LESSON 6 – Arithmetic Operators

JAVA PROGRAMMING

Arithmetic operators and expressionsAs in most languages, expressions can be formed in

Java using variables, constants, and arithmetic operators.

Java has five (5) arithmetic operators.Operator Meaning Type Example+ Addition Binary total = cost + tax;- Subtraction Binary cost = total –

tax;* Multiplication Binary tax = cost * rate;/ Division Binary salePrice = original /

2;% Modulus Binary remainder = value

% 5;

Shorthand assignment statementShorthand assignment notation combines the

assignment operator (=) and an arithmetic assignment operator

It is used to change the value of a variable by adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing by a specified value

The general form isVariable Op = Expression

which is equivalent toVariable = Variable Op (Expression)

o The Expression can be another variable, a constant, or a more complicated expression

o Op can be are +, -, *, /, or %Example:

a += 4;Equivalent to: a = a + 4;

Shorthand assignment statementExample: Equivalent To:count += 2; count = count + 2;sum -= discount; sum = sum – discount;bonus *= 2; bonus = bonus * 2;time /= rushFactor; time = time /

rushFactor;change %= 100; change = change % 100;amount *=count1+count2 amount = amount *

(count1 + count2);

Arithmetic Operators and ExpressionsPromotionIf an arithmetic operator is combined with int

operands, then the resulting type is intIf an arithmetic operator is combined with one or

two double operands, then the resulting type is double

If different types are combined in an expression, then the resulting type is the right‐most type on the following list that is found within the expressionbyte→short→int→long→float→doublechar

Exception: If the type produced should be byte or short (according to the rules above), then the type produced will actually be an int

Arithmetic Operators and ExpressionsAn expression can be fully parenthesized in

order to specify exactly what subexpressions are combined with each operator

If some or all of the parentheses in an expression are omitted, Java will follow precedence rules to determine, in effect, where to place them

However, it's best (and sometimes necessary) to include them

Precedence ruleParentheses rule: Evaluate expressions in parentheses

separately.Evaluate nested parentheses from the inside out.Operator precedence rule: Operators in the same

expression are evaluated in the order determined by their precedence (from the highest to the lowest).

Operator Precedencemethod call highest precedence- (unary)new, type cast*, /, %+, - (binary)= Lowest precedence

Left associative rule: Operators in the same expression and at the same precedence level are evaluated in left-to-right order.

Precedence ruleWhen two operations have equal precedence, the order ofoperations is determined by associativity rulesUnary operators of equal precedence are grouped right‐

toleft +‐+rate is evaluated as +(‐(+rate))

Binary operators of equal precedence are grouped left‐torightbase + rate + hours is evaluated as (base + rate) + hours

Exception: A string of assignment operators is groupedright‐to‐left

n1 = n2 = n3; is evaluated as n1 = ( n2 = n3);

Precedence ruleEvaluation of z – (a + b / 2) * w / yz ‐ (a + b / 2) * w / y Operator, reason

evaluated‐‐/‐‐‐ /, parens and precedence‐‐‐+‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ +, parens‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐*‐‐ *, precendence, left assoc.‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐/‐‐ /, precedence

Increment and decrement operatorOperator Name Description++var preincrement The expression (++var) increments

var by 1 and evaluates to the new value in var after the increment.

var++ postincrement The expression (var++) evaluates to the

original value in var and increments var by 1.‐‐var predecrement The expression (‐‐var) decrements

var by 1 and evaluates to the new value in var after the decrement.

var‐‐ postdecrement The expression (var‐‐) evaluates to the

original value var and 10 in decrements var by 1.

Increment and decrement operatorIf n is equal to 2, then 2*(++n)

evaluates to 6If n is equal to 2, then 2*(n++)

evaluates to 4Using increment and decrement operators

makes expressions short, but it also makes them complex and difficult to read.

Avoid using these operators in expressions that modify multiple variables, or the same variable for multiple times such as this: int k = ++i + i.

JAVA PROGRAMMING

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