Lexia Skill Builders

Teacher Manual

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GrammarLevel 1

Lexia Skill Builders Foundational

Simple SentencesActivity 1

Parts of SpeechActivity 2

Parts of SentencesActivity 3

Capitalization and PunctuationActivity 4

Text StructureThe goal of this activity is to identify and describe the various parts of speech that make up sentences.

The goal of this activity is to identify specific parts of sentences and describe how they connect.

The goal of this activity is to review the rules of capitalization and punctuation in sentences.

The goal of this activity is to review types of text, such as narrative and informational, and to introduce the concept of text mapping.

Units17 7 4 4

Concepts Introduced

NounsVerbs (Action and Being)ArticlesAdjectivesDirect ObjectSubject NounSingular and Plural

Simple and Complete SubjectsSimple and Complete PredicateDirect ObjectPredicate Adjective

CapitalizationPunctuationSimple Sentences

Informational TextNarrativeText Mapping

Teacher Manual


Level 1Lexia Skill Builders

Terminology & Skills Introduced

noun: A noun is a person, place, thing or idea. Examples: elephant, zoo, sadness

verb: A verb shows action or a state of being. Examples: run, jump, is

article: An article signals that a noun is coming. Examples: a, an, the

adjective: An adjective describes a noun and answers the following questions: How many? What kind? Which one? Examples: beautiful, scary, twenty

subject: The subject tells who or what the sentence is about.Example: In the sentence “The rabbit ate a carrot.”, rabbit is the subject.

simple subject: A simple subject is one word that tells who or what the sentence is about. Example: Baseball is an American sport.

predicate: A predicate is the verb and everything that comes after it in a sentence.Example: The dog ran across the street.

simple predicate: A simple subject is one word that tells who or what the sentence is about. Example: The dog ran.

predicate adjective: A predicate adjective comes after a verb of being. Example: The lemon tasted sour.

direct object: A direct object comes after a verb and is part of the predicate. Example: The dog looked for its bone.

capitalization: Capital letters appear at the start of a sentence and at the beginning of proper nouns such as names of people and places. Example: The Taj Mahal is a famous landmark in India.

punctuation: A complete sentence ends with a punctuation mark. The punctuation mark may be a period after a telling sentence, a question mark after a question, or an exclamation point to show emotion.Examples: Are you hungry? I’m so excited!

simple sentence: Simple sentences may have different parts of speech, but they all have one subject and one predicate. Example: My cat ate my homework.

informational text: Informational text is nonfiction text that gives directions, information, and/or facts.

narrative: A narrative text tells a story about a subject by highlighting events in a certain order.

text mapping: A mapping chart helps readers and writers organize a text. The parts of a mapping chart can include the following: Introduce the Topic, Show the Steps to Take, and Make a Final Statement.

Lexia Lessons

Articles, Adjectives | Direct Objects & Subject Nouns | Singular & Plural Nouns | Simple & Complete Subject Simple Sentences | Simple & Complete Predicate | Predicate Adjectives, Capitalization & Punctuation

Lexia Skill BuilderSimple Sentences

Teacher Manual



Foundational

Expanding Simple SentencesActivity 1








Units16 5 5 4

Concepts Introduced

PrepositionAntecedentSubjectPossessivePlural

PhrasePredicate

CommaApostrophePunctuation

Parts of TextOpinion Text

Teacher Manual




possessive noun: A possessive noun shows ownership. A noun is made possessive by adding an apostrophe and an s. If a noun ends in s, just add an apostrophe.Examples: Mom’s spaghetti; James’ shirt

plural noun: A plural noun is a noun representing two or more people, places, or things. A plural noun usually ends with -s or -es. Irregular plural nouns change their spellings from the singular forms and may not add -s or -es at the end.Regular Examples: trees, cities, lizards, candies, buildings Irregular Examples: calves, knives, children, mice, women

subject pronoun: A subject pronoun takes the place of the subject noun.Example: The athletes were careless with their equipment. They ruined it. (They replaces athletes in the second sentence.)

