.(Prol, S152).

74 Canons for FiliatorySequence

741 CANON FOR SUBORDINATE CLASSES. -The canon that all the subordinate classes ofa class or the subordinate isolates of an iso-late or an array-isolate in whatever chainthey may occur, should immediately follow itwithout being separated from it or amongthemselves by any other classes, isolates, orarray isolates as the case may be. (Pro I,S161).

742 CANON FOR CO.ORDINATE CLASSES. -The canon that among the clas s es or the iso-lates of an array no class or isolate withless affinity should come between two clas-ses or arrays with greater affinity. (Prol,S162).

743 FILIATORY SEQUENCE. - Sequence ofclasses, isolates, or array of isolatescreated by the classification of the universeof knowledge or of the universe forming aregion of the universe of knowledge, or of anisolate or of an array isolate such that thecanons for £iliatory sequence are satisfied.

/744 APUPA ARRANGEMENT. - Arrangement

complying with the pattern Alien, Penumbral,Umbral, Penumbral, Alien, - ie startingwith the class or the isolate or the array-isolate of primary interest to the reader atthe moment on either side of it followingsuccessively the classes or the isolates,the array isolates of progressively decreas-ing interest to him, until they fade out intoclasses not of interest to him. (Prol,S444)

7441 UMBRAL REGION. - The region in anarrangement consiting of the class or the

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isolate or the array-isolate of primaryinterest to the reader at the moment.(Prol, S444).

7442 PENUMBRAL REGION. - The region inan arrangement on either side of the umbralregion consisting successively of classes orisolates or array-isolates of progressivelydecreasing interest to the reader at themoment. (Prol, S444).

7443 ALIEN REGION. - The region in anarrangement consisting on either side of theumbral region, beyond the penumbral re-gions concerned, consisting of classes orisolates or array-isolates not of interest tothe reader at the moment. (Prol, S444).

745 EVERYWHERE APUPA ARRANGE-MENT. - Arrangement presenting an apupaarrangement, whichever class or isolate orarray-isolate is taken to be the umbral re-gion. (Prol, S444).

75 Canons for Terminology

751 CANON OF CURRENCY. _ The canonthat the term used to denote a class in ascheme of classification should be the onecurrently accepted by those specialising inthe universe to which the scheme is appli-cable. (Prol, S171).

752 CANON OF RETICENCE. - The canonthat the term us ed to denote a clas s in ascheme of classification should not be criti-cal. (Prol, S172).

753 CANON OF ENUMERATION. - The canonthat the denotation of a term in a scheme ofclassification should be decided and shouldbe left to be decided in the light of or throughthe subclasses (lower links) enumerated inthe various chains having the class denotedby term as their common link. (Prol, S173).

754 CANON OF CONTEXT. - The canon thatthe denotation of a term in a scheme of classi-fication should be decided and should be leftto be decided in the light of the differentclasses of lower order (upper links) belong-ing to the same primary chain as the classdenoted by the term. (Prol, S174).

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76 Canons for Notaticn

761 CANON OF RELATIVITY. - The canonthat the number of digits in a class numbershould be proportional to the order of theclass it represents. (Prol, S1881).

762 CANON OF EXPRESSIVENESS. - Thecanon that there should be in a class numbera digit to represent each change of facet andeach characteristic of the characteristicsused in constructing the class number.(Prol, S1882).

763 CANON OF MIXED NOTATION. - Thecanon that the base of the notation of ascheme of classification should consist ofmore than 1 species of conventional digits.(Pro I, S1883).

77 Canons for KnowledgeClas sification

771 CANON OF HOSPITALITY IN ARRAY. -The canon that the construction of a classnumber should admit of an infinite numberof new co-ordinate classes being added to thearray to which it belongs at appropriatefiliatory places, without disturbing the exist-ing class number in any way. (Prol, S221).

772 CANON OF HOSPITALITY IN CHAIN.-The canon that the construction of a classnumber should admit of an infinite numberof new class numbers being added at the endof the chain to which it belongs, without dis-turbing the existing class numbers in anyway. (Prol, S231).

