Leopold Ranke-The History of Servia-Cyprien Robert-The Slave Provinces of Turkey

7/27/2019 Leopold Ranke-The History of Servia-Cyprien Robert-The Slave Provinces of Turkey

1/546Publ

icDomain

/http://www.hathitrust.org/acce

ss_

use#pd

The history of Servia, and the Servian revolution. With a sketch

of the insurrection in Bosnia. By Leopold Ranke. Tr. from the

German by Mrs. Alexander Kerr. To which is added, the Slave

provinces of Turkey. Chiefly from the French of Cyprien Robert.

Ranke, Leopold von, 1795-1886.London, H. G. Bohn, 1853.

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015011235580

Public Domain

http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd

This work is in the Public Domain, meaning

that it is not subject to copyright. Users are

free to copy, use, and redistribute the work

in part or in whole. It is possible that current

copyright holders, heirs or the estate of the

authors of individual portions of the work,

such as illustrations or photographs, assert

copyrights over these portions. Depending

on the nature of subsequent use that is made,

additional rights may need to be obtained

independently of anything we can address.


2/546

u\l_.l... ..

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


3/546

!

@ & w ~

, - v m m " \ _

1 1 5 4 1 1 1 w

' f < . . ; l I= ! ; ' - sir Pv-

1 .

:% ! : ' \ , i ) ' 1 .j i 7 lI ' \

- __

u | | | | n nm - | | m | Inmnum | | | | | | m | | | m =

-,a----uppn---Q

rnu muvsfmwiiminmmnnnumimulmmmnmnmmi

= _ I._: 1 : -

-,-_--..-.--_.___

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


4/546PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


5/546PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


6/546PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


7/546PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


8/546

E R V I A,

V O LUTIO N .

HO F

N IN BO S N IA.

.

MTH G RMAN

D R E RR.

IN C E S O F TUR E Y

M TH R N C H O F

R T.

, O R TR E T ,C - O V E N T GARD N .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


9/546

9

O N A N D O N S ,

1 1 B O F F I C E , T .M AR TI N ' S L AN E .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


10/546

O F E R V I A,

T O R .

signedtoProfessorRankeamong

sanytributetohis distinguished

us,a nd ,a tthe sa me t im e ,a ff o rdsa su icie nt

cityofeveryproductionemanating

the researchesofRankecanbe

a ndthe Re vo lu t io no f e rv ia is

d im po rta nce tha nm a y at rst

of ervia,betweenTurkeyand

he neighbouringcountries,

1i.a.,andMoldavia,aborder-iand

sofoppositecreeds, hasmadethis

actedstrugglebetween uropean

a lde spo t ism -be twe e nthe Christ ia n

.

ict ing f o rce s,the e rv ianspre -

cleofa brave,hardy,andsimple

onalindependenceandreligious

th,andsubjectedto thecruelper-

d e l op p re s so r s, t h ei r e b r ts t o t hr o w o

ttle encomagementfromC hris-

tso f ara sthe y co uldbe m a de instru -

croachments,orcounteractingthe

eknown totherestof urope.

so f u ro pe ha v e be eno v e rrunby

ists , e rv ia a ndthe ne ighbo uring

romTurkeyarealmostterm in-

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


11/546

a v el le rswho v is itVie nna a ndCo n-

eamboatsplyontheDanube,

y writerwho ha sm a de ng l ish

e rv ia : * to the a b il i ty a nd inte l l i -

e nglishpublicareindebtedfor

tof thepresentstateofthe

ntry.

st ia npe op le sub je cte dto an in de l

se cite a sy mpa thy tha to ughtto be

nsalso.ProfessorRanke, ina

h isW o rk,e pre sse sa ho pe tha t

ansm a y e cite ino urm ighty nat io n

st ia nsunde rT urkishru le . T h is

edthe tra nsla to rinv enturingupo na ta sk,

d haveinducedhertoshrink

nimatedandencouragedbyan

tingtheauthor sviews.

essandjudicialcautionofRanke,

style,whichpresentmany

oustranslator,characteri ethe

otherW orksbythesameauthor.

partly bythevagueandfrag-

materials,andpartlyby those

ancesW hereeffectsappeardispro-

ritis aprevailingcharacteristicof

hatgreateventsariseout ofseem-

thespringsofactionin national

soughtforinthe breastofan

feelingsofasmalland yetuncivi-

singonlyto treatoftheRevo-

ndo ccup ie dch ie y with the m ostst irr ing

story,is,however,notlimited to

Re tro spe ct iv e ke tch o f the

lier chaptersaredevoted,givesas

rise andfallofthenation asis

aderto understand.thepositionof

entoftheirstrugglefor independ-

be assatisfactoryapictureas

gestM e m be ro f the uro pea n a m ily.Lo ng-

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


12/546

hroughtheveilofobscuritywhich

e rv ia.T V ie we dasa who le ,inde e d ,

aluablecontributiontoour veryimper-

in te re stingpe o ple : ite h ib its ina

enceofMoslemdespotism,even

uropeanpowers,againstthe

eopleunitedindefenceof theircivil

kingdo m ,thenre ducedto the sta te o f

withouta name,andnowaprin-

mentofGeorgewitsch,theson of

oge - -m a y be rega rdeda sthe pre -

te so f the a sternco rnero f uro pe,

cipationfrom .Lurkishthraldom_

iv i l i e dsta te s,the re isa wa nto f

isthesoulof nationalhonour.

therightsof propertyarenot

will andmightprevail.

t he m t he s i mp l e pl a n,

ke who ha sthe po we r,

an.

hroughoutthehistoryof ervia.

hristianity,thoughstifledinthe

i c t fo r e i s te n ce , w as n o t wh o ll y e t i nc t . B ut i t

a v ita lrel ig ion ,puri e df ro m

n. he co me s rm ly e sta b l ishe d in

theinstitutionsofa country,that

ancanbefullyunderstoodand

cha ra cte ra nd in ue nce of W o m a n

tracedbyRa-nke, suggeststhe

greattruths,moraland political

ceofthetranslatorto enterupon

tedher toremarkthatthe

na t io nsto the in de ly o ke,ism a tter

asubjectthatcalls fortheatten-

ftheenlightenedand powerful

ndom.

htenment,whenmissionariesare

trine so f Christ ia n ity a m o ngthe he a the n in

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


13/546

orld, _anclthelegislatureisorgan-

ducationalschemeforthepeopleat

asonabletohopethatthecondi~

e so ne arto usa s e rv ia,wi l l e cite

hrenin faithinthisfree country.

lemrulersis sostronglyopposed

erviansandBulgarianstoform

ndeventoacquirethe elementsof

thatitis onlybyforeignintervention

e ctualf o rbe ingo f a pe a ce fu lkind tha t

essoearnestlydesiredby the

hesecountriescanbe affordedthem.

ersin uropefromthe rst

thepeople,andimpoverishingthecountries

arring alikeagainstliberty,

is tia n ity .If W e a re to judge o f a

theirfruits, We shouldallunite

dan religionandtheobstructive

ub l ime P o rte sho uldy ie ld to the no w

o f Christ ia ncivi l i a t io n.

nofMrs. errs Translationof

ory of ervia,thePublisherhas

ame Authorssketchofthestate

ughslight,isthe onlyavailableaccount

ountbyProfessorRa-nkeofthe

Turkey,itis hopedthattheinforma-

cll icl ing pa ges,de riv edch ie y f ro m

be rt,wi l lbe a cce pta b le to the P ub l ic

theattentionof uropeisdirected

nube,_

e ,

- , 1 85 3 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


14/546

T O R O F E R V I A.

coouoo

criv n rcnrcno rT H Rrsno r-v rnn

bes.- irsttracesofthe ervianRace.-V iew

Re la tio uso f the e rv iansto the Gree k m pire.-w

C o nstant ine L\/ lo nom a chus. T he Gra nd hupa ne s.

