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Transcript of Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead...
![Page 1: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Climate and Terrestrial
Biodiversity:Chapter 7
![Page 2: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Let’s dance.
• Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun.• Where is your north pole?• Your forehead is North America. Where is New York?
California? (Help each other)• Where does the sun rise? Set? Now rotate. How
long does this take?• The earth is tilted. How much? Where is the north
star for you?• Why do we have summer? Winter?• Now revolve but don’t rotate. How long does this
take?
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![Page 4: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Core Case Study: Connections b/t Wind, Climate, and Biomes
• Wind– Driven by solar energy
• Circulates– Heat– Moisture– Plant nutrients– Soil particles– Long-lived air pollutants
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Dust Blown from West Africa to the Amazonian Rain Forests
Video!
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7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
• Concept 7-1 An area's climate is determined mostly by – solar radiation, – the earth’s rotation, – global patterns of air and water
movement, – gases in the atmosphere, – and the earth’s surface features.
![Page 7: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Earth Has Many Different Climates
• Weather – short term• Climate – long term pattern• Air circulation in lower
atmosphere due to– Uneven heating of the earth’s
surface by the sun– Rotation of the earth on its axis– Properties of air, water, and land
![Page 8: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Earth Has Many Different Climates
• Currents – Prevailing winds – Earth’s rotation – Redistribution of heat from the sun
• Link between air circulation, ocean currents, and biomes
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Ocean currents video
• http://www.montereyinstitute.org/noaa/lesson08.html
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Natural Capital: Generalized Map of the Earth’s Current Climate
Zones
![Page 11: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Connected Deep and Shallow Ocean Currents
![Page 12: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
El Niño, La Niña
• http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/26_NinoNina.html (not funny)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvmeUStFvz8 (Funny)
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Global Air Circulation – prevailing winds
![Page 14: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Energy Transfer by Convection
in the Atmosphere
![Page 15: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Global Air Circulation,
Ocean Currents,
and Biomes
![Page 16: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Greenhouse Gases Warm the Lower Atmosphere
• Greenhouse gases– H2O
– CO2 *
– CH4 *
– N2O *
• Greenhouse effect – good and bad• *Human-enhanced global warming
![Page 17: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Flow of Energy to and from the Earth
![Page 18: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Earth’s Surface Features Affect Local Climates
• Heat absorption by land and water• Effect of
– Mountains• Rain shadow effect – windward (wet),
leeward (dry)
– Cities• Microclimates
![Page 19: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Rain Shadow Effect
![Page 20: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Death Valley
Photo: L. Kern, 2014
Photo: L. Kern, 2014 Photo: L. Kern, 2014
![Page 21: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
7-2 How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Locations of Biomes?
• Concept 7-2 Differences in average annual precipitation and temperature lead to the formation of tropical, temperate, and cold deserts, grasslands, and forests, and largely determine their locations.
![Page 22: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Climate Affects Where Organisms Can Live
• Major biomes – regions with similar climate, soil, plants, animals
• Latitude and elevation• Climates can be categorized by
– Annual precipitation– Temperature
![Page 23: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Earth’s Major Biomes
![Page 24: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Generalized Effects of Elevation and Latitude on Climate and
Biomes
![Page 25: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
St. Mary Lake, Glacier NP, Montana
Boreal forest (taiga)
Tundra, lichens, mosses
No plants can grow here.
Photo: L. Kern, 2012
![Page 26: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Another view at Glacier
Photo: L. Kern, 2012
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Going-to-the-sun Road, Logan Pass July 4th, 2012
Photo: L. Kern, 2012
![Page 28: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Going-to-the-sun road
Purple/gray patches are areas where pines were all killed in a forest fire, 2006.
Photo: L. Kern, 2012
![Page 29: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
In summer, the snowmelt makes
hundreds of waterfalls.
Photo: L. Kern, 2012
![Page 30: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Close-up of the previous pic.