subject noun: The subject noun tells who or what a sentence is about. Example: Mary took the test today.

proper noun: The names of specific people, places, and things are called proper nouns. Proper nouns are always capitalized.Examples: Abraham Lincoln; Yosemite National Park

preposition: A preposition shows the relationship of one noun to another noun. Examples: under, over, about

object pronoun: Object pronouns take the place of a direct object.Example: Tom gave her his lunch.

antecedent: An antecedent is a word that is replaced by a pronoun. Example: David saw Juan and asked him to come over. (The antecedent, Juan, is replaced by the pronoun him.)

phrase: A phrase is a group of words that is missing a subject or a predicate or both.Example: the classroom (This example is missing a predicate.)

prepositional phrase: A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and can answer where or when.Example: We went into class.

predicate nominative: A predicate nominative is a noun that comes after a verb of being. The predicate nominative renames the subject.Example: The tall girl is the captain. (“captain” renames the subject “girl”)

apostrophe: An apostrophe is a punctuation mark that shows possession and is used for words like possessive nouns.Examples: Mom’s, David’s, Kenya’s

comma: A punctuation mark used between a series of words or phrases.Example: I bought milk, yogurt, cheese, and cereal at the grocery store.

opinion text: An opinion text presents the author’s view on something.

introduction: The introduction begins a text. It prepares the reader by outlining the basic information that the text covers.

support: Support or supporting details add to the introduction and make up the body or “meat” of the text.

conclusion: The conclusion wraps up a text by summarizing what happened and/or offering closing statements.

Teacher Manual



Intermediate

Compound SentencesActivity 1








Units16 9 5 4

Concepts Introduced

VerbAdverbTensePluralSingular

CompoundClauseSubjectPredicate

Review Capitalization and Punctuation Review Text Mapping

Teacher Manual




subject-verb agreement: In order to have subject-verb agreement in a sentence, a singular noun takes a singular verb. A plural noun takes a plural verb. Examples: The cat eats the mouse.The cats eat the mouse.

singular verb: A singular subject needs a singular verb; singular verbs usually end in s.Example: The dog chases the cat. (The word “chases” is a singular verb because “dog” is a singular subject.)

plural verb: A plural subject needs a plural verb; plural verbs usually do not end in s.Example: The dogs chase the cat. (The word “chase” is a plural verb because “dogs” is a plural subject.)

past tense: Past tense shows action that has already happened. The verb usually ends in -ed.Example: I walked in the park yesterday.

present tense: Present tense shows action that currently or regularly happens.Example: I walk in the park every day.

future tense: Future tense shows action that has not yet happened. The word will usually comes before the verb.Example: I will walk in the park tomorrow.

coordinating conjunction: Coordinating conjunctions join two words, phrases, or sentences. When you think of coordinating conjunctions, think BOYFANS.Examples: I have a cat and dog.I will eat pizza or ice cream.

adverb: Adverbs describe the verb and answer how, when, where or to what degree. They often end in -ly.Examples: Slowly, quietly, quickly

compound subject: Compound subjects are two or more subjects joined by a coordinating conjunction.Examples: My mom and dad have been married for 20 years.

Certain bears and snakes are known to hibernate.

compound predicate: A compound predicate is two or more verbs or verb phrases that share a subject and are joined by a conjunction.Example: Dad cooked dinner and then watched television.

clause: A clause has a subject and a predicate and can be part of a sentence.Example: “When it rained they went inside” has two clauses: “when it rained” and “they went inside.”

Teacher Manual



Intermediate

Complex SentencesActivity 1








Units17 7 4 4

Concepts Introduced

Possessive PronounsPaired ConjunctionsDemonstrative PronounsInterrogative PronounsSubordinating Conjunctions

Dependent and Independent Clauses Review Capitalization and Punctuation Review Text Mapping

Teacher Manual




possessive pronoun: A possessive pronoun shows ownership.Examples: my, mine, our, ours, you, yours

paired conjunction: Paired conjunctions are two words that join or connect two words, phrases, or sentences.Examples: Neither rain nor snow can keep us away.