de ricBa rbaro ssa a tthe clo se o f the T we lfthC e ntury .

ansto the W e ste 1 nC hurch. -Ne w ccle s ia s-

e r vi a .- T h e e r vi a u i n gs . - C o n i c t be t we e n

- te phanDushan . Incre ase dP o we ro f the

ee nthCe ntury . -P ro gre sso f Civ i l i a t io n.- ta te

a t io na l ity of the e rv ianLa ws- ... 1

A L L or s a vm w L rn n rr r v. l ,

R om an m p ir e i n th e o u rt e en t h C e n t ur y . D e at h o f

-C o nseque ntDisse ns io ns.- E ncro achm entso f the

ssova.- S ubj.ugationO fthe, ervian tate. The

- i g na l D ef e at o f t he e r vi a ns n e ar V a r na , i n 1 4 4 .

tare ne e ct . S u1- rende ro f Bosn ia n o rtresse sto

f e r vi a i n th e i t e en t h C e n tu r y. - ' - x a c t i on o f

T he P e ace o f P a ssa ro vit .- -Orse n iC z e rno vich .

gro. Insurr e ct iono f the e rv ians in1737.- ~ T he

o m ple te ub juga t io nof the e rv ians1

r L 11 ~ m s o r T H T n a ms n : IN S T I TU T IO N S I N P

e n Is lam ism a ndC hrist ia n ity.- -T heirD i e re nce co nside re d

a n issa rie s. S ta te o f the Ra y a hso rN a t iv e Inha b ita nts .

.- T he pa h is.- S ta te o f Af fa irsa tthe Clo se o f the

iC o m me rcia lCha ra ctero f the P a tria rcha te a t

im ne y T a in e rv ia.- T urkishDissens io ns.

bers . C hristia nse cludedf ro m a llP ub l ic

O p p r e ss i on a n d De g ra d at i on o f t he e r vi a ns . - P r es e rv at i on

...,..25

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


15/546

0 N n 1 r 1o N , C n n n ne rn a, A N D P O E T R o r TH

la ry a in ts.- Bro ther1y a nd iste rly A ' e ct ion .

b le Custo m o nthe Dea tho f a Bro the r.- Inst itu -

o d . - e st iva lo f the Ga rla nds. M a rria ge

nge inC a se so f M urde rno tkno wn in e rv ia.

S ubst itu te sf orC hurche s. P o v erty o f the

0nf e ss io n . -De pende ntsta te o f the Mo nks.--C lo iste rs .

h .- -V e ne rat io n f o rNa ture .- e st iva l inho nouro f

m of the W o m e no n t .Ge o rge s v e .-W h itsunt ide .

he r a li e . T h e V i l i .- e s ti v al o f t . o h n. -

of the Do dola ,a o rm o f Invo ca t io n f o rRa in .

f t . B ar b ar a . - w e ar i ng b y t he u n a nd b y t he

e rv ianT o a sto r e nt ime nt . Re m a rka b le Rel ig ious

a s.- ~ Be 1 ief inV a m pyre sa ndW itche s. P e r-

P o we i- f u l in ue nce o f the V i l i .- - e rv ian

a la ndHero ic o ngs.- -T he Gusle .- F e st iva lM e e t ings.

p le . S o ngso f Husba ndry .- -Am a tory

iono f He ro ic x p lo its.- H istorica lBa lla ds.- -M i tu re

u lous- .- N a t io na 1C o l le ct io no f o ngs.-W ild

Hunyad..-.Page35

G IN o r T H R n cn n rr M o vs m mr r s I N T u n n r .

y a nd itsDe pe nde ncie s .- W a ro f 17-88 . T he

stria andthe \ e rvia ns. P russ ia nP o licy .-

P o werin e rv ia. -VV e a knessa ndHe sita t ion

m ent. Re f o rm so f u lta n e l im III.- re nch

Pa y o f the T urks. -M il ita ry Impro v em e nts. In troduc-

s . T he .Ia nissa rie s .- - f f e ctso f the Cha nge s

GI N o r TH D I T UR BA N C E S I N n nv m.

ade. TheDal1is._E bu-Bekir,PachaofBelgrade.

he Aga ,De l iAchm e t.- -Rise o f Osm a nP a ssv a n

h al i es . A l e a N e n a d ov i ts c h, G r an d n e s of e r vi a .

