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Transcript of lesson inf
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TO –INFINITIVE AND BARE INFINITIVE, A GUIDE
By Belén Sáez
Hernáez
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FORMS OF THE INFINITIVE
ACTIVE FORMSPRESENT INFINITIVE: (TO) VERB
PRESENT CONT. INFINITIVE: (TO) BE + -ING
PERFECT INFINITIVE: (TO) HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
PERFECT CONT. INIFINITIVE: (TO) HAVE + BEEN + -ING
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INFINITIVE PASSIVE FORMS:PRESENT INFINITIVE:
(TO) BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
PERFECT INFINITIVE:
(TO) HAVE BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE
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TIME REFERENCE1. PRESENT INFINITIVE: (To) verb
Refers to the present or future.
Ex: He expects to stay here for a week.
2. PRESENT CONT. INFINITIVE: (To) be + -ing
Refers to an action happening now.
Ex. He seems to be working hard
3. PERFECT INFINITIVE: (To) have + past participle
Refers to the past and shows that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb.
Ex. He claims to have won a lot of money. (First he won the money, then he claimed that he had won it)
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4. PERFECT CONT. INFINITIVE: (To) have + been+ -ing Refers to the past and emphasises the duration of the
action of the infinitive, which happened before the action of the verb.
Ex. He’s got a headache. He claims to have been working on the computer all morning.
The perfect infinitive is used with verbs such as seem, appear, believe, know, claim, expect and modal verbs. 5. PASSIVE - PRESENT INFINITIVE. (To) be + past
participleEx. He hopes to be offered a promotion.
6. PASSIVE – PERFECT INFINITIVE: (To) have been + past
ParticipleEx. She is believed to have been kidnapped.
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TO – INFINITIVE USES
1. TO EXPRESS PURPOSE:
Ex. Sam went to the bank to get some money.
2. AFTER CERTAIN VERBS (specially in reported speech):
agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse,
etc.
Ex. He promised to help us with the decoration
She agreed to call me later.
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3. AFTER ADJECTIVES which
a) Describe feelings or emotions (happy, glad, etc)
b) Describe willingness or unwillingness (willing, eager, relunctant, anxious, unwilling, etc.
I am eager/willing to help.
I was happy to hear that he had left.
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c) Refer to a person’s character (mean, clever, etc)
With these adjectives we can also use an impersonal
construction: It +be+adjective + of + noun/pronoun
It was clever of him not to believe them
d) And also with the adjectives lucky and fortunate.
I was clever not to believe them
They were lucky to get away without a fine.
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4. AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS AND PRONOUNS such as something, somewhere, anyone, nothing, etc. usually to show that something is necessary or possible.
We’ve got a lot of homework to do.
Take something to drink on the bus.
5. AFTER TOO/ENOUGH
6. WITH IT + BE + ADJECTIVE/NOUN
It is important to get there on time.
It is her ambition to open her own shop.
We are young enough to stay outlate.
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7) To talk about an UNEXPECTED EVENT which can be unpleasant, usually with only:
She came home to find her sister waiting for her.
They rushed to the airpot only to be informed that the flight had been cancelled.
8) After be + the first/second,etc/next/last/best, etc.
Don’t let me be the last to know.
I was the first to arrive.
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9) After verbs and expressions such as ask, learn, find out, wonder, want to know, decide, explain, etc, when they are followed by question words (who, what, where, how, etc.). *Why is followed by a subject + verb, not by an infinitive. Specially using reported speech.
He explained how to draw a map.
I learned what to do in an emergency.
They wanted to know where to take dancing
lessons.
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10) If two to -infinitives are joined with ‘and’ or ‘or’, the ‘to’ of the second infinitive can be omitted.
He agreed to come and help us
I couldn’t decide whether to stay or go.
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THE BARE INFINITIVEUSES: 1) After MODAL VERBS (can, should, must, etc)
But * Ought is followed by to + infinitive.
You should come for a walk with me more often.
I can swim like a dolphin.
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2) After the verbs let, make, see, hear and feel.
But * be made, be heard, be seen + to –infinitive (passive)
She was seen to talk to the manager.
When see, hear and watch are followed by an –ing form
(continuous action), there is no change in the passive.
I saw her getting into a taxi.
Can/could + see/hear + ing form.
We could see smoke coming out of the building.
They saw her talk to a mysterious
man.
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3) After HAD BETTER and WOULD RATHER
You had better see a a doctor.
4) Help and dare are followed by either the to – infinitive or the bare infinitive.
Mum helps me (to) finish my homework
Everyone thinks extreme sports are exciting but nobody dares
(to) practise them.