LHC Software Architecture – Evolution Toward LHC Beam Commissioning
LHC Wide Band Time Normaliser
description
Transcript of LHC Wide Band Time Normaliser
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 1
LHC Wide Band Time Normaliser
Design and operational experience
Eva Calvo (CERN , BI-QP)
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 2/28
Outline
LHC Beam parameters
The Amplitude to Time Normalizer principle
The WBTN card elements
The Digital Acquisition card
Performance results
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 3/28
Beam structures
The system is used in the LHC ring, the SPS to LHC transfer lines and the LHC dump lines. 2406 channel (planes) in total.
frev= 11.245kHz and the min. bunch spacing 25ns. (Last year run @50ns).
The bunch charge can be from 5e9p (pilot) up to 1.7e11 p (ultimate).
If the system integrate all the bunches : DR > 99dB Integrating every SPS batch: DR > 80dBMeasuring bunch-by-bunch: DR > 30dB !
+ ~10dB more for position variation + safety margin
The machine can have from a single bunch up to 2808 bunches, (using many bunch patterns). So, beam current goes from 9uA 0.86Amps.
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 4/28
Choice of the processing method…
Requirements:
= 250µm
Auto-trigger system (“plug&play”)
Without variable attenuator, or many gains
Able to do bunch-by-bunch
Homodyne receivers : Limited DR. Individual signal digitalisation: Would require relay switches gain stages and use most of the
ADC resolution for the common mode signal. LogAmps : Would not do bunch-by-bunch. Amplitude to phase normalization: Would not do bunch-by-bunch measurements. Amplitude to time normalization scheme seemed a very nice candidate to fulfil all the
requirements.
Requirements:
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 5/28
Read out scheme
CAL. and TESTGENERATOR
ADC
LOWPASSFILTER
DIRECTIONALCOUPLER
PICK-UP
50 CABLE
Intensity
Measurement
AutoTrigger
50 CABLE
DIRECTIONALCOUPLER
Wide Band TimeNORMALISER
INTEGRATOROPTICAL
LINK
TUNNEL SURFACE
LOWPASSFILTER
DAB
Designed by D.Cocq (CERN), ~1996
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 6/28
Splitter Combiner
T1 = 1.5ns
Amplitude to Time Normalisation
Pick-up
A
B
Beam
C
D
Delay lines
T1 = 1.5ns
A
B
C
DT depends on beam position
Tw
T1< Tw
The position dynamic range is compressed by ~10dB (for 1/3 aperture)
VA/VB ~ 10 VC/VD
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 7/28
Splitter Combiner
T1 = 1.5ns
Amplitude to Time Normalisation
Pick-up
A
B
Beam
C
D
Delay lines
T1 = 1.5ns
A
B
C
D
T2 = 10ns
Symmetrical situation. T is the same amount.
But now signal D crosses 0 before C
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 8/28
Amplitude to Time normalization
C(t) = A(t)+B(t-T1)
System output
Interval = 10 1.5ns
D(t) = B(t-T2)+A(t-T1-T2)
A B
10 bits ADC : 3ns /~1000 bins = 3ps/bin49mm aperture: ~49um/bin , ~16um/ps
Position Δt = 2*T1 [(A - B )/( A + B)] + T2
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 9/28
Splitter
Amplitude to Time Normalisation
A
B
BeamDelay lines
delay
OUTPUT
delay
VTH
T1 =1.5ns
T2-T1 = 8.5ns
T1 + T2 = 11.5ns
Fast Comparators
The real implementation…
C
D
For your fun…
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 10/28
Advantages Fast normalisation (< 25ns) allowing
bunch to bunch measurement Signal dynamic independent of the
number of bunches and the machine filling pattern
Input dynamic range ~50 dB No need for gain selection
Reduced number of channels normalisation at the front-end
~10 dB compression of the position dynamic due to the recombination of signals at 1/3 of the norm. ap.
Independent of external timing Time encoding allows fibre optic
transmission to be used
Limitations Currently reserved for bunched
beams with long bunch spacing (> T1+T2).
Very tight time adjustment required No Intensity information Propagation delay stability and
switching time uncertainty are the limiting performance factors
Amplitude to Time Normalisation
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 11/28
Read out scheme
CAL. and TESTGENERATOR
ADC
LOWPASSFILTER
DIRECTIONALCOUPLER
PICK-UP
50 CABLE
Intensity
Measurement
AutoTrigger
50 CABLE
DIRECTIONALCOUPLER
Wide Band TimeNORMALISER
INTEGRATOROPTICAL
LINK
TUNNEL SURFACE
LOWPASSFILTER
DAB
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 12/28
Calibration method
Emul_A and Emul_B signals allow simulating 3 normalized beam positions : xn={+1,0,-1} Pattern_test signal allows simulate different filling patterns (40MHz, 20MHz, single train,
single bunch, etc).