-Returnofthe anissariestoBelgrade-

nko .- -De a tho f the P a cha. -T he Dah is .

es. -UnsuccessfulRevolt.--Addressofthe

Gra nd ign ior. -T hrea tso f the u lta naga inst

la ughte ro f the e rv iansby the Da his66

U RR C T I O N A GA IN S T 1 -a n Da ms .

a ntry . Div isio nso f e rv i ,a . -M e et ingso f the

a Ge orge . T he He yducs. -V e l iko.- - a co b

e He yduc ju rtsh ia .--Ra p idP ro gresso f the

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


16/546

. i

Ge orge ise le cte dCo m m a nde rof the e rv ia ns. -

he Da h isa ndthe Ra y a Guscha n Al ia ndthe rdscha l ie s.

s .- -Atta cko f Belgra de by the Arm y of the chu-

o f a T ro opo f He y ducs.- .Ia co bNe na dov itscha nd

o rtresso f P o sch-a re va . T he P a cha o f Bo snia

- lightoftheDahis.--Theyareput todeathby

n no r mn u r or r u n O P P O S I T IO N A G AI N S T

I G N I O R .

- Insurre ct io n in the Bo sn ia nDistr icts. ' -De atho f

M e liem e t a pe ta n ,- of v o rnik.- - The e rv i-a ns

ido f a o re ignP o we r. M e d iat io no f Russ ia .

o nsta nt ino p le .- S e rv ian ta te me nto f the x pe nses

pe 1 a t io ns in the o uthernDistricts .- Re pu lse o f

nov a .- E nte rprise so f a co bNe na do v itscha nd

- urre nde ro f U sch i e . P o l itica la ndM il i t .- iry

T he .I=a n issarie s .- T he u lta n e l im IIIa rre sts

A P ac h a of N i s c h i s or d er e d to d i sa r m th e

ch iv ko v itsche cite sthe e rv iansto re s ist . T he y

z . H isRe trea ta ndDe ath ....88

S E n v1 AN W A R o rL I B R A T IO N I N 1 8 0 6 AN D 1 8 07 .

Giuscha Vu l itsche vitsch ,Vo iv o de o f m e dere v o ,is

T he e rv iansta ke the T owno f m e dere v o . -

a a ndBe 1gra de. -Re newe dDe te rm ina t io nof

Ra y a hs.-Gene ra lRisingo f the e rv ians.-

T he Arm y of Ha j iBe ga ga ina ppe a rs in the

ov itscho f f e rsto ne g0t ia te . T he e rv ianDe put ie s

T he P e op le d istrusttheirC h ie f s,a ndre f use

-Arriva lo f Ib ra him P a cha a tN ischwitha Bosn ia n

dMe n.- -Bri l lia n t ucce ssof a ra Ge orge .-

. C o n ictbe twe e nthe e rv iausa ndT urks

T o ta lDe f ea to f the T urksby a ra Ge org -e . T he ir

GallantDefenceofthe ortressofDeligradeby

e ace ispro pose dby Ibra h im P acha . Ne go t ia t i0ns

ervianDemandsareadvocatedbyPeter

d itio nso f fe re dby the Po rte . E uro pea nRe la tio ns in

TheTurkishGovernmentrefusestoratifythe

e. C a pture o f Be lgrade by a ra Ge orge .-

te sthe C ita de1 . T re ache rousM a ssacre o f the

a l l of c h ab a , a n d of U s ch i e . - a c ob N e n a -

cite a n Insurre ctio n inBo snia .- T he T urks

M ile nko .- S e rv ice so f the He yducV e l iko.-

e rv ia ns,..,..101

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


17/546

M A r 1 oN o rA E R V I A N G O V E R N M N T .

