Lesson 1 Vocabulary

. solemn promise: a formal or legally binding pledge to do something such as tell the truth in a court of law, made formally and often naming God or a loved one as a witness 2. words of promise: the words said when making a formal pledge, especially when reciting a conventional formula such as that used in a court of law 3. swearword: a swearword, especially one that uses the name of God or another sacred name in a disrespectful way

oath. solemn promise: a formal or legally binding

pledge to do something such as tell the truth in a court of law, made formally and often naming God or a loved one as a witness 2. words of promise: the words said when making a formal pledge, especially when reciting a conventional formula such as that used in a court of law 3. swearword: a swearword, especially one that uses the name of God or another sacred name in a disrespectful way

adj [gə lánt, gə lnt]

1. courteous: courteous and thoughtful, especially toward women 2. brave: brave, spirited, and honorable (literary) 3. majestic: grand and majestic (archaic) 4. stylish: stylish or showy in dress (archaic)

gallantadj [gə lánt, gə lnt]

1. courteous: courteous and thoughtful, especially toward women 2. brave: brave, spirited, and honorable (literary) 3. majestic: grand and majestic (archaic) 4. stylish: stylish or showy in dress (archaic)

1. ability to avoid giving offense: skill in situations in which other people’s feelings have to be considered 2. discretion: an intuitive sense of what is right or appropriate

tact1. ability to avoid giving offense: skill in

situations in which other people’s feelings have to be considered 2. discretion: an intuitive sense of what is right or appropriate

n

1. difficulties: difficulty or suffering caused by a lack of something, especially money 2. cause of hardship: something that causes hardship

hardshipn

1. difficulties: difficulty or suffering caused by a lack of something, especially money 2. cause of hardship: something that causes hardship

adj 1. without an occupant: having no occupant or contents There were several vacant seats on the bus. a vacant lot 2. unoccupied by an incumbent or official: not occupied

by an incumbent, official, or possessor 3. lacking expression: showing no signs of thought, intelligence, or expression

a vacant stare 4. free from activity: free from activity, business, or work

a vacant afternoon CORE MEANING: lacking contents or occupantsvacant describes a house or room that has no occupants, often

temporarily; unoccupied describes a building that has no one in it, especially when this has been the case for quite some time; empty describes something such as a container that has no contents or something such as a room that has no occupants; 

vacantadj 1. without an occupant: having no occupant or contents There were several vacant seats on the bus. a vacant lot 2. unoccupied by an incumbent or official: not occupied

by an incumbent, official, or possessor 3. lacking expression: showing no signs of thought, intelligence, or expression

a vacant stare 4. free from activity: free from activity, business, or work

a vacant afternoon CORE MEANING: lacking contents or occupantsvacant describes a house or room that has no occupants, often

temporarily; unoccupied describes a building that has no one in it, especially when this has been the case for quite some time; empty describes something such as a container that has no contents or something such as a room that has no occupants; 

1. vti be or make somebody suitable: to have or give somebody a skill or attribute necessary for a particular activity 2. vti have or give somebody eligibility: to become legally eligible or make somebody legally eligible for a position or privilege

• Did your exam results qualify you for the job? 3. vi win first round of competition: to complete the preliminary part of a competition successfully and earn the right to go on to the next stage

qualify1. vti be or make somebody suitable: to have

or give somebody a skill or attribute necessary for a particular activity 2. vti have or give somebody eligibility: to become legally eligible or make somebody legally eligible for a position or privilege

• Did your exam results qualify you for the job? 3. vi win first round of competition: to complete the preliminary part of a competition successfully and earn the right to go on to the next stage

1. intense: intense and lively keen competition 2. sensitive: finely tuned and able to

sense minor differences, distinctions, or details a keen sense of smell 3. enthusiastic: very eager and

willing not very keen on the idea 4. acute: quick to understand

things a keen sense of humor 5. sharp: with a sharp cutting edge

(literary) a keen razor 6. biting: extremely cold and penetrating a keen wind 7. very good: fine or very good (dated slang) a keen new bike

keen1. intense: intense and lively keen competition 2. sensitive: finely tuned and able to

sense minor differences, distinctions, or details a keen sense of smell 3. enthusiastic: very eager and

willing not very keen on the idea 4. acute: quick to understand

things a keen sense of humor 5. sharp: with a sharp cutting edge

(literary) a keen razor 6. biting: extremely cold and penetrating a keen wind 7. very good: fine or very good (dated slang) a keen new bike