The test signals enter the front-end electronics at its first stage by means of a coupler All the electronic chain can be tested ! But not the cables and the BPM itself!
GG
LPF
LPF
WB Time Normalizer
DAB card(in surface)
Couplers
Del. lineAmplifier
Emul_BPattern_test
Emul_A
A
B
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 13/28
Read out scheme
CAL. and TESTGENERATOR
ADC
LOWPASSFILTER
DIRECTIONALCOUPLER
PICK-UP
50 CABLE
Intensity
Measurement
AutoTrigger
50 CABLE
DIRECTIONALCOUPLER
Wide Band TimeNORMALISER
INTEGRATOROPTICAL
LINK
TUNNEL SURFACE
LOWPASSFILTER
DAB
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 14/28
The low pass filterIN OUT
L1
L2 L3
R1
R2
C1
C2
C3 C4
70 MHz LOW PASS FILTERs21
-90.00
-80.00
-70.00
-60.00
-50.00
-40.00
-30.00
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
10.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
[MHz]
[dB
] S21
The LPF consists on a Gaussian filter of 4th order. The cut off frequency should be such that the output pulse shape is independent of the bunch length variations. (70MHz for the LHC WBTN).The LHC specifications ask for residual amplitude of <0.2% for a bunch spacing of 25 ns
Signal before the LPF
Signal after the LPF
5dB
0.3dB
50%
3%
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 15/28
Read out scheme
CAL. and TESTGENERATOR
ADC
LOWPASSFILTER
DIRECTIONALCOUPLER
PICK-UP
50 CABLE
Intensity
Measurement
AutoTrigger
50 CABLE
DIRECTIONALCOUPLER
Wide Band TimeNORMALISER
INTEGRATOROPTICAL
LINK
TUNNEL SURFACE
LOWPASSFILTER
DAB
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 16/28
Integrator
C
D Q
QR
Position pulses
Auto-reset8.5ns
Auto-reset13ns
Auto-reset2 ns
C
D Q
QR
C
D Q
QR
IntegratorFlashADC
T
8.5ns
T
T-8.5ns
trigger
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 17/28
The LHC BPM Acquisition System
70MHz Low Pass Filters
Single-Mode Fibre-Optic Link
VME basedDigital Acquisition Board (DAB)
TRIUMF (Canada)
WBTN Mezzanine Card(10bit digitisation at 40MHz)
1310nm Diode Laser Transmitter
Very Front-End WBTN Card
Tunnel
Surface
Delay lines
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 18/28
Read out scheme
CAL. and TESTGENERATOR
ADC
LOWPASSFILTER
DIRECTIONALCOUPLER
PICK-UP
50 CABLE
Intensity
Measurement
AutoTrigger
50 CABLE
DIRECTIONALCOUPLER
Wide Band TimeNORMALISER
INTEGRATOROPTICAL
LINK
TUNNEL SURFACE
LOWPASSFILTER
DAB
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 19/28
TRIUMF Digital Acquisition Board
Orbit modes: - Asynchronous (default): An IIR filter calculates de Exponential Moving Average of all the
bunches. The time constant can be setup manually or automatically as function of the number of bunches in the machine.
- Synchronous: Where only selected bunches are averaged (225 turns).
Bunch orbit mode: - Average of every bunch through T turns.
Capture mode (Triggered on demand): - Synchronous process that allows to acquire every single selected bunch position (up to
N bunches) over T turns either consecutive or spaced by a fixed step. (NxT < 128K)
Post-Mortem (Continuously updated):- Average of all bunches over 1 turn for last 1000 turns - Last 1000 orbit acquisitions
Interlock mode:- Triggers an interlock signal that will dump the beam if N bunches for T turns are
beyond certain configurable limits.
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 20/28
WBTN - Linearity vs Position
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 21/28
WBTN - Linearity vs Intensity
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 22/28
Intensity dependence Intensity dependence was measured by scrapping slowly the beam with the
collimators. Bunch charge from ~1e11 ~5e9 p/bunch (single bunch) The plot show the average measure of all the button BPMs. Drift on the orbit due to intensity over the whole range ~50um.
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 23/28
Orbit Resolution
Resolution of LHC BPM system in closed-orbit mode is ~5um.
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 24/28
Bunch-by-bunch resolution
The resolution of the BPM system in bunch by bunch basis is <100 um
RMS from the Orbit Feedback GUI
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 25/28
Beam 2 threading BPM availability ~ 99%
The LHC BPM system live show:
All of CERN (and more) follows threading of the beams around the rings.
Fantastic availability, negligible amounts of sign errors.
±10 mm
Beam position – 10th September 2008
J. Wenninger (DIPAC 2011)
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 26/28
Limitations
Currently the most important limitations are :
The temperature dependence of the integrator mezzanine card. ~2.2 ADC bins/˚C (Arc BPM ~100 um/˚C). This effect has been reduced to about 20um/˚C, by on-line temperature corrections.