anGo v e rnm e nt.- T e nde ncy to wa rdsM il i ta ry

de s , Mo m ke s , an d n e se s . I n u e nc e o f a r a

a lAsse m bly,o rD ie t . C o nst itu t iono f the Civ i l

C o u nc i l or e n at e . - -- s t ab l is h me n t of c h oo l s.

ce.- E le ct io n of the o wie tn iks ,o rM e mbe rso f the

u e nc e o f Ml a de n a nd M i lo i e in t h e e n at e . - A rr i va l i n

n i ki n , th e R us s ia n C o u n c il l or o f t a te . - C o n -

dDisputes. - ke tcho f the a rly Life o f a ra

L AT IO N S o r - sn vr aT 0T H G N E R AL T AT o r

R E Y .

oalitionagainst rance.- N apo1eonabandons

te r n m p ir e .- T h e V s l ar o f i 18 0 6. F r e nc h I nf l u-

Re la tio nso f the uro pea nP o werswith

ne ionofRussiawith the ervians. -O pposingParties

re. De posit io nof e l im Il I. Atthe P e ace o f

ertstheC auseoftheTurks. HisV iewsregard-

mencementofHostilitiesbetweenthe erviansand

viaissupportedbyRussia13

M PA u -m s o r 18 0 9 AN D 1 8 1 C . - - A R TH S T i t

B O UN D AR I S . -

i m a ag a in s t Bo s ni a . - T h e w o rd o f M eh o O r u g d-

orge sN e w x pe d itio n :- P o et ica l u lo g ium o n

P a n ica ndDe f ea to f the T u1 ks. J e a lous ie sbetwe e n

o ie. S te nhe n inge litsch, ne so f Re ssa v er,

S ucce ssf u lP ro gre sso f the T urks.- Re trea to f

o nt ie r.- - He ro ism of the He y ducV e l iko. T he

oftheC ountrytotheRightof theMorava.

: in ,the Russia n nv o y,le a v e sBelgra de a ndcro sse sthe

Russ ia nArmy cro ssesthe Lo we rDanube. Re pu lse o f

D isun io nam o ngthe e rv ians. Russ ianP ro -

ngo f the C a m paign in1810. T he e rv ians

uesto f the ra ina. C hursch id -Ali ,the Ne w

hestheMorava,withan Armyof30,000men.

a ndthe Co untry la idwa ste by Chursch id-Al i .--

byaDetachmentof3000men underC olonel

S ucce sse so f the e rv ians.- K a ra Ge orge m a rche sto the

T he T urksa re de f ea te dby the e rv i-a ns. C lo se

-

rssnns io ns.- M o NA: a cn1oALP o wnn.

po f Lo sn it a .- Dispute sa tthe kupscht ina in

urtherAid isso l icite d f ro m Russ ia. -P e te rDo brin ja e cite s

raGeorge,andattemptstorestrict hisPower.-

e Co nsp ira cy aga insth im . He ca rrie s im porta nt

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


18/546

i

te,a nde f f ectsGre atC ha nge s.- Arriv alo f a

r- a de . V e l iko isgaine do ve rto the P a rty o f

nl


19/546

.

ervians.- MiloschdispersestheInsurgents

rdshisPromises-BarbarityoftheTurkstowards

rtuna te sca pe o f Milo sch f ro m Be lg1 a de . M ilo sch

of aGeneralInsurrectionPage186

R V O L UT l0 N o r M1 Lo sc n.

f M i1o sch . - H isho noura b le C o nduct .

eArseniLomo. HisPunishment.The

beyMiloschas theirLeader.-War is

ringo f 1815.- Oppo singV ie wsa mo ngstthe

ucco ur. P re t la to ry W a ro nthe U ppe rl \ / Iora v a.

e Insurre ct io n .- Adv anta gesga ine dby the e rv ians.

a f o rt i e dP o sit io no nthe o luba ra .