773 GENERAL CANON OF MNEMONICS.-The canon that the digit(s) used to representa specified concept in a class number shouldbe the same in all class numbers having thatconcept represented in them, provided thatinsistence on such consistent representationdoes not violate more important require-ments. (Prol, S241).

774 CANON OF VERBAL MNEMONICS. -The canon that the alphabetical device maybe used to represent any isolate or subiso-late, when arrangement on the basis of a

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characteristic is not more helpful than a.lpha-betical arrangement by their names. (Prol,S251 ).

775 CANON OF SCHEDULED MNEMONICS.-The canon that a scheme of classificationshould include a preliminary set of schedulesof isolates likely to occur in an array ofsome order or other of all or several cl.as-.s e s , or that it should refer any recurrentsets of isolates to the one schedule of themgiven in connection with an appropriatebasic class. (Prol, S261).

776 CANON OF SEMINAL MNEMONICS.-The canon that a scheme of classificationshould use one and the same digit to re-present seminally equivalent concepts inwhatever array of whatever facet of whateverclass they may appear. (Prol, S271).

78 Canons for BookClas sification

781 CANON OF CLASSICS. - The canon thata scheme of classification, should have a deviceto bring together all the editions, transla-tions, and adaptations of a classic, and nextto them all the editions etc , of the differentcommentaries of it. those of a particularcommentary coming together, and next toeach commentary all the editions etc , of thecommentaries on itself (commentaries of thesecond on the original classic) in a similar'manner, and soon with the commentaries offurther removes. (Prol, S621).

782 CANON OF LOCAL VARIATION. - Thecanon that a scheme of classifir;:ation shouldprovide for alternative sequences of classesto meet special local interests. {Pr oI, S631).

783 CANON OF BOOK NUMBER. - The canonthat a scheme of book classification should beprovided with a scheme of book numbers toindividualise the "documents having the sameclas s of knowledge as their ultimate clas s ,(Prol, S662).

784 CANON OF COLLECTION NUMBER. -The canon that a scheme of book classifica-tion may be provided with a schedule of

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collection numbers to individualise thevarious collections of special documents tobe formed on the basis of the peculiarities oftheir gross bodies, or their rarity, or ser-vice exigency to facilitate use by readers.(Prol, S678).

,85 CANON OF DISTINCTIVENESS. - Thecanon that in a scheme of library cIa s aif ica ,tion the class number, the book number, andthe collection number, together forming' thecall number should be written quite distinctor apart from one another. (Prol, S6852).

8 PRINCIPLES

81 General Principles

811 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASING CON-CRETENESS. - The principle that, if twoclasses or two isolates are such that onecan be said to be more abstract and lessconcrete than the other, the fdrmer shouldprecede the other. (Prol, S3581).

Implications: _Methodology precedes application.Theoretical account of a subject prece-des local description of it.

812 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASING AR TIFI-CIALITY. - T~e principle that, if two clas-ses or isolates are such that one can be saidto be nearer to the nthing_in_itselfn ornaturalness and farther from artificialitythan the other, the former should precedethe other. (Prol, S3582).

Illustration: -See Prol, S 7164.

82 Principle for FacetFormula

821 PRINCIPLE OF INVERSION. - Theprinciple that the facets in the basic formulaof a basic class should be in the decreasingsequence of their concreteness in each of throunds. (Prol, S 3582. Abgila, 2, 1952,B219).

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83 Principles for Helpfulnessin Array

831 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASING QUAN-TITY. - The principle that if the charactericused as the basis of classification admits ofquantitative measurement, the sequence ofthe classes or isolates, as the case may be,may be in the ascending sequence of themeasure in which the characteristic is sharedby the classes or the isolates. (Prol, S1431).

Example:-The isolates in geometry based on thedimension of the space studied as thecharacteristic may be arranged as Lineor one-dimensional space, Plane ortwo_dimensional space, Solid or three-dimensional space, four-dimensionalspace etc.

