LEVEES, EMBANKMENTS, DIKES FINDING COMMON GROUND BETWEEN THE FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT CULTURES OF THE...
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Transcript of LEVEES, EMBANKMENTS, DIKES FINDING COMMON GROUND BETWEEN THE FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT CULTURES OF THE...
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LEVEES, EMBANKMENTS, DIKES
FINDING COMMON GROUND BETWEEN THE FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT CULTURES OF THE USA, ENGLAND AND THE
NETHERLANDS
ISFD4, Toronto7 May 2008
Jaap Flikweert
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Background
Involvement in FRM in various countries
Notice differences
Why?
Culture, Geography, History
Or Coincidence?
No thorough scientific study… …just discussions at the coffee machine Work in progress!
Thanks to Mathijs van Ledden(Haskoning Inc, New Orleans)
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Lay out of presentation
9 Aspects: Nature and level of flood risk Legal arrangements Role of insurance How to manage the risk Events driving developments Dealing with future changes Structural flood risk management Asset management Public perception of flood risk
Conclusions
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Nature and level of flood riskNL: Defining feature, national issue Infinite x Infinitesimal =?
EN: One of the important issues Variability, regional issue £ 1.3 billion / year (2005)
(C$ 2.5 billion)
USA: One of the important issues Variability, regional issue $ 4.5 billion / year (1991-2000)
(C$ 5 billion)
EN/USA more comparable
graphic: USGS
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Legal arrangements & fundingNL: Legal standards and roles Ministry of infrastructure €500 million C$ 785 million
EN: Permissive powers (legal) Department for the Environment
(formerly Agriculture, Fisheries and Food) £600 - £800 million C$ 1.2 – 1.6 billion
USA: Insurance & certification Department of Defense $280 million C$ 285 million
(USACE, excl improvement works; New Orleans $15 billion)
Very different; culture, but also history
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Role of insuranceNL: None – 1953 event (1.5 billion ~ C$ 10 billion) The state in practice Some debate
EN: Private insurance if < 1/75 per year Important lobby
trigger for risk reduction
USA: Driving force, legal basis Federal backed insurance Impact on many aspects of flood risk management
NL different due to geography & history. EN / USA: culture?
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How to manage the riskNL: History: structural (defences+source control) Recent: evacuation & land use
EN: Combination of structural & non-structural Emphasis on development planning
USA: Defence plus evacuation Choice of measures driven by insurability
General move to balanced portfolio
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Events driving developments
NL: Throughout history 1953
EN: 1953: Thames defences & warning 1998: change of focus
USA: 1927 Mississippi flood Various hurricanes
Now starting to learn from events elsewhere
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Dealing with future changesNL: Existential question For now, technically solvable Commissions at work
EN: Very explicit Government led studies Catchment & shoreline planning
USA: Sea level rise in design & strategy NO: subsidence at equal rate
Each in his own way
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Structural flood risk managementNL: Legal safety standard Detailed & complete guidance
EN: Indicative standards Benefit / cost plus ‘Outcome measures’ Limited guidance
USA: Up to 1% per year (insurance) Certification requirements drive design
Three different mechanisms
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Asset managementNL: Large professional dedicated organisations Legal roles, but ‘how’ is up to asset manager
EN: One national organisation Detailed strict procedures
USA: USACE and others Good management is criterium for certification Guidance from USACE
Paradox design guidance – rules for asset mgt
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Public perceptionNL: Paradox: awareness, trust & expectation Recent changes f(Katrina, climate change)
EN: Growing awareness (events & communication) Natural risk?
USA: Well aware Limited confidence in
authorities
Strongly driven by events
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Conclusions
UK and USA more comparable; NL as extreme reference
Optimisation problem Performance / Risk / Cost: NL: fixed performance standard, minimise cost EN & USA: fixed budget, minimise risk
Each their own recipe for FRM, based on history, geography, culture
Events as opportunities for readjustment?
Invitation to extend analysis