Computer Organization

Computer Fundamentals & Programming Computer FundamentalsNarene M. Nagares, MITDepartment of Information TechnologyMindanao Polytechnic CollegeGeneral Santos CityComputerIt is an electronic machine that accepts data, stores and processes data into information.The computer is able to work because there are instructions in its memory directing it.The parts of the computer that you can see and touch, such as the keyboard, monitor and the mouse are called hardware. The instructions that direct the computer are called software or computer program.IT211 - Computer Organization2Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCComputerData which is raw facts that you the user enter into the computer is called input.When the data is entered into the computer, the computer processes the data to produce information which is output.

IT211 - Computer Organization3Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCFor example, you enter 2+2 into the computer as data, the computer processes it and the result is 4 which is information.3ComputerComputers are usually categories into three general categories:1.Supercomputer The fastest, largest, most powerful and most expensive computer.2.Mainframe Computer This is a little smaller and less powerful than the supercomputer, but, like the supercomputer it is also expensive.

IT211 - Computer Organization4Mindanao Polytechnic College GSC4ComputerComputers are usually categories into three general categories:3.Personal Computer (PC)- This is the computer that most people use in their daily lives. This computer is much smaller, less powerful and less expensive than the supercomputer and the mainframe computer.

IT211 - Computer Organization5Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCThere are two main types of personal computers. Macintosh (Macs) and the PC compatibles (PC). The main differences between the two are the operating systems and the processor they use. This category of computer has two additional types of computers. These are mobile computer and handheld computer. The most popular type of mobile computer is the notebook or laptop computer, and the handheld computer is a very small PC that you can hold in your hand.

It is important to note that, any computer; regardless of its size has an input device, output device and a system unit.5A BRIEF COMPUTER HISTORYGenerally speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each generation lasted for a certain period oftime, and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing computer.IT211 - Computer Organization6Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCThe computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on.6First Generation (1942-1955)The beginning of commercial computer age is fromUNIVAC(Universal Automatic Computer). It was developed by two scientistsMauchlyandEchertat the Census Department of United States in 1947.The first generation computers were used during 1942-1955. They were based onvacuum tubes. Examples of first generation computers areENIACandUNIVAC-1.IT211 - Computer Organization7Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCOther developments continued until in 1946 (ENIAC )When this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in sections of Philadelphia.

In 1953 the International Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their mark in the computer world. During this generation of computers over 100 computer programming languages were developed, computers had memory and operating systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were in use also were printers for output.

7Vacuum Tube

IT211 - Computer Organization8Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCENIACIT211 - Computer Organization9

Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCUNIVACIT211 - Computer Organization10

Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCFirst Generation (1942-1955)Advantages:Vacuum tubes were the only electronic component available during those days.Vacuum tube technology made possible to make electronic digital computers.These computers could calculate data in millisecond.IT211 - Computer Organization11Mindanao Polytechnic College GSC11First Generation (1942-1955)Disadvantages:The computers were very large in size.They consumed a large amount of energy.They heated very soon due to thousands of vacuum tubes.They were not very reliable.Air conditioning was required.Constant maintenance was required.Non-portable.Costly commercial production.Limited commercial use.Very slow speed.Limited programming capabilities.Used machine language only.Used magnetic drums which provide very less data storage.Used punch cards for input.Not versatile and very faulty.IT211 - Computer Organization12Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCSecond Generation (1955-1964)Thesecond generation computers used transistors. The scientists at Bell laboratories developed transistor in 1947. These scientists include John Barden, William Brattain and William Shockley. The size of the computers was decreased by replacing vacuum tubes with transistors. The examples of second generation computers areIBM 7094 series,IBM 1400 seriesandCDC 164 etc.IT211 - Computer Organization13Mindanao Polytechnic College GSC13Transistor

IT211 - Computer Organization14

Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCSecond Generation (1955-1964)

IT211 - Computer Organization15Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCSecond Generation (1955-1964)Advantages:Smaller in size as compared to the first generation computers.The 2nd generation Computers were more reliableUsed less energy and were not heated.Wider commercial useBetter portability as compared to the first generation computers.Better speed and could calculate data in microsecondsUsed faster peripherals like tape drives, magnetic disks, printer etc.Used Assembly language instead of Machine language.Accuracy improved.IT211 - Computer Organization16Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCSecond Generation (1955-1964)Disadvantages:Cooling system was requiredConstant maintenance was requiredCommercial production was difficultOnly used for specific purposesCostly and not versatilePunch cards were used for input.IT211 - Computer Organization17Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCThird Generation (1964-1975)TheThird generation computersused theintegrated circuits (IC). Jack Kilby developed the concept of integrated circuit in 1958. It was an important invention in the computer field. The first IC was invented and used in 1961..A single IC chip may contain thousands of transistors. The computer became smaller in size, faster, more reliable and less expensive. The examples of third generation computers areIBM 370,IBM System/360,UNIVAC 1108andUNIVAC AC 9000etc.IT211 - Computer Organization18Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCThe size of an IC is about square inch18Third Generation (1964-1975)

IT211 - Computer Organization19Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCThird Generation (1964-1975)Advantages:Smaller in size as compared to previous generations.More reliable.Used less energyProduced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of computers.Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds.Used fan for heat discharge to prevent damage.IT211 - Computer Organization20Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCThird Generation (1964-1975)Advantages:Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is rare.Totally general purposeCould be used for high-level languages.Good storageVersatile to an extentLess expensiveBetter accuracyCommercial production increased.Used mouse and keyboard for input.IT211 - Computer Organization21Mindanao Polytechnic College GSC21Third Generation (1964-1975)Disadvantages:Air conditioning was required.Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.

IT211 - Computer Organization22Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCFourth Generation (1975-Present)The fourth generation computers started with the invention of Microprocessor. The Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs.Ted Hoffproduced the first microprocessor in 1971 forIntel.It was known as Intel 4004. The technology of integrated circuits improved rapidly. The LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuit and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) circuit was designed. It greatly reduced the size of computer. The size of modern Microprocessors is usually one square inch. It can contain millions of electronic circuits. The examples of fourth generation computers areApple Macintosh & IBM PC.IT211 - Computer Organization23Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCFourth Generation (1975-Present)

IT211 - Computer Organization24

Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCFourth Generation (1975-Present)Advantages:More powerful and reliable than previous generations.Small in sizeFast processing power with less power consumptionFan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold.No air conditioning required.Totally general purposeCommercial productionLess need of repair.Cheapest among all generationsAll types of High level languages can be used in this type of computersIT211 - Computer Organization25Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCFourth Generation (1975-Present)Disadvantage:The latest technology is required for manufacturing of Microprocessors.IT211 - Computer Organization26Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCFifth generationFifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to makeartificial intelligencea reality.

IT211 - Computer Organization27Mindanao Polytechnic College GSCFifth generation

IT211 - Computer Organization28

Mindanao Polytechnic College GSC