L.O: STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN HOW TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL (TCP) GUARANTEES RELIABLE

TRANSMISSION.20-90 minutes (<1 class period, unless Take It Further is used)

DO NOW: READ Unit 4 Lab 3: Communication Protocols,

Page 2

When any information is sent over the internet, it is NOT sent WHOLE and DIRECTLY to you like in this picture..

When you send a message over the Internet, your computer divides it into small chunks

called packets that it sends individually, each on its own path.

A packet can include any kind of data: text, numbers, lists, etc.

Computers, servers, and routers are fairly reliable, but every once in a while a packet will

be lost, and devices on the Internet need to tolerate these faults.

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) guarantees reliable transmission by breaking messages into

packets, keeping track of which packets have been received successfully, resending any that have been lost, and specifying the order for reassembling the

data on the other end. This process is what makes the Internet a packet switching network.

• The computers (including servers) at the two endpoints of a communication run the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) that

divides up the packets and guarantees reliable transmission.

• The routers at every connection-point on the Internet run the Internet Protocol (IP) that transmits packets from one IP address to

another (not caring that sometimes a packet will be lost and not knowing anything about the purpose or meaning of a packet).

Load this project. It provides a simulation of unreliable data transmission by Internet Protocol.

• Click the green flag to initialize the incoming transmission variables before each experiment.

• Click either character to enter a message for it to send to the other one.

In this simulation, the complete message is a string of text that is divided into packets of one letter each. In reality, the packet length is not so strictly limited and messages are usually much longer.

TCP works by including additional information along with each packet so that the receiving computer can keep track of how many packets it has received, re-

request any missing packets, and reorder the packets to reconstruct the original message.

Now let’s Read Blown to Bits pages 306-309.

Take it further (extension activities)

A. Build a simple TCP. Resolve the unreliability so that messages are received reliably despite the limitations of IP packets. You'll need to change the definitions of:

Do not change the definition of

That block simulates the unreliable network. You could "solve" the problem by rewriting this block to simulate a perfect network instead of an imperfect one, but that misses the point.

To solve this problem, you'll need a way to keep track of the order of the data and a way to re-request missing packets:

First, solve the problem of packets arriving out of order. You can include extra header information in

addition to the packet data in order to help the receiver reconstruct the message. This will require cooperation by both sender and receiver (that is,

changes to both grey blocks).

Then, solve the problem of packets not arriving at all. That is, make the transmission reliable

even though IP is unreliable. This, too, will require changing both sender and receiver.

Enduring Understandings:

• EU 6.1 The Internet is a network of autonomous systems.• EU 6.2 Characteristics of the

Internet influence the systems built on it.

Learning Objectives:

1. LO 6.1.1 Explain the abstractions in the Internet and how the Internet functions. [P3]

2. LO 6.2.1 Explain characteristics of the Internet and the systems built on it. [P5]

3. LO 6.2.2 Explain how the characteristics of the Internet influence the systems built on it. [P4]

Essential Knowledge:• EK 6.1.1B An end-to-end architectures facilitates

connecting new devices and networks on the Internet.• EK 6.1.1C Devices and networks that make up the

Internet are connected and communicate using addresses and protocols.

• EK 6.1.1D The Internet and the systems built on it facilitate collaboration.

• EK 6.1.1E Connecting new devices to the Internet is enabled by assignment of an Internet protocol (IP) address.

Essential Knowledge:• EK 6.1.1F The Internet is built on evolving standards,

including those for addresses and names.• EK 6.1.1H The number of devices that could use an IP

address has grown so fast that a new protocol (IPv6) has been established to handle routing of many more devices.

• EK 6.1.1I Standards such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), IP, and simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) are developed and overseen by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

• EK 6.2.1A The Internet and the systems built on it are hierarchical and redundant.

Essential Knowledge:• EK 6.2.1D Routing on the Internet is fault tolerant

and redundant.• EK 6.2.2B The redundancy of routing (i.e., more

than one way to route data) between two points on the Internet increases the reliability of the Internet and helps it scale to more devices and more people.

• EK 6.2.2D Interfaces and protocols enable widespread use of the Internet.

• EK 6.2.2E Open standards fuel the growth of the Internet.

Essential Knowledge:• EK 6.2.2F The Internet is a packet-switched

system through which digital data is sent by breaking the data into blocks of bits called packets, which contain both the data being transmitted and control information for routing the data.

• EK 6.2.2G Standards for packets and routing include transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP).

Essential Knowledge:• EK 6.2.2H Standards for sharing information

and communicating between browsers and servers on the Web include HTTP and secure sockets layer/transport layer security (SSL/TLS).

• EK 6.3.1M Certificate authorities (CAs) issue digital certificates that validate the ownership of encrypted keys used in secured communication and are based on a trust model.