Either red or purple is her favorite color.

demonstrative pronoun: A demonstrative pronoun replaces a noun. The demonstrative pronouns are: this, these, that, those.

interrogative pronoun: Interrogative pronouns take the place of nouns. The interrogative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, what, whomever, and whatever.

subordinating conjunction: A subordinating conjunction joins two clauses together. One of the clauses is an independent clause that can stand alone.Example: The audience applauded while the performer walked onstage.

dependent clause: If a clause has a subordinating conjunction, it is called a dependent clause. It cannot stand alone.Example: since the last time

independent clause: If the clause does not have a subordinating conjunction, it is an independent clause. It can stand alone.Example: it works well

run-on sentence: If a long sentence has a lot of clauses that are smooshed together, it is probably a run-on sentence. The sentence is probably missing a conjunction.Example: The weather is ugly outside I don’t want to go out there they will probably cancel school I will stay in bed.

Lexia Lessons

Paired Conjunctions | Subordinating Conjunctions | Possessive Pronouns | Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns | Interrogative Pronouns Clauses & Sentences | Independent & Dependent Clauses

Lexia Skill Builder

Complex Sentences

Teacher Manual



Intermediate

ClausesActivity 1








Units19 4 7 4

Concepts Introduced

Collective NounsRelative PronounsRelative ClausesParts of Speech

Complex SentencesObject of the Preposition


Teacher Manual




parts of speech: Parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) help us talk about language. Some words name a person, place, or thing, some show action, some describe, and some show relationship. Example: The grill was hot. (grill is a noun) We will grill the vegetables. (grill is a verb)

relative pronoun: The words that, which, who, whom, and whose are relative pronouns. These pronouns take the place of nouns.Example: After Marcus searched for months and months, he finally found a car that is just perfect.

relative clause: A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun and answers the question “which one?”Example: The dog that’s wearing the purple collar is mine.

collective noun: A collective noun names a group of people or things that act together. Words like group, class, herd, team, and staff are collective nouns.

complex sentence: A complex sentence has a subordinating conjunction and at least two subjects and two predicates.Example: Because the rain fell, the game was delayed. (“Because” is the subordinating conjunction and “Because the rain fell” is the dependent clause.)

simple sentence: A simple sentence has one subject and one predicate.Example: I walked the dog in the park.

compound sentence: A compound sentence has two complete sentences. Example: I walked the dog in the park but he ran off and chased a squirrel.

object of the preposition: A noun, pronoun, or gerund that works with a preposition to complete a prepositional phrase.Examples:Behind youUnder the couch

colon: Colons are a type of punctuation that can be used to list items, emphasize an idea, or connect two complete sentences.Example: He had one enemy: fear. (The colon after “enemy” is used to emphasize fear.)

how-to text: A text that contains the steps for doing something.Example: First bake the cupcakes, then let them cool. Once they are cool, frost them.

Lexia Lessons

Relative Pronouns | Collective Nouns | Relative Clauses | The Colon Simple | Compound | Complex Sentences

Lexia Skill BuilderClauses

Teacher Manual



Advanced

Compound-Complex SentencesActivity 1








Units18 6 6 4

Concepts Introduced

Indefinite PronounsAntecedentsPresent Perfect TenseFuture Perfect TenseConjunctive AdverbsAdjectival PhrasesAdverbial Phrases

Complex SentencesCompound-Complex Sentences

Review Capitalization and Punctuation Review Opinion Text

Teacher Manual




indefinite pronoun: A pronoun that doesn’t refer to a specific person or thing.Examples: anyone, anything, everything, everyone

antecedent: Part of a sentence that is replaced by a pronoun.Example: Honesty is an important quality. People value it greatly.(In this case, honesty is replaced by it.)

