LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS KAZAKHSTAN PART 1: FLOODS

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS

KAZAKHSTANPART 1: FLOODS

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN KAZAKHSTANDISASTERS IN KAZAKHSTAN

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN KAZAKHSTANDISASTERS IN KAZAKHSTAN

FLOODS

DUST STORMS

EARTHQUAKES

WILDFIRES

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT

HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters

Planet Earth’s atmospheric-hydrospheric-lithospheric interactions cause:

FLOODS

KAZAKHSTAN

Kazakhstan has many communities that are at risk from flooding from its 8,500

small and large rivers (e.g., the Ural, Emba, Syr Darya, Irtysh,

Ischim and Tobol—the largest).

ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER

HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS

ELEMENTS OF FLOOD RISK ELEMENTS OF FLOOD RISK ELEMENTS OF FLOOD RISK ELEMENTS OF FLOOD RISK

EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE

VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION

RISKRISKRISKRISK

FLOOD HAZARDS (AKA

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)• TOO MUCH WATER DISCHARGED

WITHIN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM TO BE ACCOMMODATED NORMALLY IN THE REGIONAL WATER CYCLE

• EROSION

• SCOUR

• MUDFLOWS

EACH FLOOD HAZARD

IS A POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENT

A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD INTERACT WITH

KAZAKHSTAN’S COMMUNITIES

A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD INTERACT WITH

KAZAKHSTAN’S COMMUNITIES

LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN

FLOODSFLOODS

INUNDATION

INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER

WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)

EROSION AND MUDFLOWS

CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

A DISASTER is ---

--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., floods, earthquakes,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause

extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,

joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.


• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.


• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.


• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.


• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

FLOODS IN SOUTH-KAZAKHSTAN OBLAST

FEBRUARY 2012

SPRING RUNOFF AFTER A HARSH WINTER EXACERBATED THE FLOOD

RISKS IN KAZAKHSTAN

Early warming and heavy rainfall caused snow melt to flood

12 regions and 226 villages.

FLOODING IN SOUTH- KAZAKHSTAN OBLAST: FEBRUARY 2012

The South-Kazakhstan oblast asked the Government for help.

1,100 people were evacuated.

IMPACTS

• According to reports, restoration of the function of all the impacted infrastructure required 1.2 billion tenge ($8 million).

• Construction of 4 major bridges required 350 million tenge ($2.3 million).

IMPACTS (continued)

• 90 million tenge ($609 thousand) were needed for 30 smaller roadway passes made of pipes.

• 15 million tenge ($101 thousand) were needed for restoration of roads.

Flood damage in South- Kazakhstan oblast exceeded

1 billion tenge ($8 million)

FLOODING IN KAZAKHSTANMARCH 2010

SPRING RUNOFF AFTER A HARSH WINTER INCREASED FLOOD RISKS

30+ people died in floods in the south of Kazakhstan as

heavy rains and melting snow resulted in the undercutting and bursting of the Kyzyl-

Agash reservoir dam in the Alma-Ata region

As a result of high water in the region, railway travel

ground to a halt, highways were sealed off, and search and rescue operations were

accelerated.

FLOODING IN KAZAKHSTAN

FLOODING SOUTH OF KAZAKHSTAN

FLOODING IN KAZAKHSTAN

Kazakhstan’s President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, ordered a government commission to be set up, and initiated actions to clean up the damage and provide support for the flood victims.

THE ALTERNATIVE TO A FLOOD DISASTER IS

FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE

THE ALTERNATIVE TO A FLOOD DISASTER IS

FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE

KAZAKHSTAN’S KAZAKHSTAN’S COMMINITIESCOMMINITIES

KAZAKHSTAN’S KAZAKHSTAN’S COMMINITIESCOMMINITIES

DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

• FLOOD HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

FLOOD RISK FLOOD RISK

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

FLOOD DISASTER FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS

DISASTER RESILIENCE STRATEGIES FOR FLOODS


• PURPOSE

• PROTECTION

• THREAT IDENTIFICATION AND WARNING

• PURPOSE

• PROTECTION

• THREAT IDENTIFICATION AND WARNING

• TECHNIQUE

• WETLANDS, RESERVOIRS, LEVEES, DAMS

• REMOTE SENSING;

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

• TECHNIQUE

• WETLANDS, RESERVOIRS, LEVEES, DAMS

• REMOTE SENSING;

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL FLOODS TECHNOLOGIES THAT FACILITATE THREAT IDENTI-FICATION FOR SMART COUNTER-MEASURES IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

EXAMPLE OF FLOOD PROTECTION: A DAM


ALL FLOODS PREPAREDNESS FOR

ALL THE LIKELY FLOOD HAZARDS (E.G., HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILL) IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE


ALL FLOODS TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE



• PURPOSE

• DO NOT BUILD IN THE FLOODPLAIN

• FACILITATE RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION

• PURPOSE

• DO NOT BUILD IN THE FLOODPLAIN

• FACILITATE RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION

• TECHNIQUE

• URBAN PLANNING

• A FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAMME

• TECHNIQUE

• URBAN PLANNING

• A FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAMME

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS KAZAKHSTAN PART 1: FLOODS

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