1. envious: feeling bitter and unhappy because of another’s advantages, possessions, or luck 2. suspicious of rivals: feeling suspicious about a rival’s or competitor’s influence, especially in regard to a loved one

jealous1. envious: feeling bitter and unhappy

because of another’s advantages, possessions, or luck 2. suspicious of rivals: feeling suspicious about a rival’s or competitor’s influence, especially in regard to a loved one

• 1. vt leave somebody behind: to leave somebody or something behind for others to look after, especially somebody or something meant to be a personal responsibility

• pets abandoned by their owners 2. vt leave a place because of danger: to leave a place or vehicle, especially for reasons of safety and without intending to return soon

• Drivers caught in the snowstorm had to abandon their vehicles. 3. vt renounce something: to renounce or reject something previously done or used

• The practice was abandoned long ago.

abandon• 1. vt leave somebody behind: to leave somebody or

something behind for others to look after, especially somebody or something meant to be a personal responsibility

• pets abandoned by their owners 2. vt leave a place because of danger: to leave a place or vehicle, especially for reasons of safety and without intending to return soon

• Drivers caught in the snowstorm had to abandon their vehicles. 3. vt renounce something: to renounce or reject something previously done or used

• The practice was abandoned long ago.

4. vt give up control of something: to surrender control of something completely to somebody else

As troops closed in the town was abandoned to its fate. 5. vt halt something in progress: to stop doing something before it is completed, usually because of difficulty or danger 6. vt INSURANCE give up to insurer: to surrender part of an insured property to the insurer in order to make a claim for total loss 7. vr give in to emotion: to give yourself over to a powerful emotion

He abandoned himself to his grief. n lack of restraint: complete lack of inhibition or self-restraint

abandon4. vt give up control of something: to surrender control of

something completely to somebody else As troops closed in the town was abandoned to its fate. 5. vt

halt something in progress: to stop doing something before it is completed, usually because of difficulty or danger 6. vt INSURANCE give up to insurer: to surrender part of an insured property to the insurer in order to make a claim for total loss 7. vr give in to emotion: to give yourself over to a powerful emotion

He abandoned himself to his grief. n lack of restraint: complete lack of inhibition or self-restraint

n (takes a singular or plural verb) 1. factual information:

information, often in the form of facts or figures obtained from experiments or surveys, used as a basis for making calculations or drawing conclusions 2. COMPUTING information for computer processing: information, for example, numbers, text, images, and sounds, in a form that is suitable for storage in or processing by a computer

datan (takes a singular or plural verb) 1. factual information:

information, often in the form of facts or figures obtained from experiments or surveys, used as a basis for making calculations or drawing conclusions 2. COMPUTING information for computer processing: information, for example, numbers, text, images, and sounds, in a form that is suitable for storage in or processing by a computer

adj 1. not accustomed: not used or

accustomed to something 2. unfamiliar: not usual or known before

unaccustomedadj 1. not accustomed: not used or

accustomed to something 2. unfamiliar: not usual or known before

n 1. unmarried man: a man

who is not married, or one who has never been married 2. young knight: a young knight in feudal times who served under the banner of another knight or a great lord 3. unmated young male seal: a young male seal, especially a fur seal, that older male seals keep from having access to breeding grounds 4. Canada See bachelor apartment

bachelorn 1. unmarried man: a man

who is not married, or one who has never been married 2. young knight: a young knight in feudal times who served under the banner of another knight or a great lord 3. unmated young male seal: a young male seal, especially a fur seal, that older male seals keep from having access to breeding grounds 4. Canada See bachelor apartment

Raleigh

phrase1. GRAMMAR grammatical unit: a string of

words that form a grammatical unit, usually within a clause or sentence 2. LANGUAGE fixed expression: a string of words that are used together

clause• n • 1. GRAMMAR group of words: a group of

words consisting of a subject and its predicate. A clause usually contains a verb and may or may not be a sentence in its own right.

• The sentence “she left before he arrived” contains two clauses, “she left” and “before he arrived.”

gerund1. noun from a verb: a noun formed from a

verb, describing an action, state, or process. In English, it is formed from the verb’s -ing form, as “smoking” is in the phrase “No smoking.”

infinitive• basic form of verb: a form of a verb with no reference

to a particular tense, person, or subject. • In English, an infinitive is usually preceded by the word

“to,” as in “to see.”

• The form of the verb that expresses existence or action without reference to person, number, or tense and can also function as a noun: in English, it is usually the form of the the first person singular present preceded by the marker to (Ex.: to go, to think) or by another verb form (Ex.: can he speak? make him try)