present perfect tense: The present perfect tense shows an action that is completed or continuing at the present time. It is formed with the verb has or have and another verb that shows past tense.Example: I have attended this school for three years.

future perfect tense: The future perfect tense shows an action that will be completed at some point in the future.Example: We will have finished this project before we start the next one.

past perfect tense: The past perfect tense shows an action was completed before another event happened. Past perfect tense is formed with the past tense verb had and another verb that shows past tense.Example: Because we had studied hard, we passed the test.

conjunctive adverb: A conjunctive adverb connects two ideas and provides a smooth transition. Examples: therefore, instead

adjectival phrase: An adjectival phrase acts like an adjective and answers which one?Example: The boy with the twin sister moved to another country.

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complex sentence: A complex sentence has a subordinating conjunction and at least two subjects and two predicates.Example: She kept hiking even though her ankle was swollen and painful.

compound-complex sentence: A compound-complex sentence has at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses.Example: Either Mark or Roberto will drive to the game because they have cars.

Teacher Manual



Terminology & Skills Introducedadverbial phrase: An adverbial phrase acts like an adverb and answers when? or where?Example: The flashy motorcycle zoomed down the street.

relative clause: A relative clause has a relative pronoun and answers which one?Example: My friend who lives in Ireland is getting married in June.

Lexia Lessons

Relative Pronouns | Collective Nouns | Relative Clauses | The ColonSimple | Compound | Complex Sentences | Compound & Complex Sentences

Lexia Skill BuilderCompound-Complex Sentences

Teacher Manual



Advanced

Expanding Compound-Complex SentencesActivity 1








Units19 7 7 4

Concepts Introduced

Possessive PronounsProgressive FormsFuture ProgressiveInterjectionsVerbalsParticiplesGerundsInfinitivesReflexive Pronouns

Declarative SentencesInterrogative SentencesImperative SentencesRestrictive ClausesNonrestrictive Clauses


Teacher Manual




possessive pronoun: Possessive pronouns function as adjectives and answer which one.Examples: My, mine, ours, your

progressive form: The progressive form shows continuous or repeated action. All progressive forms are made with a form of the verb to be and another verb ending in -ing.Examples: He is working. I am baking. She was talking.

future progressive: Future progressive forms also use the verb will.Example: I will be vacationing next month.

interjection: Interjections are words that show strong feeling or emphasis. They have no grammatical relationship to any words in a sentence. That means, an interjection does not change the meaning of a sentence. Examples: Yum! Yuck! Yikes! Hooray! Cool!

verbal: Verbals are verbs that function as other parts of speech. They include participles, infinitives, and gerunds.Examples: a balanced diet, hissing snakes, singing always makes her feel better.

participle: A participle is a verbal; it is a verb that ends in -ed or –ing and can function as an adjective.Examples: The baked bread, the baking bread

gerund: A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions like a noun. It can be a subject, a predicate nominative, direct object, or the object of a preposition.Examples: Please stop laughing. You’re not seeing it.

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declarative sentence: Declarative sentences give information. Example: I’m going to the store to buy milk.

interrogative sentence: Interrogative sentences ask questions.Example: Why is the sky blue?

imperative sentence: Imperative sentences are like commands. The subject of these sentences is you, even though the word you is not in the sentence.Example: Get off of the couch, please.

restrictive clause: A restrictive clause is important to the meaning of a sentence. There are no commas around a restrictive clause.Example: The boy who broke the window is at the door.

nonrestrictive clause: A nonrestrictive clause is additional information that is not needed. There are commas around a nonrestrictive clause.Example: The woman, who is a trained scuba diver, is my doctor.

fictional text: Any text that is not realistic and, instead, is imaginary. These texts include fairy tales, legends, novels, etc.Examples: The Call of the Wild, Harry Potter