832 PRINCIPLE OF LATER-IN_TIME. - Theprinciple that, if the classes or the isolatesin an array have originated in differenttimes, they may be arranged in a paralleltime-sequence. (Prol, S1432).

Example:-A helpful sequence for the religions isVedic religion, Post-Vedic Hinduism,Jainism, Buddhism, Judaism, Chris-tianity' Islam.

833 PRINCIPLE OF LATER-IN-EVOLU-TION. - The principle that, if the clas s e s orthe isolates in an array belong to differentstages of evolution, they may be arrangedparallel to the course of evolution. (Prol,S1453).

Example:-A helpful sequence for the natural groupsof animals in zoology is to begin withprotozoa and end with mammalia.

834 PRINCIPLE OF SPATIAL CONTIGUITY.-The principle that if the classes or the iso ,

-,lates in an array occur contiguously in space,they may be arranged in a parallel spatialsequence. (Prol, S1434).

Example:-According to this principle, a helpfulsequence of the regional organs of thehuman body is: Lower Extremities,Abdomen, I'ho r a.x, Upper Extremities,Neck, and Head.

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835 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASING COM-PLEXITY. - The principle that, if the classes or the isolates in an array show differentdegrees of complexity, it is helpful toarrange them in the sequence of the increas-i.ng measure of their complexity. (Prol,S1.435).

Example:-A helpful sequence of plane curves is:

/ Straight lines, Conics, Cubics, Quad-rics, etc.

836 PRINCIPLE OF CANONICALSEQUENCE. - The principle that, if none ofthe five principles stated in sections 831 to835 are applicable, but the das ses or the /isolates in an array are traditionally men-tioned in a specific sequence, it is' helpfulto conform to that sequence. (Prol, 51436).

Example:-Sound, Heat, Radiation, Electricity,and Magnetism form a canonical se-quence.

837 PRINCIPLE OF FAVORED CATEGORY.-The principle that, if none of the six principIe s stated in sections 831 to 836 are appli-cable, the classes or the isolates in an arraymay be arranged in the decreasing sequence I

of literary warrant - ie the quantity of docu-ments published or reasonably anticipated tobe published on them. (Prol, S1437).

Example:-r Ancient classics are usually arranged

by this principle.

838 PRINCIPLE OF ALPHABETICAL SE-QUENCE. - The principle that, if no othersequence of the classes or the isolates in anarray is more helpful and if the classes orthe isolates have names fnternationallycurrent, they may be arranged alphabeti-cally by those names. (Pral, S 1438).

91 ABSTRACT CLASSIFICATION

9H ABSTRACT CLASSIFIGATION. - Discip-line of setting up a variety of models ofclassification schemes of the un iv e r-se ofknowledge, unmindful of that universe havingput forth or not modes of developmerit orstructure answering to each such ,model and

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unmindful also of the existence or not ofliterary warrant for utilising such models.(Prol, S861).

92 SYMBOLISATION

921 OBJECT-LANGUAGE. - Languagestudied, described or developed. (Prol, S87).

922 META-LANGUAGE. - Language used asa medium of exposition in the study, descrip-tion, and development of an object-language.(Prol, S87).

Example:-1 In a book of Sanskrit linguistic s ex-

plained for English speaking peoplewith the aid of the English languageas the rn ed iurn of exposition, Sans-krit is the object-language and Englishis the meta-language.

2 In this glossary the focus is on the

ordinal language of class numbers asthe object-language; and the meta-language is English.

3 In an English jargon used by a parti-cular profession or trade is expoundedwith the aid of the normal English lan-guage, the jargon is the obj ect c.lan ,guage and the normal English languageis the meta-language.

923 SYMBOLIC META-LANGUAGE. _ A-meta-language made of defined symbols.(Prol, S876).

924 SYMBOLIC META-LANGUAGE FORCLASSIFICATION. - Symbolic meta-languagefor the study, description, and developmentof the ordinal language of class numbers.(Prol, S876).

Examples a r e given in Optional facets (9)by S.R. Ranganathan in Annals part of Abgila2, 1952, i 73 -200.

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