The limited directivity of the directional couplers (~24dB), creates a crosstalk between beam signals, making the orbit of the strip-line couplers very noisy. The synchronous orbit will mitigate this effect, but it would require to setup different parameters every time the filling scheme change.
12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00-1020
-1010
-1000
-990
-980
-970
-960
Local Time (2010-04-12)
H P
ositio
n o
n B
PM
SW
.1R
8 (
um
)
12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:0027.5
28
28.5
29
Local Time (2010-04-12)
Cra
te t
em
pera
ture
(deg.
C)
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 27/28
Conclusions
The system was working from day one, very reliably.It has prove to be very flexible from the point of view of having many different filling schemes (bunch spacing). It has provided the resolution expected.Still some issues should be improved, like temperature dependence, or beam-cross-talking.
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 28/28
References
From Narrow to Wide Band Normalization for Orbit and Trajectory Measurements, D. Cocq, G. Vismara, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.
The wide band normaliser — a new circuit to measure transverse bunch position in accelerators and colliders, Daniel Cocq*, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 416 (1998), 1—8
A new wide band time normalizer circuit for bunch position measurements with high bandwidth and wide dynamic range, D.Cocq et al., CERN Note “SL-98-064 BI”,HEACC’98, DUBNA, 7-12 September 1998.
Caracteristiques du signal utile après filtrage pour les pick-up de TI2 & TI8 et du LHC, D. Cocq, CERN Note “SL-Note-97-87”.
Digital Acquisition firmware for the LHC beam position monitors, J.Savioz, CERN internal note.
BPM read-out electronics based on the braodband AM/PM normalization scheme., M. Wendt, DIPAC 2001 proceedings.
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 29/28
Spares
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 30/28
Complete system layout
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 31/28
Splitter Combiner
T1 = 1.5ns
Amplitude to Time Normalisation
Pick-up
A
B
Beam
C
D
Delay lines
T1 = 1.5ns
A
B
C
DT depends on beam position
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 32/28
Amplitude to Phase Normalizer
A
B
BPFilter
BPFilter Zero
crossingdetector
Zerocrossingdetector
Position encodedin duty cycle of
XOR outputDelay =
C= A-jB
D= B-jA
= Atan(A/B) XOR
90° Hybrid
= 0°
= 0°
= -90°
= -90°
VECTORIAL DIAGRAM
B A
D=B-jA
C=A-jB-j-jB
-jA
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 33/28
Intensity dependence #4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x 1010
-1600
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
Mea
n(P
osi
tio
n(t
) -
Po
siti
on
(t0))
(u
m)
Intensity(p/bunch)
Average BPM arc type monitors
mean(PosV) low sensmean(PosH) low sensmean(PosV) high sens.mean(PosH) high sens.
Beam 1 was found to have a stronger dependency.
This was trace back to a bad input impedance mismatching in a neighboring card used to measure the bunch intensity.
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Eva Calvo (BE-BI)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 34
Time response (with a single bunch) to a 100Hz RF trim for different settings. Filter output rms noise vs. IIR settings
With 1380 bunches the filter would have reached the final value in about 8 ms (~88 turns).
Time response and resolution for different IIR filter constant times:
The IIR setting should be setup accordingly with the filling scheme of the machine (high order for many bunches, and small with few).
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 35/28
24th August MD – BPM results : Aim: Comparison between the Synchronous and Asynchronous orbit modes.
The synchoronous orbit allows to select all or a single bunch in the machine. As it can be observed in the plots, it provides very similar position and spread than the asynchronous orbit, and can be used in the strip line monitors for avoiding the directivity problems.
24th August MD – BPM results : Aim: Comparison between the Synchronous and Asynchronous orbit modes.
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 36/28
Improving the directivityIP 1 or 5
Ideal position - maximum bunch1 to bunch 2 separation (6.25ns)Zone 1 limit - 50m resolution possible for nominal & weak-strong beams Zone 2 limit - 50m resolution possible only for nominal beam
Original Coupler LocationsAdditional Coupler New Coupler Locations
Use Time Structure of Beams to Enhance Directivity
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Eva Calvo (BE-BI)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 37
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 38/28
Read out scheme
CAL. and TESTGENERATOR
ADC
LOWPASSFILTER
DIRECTIONALCOUPLER
PICK-UP
50 CABLE
Intensity
Measurement
AutoTrigger
50 CABLE
DIRECTIONALCOUPLER
Wide Band TimeNORMALISER
INTEGRATOROPTICAL
LINK
TUNNEL SURFACE
LOWPASSFILTER
DAB
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Eva Calvo (CERN)Ditanet, 17th Jan 2012 39/28
Temperature issues