Levels of processing An alternative to the multistore model Emphasises memory process rather than...
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![Page 1: Levels of processing An alternative to the multistore model Emphasises memory process rather than structure Based on the idea that the strength of a memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082506/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92567/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Levels of processing
• An alternative to the multistore model• Emphasises memory process rather
than structure• Based on the idea that the strength of
a memory trace is determined by how the original info was processed
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
![Page 2: Levels of processing An alternative to the multistore model Emphasises memory process rather than structure Based on the idea that the strength of a memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082506/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92567/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Levels of processing
Structural
Weak memory trace Strong memory trace
Phonological Semantic
Shallow processing Deep processing
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
![Page 3: Levels of processing An alternative to the multistore model Emphasises memory process rather than structure Based on the idea that the strength of a memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082506/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92567/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Levels of processing
• Incoming stimuli pass through a series of analysing mechanisms
• Memory traces are a product of how stimuli are analysed
• Strength of trace depends on:• Attention paid to stimulus• Depth of processing carried out• Connections with existing knowledge
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
![Page 4: Levels of processing An alternative to the multistore model Emphasises memory process rather than structure Based on the idea that the strength of a memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082506/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92567/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Levels of processing
• Different levels of processing:• Structural – appearance• Phonological – auditory/sound• Semantic – meaning
• Structural is the shallowest, semantic is the deepest
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
![Page 5: Levels of processing An alternative to the multistore model Emphasises memory process rather than structure Based on the idea that the strength of a memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082506/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92567/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Levels of processing
• The basic prediction of the LOP approach is that the amount of info pps will recall/recognise will depend on how deeply the experimental stimuli were processed
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
![Page 6: Levels of processing An alternative to the multistore model Emphasises memory process rather than structure Based on the idea that the strength of a memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082506/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92567/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Levels of processing
• Elias & Perfetti (1973)• PPs had greater recognition of words
they had thought of similes for (semantic) than word they had thought of rhymes for (phono)
• Craik & Tulving (1975)• Highest recognition of semantically
processes stimuli, followed by phono, followed by structural
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
![Page 7: Levels of processing An alternative to the multistore model Emphasises memory process rather than structure Based on the idea that the strength of a memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082506/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92567/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Levels of processing
• Morris et al (1977)• Semantic processing was not always
best; it depended on how recall was measured:
• Recognition – semantic best• Rhyming recognition – phono best
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
![Page 8: Levels of processing An alternative to the multistore model Emphasises memory process rather than structure Based on the idea that the strength of a memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082506/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92567/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Levels of processing
• Influential model that focused researchers on processes that they had tended to neglect
• The idea that the nature of a memory trace depends on encoding processes is well supported
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
![Page 9: Levels of processing An alternative to the multistore model Emphasises memory process rather than structure Based on the idea that the strength of a memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082506/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92567/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Levels of processing
• Many different variables involved in determining how a stimulus is processed:• Depth• Spread• Elaboration• Distinctiveness
• Very difficult to isolate these variables experimentally
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
![Page 10: Levels of processing An alternative to the multistore model Emphasises memory process rather than structure Based on the idea that the strength of a memory.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082506/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92567/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
LOP and revision
• You will recall more if you use…• Depth – make sure you understand &
make connections between the topics & ideas
• Spread – use several different techniques on the material
• Elaboration – mental effort is required to store material effectively
• Distinctiveness – make the material your own
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk