Lesson 3

International Accounting

Lesson 3

Contents

Section 1: OverviewSection 2: Reporting PerformanceSection 3: Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet)Section 4: Statement of Changes in EquitySection 5: Disclosures

Section One – Overview

IAS 1, ‘Presentation of financial statements’

A complete set of financial statements

• The primary statements- Statement of financial position (balance sheet) - period end- Statement of comprehensive income for the period- Statement of changes in equity for the period- Statement of cash flows for the period

• All primary statements of equal prominence• Notes, including summary of accounting policies

Section One - Overview

Comparative information

• Comparatives required for all numerical information • Comparatives required for narrative info when still relevant• Additional statement of financial position

- When retrospective application of accounting policies, restatements or reclassifications are made

- As at beginning of earliest comparative period- Not required IF not impacted and this is disclosed

Section One - Overview

Section Two – Reporting Performance

Statement of comprehensive income

• Single statement or two statement approach- Items of profit or loss (income statement)- Components of other comprehensive income (OCI)- Income statement displayed immediately before

• If two statements:- Income statement displayed immediately before statement

of OCI- Statement of OCI begins with net profit or loss

• Minimum line items• Presentation of items as “extraordinary” is prohibited

Section Two –Reporting Performance

Presentation of minority interest

Minority interest should NOT be presented as if it is an expense.

Section Two- Reporting Performance

CORRECT presentation

Profit for the year 100

Attributable to: Owners of the parent 90 Minority interest 10

100

INCORRECT presentation

Profit before minority interests 100

Less: Minority interest (10)

Net Profit 90


Statement of comprehensive incomeMinimum line items

• Revenue

• Finance costs

• Share of profit or loss of associates and joint ventures

• Tax expense

• Discontinued operations

• Profit or loss

• Profit or loss attributable to:- Minority interest- Owners of the parent

• Each component of other comprehensive income by nature

• Share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures

• Total comprehensive income attributable to:

- Minority interest- Owners of the parent

Additional line items, headings and sub-totals

• Required when relevant to an understanding of performance• Description and order of line items amended where necessary

to explain elements of performance • Framework qualitative characteristics of financial statements

- Understandability- Relevance- Reliability- Comparability

• Undefined terms may be used where relevant to an understanding (subject to meeting qualitative characteristics)


Additional line items, headings and sub-totals

• Operating profit not a required sub-total, although often presented

• If operating profit is presented- must include all operating items- whether or not they occur frequently- whether or not they involve cash flows

• Other sub-totals and line items – follow common understanding of terms used


Application of the requirement to analyse expenses

• IAS1 encourages analysis on the face of the income statement

• Expenses should be analysed by:- Nature, or - Function

• Choose most relevant presentation method, do not mix


Section Two - Reporting Performance

Analysis of expenses – types of expense

By NATURE:

• Raw materials and consumables

•Employee benefit costs

•Depreciation

•Amortisation

•Rent and utility costs

By FUNCTION:

•Cost of sales

•Distribution costs

•Administrative expenses

•Research and development

Application of the requirement to analyse expenses

• Choose most relevant presentation analysis method; by: - Function - usually used by manufacturers, retailers- Nature - usually used by financial institutions

• If analysis by function is provided, additional note disclosures analysing the nature of expenses is required


Capitalised expenses – operating items

Example: The entity capitalises $15 of its raw materials and employee benefit expense, all of which relate to the ‘cost of sales’ function.


Functional analysis

Sales 400

Cost of sales: [[Raw materials (100) Employee benefits (50) Less: capitalised costs 15]] (135)Operating profit 265

Finance costs (25)


Natural analysis

Sales 400

Raw materials used (100)Employee benefits (50)Work performed by the entity and capitalised 15Operating profit 265

Finance costs (25)


Capitalised expenses – finance costs

Example: In addition, the entity capitalises $10 of its finance costs.


Functional analysis

Sales 400

Cost of sales [[Raw materials (100) Employee benefits (50) Less: capitalised costs 15]] (135)Operating profit 265

Finance costs [[Interest and other charges (25) Less : capitalised interest 10] (15)


Natural analysis

Sales 400

Raw materials used (100)Employee benefits (50)Work performed by the entity and capitalised ?Operating profit ?

Finance costs ?


Capitalised expenses – finance costs

Example: In addition, the entity capitalises $10 of its finance costs.


Functional analysis

Sales 400

Cost of sales: [[Raw materials (100) Employee benefits (50) less; capitalised costs 15] (135)Operating profit 265

Finance costs [[Interest & other charges (25) Less capitalise interest 10]] (15)


Natural analysis

Sales 400

Raw materials used (100)Employee benefits (50)Work performed by the entity and capitalised 15Operating profit 265

Finance costs, net (15)


Material items of income and expense

• Must be separately disclosed

• Examples in IAS 1:- Inventory write downs- Restructuring costs- Profits/losses on disposal of PPE/investments- Litigation settlements- Reversals of provisions

• Disclosure on the face of the statement can be problematic in functional analysis (ie where the item also impacts other functional categories).


