Libraries in TransitionFrom Book Collections & Union Catalogues to Open Access & Digital Repositories

CASLIN 2011Brno, Czech Republic

14 June 2011

Abby ClobridgeDirector, Clobridge Consultingaclobridge@clobridgeconsulting.com

Overview1) A Brief History of Libraries

2) Open Access & Digital Repositories

3) Interoperability

4) Moving Forward in the New Environment

Ancient Library of Alexandria

Approx. 3rd Century BC – 30 BC

A Short History of Libraries & Librarianship, Part 1

Wall painting from Pompeii, woman holding wax tablets (codex) – Pre 79 AD.

Ancient Library of AlexandriaApprox. 3rd Century BC – 30 BC

Movable Type & Gutenberg PressCirca 1439

Images: Stamp: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DBP_1954_198_Gutenberg.jpg; Movable Type: Willi Heidelbach, CC Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metal_movable_type.jpg

Movable Type & Gutenberg PressCirca 1439

Spread of Printing Press – 1450+

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spread-of-printing.gif

Spread of Printing Press1450 – End of 19th Century

Chained books in library: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milkau_B%C3%BCcherschrank_mit_angekettetem_Buch_aus_der_Bibliothek_von_Cesena_109-2.jpg Book photo courtesy of NKZS - http://www.sxc.hu/profile/nkzs ; Archive photo courtesy of Mattox - http://www.sxc.hu/profile/Mattox

Spread of Printing Press more books for libraries

Spread of Printing Press1450 – End of 19th Century

National Union Catalog (NUC) -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NUC_Christmas_Tree_S_Calhoun.jpg

1900s: “Library Science”

Union catalogues – early printed version. National Union Catalog (NUC) – issued serially beginning in the 1950s.

Early 1900s:

- Manual of Library Economy (1929)- S.R. Ranganathan, The Five Laws of Library Science (1931)- Lee Pierce Butler, An Introduction to Library Science (1933)

Spread of Printing Press1450 – End of 19th Century

National Union Catalog (NUC) -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NUC_Christmas_Tree_S_Calhoun.jpg

1900s: “Library Science”

Early 1900s:

- Manual of Library Economy (1929)- S.R. Ranganathan, The Five Laws of Library Science (1931)- Lee Pierce Butler, An Introduction to Library Science (1933)

Library economy – emphasis on management and administration of libraries

Social science approach – study of books & users; social problems of information exchange

Images: Card Catalog from University of Graz Library – by Dr. Marcus Gossler, Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution, Share Alike 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schlagwortkatalog.jpg

1900s: “Library Science”

Early 1900s:Library Science

Library of Congress, Card Division, 1900 - 1920

University of Graz Library

1960s & 1970s: MARC and OPACs

Early Computers

Early OPACs (1970s)

Ohio State University, Dallas Public Library

MARC Records (1960s)

1980s: Widespread

OPAC Adoption – to replace

card catalogs

1980s and early 1990s: Pre-Internet, Early Internet

Emphasis on using technology to improve or replace services.

Early OPACs (1970s)

Ohio State University, Dallas Public Library

1980s: Widespread

OPAC Adoption Online union

catalogues

Inter-library loan (ILL)

Card catalogue courtesy of Ralev_com - http://www.sxc.hu/profile/ralev_com.

A Matrix Model for Designing and Assessing Network-Enhanced Courseshttp://www.hippasus.com/resources/matrixmodel/puentedura_model.pdfRuben R. Puentedura, Ph.D. 2003. Accessed 12/7/08.

1. Substitution

2. Augmentation

3. Modification

4. Redefinition

Transformative

Not Transformative

Model of Technology Adoption

Model of Technology Adoption

Librarians’ Work –

Emphasis on Books +

Buildings

The Librarian (1556) Giuseppe Arcimboldo

Libraries = mostly static environment

until early 1990s.

The Librarian (1556) Giuseppe Arcimboldo

Early 1990s: Libraries & the Internet

St. Petersburg Times (1993)

Early 1990s: Libraries & the Internet

Tap into the FUTURE NOW!, St. Petersburg Times (1993)Shirley Dugan Kennedy

Internet isn’t just for computer whizzes. Ordinary people are taking advantage of it too.

