Lessons 23 and 24Adverbs-OSUS

Ablative of Accompaniment

Adverbs• Adverbs modify verbs.• Adverbs answer the question “how”?

• She sings beautifully. (How does she sing? Beautifully!”)

• He runs quickly. (How does he run? Quickly!)

How To Make-Ur-Own Homemade Adverbs

• Step one: find an adjective.• (Those are the –us,-a,-um words)

• latus, lata, latum: wide

Make-Ur-Own Adverbs (cont.)• Step 2: Drop the feminine –a ending.• (The feminine form is the middle –a form)

• latus, lata, latum• LATA -A = LAT-

Make-Ur-Own Adverbs (cont.)

• Step 3: Add an –e to your stem. (In other words, you’re replacing the –a with an –e.)

• LAT- + -E === LATE

Make-Ur-Own Adverbs (cont.)

• Step 4: Translate your adverb into English by adding an –ly.

• LATE: === WIDELY

Voila! Adverbs!

• So, the adjective latus, -a, -um: wide becomes the adverb late: widely.

• Your turn!• Make the following adjectives into adverbs,

Latin and English.

You Can Do It!• tardus, tarda, tardum: slow• TARDE: SLOWLY• pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful• PULCHRE: BEAUTIFULLY• altus, alta, altum: deep• ALTE: DEEPLY

-OSUS• Sometimes the suffix “-osus” is added to Latin

nouns to turn them into adjectives.• -osus means “full of…”• victoria: victory• victoriosus: full of victory• gloria: glory• gloriosus: full of glory

-OSUS

• The suffix “-osus” comes into English as “-ose” and “-ous.”

• victorious• glorious• verbose

Fun Latin Pun!

• The famous Roman poet, Horace, had a school teacher named Orbilius.

• Orbilius was known for beating students who arrived late. A strike with a whip or stick is called a “plaga”.

• Horace nicknamed his teacher “Plagosus Orbilius.” What does that mean?

Ablative of Accompaniment

• The word “cum” (“with”) is used when “with” means “together with” or “along with.”

• The noun that comes after “cum” must be in the ablative case.

• Ablative case endings: -a, -o, -is (plural)

Examples of Ablatives of Accompaniment

• The girl walks with the boy.• Puella cum puero ambulat.• The Romans fought with the barbarians.• Romani cum barbaris pugnaverunt.• I am talking with the teacher.• Cum magistra dico.

Accompaniment vs. Means

• Ablative of Accompaniment: shows “together with” someone, uses “cum” for “with”

• Ablative of Means: shows by or with which something is done, does not use “cum” for “with.” The “with” is understood in the Latin.

Examples of Ablatives of Means

• The girl is walking with a crutch.• The Romans fought with swords.• Romani gladiis pugnaverunt.• Note that the Latin doesn’t use “cum” here.

You have to add it in the English.