Les 1.b - Introduction to Communication

8/4/2019 Les 1.b - Introduction to Communication

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Introduction to the communication studies

2


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Communication

A. Definition

A. Different forms of communication

A. Why do we communicate

A. Communication models


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Communicatie

An image on communication ?


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Definition of Communication

Communication is the exchange ofsymbolicinformation between humans who are aware ofeach others direct or mediated presence.

This information is transmitted interpreted -received on a conscious as well as asubconscious level.

Frank Oomkes


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Communication

EXCHANGE

From one to the other >AND BACK (Cfr infra)

Symbolic information

Symbolically referring to something else

Eg STOEL

(NEXT SLIDE)

Information vs communication

The literal meaningSMOKE = SMOKE

Communication: the symbolic meaning of information

SMOKE = SIGNAL = COMMUNICATION


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Communication symbolic

information

;-) What is this?


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Communication symbolic

information

Information vs Communication


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Communication aware of

To be aware of each other

No awareness of the exit-sign NO communicati

Writing a letter?Communication


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Communication

Conclusion: Communication = All verbal or non-verbal

behaviour On a conscious or subconscious

level


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Communication

On a conscious or subconscious level

No, Im not inlove with you

Our communication transmitters can not be switched off.


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Communication

To be aware of each others direct or mediatedpresence


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Summary

A. Definition of communication

Everything is communication

A lot is unintentional informatie VS communicatie (= symbolic

information)

Direct or mediated


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Communicatie

B. Forms of communication

Interpersonal communication

Mass-communication

Intrapersonal communication


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Communicatie - interpersonal

Interpersonal communication

Between people in the vicinity of our senses

Via audio-visual- aids MEDIATED

! Limitations: time space size -distance


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Mass-Communication

Masscommunicatie Via medium: graffiti,

exposition, newspaper,TV, books, homepage

OR direct: speech! The absence of the

intention of exclusion

Distance in space, time,

between sender &receiver


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Intrapersonal Communication

Intrapersonal communication

Internal discourse


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Why do we communicate

C. Why

Biologic motives

Basic wants & needs: Food, drinks, sex,


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Why do we communicate

2. Interpersonal motives

2. dependancy, attention, agression, confirmation of the image ofthe self, dominance, security, respect, intimacy & love

2. William Schutz (1958)

Inclusion is the need to establish identity with others.

Control is the need to exercise leadership and prove one'sabilities.

Affection is the need to develop relationships with people.


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Why do we communicate?

3. To order and manage the society

(Maatschappelijke motieven)

3. Laswell (1948) environmental surveillance

Correlation of the different parts of society in making a

response to the environment

Transmission of the social heritage from one generation to

another


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Why do we communicate?


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Communication

Two levels of communication

HERES JOHNY


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Model of Communication

D. Model of communication

Traditional model of communication

Refinements of the traditional model of

communication


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Model of communication

Traditional model

BUTReceiver nor sender is passive


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Model of Communication

Refinement


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2. Other refinements

a. Message

b. Communication Channels

c. Noise

d. Code - Decode

e. Selection techniques

f. Situation


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a. Message

CONTENT LEVEL

1. Referential level

The literal content - the literal meaning

CONTEXTUAL level

1. SELF Disclosure level

level where one tells something about oneself

2. RELATIONAL level

level where one is telling something about the relationship between oneselfand the other person (

3. Appellative level

level where one tells the other person what to do

Schulz von Thun 1992 Each message consists of 4 messages


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a. Message

Situation: a married couple in a car with the wife drivingand the husband beside her.

He says: "The traffic light is red."

Referential level> "The traffic light is red"2. SELF Disclosure level > might be: "I've seen the red light

and I think I have to tell you this," OR another possibility: "I wonderwhy the traffic light is red."

3. RELATIONAL level > can be: "I'm in the position to tell you these

things-- and you have to listen carefully,"4. Appellative level > can be "Stop!" OR "Tell me why this light is red."

we need a context


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b. Communication channels

Vocal Channel

Talking & listening to each others

Visual channel

Wacthing television

Tactile channel

Hugging the one you love


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c. Noise

DeVito 1991

physical noise

cars screeching, air conditioners humming, a speaker's lisp, and sunglasses.

Our senses are having trouble to receive the message

psychological noiseclosed mindedness

biases and prejudices

semantic noise

jargon, technical, or complex terms

> the receiver fails to grasp the meanings intended by the sender

#Channels ~ failure of communication-noise


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d. Code ~ Decode

= coderen - decoderen

= How to code & decode abstract feelings like love having adifferent referential framework


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e. Selection processes

Selective transmission: sender only sends what he findsinteresting, good for his own cause,

Selective focus: you do not read all the newspapers, but you

select one + select some articles

Selective perception: A physical & psychological necessity!

Selective memory(Freuds repression): Ah, when I wasyoung, everything was better!

Selective acceptance: >smoking kills, but I dont want toaccept this logical fact

Selective talking to others:we do not want to be a bore, tooffend others,


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e. situation

Space

How & what we talk about, eg Bar, - classroom

Conversation partners: are you literally- close to me?

Time

Amount of time, what time of day?,

Conversation partners

What is our relationship

Third parties (talking with your girlfriend on the sofa or talking with yourgirlfriend in presence of your boss)

(Sub)cultural rules

Own language stile & behavioural rules

Les 1.b - Introduction to Communication

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