sitionat Ljubitsch. TheTurksattackthe

e T urks. K indnessa ndGe ne ro s ity o f M ilosch

C a pture o f P o scha re va ,a nd x pu ls io no f the

lightthe orceoftheBosnianP-achaon

imity o f the e rv ianC h ie f .T wo f o rm ida b le

e rontiers196

Pn nl on o r PR L IM IN A R N E G O T IA TI O N S .

re ce ive dby the Co ngre ssa tVie nna . E x cite -

tianPopulationinTurkey.. TheTwoTurkish

ian ro nt ie r,a ndpropo se Ne go t ia tio ns.-

hurschidAli.MaraschliAli ismore

adsthe e rv ians. -C o nci lia to ry Re ce pt io no f

s ,by the P acha a tBe lgra de. T he e rv ia ns

al la ga ingarriso nthe o rtresse s. P urport

cess io ns.- T l1o se C o nce ss io nsnotsa nct io ne dby the

.- C o nse que ntDisa ppoin tme nto f the e rv ians.

re ss io no f the T urks. M ilo sch isde s ire dby the P acha

heirArm s.- C o nt


20/546

iii

I N S 1 I TU TI O N S A N D R UL o r MI LO S C H .

T he ne ses.- Disa gre e me ntsbetwe e nthe m a nd

he Co ntro lo v erthe m . -Re v olta ndDe atho f

sch . -Ge nera lOutbre a k. - a i lu re of the

DemandsofthePeople. MilojeDjak.- He

o f the Re v olt . H is ucce sse s. He is

tschanddefeated.- MovementsoftheTschara-

ase dP o we ra ndAutho rity of M ilo schP a ge 223

E TT L M N T O F E R V I AN A F A IR .

Gre e kRev o lu tio no n e rv ianAi a irs . T he Ru le o f

Gra nd ign ior. T he a tte nt iono f uro pe is

s t. R u ss i a de m an d s th e u l l m en t o f th e

TneC onferenceofAkjerman.- V iewsofthe

[ he V ice roy o f gy pt. De struct iono f the a n is -

at io no f newT ro o ps.- Af i a irso f Gree ce . T he Russ ia ns

msoftheTreaty.- Arrangementsregardingthe

ntoftheC laimsofthe pahis. A ' airsofthe

da rie sde te rm inedo n233

1 1 I N T R N A L A DM IN I T RA TI O N O F M I LO S C H ,

ITIO N AGAIN S Tmm.

He ise lecte d n ia s.-- T he P orte m a kesthe Dign ity

y- ~He a ssum e sa rbit ra ry P o we r,a ndne g lects

f the Na t io nby pro mo t ing itsC iv i l i a t io n. -

doptedastheModelforthe proposedLawsof

P ro ce ed ingso f Milo sch.- He e nde av o ursto mo no -

o f the Co untry . -H isT rea tm ento f the P l lbl lu

He re f use sto be sto wLa ndsa nd sta teso nh isC o urt ie rs . -

- He p le dge sh im self to a cce de to the W ishe s

upscht ina o f 1835.- - i io nce ss io nso f the n ia s2 6

C H A R T R O F 1 8 38 A LL O F M rL os c1 -1 .

o nst itu t ion . C o nducto f M i1o sch . H isM o no -

m a ndVutsch itscha re e pe l led f ro m e rv ia. H istory

Dissat is t a ct iono f Russ ia a ndthe P o rte withM ilosch .

sulse ntto e rv ia . Abra ha m P e tro n ie vitsch .-

T he e na te ism a de supe rio rto the n ia s.- l\ / I ilo sch

P o we r, T he e i le s , e phrem a ndV uts~

e na tors .- - The e rv ianM in istry . M ilo sch

He re turnsto e rv ia. M o v em e nts inh is

schdef e a tsthe Re be ls. He m a rche s in to Be lgra de

my . -M iloschse nte ncedto x i le .

a v o ur o f h is o n ,a ndh isRet ire me nt in to

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


21/546

T .