Teacher Manual




infinitive: Infinitives are made up of the word to + a verb like to read. Infinitives can function like nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. Examples: To win isn’t everything.I have a plan to propose.

reflexive pronoun: Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject.Examples: Myself, yourself, oneself, ourselves

Lexia Lessons Lexia Lessons Lexia Lessons Lexia Lessons

InterjectionsVerbalsPronouns 3

Lexia Skill BuilderExpanding Compound-Complex Sentences

Word Definition Word Definition

adjectival phrase An adjectival phrase acts like an adjective and answers which one? compound sentence A compound sentence has two complete sentences.

adjective An adjective describes a noun and answers the following questions: How many? What kind? Which one? compound subject A compound subject has two or more subjects joined by a

coordinating conjunction.

adverb Adverbs describe the verb and answer how, when, where or to what degree. They often end in -ly.

compound- complex sentence

A compound-complex sentence has at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses.

adverbial phrase An adverbial phrase acts like an adverb and answers when? or where? conclusion The conclusion wraps up a text by summarizing what happened

and/or offering closing statements.

antecedent An antecedent is a word that is replaced by a pronoun. conjunctive adverb

A conjunctive adverb connects two ideas and provides a smooth transition.

antecedent An antecedent is p of a sentence that is replaced by a pronoun. coordinating conjunction

Coordinating conjunctions join two words, phrases, or sentences. When you think of coordinating conjunctions, think BOYFANS.

apostrophe An apostrophe is a punctuation mark that shows possession and is used for words like possessive nouns.

declarative sentence Declarative sentences give information.

article An article signals that a noun is coming. demonstrative pronoun

A demonstrative pronoun replaces a noun. The demonstrative pronouns are: this, these, that, those.

capitalization Capital letters appear at the start of a sentence and at the beginning of proper nouns such as names of people and places. dependent clause If a clause has a subordinating conjunction, it is called a dependent

clause. It cannot stand alone.

chaining Chaining is building new sentences by adding and replacing words to sentences.

direct object A direct object comes after a verb and is part of the predicate.

clause A clause has a subject and a predicate and can be part of a sentence. fictional text Any text that is not realistic and, instead, is imaginary. These texts

include fairy tales, legends, novels, etc.

collective noun A collective noun names a group of people or things that act together. Words like group, class, herd, team, and staff are collective nouns.

future perfect tense

The future perfect tense shows an action that will be completed at some point in the future.

colon Colons are a type of punctuation that can be used to list items, emphasize an idea, or connect two complete sentences. future progressive Future progressive forms also use the verb will.

comma A comma is a punctuation mark used between a series of words or phrases. future tense Future tense shows action that has not yet happened. The word

will usually comes before the verb.

complex sentence A complex sentence has a subordinating conjunction and at least two subjects and two predicates. gerund

A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions like a noun. It can be a subject, a predicate nominative, direct object, or the object of a preposition.

compound predicate A compound predicate is two or more verbs or verb phrases that share a subject and are joined by a conjunction.

Glossary

Teacher Manual



imperative sentence

Imperative sentences are like commands. The subject of these sentences is you even though the word you is not in the sentence. paired conjunction Paired conjunctions are two words that join or connect two words,

phrases, or sentences.

indefinite pronoun An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that doesn’t refer to a specific person or thing. participle A participle is a verbal; it is a verb that ends in -ed or –ing and can

function as an adjective.

independent clause If the clause does not have a subordinating conjunction, it is an

independent clause. It can stand alone. parts of speechParts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) help us talk about language. Some words name a person, place, or thing, some show action, some describe, and some show relationship.

infinitiveInfinitives are made up of the word to + a verb like to read.Infinitives can function like nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.

past perfect tensePast perfect tense shows an action was completed before another event happened. Past perfect tense is formed with the past tense verb had and another verb that shows past tense.

