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![Page 1: Less Common Causes of Elbow Pain - bonepit.com Common Causes of Elbow Pain Tyler...Less Common Causes of Elbow Pain Tyler Crawford, MD May 11, 2006. ... Valgus stress leads to “kissing](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021505/5adcfc087f8b9a595f8c4616/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Less Common Causes of
Elbow Pain
Tyler Crawford, MD
May 11, 2006
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Pain in the throwing athlete
Usually medial
Usually (85%) during acceleration phase
Etiology: Ulnar collateral ligament tears,
ulnar neuritis, flexor-pronator
strain/tear/tendonosis, medial epicondyle
avulsion, valgus extension overload
syndrome, olecranon stress fractures,
OCD, loose bodies
Cain EL. Amer J Sports Med 2003; 3(4):621-635
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Ulnar Collateral Ligament
Most important to exclude an injury to the
ulnar collateral ligament
Anterior band from the medial epicondyle
to the sublime tubercle
Injury usually not a difficult clinical
question
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Munshi M. Radiology 2004; 231:797-
803Cain EL. Amer J Sports Med
2003; 3(4):621-635
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Ulnar Collateral Ligament
Kijowski R Skeletal Radiol(2005) 34:1-8
T2 FS T2 FS
Partial tear Complete tear
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Valgus extension overload
syndrome
Repetitive high loads during throwing may
lead to anterior band UCL attenuation &
failure
Carry angle (nl 11 men and 13 women)
may increase to >15 degrees
Valgus stress leads to “kissing lesion”
osteophytes on posteromedial
olecranon/trochlea
Cain EL. Amer J Sports Med 2003; 3(4):621-635
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Valgus extension overload
syndrome
Subtle laxity may
contribute to medial soft
tissue and posterior
compartment osseous
disorders
Posterior compartment
osteophytes and bodies
are the most common
cause for surgery among
baseball players
Cain EL. Amer J Sports Med 2003; 3(4):621-635
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Cain EL. Amer J Sports Med 2003; 3(4):621-635
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Cain EL. Amer J Sports Med 2003; 3(4):621-635
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Snapping Elbow
Subluxation of the medial head of the
triceps
Subluxation of the ulnar nerve
Intra-articular factors, such as torn annular
ligament
Synovial folds
Intraarticular bodies
Fukase N, Skelet Radiol 2005 Jun 7
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Synovial Folds
Commonly seen within the elbow as a
remnant of joint development
May simulate intra-articular bodies
Normal anterior and posterior fat pads
may mimic synovial folds
Awaya H. AJR:177, Dec 2001
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Awaya H. AJR:177, Dec 2001
Synovial
fold
Normal
nodularity
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Synovial Fold Syndrome
Patients present with locking or limitation
of full extension because of impingement
Superoposterior plicae in the superior
olecranon recess
Both symptomatic and asymptomatic
patients may have thickened folds
Awaya H. AJR:177, Dec 2001
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Awaya H. AJR:177, Dec 2001
Chronic pain
T1 FS
ArthrogramGRE T1 FS
Arthrogram
Pain Chronic pain
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Radiohumeral Synovial Fringe
Arises from the embryonic joint septum and
almost always present anteriorly and
posteriorly.
Embryos rarely have a lateral fringe
Adults can develop a lateral fringe over time.
Enlargement, hardening, & lateral extension
is likely a manifestation of underlying
derangement or degeneration.
Isogai S. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001; 10:169-181
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Synovial Fringe
Duparc F. Surg Radiol Anat (2002) 24:302-307
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Distribution
DorsalVentral
Lateral
50 Specimens
6 11
5
5
24
4 2 2 2
Duparc F. Surg Radiol Anat (2002) 24:302-307
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Isogai S. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001; 10:169-181
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Synovial Fringe/Posterolateral
Impingement
Athletes engaged in repetitive motions
such as throwing or golfing are prone
Complain of pain, clicking or snapping,
swelling, or inability to fully extend.
Flexor-pronation test—not helpful
Anconeous soft spot tenderness—most
helpful
Kim D. Amer J Sports Med. 2006, Vol 34, Num 3, p. 438-444
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Duparc F. Surg Radiol Anat (2002) 24:302-307
Nerves
Fatty
Fibrous
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Flexed Extended
PD
Huang G. Eur
Radiol (2005) 15:
2411-2414
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12 yo boy with a snapping elbow
Fukase N, Skelet Radiol 2005 Jun 7
PD
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Fukase N, Skelet Radiol 2005 Jun 7
PD T2*
Extension
Flexion
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Fukase N, Skelet Radiol 2005 Jun 7
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Lateral elbow pain
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Lateral elbow pain
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Lateral elbow pain
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Lateral elbow pain
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Lateral elbow pain
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Lateral elbow pain
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Lateral elbow pain
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Lateral elbow pain
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Lateral elbow pain
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Lateral elbow pain
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Biceps Tendon Anatomy
Above elbow, flat surface faces anterior.
As the tendon courses distally, it moves in a more posterior and lateral position and twists 900, so that the anterior surface faces laterally.
Distal attachments to the radial tubercle and the fibrosus lacertus (bicipital aponeurosis)
Chew ML. Radiographics 2005;
25:1227-1237
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FABS
Flexed elbow
ABducted shoulder
Supination of the forearm
Minimizes partial voluming effects
Improved visualization of insertion
Center of the magnet optimizes fat
supression
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FABS
Chew ML. Radiographics 2005; 25:1227-1237
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Biceps Brachii
Injury typically seen in weighlifters
Forced hypertension applied to a flexed
and supinated forearm
With complete tear, muscle may retract or
be held in place by the lacertus fibrosis
(bicipital aponeurosis)
Tear can be mimicked by a partial tear,
tendonosis, and cubital bursitis
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Biceps tear
Melloni P. Eur J Radiol 54 (2005) 303-313.
PD T2
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Complete tear biceps
Intact lacertus fibrosus
Chew ML. Radiographics 2005; 25:1227-1237
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Complete tear repair
Chew ML. Radiographics 2005; 25:1227-1237
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Partial tears of the biceps brachii
Increase signal within the distal biceps
tendon
55% demonstrated bicipioradial bursitis
Insidious onset was more common than an
acute traumatic onset of pain
No echymosis or loss of function
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Partial tears of the biceps brachii
Williams BD. Skelet Rad (2001) 30:560-564.
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Partial tear--FABS
PDPD FS
Chew ML. Radiographics 2005; 25:1227-1237
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Bicipitalradial bursa
No tendon sheath.
There is a paratenon
surrounded by the
bicipitoradial bursa.
Becomes more
compressed with
pronation.
Shaf AY. Radiology 1999;212:111-116
Median
Biceps
tendon
Bursa
Deep
radial
nerve
Superficial Radial n.
Interosseous b
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Bicipitoradial Bursa
Chung C. Clin Ortho:383, pp. 162-174
Short head
Long
Bursa
Bursography
Shaf AY. Radiology 1999;212:111-116
Long
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Bicipitoradial bursitisMass in cubital fossa
Most have pain
Some experience impairment in motion
If there is extensor muscle weakness, look for compression of the deep and superficial branches of the radial n.
Etiologies include RA, partial tear of the biceps tendon, and repetitive trauma
Shaf AY. Radiology 1999;212:111-116
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Bicipitoradial bursitis
Shaf AY. Radiology
1999;212:111-116
No contact with
adjacent nerves
Displaces radial d. and s. branches in a
woman who presented with forearm pain, a
mass, and extensor m. weakness.
Superficial
Deep
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Cubital Tunnel
Deep borders are the medial epicondyle,
the trochlea and the posterior band of the
ulnar collateral ligament
Roof is the arcuate or Osborne’s ligament,
a retinaculum between the ulnar and
humeral heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle—extends from the olecranon to
the medial epicondyle
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Cubital tunnel
Posterior
recurrent
ulnar a.
Arcuate
ligament
Ulnar n.
Kim YS. Skelet Radiol
1998.; 27:419-426.
T1
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Cubital Tunnel
Boles CA. AJR:174, Jan 2000
Kim YS. Skelet Radiol
1998.; 27:419-426.
Flexor
carpi
ulnaris
T1 T1 T1
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Flexion
Kim YS. Skelet Radiol
1998.; 27:419-426.
T1 T1
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Flexion
Kim YS. Skelet Radiol
1998.; 27:419-426.
T1 T1
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Chung C. Clin Ortho:383, pp. 162-174
T1 T1
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Ulnar nerve entrapment
Most frequent nerve at the elbow due to its
fibro-osseous tunnel
Ganglion, accessory muscle or abnormal
muscular insertion, pannus, osteophyte,
etc.
Ulnar n. often thickened above and within
tunnel, and tapering more distally
Melloni P. Eur J Radiol 54 (2005) 303-313.
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Ulnar n. entrapmentT1 FS GRE
Melloni P. Eur J Radiol 54 (2005) 303-313.
Ly JQ. J Clin Imag 29 (2005) 278-282
STIR
ganglion
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Jeon IH. Skelet Radiol
(2005) 34:103-107
Anconeous epitrochlearis
T1
T1
Sag
STI
R
Flexor carpi ulnaris h. and u. heads
Anconeus
Anconeous
epitrochlearis
Anconeous
epitrochlearis
Ol
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Cubital tunnel syndrome
2nd most common compression
neuropathy of the upper extremity after
carpal tunnel
Causes include medial trochlear
osteophyte, incongruity between trochlea
and olecranon, soft tissue mechanical
compression during flexion, and traction
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Compression or traction?
Cadavers without cubital tunnel stenosis
Cubital tunnel decreases in size with flexion
Extra and intraneural pressures are lowest at about 45 degrees
Gelberman RH. J Bone Joint Surg. 1998:80-A;4,
492-501.
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Compression or traction?Pressures rise quickly at flexion
greater than 90 degrees
Intraneural pressures rise faster
and higher than extraneural
pressures
Ulnar n. cross-sectional area
decreased as the cubital tunnel
decreased without effacement of
surrounding fat
Suggests traction may be more
important than compression in
many symptomatic patients
Gelberman RH. J Bone Joint Surg. 1998:80-A;4,
492-501.
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Implications?
Decompressing the ulnar n. without transposing it out of the cubital tunnel or decompressing it through a medial epicondylectomy would not likely treat any symptoms arising from traction.
Lack of fat effacement within the cubital tunnel at imaging does NOT exclude cubital tunnel syndrome, even in the flexed position
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Ulnar nerve dislocation
Can be a cause of medial elbow pain or
snapping/catching sensation
Medial dislocation over the medial
epicondyle
Absent arcuate ligament between the
ulnar and humeral heads of the flexor
carpi ulnaris
Jacobson, JA. Radiology 2001;220:601-605
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Jacobson, JA. Radiology 2001;220:601-605
u
o
m e
m h t
ExtensionFlexion
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m e
u
u
m h t
ol
Extension Flexion
Jacobson, JA. Radiology 2001;220:601-605
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Snapping triceps syndrome
Medial subluxation/dislocation of both the
ulnar nerve and the medial head of the
triceps over the medial epicondyle
Difficult to distinguish clinically from ulnar
nerve dislocation
Isolated ulnar nerve translocation in the
setting of snapping triceps syndrome will
not stop the problem
Jacobson, JA. Radiology 2001;220:601-605
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Extension Flexion
u u
m e
m h tm h tm h t
Jacobson, JA. Radiology 2001;220:601-605
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Awaya H. AJR:177, Dec 2001
Boles CA. AJR:174,Jan 2000
Cain EL. Amer J Sports Med 2003; 3(4):621-635
Chew ML. Radiographics 2005; 25:1227-1237
Chung C. Clin Ortho:383, pp. 162-174
Duparc F. Surg Radiol Anat (2002) 24:302-307
Fukase N, Skelet Radiol 2005 Jun 7
Gelberman RH. J Bone Joint Surg. 1998:80-A;4, 492-501.
Huang G. Eur Radiol (2005) 15: 2411-2414
Isogai S. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001; 10:169-181
Jacobson, JA. Radiology 2001;220:601-605
Jeon IH. Skelet Radiol (2005) 34:103-107
Kijowski R Skeletal Radiol(2005) 34:1-8
Kim D. Amer J Sports Med. 2006, Vol 34, Num 3, p. 438-444
Munshi M. Radiology 2004; 231:797-803
Shaf AY. Radiology 1999;212:111-116