Lethal and Non lethalMaj Bruce GilchristNATO LCG 1 Weapons and Sensors TeamNATO Task Group SCI-178 / RTG-043 Dismounted Soldier System Weapon SystemsProject Director: Small Arms Modernization Project & Special Weapons And Ammunition Project

September 21-22, 2010Château Cartier Gatineau, Que.

Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap Human and Systems Integration Workshop

Outline

• Non- Lethal– Background– Requirements

• Lethal– Background– Requirements

WHY NON-LETHAL EFFECTS?

• Military forces are more frequently deployed within population centres;

• 3D approach to operations leads to a more responsible approach to the use of force;

• Counter-insurgency operations are more frequent where combatants are not clearly identifiable;

• Need to discriminate between potential opponents and local population;

• Need to minimize undesired casualties, damages and fratricide; and

• Force needs to be applied proportionally with scalable effects.

ESCALATION OF FORCE CONTINUUMTHE CAPABILITY GAP

100m0m 20m 60m 80m

DETERMINE INTENT

40mWarning

Shot

DEADLY FORCE ESCALATION OF FORCE

Capability GAP

NON LETHAL ESCALATION OF FORCE CONTINUUM

100m0m 20m 60m 80m

DETERMINE INTENT

40m

ESCALATION OF FORCE

Warning and Hailing Devices that warn off & help determine intent at

the longest range possiblerange. Does not ensure compliance.

NL Pain CompliancePain Compliance DeterrentIs not a substitute to the use

of deadly force & not a mandatory step

Deadly Force

CAPABILITY REQUIRED• The Army requires a Non-Lethal capability to

warn, confirm intent, discriminate and ensure compliance from local populations of an undetermined combat status, within a range ensuring force protection and capability overmatch.

• Such a capability would enable the Army to manage escalation of forces events and ensure necessary steps are taken to ensure force protection while limiting non-combatant casualties.

AMMUNITION REQUIREMENT

• Improved range (closer/longer);• Improved accuracy;• Scalable effects (close to long range with the

same round);• Reproducable, measured effects against an

industry/scientific standard;• Militarised ammunition reliability standards

(usage/storage);• Reversible effects; and• Reliable, immediate effects on the target.

WARNING AND HAILING

• Smaller, lighter, multi-function devices. For example:– Dazzler+white light+IR light+strobe– Accoustic + real time 2 way translation

• Voice Translation: hands-free, true 2 way, immediate, 99.9% reliable.

WHY LETHAL EFFECTS?

• Force needs to be applied proportionally with scalable effects

• Top end of the scale is fully lethal

• Must be a credible to provide a deterrence to those who are ready to use violence against us

Lethality results from• Disruption of the central nervous system• Blood loss• Infection

5 Important Factors• Shot Placement• Shot Placement• Shot Placement• Shot Placement• Everything Else – calibre, barrel length, etc

Lethality

Manufactured 1943 to 1945

Manufactured 1945 to 1953

Acquired for pest/wildlife control

Not compatible with modern night vision or other sensors

No foreign weapons for famil training

No breaching weapons/ modern grenades

No Marksmen Capability

Manufactured 1950 to 1955

No national stocks remaining / more than 300 sent for disposal in the last few years without replacement

Not compatible with new ammunition

Average Canadian Soldier is 82 kg

• 32% of 82 kg = 26.2 kg

• Ammo and Weapons – 9 kg

• Ballistic Protection – 10 kg

• Clothing, Indiv Eqpt, Load Carriage – 9 kg

• Radio, NVGs, LAD, GPS + batteries – 6 kg

• Water – 3 kg

TOTAL – 37kg + at temp above 40C

WEIGHT ON OPERATIONSWEIGHT ON OPERATIONSWEIGHT ON OPERATIONSWEIGHT ON OPERATIONS

Room for weight reduction

• AN/PVS-14 NVG (1 AA battery)• Maglite (2 AA battery)• PRR (2 AA battery)• GPS (3 AA battery)• EOTech Holographic Sight (2 AA battery)• AN/PVS-505 Kite Sight (2 AA battery)• AN/PAC-4C model 7500 Laser Pointer (2 AA battery)• Insight M3X Tactical Flashlight (2 Li-ion CR123A batteries)• BCID Beacon - TAG IR (1AA battery)• Spares – Mission duration dependant• TOTAL –At least 15 AA and 2 CR123 batteries daily

Op MEDUSA, Supply shipped over 17500 AA batteries to one Infantry company alone, in the space of 2 weeks!

POWER ON OPERATIONSPOWER ON OPERATIONSPOWER ON OPERATIONSPOWER ON OPERATIONS

Summary

• Not this

Future Requirement

• Increased Precision for both Hit and Effect• Reduction of System Weight• Reduction of Power requirement• Integrated into the Soldier System

– Networked Weapons• IFF• Use the information available to direct the soldier onto the target

– Ergonomics• Compatible with soldier protective equipment

– Multi-effects• Lethal and non-lethal in one system

• Modular to allow the weapon to be adapted for the mission

Summary

• Even better, but the uniform would be ISSP not a small arms responsibility

CONCLUSION• The local population will not go away and their support must won

and maintained: – Precision is critical;

– Identification of Combatant/Non-Combatant is critical;

– Serious need to invest in NL capabilities for the future;

• The use of separate NL launchers carries unacceptable risks if force escalates rapidly;

• All systems must be simple to use & modular;• System Weight and Power need to be reduced;• Scalable effects are highly desirable;• National & International Issues including the Laws of War must be

considered.