informational text Informational text is nonfiction text that gives directions, information, and/or facts. past tense Past tense shows action that has already happened. The verb

usually ends in -ed.

interjectionInterjections are words that show strong feeling or emphasis. They have no grammatical relationship to any words in a sentence. That means, an interjection does not change the meaning of a sentence.

phrase A phrase is a group of words that is missing a subject or a predicate or both.

interrogative pronoun

Interrogative pronouns take the place of nouns. The interrogative pronouns are: who, whom, whose, which, what, whomever, and whatever.

plural nounA plural noun is a noun representing two or more people, places, or things. A plural noun usually ends with -s or -es. Irregular plural nouns change their spellings from the singular forms and may not add -s or -es at the end.

interrogative sentence Interrogative sentences ask questions. plural verb A plural verb shows the action or state of being of a plural subject.

narrative A narrative text tells a story about a subject by highlighting events in a certain order. possessive noun

A possessive noun shows ownership. A noun is made possessive by adding an apostrophe and an s. If a noun ends in s, just add an apostrophe.

nonrestrictive clause

A nonrestrictive clause is additional information that is not needed. There are commas around a nonrestrictive clause.

possessive pronoun A possessive pronoun shows ownership.

noun A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. possessive pronoun Possessive pronouns function as adjectives and answer which one?

object of the preposition

An object of the preposition is a noun, pronoun, or gerund that works with a preposition to complete a prepositional phrase.

predicate adjective A predicate adjective comes after a verb of being.

object pronoun Object pronouns take the place of a direct object. predicate nominative

A predicate nominative is a noun that comes after a verb of being. The predicate nominative renames the subject.

opinion text An opinion text presents the author’s view on something. predicate A predicate is the verb and everything that comes after it in a sentence.

Glossary

Teacher Manual



preposition A preposition shows the relationship of one noun to another noun. simple sentence A simple sentence has one subject and one predicate.

prepositional phrase

A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and can answer where? or when? simple subject A simple subject is one word that tells who or what the sentence is

about.

present perfect tense

The present perfect tense shows an action that is completed or continuing at the present time. It is formed with the verb has or have and another verb that shows past tense.

singular verb A singular verb shows the action or state of being of a singular subject.

present tense Present tense shows action that currently or regularly happens. subject The subject is what the sentence is about.

progressive formThe progressive form shows continuous or repeated action. All progressive forms are made with a form of the verb to be and another verb ending in -ing.

subject noun The subject noun tells who or what a sentence is about.

proper noun The names of specific people, places, and things are called proper nouns. Proper nouns are always capitalized. subject pronoun A subject pronoun takes the place of the subject noun.

punctuationA complete sentence ends with a punctuation mark. The punctuation mark may be a period after a telling sentence, a question mark after a question, or an exclamation point to show emotion.

subject-verb agreement

In order to have subject-verb agreement in a sentence, a singular noun takes a singular verb. A plural noun takes a plural verb.

reflexive pronoun Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject. subordinating conjunction

A subordinating conjunction joins two clauses together. One of the clauses is an independent clause that can stand alone.

relative clause A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun and answers the question “which one?” support Support or supporting details add to the introduction and make up

the body or “meat” of the text.

relative pronoun The words that, which, who, whom, and whose are relative pronouns. These pronouns take the place of nouns. text mapping

A mapping chart helps readers and writers organize a text. The parts of a mapping chart can include the following: Introduce the Topic, Show the Steps to Take, and Make a Final Statement.

restrictive clause A restrictive clause is important to the meaning of a sentence. There are no commas around a restrictive clause. verb A verb shows action or being.

run-on sentenceIf a long sentence has a lot of clauses that are smooshed together, it is probably a run-on sentence. The sentence is probably missing a conjunction.

verbal Verbals are verbs that function as other parts of speech. They include participles, infinitives, and gerunds.

simple predicate A simple predicate is the one word that tells what the subject does or did.

Glossary

Lexia Skill Builders

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