The Library as Publisher

Timothy S. Deliyannides, MSISDirector, Office of Scholarly Communication and Publishing

and Head, Information Technology

University Library System, University of Pittsburgh

NASIG 2013 Pre-Conference WorkshopBuffalo, NY, June 5, 2013

Lauren B. Collister, PhDElectronic Publications Associate

University Library System, University of Pittsburgh

Goals for today

Explore the benefits of the Library becoming a Publisher

Learn about Open Access journal publishing – what it is, what it isn’t and why it’s important

Follow a detailed case study of the University of Pittsburgh

Review other ways that libraries can be involved in publishing

Identify resources to help you get started

LIBRARY AS PUBLISHERNew Trends, New Technologies

Libraries as Publishers – Current Trends

More than 75% of ARL libraries offer or plan to offer publishing services.

Most expect to expand these services in future.

Dedicated publishing staff are rare.

Most do not have sustainability plans.

Most plan to expand cost recovery mechanisms moving forward.

Source: Library Publishing Services: Strategies for Success Research Report , v. 2.0. http://wp.sparc.arl.org/lps/

Why should libraries be publishers?     

Is your library already involved in publishing, and why?

What do you hope to learn today?

How could publishing fit into your library’s programs and services?

Why is this topic relevant to libraries?

What are some potential hurdles to becoming a publisher?

Why become a Publisher?

Provide services that scholars understand, need and value

Transform the unsustainable commercial subscription pricing system

Take direct action to support Open Access

Deepen our understanding of scholarly communications issues

What does Open Access mean to you?

Open Access is… A family of copyright licensing policies under

which authors and copyright owners make their works publicly available

A movement in higher education to increase access to scholarly research and communication, not limiting it solely to subscribers or purchasers of works

A response to the current crisis in scholarly communication

OA Overview Open Access literature is digital, online, free

of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions

Works are still covered by copyright law, but Open Access terms apply to allow sharing and reuse

All major OA initiatives for scientific and scholarly literature insist on the importance of peer review

OA is compatible with . . .Copyright

Peer review

Revenue (even profit)

Print

Preservation

Prestige

Quality

Career advancement

Indexing

And other features and supportive services associated with conventional scholarly literature

Open Access is not . . . Open Source—applies to computer

software

Open Content—applies to non-scholarly content

Open Data—a movement to support sharing of research data (see data.gov)

Free Access—no charge to access, but all rights may be reserved

Open Access—Origins Crisis in scholarly

communication/publishing

– Flat to declining collections budgets– More demand for newer, expensive resources– Greatly increased pricing for serials, electronic

resources Rise of Internet and Worldwide Web

– Rapid dissemination of new research– Better connectivity between scholars

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150

100

200

300

400

500

600

biology

chemistry

engineering & tech

general science

math & comp sci

physics

CPI (general inflation)

ARL expenditures, all serials

year

% c

ha

ng

e s

ince

19

90

Crisis in scholarly journal pricing

Bill Hooker, April 2009. Data sources: Library Journal Annual Serials Price Surveys, Association of Research Libraries, US Dept. of Labor

Growth in scholarly publishing Est. 50 million scholarly research articles published

1665-2009

@1.4 million articles per year (2006 est.)—one every 22 seconds!

Average number of science articles per journal increased by >47% from 1990 to 2009(Times Higher Education, 8 July 2010)

Number of scientific articles indexed by ISI was 590,841 in 1990 and 1,015,637 in 2009 – a rise of 72% 1990-2009

Concentration of ownership Nearly 50% of the content of the merged ISI Indexes

consists of titles from 5 major publishers—

– Elsevier– Wiley– Springer– Taylor & Francis– Sage

Top 3 publishers of science journals (Elsevier, Springer-Kluwer, Wiley-Blackwell) accounted for @ 42% of articles published (2002)

There were over 2,000 publishers of academic journals; no other publisher accounted for >3% of market share (2002)

Other changes in Scholarly Communication New ways of disseminating research

– Document repositories & gray literature online– Web sites, blogs, social networks

New ways of evaluating research and its impact– Peer review models are changing– Alternative measures of research impact (altmetrics)

Changing laws– DMCA– Research Works Act– Google Books Copyright Settlement & aftermath

Changes in scholarly communication

Changing economic models– The ‘big deal’– Pay per view model– Open Access publishing– Hybrid Open Access– Self-publishing– The library as publisher

OA Today Over 150 universities around the world mandate

Open Access deposits of faculty works

Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)– lists 9,437 OA journals in 119 countries

– http://www.doaj.org (June 2013)

Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR) – lists 2,284 open archives in 103 countries

– http://www.opendoar.org (June 2013)

Open Access: Fact or Fiction?

Open Access journals usually don't follow the peer review process, which is the most

important guarantee of research quality.

Open Access journals are free.

Open Access: Fact or Fiction?

The Open Access business model is supported by fees paid by the authors.

Open Access: Fact or Fiction?

Revenues collected when publishing an Open Access journal cannot be used to

make a profit.

Open Access: Fact or Fiction?

It's easier to get published in an Open Access journal, as long as you agree

to pay the author fee.

Open Access: Fact or Fiction?

Articles in Open Access journals can be reproduced freely because they

are in the public domain.

Open Access: Fact or Fiction?

Open Access licenses prohibit reuse of the content for commercial purposes.

Open Access: Fact or Fiction?

Articles in Open Access journals can reach a broader audience than articles in subscription-based

journals.

Open Access: Fact or Fiction?

Open Access is an international movement.

Open Access: Fact or Fiction?

Research articles published in Open Access journals are usually not considered during faculty tenure and promotion processes.

Open Access: Fact or Fiction?

Publishing a print version of an online Open Access journal is an important step toward increasing the journal's acceptance by the

scholarly research community.

Open Access: Fact or Fiction?

Case Study:University Library System

University of Pittsburgh 

ULS Leadership in advocacy for OA publishing

First library publisher in North America to join the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)

Founding member of Coalition for Library Publishing

Major development partner for Public Knowledge Project (PKP)

Strategic GoalInnovation in Scholarly Communication

Support researchers in – efficient knowledge production– rapid dissemination of new research– open access to scholarly information

Build collaborative partnershipsaround the world

Improve the production and sharing of scholarly research

Support innovative publishing services

Establish trusted repositories for the research output of the University

Collaboration withUniversity of Pittsburgh Press

Press focuses on books andmonographs rather than journals

Press Digital Editions– collaborative project between Press and

Library– 750 books digitized by ULS – includes both in-print and out-of-print

titles– all are Open Access

2001 PhilSci Archive

2001 Electronic Theses & Dissertations

2002 Archive of European Integration

2003 Minority Health Archive

2003 Aphasiology Archive

2009 D-Scholarship@Pitt (general Institutional Repository)

2010 Industry Studies Working Papers

2012 Archive for Essential Limb Care

Open Access Author Self-archiving Repositories

Documents in repositories and journals

FY2000 FY2001 FY2002

FY2003 FY2004 FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 -

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

FY2000 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003 FY2004 FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 -

2 2 3 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 6 7

- - -

- - - -

2 3 4

9

16

27

35

Subject based archives and repositories

e-journals

Growth in number of titles published

ULS E-Journal Publishing

Rapid growth to 35 journals since 2007

Peer-reviewed scholarly research journals

Most are Open Access and electronic-only

Based on PKP Open Journal Systems (OJS)

Editorial teams are located around the world

Six journals have multilingual content

Journal publishing goals

Propel scholarship at the University of Pittsburgh

Extend service beyond the home institution

Save ‘at-risk’ journals without the infrastructure or know-how to go electronic

Incentivize Open Access Publishing worldwide

Student Publications

Only supported for University of Pittsburgh

Provides valuable learning experience

Faculty involvement is required to maintain continuity

Selection criteria are relaxed for student publications– Peer review process– Quality of editorial board

Scholarly Exchange™

http://www.scholarlyexchange.org

Approximately 40 additional Open Access journals

Acquired by the ULS on August 1, 2012

Hosting service only

ULS is NOT the publisher and does not provide publishing services

JOURNAL PUBLISHING The Process:

Journal Publishing Strategies

Maintain quality and academic integrity

Choose partners carefully

Rely on self-sufficient editors

Work smart, not hard

Keep costs low

Software

Open Journal Systems (OJS) (http://pkp.sfu.ca/?q=ojs)

Scholastica (scholasticahq.com)

BePress (https://www.bepress.com/editors.html)

Aries Editorial Manager (http://www.editorialmanager.com/)

Bench>Press (http://highwire.stanford.edu/publishers/benchpress.dtl)

ScholarOne (http://scholarone.com/products/manuscript/)

Engaging the Publishing Partner

Introductory meeting presentation: http://prezi.com/h4rori5gboc-/creating-a-new-journal-with-uls/

We provide:

• Hardware and software hosting services

• Advice on best practices in e-publishing

• Consultation on editorial workflow management

• Web-based training for editorial staff

• Graphic design services

• ISSN Registration

• Assignment of DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers)

• Assistance in establishing formal acceptance and recognition of the scholarly content

• Digital preservation through LOCKSS

Journal Proposal Form

Collects detailed information on which to base selection decision

Focus, scope, description of content

Justification of need

Credentials of Editorial Board

Description of review process

Based on self-sufficient editors

Editorial staff are expected to become self-sufficient by the time first issue is published

Editors are responsiblefor managing: – all content decisions– all processing workflow– all communication with

reviewers, authors, readers– all editing, including layout

Selection Criteria

Original scholarly content

Rigorous blind review process

Commitment to Open Access for content

Editorial Board of internationally recognized scholars

Publications Advisory Board

Includes leaders in scholarly publishing and Open Access issues

Provides strategic guidance and expertise for ULS digital publishing program

Assists in development of publication policies governing:– Selection and evaluation criteria for partners– Open Access and Creative Commons licensing– Cost recovery mechanisms

Exercise: evaluating journal proposals

Service Agreement

• Builds common understanding before problems occur

• Defines roles and responsibilities

• Identifies ULS as publisher of record

• Articulates policies on: • changes to published content/issuing errata • handling infringement claims, • publication schedule/continuity issues• long-term preservation

Author Copyright Agreement

• Comes in several flavors: – Immediate Open Access (standard)

CC BY

– Delayed Open Access (subscription-based) CC BY-NC-ND

• License terms are included in digital rights statement in article metadata

Author Copyright Agreement

• The author warrants that the work: – belongs to the author– is original– has not been submitted elsewhere– does not infringe others’ copyright

• Authors encouraged to deposit works in OA archives pre- and post-publication

• Permission to use third party content is the responsbility of the author

Creative Commons Licensing

Open Access alternative to “ALL RIGHTS RESERVED”

Standard licenses that make it easy for authors to share their work with some rights reserved

Allows authors to choose the terms of future use that balance between Open Access and protection of the author’s interests

Creative Commons:Licensing Terms

Attribution (BY) – must credit the author

No Derivatives (ND) – may reuse the work, but only unaltered from the original

Noncommercial (NC) – may not use for commercial purposes

ShareAlike (SA) – allows derivative works, but requires the same CC license terms be applied to any derivative works

Creative Commons: The 6 licenses

Attribution (CC BY)

Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)

Attribution-NoDerivatives (CC BY-ND)

Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA)

Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs(CC BY-NC-ND)

Choose the best CC license for the job

Some helpful tools: 

https://creativecommons.org/choose/ (CC license chooser)

http://www.web2rights.com/OERIPRSupport/creativecommons/ (wizard on how to mix licenses)

http://opencontent.org/game/betagame.html (a game to practice mixing licenses)

Graphic Design Brief

• Defines the scope of graphic design possibilities

• Explains software design limitations

• Prepares the client to give input on design

• Defines publisher branding requirements

• Establishes process for client input and timeframe for design

Article Template Design Questionnaire

• Defines the look of each formatted article

• Echoes web site design

• Default is MS Word

• Includes publisher’s formatting and branding requirements

• complete citation including DOI must appear on each page

Design work

How much of the design do you want to be responsible for?

Do you have staff with the requisite skills at your disposal?

After the First Issue

Editors become self-sufficient in workflow management

Our focus shifts to promotion and indexing– Marketing– Press releases– Registration with abstracting/indexing services

Exercise: getting discovered

What techniques can you think of that could enhance discovery of your journal’s content?

Why is this important?

How will you know when you’ve been successful?

COSTS AND BUSINESS MODELSJournal Publishing

Business models for journal publishing

subscription model (toll access)

membership model

direct funding agency support

institutional subsidy (sponsorship)

supported by advertising

Business models for journal publishing: author fees

author fees – article processing charges– separate OA fees– may be paid by institution or funding agency– can be membership-based

hybrid journals – charge subscriptions PLUS OA author fees

Cost categories for journal publishing

Web-based hardware/software platform

Application software (manuscript submission/Web delivery, etc.)

Third party services (plagiarism detection, DOIs, XML)

Preparation of back issues (digitization & metadata)

Preservation (backup, curation, redundant storage)

Marketing and promotion

Staffing costs

Staffing for journal publishing

2.00 FTE OJS operations and customer support

0.25 FTE administration, partner relations, marketing

0.30 FTE graphic designers

0.50 FTE OJS sys admin

_____________________

3.05 FTE TOTAL

100% funded from internal reallocation of operating budget

Sustaining the Pitt journal publishing program

Open Access incentivized through subsidies(at least 50% discount)

Pitt journals discounted; student publications free

Includes base package, with additional services a la carte such as:– Domain registration– Document layout (per article charge)– XML conversion (per article charge)– Supplementary blog– Special design work & custom programming

Beyond journal publishing

Open Access Monographs

Institutional repositories

Subject-based repositories

Preprints archives

Conference proceedings

Supporting change in publishing models: Multiple approaches

OA journal publishing

OA Institutional Repository & deposit mandates

Support for other OA archives & conference hosting

Local OA awareness raising

OA advocacy through larger groups (LPC, OASPA)

Subsidy of OA author fees (COPE)

Support the development of Open Source publishing software

Thinking critically about OA publishing      

Beall's List of Predatory OA Publishers

iAWFUL (Internet Advocates’ Watchlist for Ugly Laws)

Resources

COPE   http://publicationethics.org/

LPC  http://www.educopia.org/programs/lpc

PKP  http://pkp.sfu.ca/

OASPA http://oaspa.org/

SPARC  http://www.sparc.arl.org/

DOAJ http://www.doaj.org

SHERPA/ROMEO  http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/

Creative Commons  http://creativecommons.org/

http://www.library.pitt.edu/e-journals

Questions?

Contact us

ULS Office of Scholarly Communication and Publishing

Twitter: @OSCP_Pitt

Tim Deliyannides, Director Twitter: @deliyannides

Lauren B. Collister, Electronic Publications AssociateTwitter: @parnopaeus

oscp@mail.pitt.edu