Finance costs and Derivative gains / losses

• Finance costs- Examples:

• Interest payable • Unwinding of discounts on financial liabilities• Finance charges on finance leases

• Finance income - Examples

• Interest income on cash and cash equivalents• Unwinding of discounts on financial assets

• Finance income should not be netted against finance costs • Derivative gains and losses


Associates and joint ventures – equity method

• Usually presented after finance costs

• Net of tax and minority interests• Major part of business – some

flexibility in order of presentation• Share of associate/joint venture

revenue ≠ part of ‘Revenue’


Other comprehensive income (‘OCI’)

• Items of income and expense are recognised in profit or loss unless standards prescribe or permit otherwise

• OCI = income & expense items not recognised in profit or loss• Examples of OCI:

- Revaluation gains/losses on PPE and AFS financial assets- FX gains/losses on translation of foreign operations- Gains/losses on effective cash flow hedging instruments

• Components of OCI presented net or gross of related tax- If Gross, total tax is presented in single line- Tax related to each component must be disclosed


Other comprehensive income (‘OCI’)

Reclassifications (‘recycling’)- As required by standards- Previously recognised in OCI- Transferred to profit or loss


‘Recycling’ of other comprehensive income


Item Recycled under IFRS?

Revaluation of PPE and intangible assets

No Decrease can only be recognised in OCI if they reverse previous increments for the same asset

Actuarial gains/losses on defined benefit plans (optional)

No Immediate recognition in retained earnings

FX gains/losses from the translation of foreign operations

Yes Transfer to P&L required

Gain/losses on revaluation of available-for-sale financial assets

Yes Transfer to P&L required

Effective portion of gains/losses from cash flow hedges

Yes Transfer to P&L or include in cost/carrying amount of non-financial asset or liability (basis adjustment)

Summary of Key Learning Points

• Single or two statement approach• Minimum line items prescribed• Additional line items, sub-totals and headings • Flexibility not to be abused• Regulatory requirements


Section Three – Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet)

Statement of Financial Position

• Minimum line items prescribed• Order not prescribed• May amend descriptions according to the nature of the entity• May include additional line items where relevant• Current/non-current classification or liquidity basis • Classes of assets/liabilities with different measurement bases,

would generally warrant presentation as separate line items

Section Three – Statement of Financial Position


Statement of financial positionMinimum line items

• Property, plant and equipment

• Investment property

• Intangible assets

• Financial assets (other than those shown on other line items)

• Investments accounted for using the equity method

• Biological assets

• Inventories

• Trade and other receivables

• Cash and cash equivalents

• Held for sale assets and assets included in disposal groups

• Trade and other payables

• Provisions

• Financial liabilities (other than those shown on other line items)

• Current tax assets and liabilities

• Deferred tax assets and liabilities

• Liabilities included in disposal groups

• Minority interest

• Issued capital and reserves attributable to owners of the parent

Statement of Financial PositionBasis of presentation

• Liquidity basis if more relevant• Choice driven by type of business • Manufacturers and retailers → current/non-current basis• Financial institutions → liquidity basis• Disclose assets and liabilities to be recovered or settled

- With 12 months of balance sheet date- More than 12 months from balance sheet date



Current vs. Non-current

Current asset:

• Expected to be realised, sold or consumed within entity’s normal operating cycle

• Held primarily for trading purposes

• Expected to be realised within 12 months after balance sheet date

• Unrestricted cash or cash equivalent

Current liability:

• Expected to be settled within entity’s normal operating cycle

• Held primarily for trading purposes

• Expected to be settled within 12 months after balance sheet date

•No unconditional right to defer settlement for at least 12 months after balance sheet date

Operating cycle

Definition of ‘operating cycle’:

“the operating cycle of an entity is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents”

• Items realised, sold or consumed within operating cycle are current items

• Operating cycle may be more than 12 months


Breaches of borrowing covenants

• Current/non-current status based on condition at balance sheet date

• Post year end covenant breaches:- Classification not affected

• Pre- year end covenant breaches on long term loans:- Current classification generally required, unless

• lender agrees to period of grace• agreement occurs before balance sheet date• agreement postpones required repayment until at least

12 months from balance sheet date


Summary of Key Learning Points

• Minimum line items prescribed• Additional line items, sub-totals and headings • Most relevant basis of presentation • Current/non-current classification based on status at balance

sheet date


Section Four – Statement of Changes in Equity

Statement of Changes in Equity

• Presents owner changes in equity• Arises from transactions with owners in their capacity as owners;

Examples include:- Issuances or repurchases of equity shares- Dividend distributions

• Reconciles the beginning and ending balances of each component of equity

• Components of equity include:- Each class of contributed equity- Accumulated balance of each class of other comprehensive income- Retained earnings


Section Five – Disclosures

Key judgements

“ An entity shall disclose, in the summary of significant accounting policies or other notes, the judgements…that management has made in the process of applying the entity’s accounting policies and that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the financial statements.”


Estimation uncertainty

“An entity shall disclose information about the assumptions it makes about the future, and other sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period, that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year. In respect of those assets and liabilities, the notes shall include details of:

(a) their nature, and

(b) their carrying amounts as at the end of the reporting period. ”


Other disclosures - Capital

• Information that enables users to evaluate the entity’s objectives, policies and processes for managing capital

• Qualitative information regarding objectives, policies, and processes for managing capital (what it manages as capital, externally imposed requirements, and how it meets its objectives)

• Quantitative data and other related disclosures


This publication has been prepared for general guidance on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice. You should not act upon the information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication, and, to the extent permitted by law, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, its members, employees and agents accept no liability, and disclaim all responsibility, for the consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to act, in reliance on the information contained in this publication or for any decision based on it.

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Lesson 3

Business

Transcript of Lesson 3