Internet access through FIRN, the Florida Information Resource Network, an E-mail and conferencing system operated by the state Department of Education primarily for teachers and librarians

Messages only take a few hours to be delivered.

Late 1990s/2000s – Turning point for libraries and the information ecosystem

Visualization from the Opte Project of the various routes through a portion of the Internet, circa 2005. Image from the Opte Project (www.opte.org) via Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet

Changes in: • Technology• User Behavior• User Expectations

Visualization of routes through a portion of the Internet

Late 1990s/2000s – Turning point for libraries and the information ecosystem

Media types

Direct access to objects

themselves

Digital Natives

Class of 2012:Born in 1991

Teaching & LearningHow we work

Gaming

Late 1990s/2000s – Turning point for libraries and the information ecosystem

Now What? Information ecosystem is more complex than ever. How

should we define our role? How do we position ourselves for the future?

What do our skills and expertise make us uniquely suited to do? What are the areas where we can add the most value?

What do our users need? Want? Expect?

René Magritte, "La Trahison des Images" ("The Treachery of Images") (1928-9) or "Ceci n'est pas une pipe" ("This is not a pipe")

Tim O’Reilly, O’Reilly Media – “We need new mental models.”

This is not a library.What is a library? What do librarians do?

Support for information.

creatingcollectingdescribingcuratingdisseminatingpreserving

[ ]

2000s: How do we think about information and knowledge?

How can we harness ICT to interact with

information in new ways?

How do we access information? Who

has access to information? What are the barriers to

access?

How can we use, reuse,

manipulate, and work with

information and data?

How can we ensure access to born-digital information in

the future?

How do we define information today?

Now What? Open Access:

• Demand for immediate, complete access to materials.

• Support for new forms, new content types.

• Continually-evolving landscape.

• Uses ICT for redefinition of our work.

• Usage data measure value.

Open Access (OA)“Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. What makes it possible is the internet and the consent of the author or copyright-holder.”

– Peter Suber, A Very Brief Introduction to Open Access

Purpose of OATo use Information Communication Technology (ICT) to

increase and enhance

dissemination of scholarship.

Late 1990s – 2000s

Digitization of archival collections

Budapest Open Access

Initiative(2001)

Berlin Declaration on Open Access

to Knowledge in the Sciences

and Humanities

(2003)

Bethesda Statement on Open Access

Publishing (2003)

Electronic Theses &

Dissertations (ETDs)

Library initiated

External to libraries

What does this mean? Through Open Access…

- Increased access

- Further, broader (global) dissemination

- Impact of research increases

- Increased visibility

- Funding dollars have more impact

Two Methods for Open Access:

1) Publish in an Open Access journal.

2) Publish in any peer-reviewed journal and deposit refereed version in an Open Access repository.

Peer-review is critical for either method.

Two Kinds of “Free”

Gratis – “Free as in beer.” Free price.

Libre – “Free as in speech.” Lack of restrictions.

2011State of Open Access & Digital Repositories Today

Nearly 2000 repositories registered.

Nearly 2000 repositories registered.

Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR) – www.opendoar.orgRepository 66.org – Repository Maps – maps.repository66.org

2011State of Open Access Journals Today

Over 6500 journals

registered.

Directory of Open Access Journals – DOAJ – www.doaj.org

• OA Monographs• Enhanced publications• Linked data• Grey literature• ETDs• Digitized materials from archives & museums

• OA Monographs• Enhanced publications• Linked data• Grey literature• ETDs• Digitized materials from archives & museums

2010s – Repository landscape continues to change

Types of Repository

Content

• Open Access repositories• Open Educational Resources (OER) repositories / learning object repositories• Learning management systems / courseware• Digital asset management systems (DAMs)• Current Research Information Systems (CRIS)• ePortfolios

• Open Access repositories• Open Educational Resources (OER) repositories / learning object repositories• Learning management systems / courseware• Digital asset management systems (DAMs)• Current Research Information Systems (CRIS)• ePortfolios

Types of Repository

Systems

• Research funding agencies• Publishers• Researchers• National policy makers• NGOs

• Research funding agencies• Publishers• Researchers• National policy makers• NGOs

2010s – Repository landscape continues to change

Stakeholders

National Institutions of Health

UNESCO, OECD, FAO, Broadband

Commission

European Commission –

FP7 Open Access Pilot

Wellcome Trust

National mandates? Denmark, Spain… National mandates? Denmark, Spain…

The real promise of Open Access is the potential that stems from the

aggregation of materials.

- Global access.

- New types of analysis.

- Overarching view of research output.

InteroperabilityAbility of systems to pass information back and forth

between each other in a usable format.

Metadata consistency necessary for several kinds of interoperability.

The real value of Open Access lies in the potential to aggregate research outputs, present information in different ways, and allow for new types of data extraction and analysis – all possible because of interoperability.

Dublin Core Metadata Standard

15 core elements

Can be used to describe anything

Unqualified Dublin Core

Example – Qualifiers for “Date” field:

- Created- Valid- Available- Issued- Modified

Example – Qualifiers for “Date” field:

- Created- Valid- Available- Issued- Modified

Dublin Core Metadata Standard

“Qualifiers” to refine or give more specificity to fields

Qualified Dublin Core

Open Access Initiative – Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH)

• Process of scraping metadata records from source and replicated in another collection.

• Requires unqualified Dublin Core.

Harvested collection:

Includes metadata for

records and links to the objects at

their host institution

Objects themselves are not harvested –

only metadata.

Collection from Michigan

Collection from Colorado

Collection from Scotland

Collection from Japan

Collection from India

Harvesting

Early 2000s – Early OAI-PMH Interoperability Projects

Union catalogues 2.0

Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD)

“More than one million records of electronic theses and dissertations.”

“Makes individual collections of NDLTD member institutions and consortia appear as one seamless digital library of ETDs.”

http://www.ndltd.org/

http://oaister.worldcat.org/

“Union catalogue of millions of records form open access resources”

Current Interoperability Projects

http://easydeposit.swordapp.org/

- Supporting researchers’ workflows-Single deposit, multiple repositories OAI-ORE: Binds together objects that

are related to each other.

OAI-ORE

Interoperability Challenges

Technical: - New content types- Software and systems- New service layers- Usage data- Consistent identification and terminology- Language challenges

Confederation of Open Access Repositories (COAR) – Interoperability Briefing, pre-print, 01-June-2011 http://www.coar-repositories.org

Interoperability Challenges

Technical: - Global context- Long-term sustainability of guidelines and standards- Institutional support for implementing guidelines

Confederation of Open Access Repositories (COAR) – Interoperability Briefing, pre-print, 01-June-2011 http://www.coar-repositories.org

Positioning ourselves for the future

creatingcollectingdescribingcuratingdisseminatingpreserving

[ ]Support for

information.

What is a library? What do librarians do? What is most important?

The information ecosystem is global.

We need to move past artificial silos.

We are all information producers, consumers, and collectors.

We need to facilitate and prioritize discoverability

and usability of content, not simply access.

Metadata matters, open licensing matters.

Emphasis on research.

New Roles, New Skills•Advocacy.

•Changing relationship with faculty and researchers.

•Changing relationship with publishers.

•Organizational challenges are vast.

•Technical challenges are significant.

A Matrix Model for Designing and Assessing Network-Enhanced Courseshttp://www.hippasus.com/resources/matrixmodel/puentedura_model.pdfRuben R. Puentedura, Ph.D. 2003. Accessed 12/7/08.

1. Substitution

2. Augmentation

3. Modification

4. Redefinition

Transformative

Not Transformative

Model of Technology Adoption

Libraries in TransitionFrom Book Collections & Union Catalogues to Open Access & Digital Repositories

CASLIN 2011Brno, Czech Republic

14 June 2011

Abby ClobridgeDirector, Clobridge Consultingaclobridge@clobridgeconsulting.com