Photo: L. Kern, 2012
![Page 31: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Natural Capital: Average Precipitation and Average Temperature as Limiting Factors
![Page 32: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Science Focus: Staying Alive in the Desert
• Plant adaptations – Either drop leaves (mesquite, creosote) when
dry or no leaves (succulents), leaves are waxy– Deep tap roots or shallow widespread roots– Large seeds that can lie dormant for long
periods
• Animal strategies and adaptations– Small size, nocturnal, get water from breaking
down fats, thick skins, excrete dry wastes
![Page 33: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
There Are Three Major Types of Deserts
• Tropical, Temperate, Cold deserts• Fragile ecosystem
– Slow plant growth– Low species diversity– Slow nutrient recycling– Lack of water
![Page 34: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Wind blown dust storms in Saraha - increased 10x since 1950 due to– Overgrazing– Drought due to
• Climate change• Human overuse of water
– SUV connection: 4x4s driving over surface, allowing it to crumble and be picked up by winds.
![Page 35: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Climate Graphs
of Three Types of Deserts
![Page 36: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands
• Tropical– Savanna
• Grazing animals – eat grasses• Browsing animals – eat twigs and
leaves
• Temperate– Tall-grass prairies (up to 88cm/yr)– Short-grass prairies (25 cm/yr)
![Page 37: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Grasslands – why no trees
• Fires are common in grasslands• Fires and winds hinder tree growth
• Many of these areas are degraded by overgrazing
![Page 38: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands
• Arctic tundra: fragile biome• Adaptations of plants and animals• Permafrost – layer in soil where
water stays frozen 2+ years!• Permafrost doesn’t allow water to
permeate soil – lakes and ponds• Alpine tundra
![Page 39: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Climate Graphs of Tropical,
Temperate, and Cold
Grasslands
![Page 40: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Temperate Shrubland: Nice Climate, Risky Place to Live
• Chaparral, temp shrubland• Near the sea: nice climate• Prone to fires in the dry season
– Fire resistant roots– Seeds sprout with fire
• Thin soil, not very fertile
![Page 41: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Chaparral Vegetation in Utah, U.S.
![Page 42: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
There Are Three Major Types of Forests
• Tropical• Temperate• Cold
– Northern coniferous and boreal forest / taiga
![Page 43: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
There Are Three Major Types of Forests
• Tropical rain forests– Broadleaf, evergreen trees– Temperature and moisture– Stratification of specialized plant and
animal niches– Little wind: significance – seed
dispersal– Rapid recycling of scarce soil
nutrients– Impact of human activities
![Page 44: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
There Are Three Major Types of Forests
• Temperate deciduous forests– Temperature and moisture– Broad-leaf, deciduous trees– Slow rate of decomposition:
significance– Impact of human activities – most
disturbed
![Page 45: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
There Are Three Major Types of Forests
• Evergreen coniferous forests: boreal and taigas– Temperature and moisture– Few species of cone: bearing trees– Slow decomposition: significance
• Coastal coniferous forest• Temperate rain forests
![Page 46: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Climate Graphs of Tropical,
Temperate, and Cold Forests
![Page 47: Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110320/56649cb05503460f949758fb/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Some Components
and Interactions in a Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem
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Stratification of Specialized Plant and Animal Niches in a Tropical
Rain Forest
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Mountains Play Important Ecological Roles
• Majority of the world’s forests• Habitats for endemic species• Help regulate the earth’s climate• Can affect sea levels• Major storehouses of water
– Role in hydrologic cycle (see slide #28 again)
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7-3 How Have We Affected the Word’s Terrestrial Ecosystems?
• Concept 7-3 In many areas, human activities are impairing ecological and economic services provided by the earth’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains.
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Humans Have Disturbed Most of the Earth’s Lands
• Deserts• Grasslands• Forests• Mountains
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Mountains
AgricultureTimber extraction
Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs
Mineral extraction
Increasing tourismUrban air pollutionIncreased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletionSoil damage from off-road vehicles
Forests
Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban development
Conversion of diverse forests to tree plantations
Damage from off-road vehicles
Pollution of forest streams
Fig. 7-20, p. 158
Large desert cities
Soil destruction by off-road vehicles
Deserts
Soil salinization from irrigation
Depletion of groundwater
Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction
Grasslands
Conversion to cropland
Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning grassland
Overgrazing by livestock
Oil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra Stepped Art
NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION
Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems