Let’s review some important things we want to know about stars… Given enough time and...
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![Page 1: Let’s review some important things we want to know about stars… Given enough time and information, we can figure out their… Brightness - easily observed.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649cc25503460f94989723/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Let’s review some important things we want to know about stars…
Given enough time and information, we can figure out their…
• Brightness - easily observed• Parallax to measure distance• Spectral type - can get from the spectrum• Brightness + Distance = Luminosity• Temperature - can get from spectrum• Temperature + distance = Size• Mass - hard to figure out, but there are binary stars• Age - exact age is hard, but can estimate
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What do you do when you have data and you don’t know what to do with it and you don’t understand it?
CLASSIFY!HOPE:
We just might get to know THE universe better?
HOPE:
We just might get to know THE universe better?
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Stars can be arranged into categories based on the features in their spectra…
This is called “Spectral Classification”
1. by the “strength” (depth) of the absorption lines in their spectra
2. by their color as determined by their blackbody curve 3. by their temperature and luminosity
How do we categorize stars?A few options:
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• Much of the work in classifying and explaining stellar spectra and brightness was done by women at Harvard around the turn of the century.
Harvard Computers (1890)
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Annie Jump Cannon (1863-1941)
• Single-handedly classified more than 250,000 stellar spectra.
Henrietta Leavitt (1868-1921)
Stars are classified by their spectra as
O, B, A, F, G, K, and M spectral types
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• O B A F G K M• hottest to coolest• bluish to reddish• An important sequence to remember:
–Oh Boy, An F Grade Kills Me
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The Spectral SequenceThe Spectral SequenceClass Spectrum Color Temperature
O ionized and neutral helium, weakened hydrogen bluish 31,000-49,000 K
B neutral helium, stronger hydrogen blue-white 10,000-31,000 K
A strong hydrogen, ionized metals white 7400-10,000 K
F weaker hydrogen, ionized metals yellowish white 6000-7400 K
G still weaker hydrogen, ionized and neutral metals yellowish 5300-6000 K
K weak hydrogen, neutral metals orange 3900-5300 K
M little or no hydrogen, neutral metals, molecules reddish 2200-3900 K
L no hydrogen, metallic hydrides, alkalai metals red-infrared 1200-2200 K
T methane bands infrared under 1200 K
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Eventually, the connection was made
between the observables and the theory.
Eventually, the connection was made
between the observables and the theory.
Observable:• Strength of Hydrogen Absorption Lines• Blackbody Curve (Color)
Theoretical:• Using observables to determine things
we can’t measure: Temperature and Luminosity
Cecilia Payne
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Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R ) Diagram
• done independently by Enjar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell
• graph of luminosity versus temperature (or spectral class)
Categorizing the stars…
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Temperature
10-4
10-2
102
104
106
L/L
Θ
40,000 20,000 10,000 5,000 2,500
WHITE DWARFS
MAIN SEQUENCE
SUPER GIANTS
GIANTS
O B A F G K M
Shematic H-R Diagram
BRIGHT
FAINT
HOT COOL
15
10
5
– 5
– 10
0
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None of these “extra”
stars are Hydrogen burning!
Most stars are found along the
Main Sequence
Stars spend most of their
active life time on the Main
Sequence (MS).
Same temperature,
but much brighter than
MS stars→ Must be much larger► Giant Stars
“Red Giants” “Supergiants”
Same temp., but
fainter → Dwarfs
the stars aren’t randomly scattered on this graph-- they form a line!
WHAT IS AMAZING: Stars of different masses fall along a narrow path in L/T diagram
the stars aren’t randomly scattered on this graph-- they form a line!
WHAT IS AMAZING: Stars of different masses fall along a narrow path in L/T diagram
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If you measure the luminosity and the color of a star, you know its mass!!!
If a random star falls on
the Main Sequence, you also
know that it’s Hydrogen
burning!
If a random star falls on
the Main Sequence, you also
know that it’s Hydrogen
burning!
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The more massive a star is, the more luminous it is…
• Hotter• Brighter• Bigger• Shorter-lived
More massive stars are…
But a higher rate of fusion means it’s burning its fuel faster!
Low mass stars have lifetimes comparable to the Age of the Universe
High mass stars have very short lifetimes, and disappear quickly!
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The Mystery of Red Giants and White Dwarfs…
Many of these stars have the same temperature as normal Main Sequence stars, but they’re much brighter or fainter!
How is this possible???
Hot. Cool.
Cool, but bigLuminous!Same Luminosity
Same Temperature & Surface Brightness
Hot, but tinyFaint.
If the size of the star changes, its luminosity changes
L = b x Area
L T4 4R2
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After time passes…
Only long-lived low mass stars are left on the main sequence!
The high mass stars are gone!
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• Cool, but bright.• Same temp as some
main sequence stars same surface brightness!
Must be bigger AREA BIGGER star!(and thus the name, red giant)
Red Giants:
L T4 4R2
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as gravity caused the collapseStars are formed by a cloud of gas and dust that collapsed inward and began to spin. These clouds are called nebula. About 30 million years after the cloud collapsed, its center has reached 15 million kelvin and has become a protostar. As stars continue to go through nuclear fusion from hydrogen gas combining to make deuterons and then two deuterons making helium, the star will eventually run out of hydrogen.
First, there was a nebula. Or: last, there was a nebula.
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The birth of stars in the M16 Eagle Nebula
and the cycle starts again
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RED GIANT PHASE of star’s existanceA star experiences an energy crisis and its core collapses when the star's basic, non-renewable energy source - hydrogen - is used up. A shell of hydrogen on the edge of the collapsed core will be compressed and heated. The nuclear fusion of the hydrogen in the shell will produce a new surge of power that will cause the outer layers of the star to expand until it has a diameter a hundred times its present value.
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10-4
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10-4