2Lesson

NGSS Standards SS.4.A.3.9 Explain how Florida

(Adams-Onis Treaty) became a U.S. territory. SS.4.A.3.10 Identify the causes and effects of the Seminole Wars.

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John Quincy Adams signed a treaty that made Florida a U.S. territory. ↓

Write a number on each line to show how much you know about the meaning of each word below.

1 = I have no idea! 2 = I know a little. 3 = I know a lot.

territory

planter

*organize

reservation

*propose

How does control of an area change?What do you think?

Essential Question

The Florida Territoryand the Seminole Wars

In Unit 2 you read how a treaty is an agreement between nations. Have you ever made an agreement? What was the result of your agreement? Write your thoughts below.

In this lesson, you will learn about how the United States and Spain entered into a treaty which made Florida a U.S. territory. A territory is an area of land controlled by a nation. Read on to find out why Spain and the United States agreed to this treaty.

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NGSS StandardsSS.4.A.3.9 Explain how Florida

(Adams-Onis Treaty) became a U.S. territory. SS.4.A.3.10 Identify the causes and effects of the Seminole Wars.

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General Andrew Jackson during the transfer of power from the Spanish in Florida on July 10, 1821 ↓

The Adams-Onís TreatyIn the early 1800s, the Spanish government was having problems with Florida. Spain was busy fighting expensive wars in other parts of the world, and there were few soldiers available to control Florida. As a result, Spanish Florida had little law and order.

At the same time, Spain knew that many Americans wanted the United States to take control of Florida. There were a couple of reasons for this. First, many U.S. settlers in Georgia and other nearby areas wanted to settle on fertile land in northern Florida where the Seminole lived. Also, some American planters, or plantation owners, were upset that the Seminole protected escaped enslaved workers. As a result, the United States Army invaded Spanish Florida to fight the Seminole several times. These battles took place between 1817 and 1818 and came to be known as the First Seminole War.

During the First Seminole War, General Andrew Jackson entered Florida with an army of 3,000 men. Within a few months, many of the Seminole living along Georgia’s border with Florida were killed. The survivors fled south. During this war, Spain saw the strength of the American army. The Spanish government did not think it could defeat them. So, Spain agreed to sign a treaty. On February 22, 1819, Spain and the United States signed the Adams-Onís Treaty. This treaty made Florida a U.S. territory.

Circle the cause of the First

Seminole War. Underline its effect.

Draw a box around why Spain signed the

Adams-Onís Treaty.

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Pensacola TallahasseeSt. Augustine

LakeOkeechobee

ATLANTICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

Everglades

Seminole lands, 1750Seminole lands, 1827Seminole lands, 1842

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100 kilometers

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1. In what part of Florida did most Seminoles live in 1750?

2. Label the Seminole Reservation on the map.

3. Where did the Seminole live in 1842?

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Seminole Lands, 1750–1842 The Florida TerritoryEven though the Adams-Onís Treaty was signed in 1819, several years passed before it became official. In 1821 General Andrew Jackson became the military governor of the Florida territory. It was Jackson’s job to organize the transfer of power from Spain to the United States.

The Adams-Onís Treaty became final on March 30, 1822. William P. Duval served as the first governor of the territory. Leaders named the capital of the territory Tallahassee, a Seminole word that means “old field.”

The Seminole ReservationThe Florida territory quickly grew as American settlers poured into the area. As new white settlers claimed land, many Seminole were forced to move from their homes. As a result, tensions between the Seminole and the new settlers increased even more. In response, Governor Duval set up a reservation for the Seminole in central Florida in 1823. A reservation is an area of land set aside for Native Americans. The Seminole were unhappy about moving to the reservation, but many felt they had no choice. By 1827, most had moved.

Underline why Governor Duval

set up a reservation for the Seminole.

NGSS StandardsSS.4.A.3.9 Explain how Florida (Adams-Onis

Treaty) became a U.S. territory. SS.4.G.1.2 Locate and label cultural features on a Florida map.SS.4.G.1.4 Interpret political and physical maps using map elements (title, compass rose, cardinal directions, intermediate directions, symbols, legend, scale, longitude, latitude)

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Reservation

Everglades

northern Florida

The Second Seminole WarBy 1830, the situation had become even worse for the Seminole. That year the U.S. government proposed and later passed a law which created an Indian Territory in what is today Oklahoma. This law tried to force all Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River to give up their land and move to the new territory. Many people in the government believed this would allow settlers to move into the area east of the Mississippi and prevent further conflicts with Native Americans.

The Seminole didn’t want to move to the Indian Territory. They wanted to keep their way of life in Florida. The Seminole formed an army. The United States sent thousands of troops to Florida and spent millions of dollars on the war. In 1837 the U.S. Army also sent 4,000 troops to destroy crops, hoping to starve the Seminole into surrender.

In the end, about 4,000 Seminole surrendered. They were sent to the Indian Territory. About 300 Seminole, though, refused to surrender or leave Florida. They continued to live in the Everglades.

Did You Know?Did You Know?In 1836 the United States government had a budget of 25 million dollars. The Second Seminole War cost the government about 30 million dollars. That means the war alone cost more than it cost to run the entire government for one year!

The United States sent thousands of troops to Florida during the Seminole Wars. ↓

NGSS StandardsSS.4.A.3.8 Explain how

the Seminole tribe formed and the purpose for their migration. SS.4.A.3.10 Identify the causes and effects of the Seminole Wars.

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Underline why the Seminole did not want to move to the Indian Territory.

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Third Seminole WarIn the 1850s, Indian removal was still an issue in Florida. The U.S. government felt the only way to move the remaining Seminole to the Indian Territory was to force them into battle.

A group of white men entered a Seminole camp on December 18, 1855 to try to make the Seminole attack first. In response, Seminole chief Holata Micco, also known as Billy Bowlegs, led an attack on a U.S. military camp on December 20. This attack began the Third Seminole War. This war was much smaller than the Second Seminole War, with fewer deaths and less fighting.

After three years of war, the U.S. military brought a group of Seminole from the Indian Territory to talk with Billy Bowlegs. On May 7, 1858, in exchange for money and Seminole land in the Indian Territory, Bowlegs agreed to end the war. Not all of the Seminole moved to the Indian Territory, however. Some still remained in the Everglades.

Did You Know? Did You Know?Today, the Seminole Tribe of Florida is headquartered in Hollywood, Florida. They call themselves the “unconquered” because they never surrendered to the United States government.

NGSS StandardsSS.4.A.3.8 Explain how

the Seminole tribe formed and the purpose for their migration. SS.4.A.3.10 Identify the causes and effects of the Seminole Wars.

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Billy Bowlegs was one of the last Native American leaders to resist relocation to the Indian Territory. →

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Go back to Show As You Go! on pages 80 −81. There’s More Online! Games Assessment

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Fill in the chart with the causes and effects of each Seminole war.

Essential Question How does control of an area change?

Cause Effect

First Seminole War

Second Seminole War

ThirdSeminole War

Events of the Seminole Wars

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Americans wanted Semi-nole occupied land and to stop them from helping escaped enslaved people.

A treaty made Florida a U.S. territory.

Americans wanted Native Americans to move to the Indian Territory.

Many moved to the Indian territory. Others stayed.

Americans wanted the remaining Seminole to move.

Most moved to the territory. A few stayed.