Lesson 3 alternatives to the multi-store model 2012 sh

Lesson 3 - Alternatives to the Multi Store Model

Friday, 13 April 2012

From last lesson.....

List the three stages, in order, within the Atkinson and Schiffrins (1968) memory model, describing the capacity and duration of each.

(3 marks)


From last lesson.....

List the three stages, in order, within the Atkinson and Schiffrins (1968) memory model, describing the capacity and duration of each.

(3 marks)

Sensory MemoryCapacity = UnlimitedDuration = up to 4 secShort Term MemoryCapacity = 7+/-2Duration = approximately 20secLong Term MemoryCapacity = UnlimitedDuration = Relatively permanant


What you need to know and be able to do by the end of the lesson• Using an example explain Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch’s model of

working memory: central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer

• Explain and evaluate the ‘levels of processing’ as informed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart


Levels of processing - Craik and Lockhart

Dispute the distinct sub-system model. Instead propose the the level of depth of processing determines storage in the LTM




More meaning = Deeper processing = better storage




More meaning = Deeper processing = better storage

Shallow encoding, basic features, repeating lists etc - bad storage


Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch’s model of working memory


The Visuospatial Sketchpad

The Visuospatial sketchpad is responsible for the temporary storage and manipulation of visual and spatial information.


The phonological loop is responsible for the temporary storage and manipulation of sounds. The phonological loop is responsible for speech-based information.

The phonological loop


The phonological loop explains why it’s a really bad idea to listen to music with lyrics while studying. If you’re paying any attention to the music, it will enter the loop, and compete for encoding with whatever you’re reading – even if you don’t read ‘in your head’, looking at words visually seems to put them into the phonological store too. If you don’t encode the information, you won’t store it, and you’ll have a harder time remembering it tomorrow, let along in an exam.

Study Tip


The Central Executive

This is the master controller of the working memory system. It’s functions are thought to include switching attention between tasks, selecting/ignoring stimuli, and activating necessary information from long-term memory. At the moment it’s unclear whether the central executive is one unitary mechanism, or whether it can be broken down into subsystems.


The Central Executive


The Episodic Buffer


The Episodic Buffer

26 years after the original working memory model, Baddeley added this third slave system. The point of the episodic buffer is to link together every piece of information from all other elements of working memory with further information relating to time and order. This process enables memories to be prepared for episodic LTM storage.


The Episodic Buffer


How do the four components of the working memory model interact?

Consider the following example. Suppose that you are trying to work out the fastest route to get to a party, and you check the street directory. You would use the phonological loop to sub-vocally rehearse the directions to keep the information active in the loop. You would use the visuo-spatial sketchpad to visualise a possible route. Your central executive would direct the episodic buffer to combine the auditory information from the phonological loop and the visual and spatial information from the visuo-spatial sketchpad. Information retrieved from LTM, such as landmarks you may come across along the route, would also be added. You might then create a mental representation of how you might best get there and your central executive would use all the information involved in planning your journey. When required, the episodic buffer would be used as a temporary mental workbench to make adjustments to the route.


Lesson 3 alternatives to the multi-store model 2012 sh

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