a nr.O nnnuov rrscn.

sDo wnf al l . H- ise lde st o n ,M ilan ,be ing in i l lhea lth ,

elyPower-. V utschitschwithothersforma

-Dissensionsamongthem.- Michael,the

succe e dsa tthe De a tho f M ila n .- ' l he P o rte

dPetronievitschintheGovernment.

eopIe. ' TheirDemandsareaccededtoin

o m m issa ry. He re t ire swithso me o f

e l len tde s ignso f te phe nRa d itsche vitsch.

osition.--C omplaintsagainsttheGovernmentof

isun ion .- T he e a to f Go ve rnme nt ist ra nsf e rre d

Discontent. -AMovementagainstMichael

ch itschro use sthe P eo p le . -T e mpo ra ry ucce sse so f

chaelis,however,compelledbyhis Troopsto

utschitsch.- M ichae lre f use sto gra nth isDe -

d ispe rse .- -He is f h irce dto re tre a t ,a ndta ke

utschitschentersBelgrade,andassumesthe

A L X A N D R A R AG so ne nv rr sc n.

isformed,andthe kupschtinaconvened.-

a ra Ge orge ,chose na sP rince .- V utschitsche e r-

y.- GencralIncreaseoftheO ttoman

uss ia re gard ingthe le ct io no f A1e a nde r. -

. P re sent ta te o f e rv ianA ' a irs .- Re v iew

o ns.- P ro bab le P rogre ss in the C iv i l i a t io nof

' e c ts o f t he C h a rt e r. I s la mi s m an d p i ri t o f th e

so ppo se d . T he Ne ce ss ity o f sepa ra tingthe Chris -

- Inhab ita ntso f e rv ia. -C o nclus io n235

9

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


22/546

S N I A .

I.- S ta te o f Bosn ia II. Atte mpta tRe f o rm _ .III.- Insurre ct ion inBo sn ia IV.- Act iv e Ope ra t io na nd ucce ssof the Gra ndV i ie r

ks .....

IN C E S O F TUR E Y .

rkey in18 9 5 ) -51 l l .- -T he M onte negrins III. E a rly H isto ry o f M onte negro IV.- -M o ntene gro in the ightee nthCe ntury

o ra ry H isto ry o f the M o nte negrinsVl. P re sent ta te a ndP ro spectso f M o nte ne gro V II. T he Bu lga ria nsV lII. S urv ey o f the iv e .P rov inceso f Bu lgaria .IX . S o cia lCo nd it io nof Bu lga ria .T he Haiduks

p irat io nso f the Bu lgaria nsa fte rInde-

thelastcentury

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


23/546

we thus, re a d we a re thus.

. o r o f fe re d , re a d o ppo sed .

we lv e. o r the te rrib le , re a d th isterrib le.

o r e rn l in , re a d e m lin .

sco pe a ct io n, re ad sco pe of a ct io nl

sho u ldbe inRo m a n lette rs.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


24/546

E R V I A.

E K E T C HO F T H R I E O F TH

bes.-- irsttracesofthe ervianRace.--V iew

t ionso f the e rv iansto the Gre ek m pire.

nstantineMonomachus.--TheGrand hupanes.

de ricBa rbaro ssa atthe clo se o f the T we lf thC e ntury .

rv iansto the W e ste rnChurch . -Ne w ccle s ia s-

e r vi a . T h e e r vi a n i n gs . - C o n i c t be t we e n

- te phanDushan .- Incre ase dP o we ro f the

ee nthCe ntury . P ro gre sso f Civ i l i a t io n. S ta te

na l ity o f the e rv ianLa ws.,,

ndsigni cantepochinthehistory

nsisfoundtowardstheclose oftheninth

immensetractsofcountryhad

umeroustribes,ofwhoseverynames

cognisant,had advancedsomesteps

storicalandgeographicalrecognition.

he Av a rs ,ha dbe e ncasto f f a nd

e clavonianstoraisethemselves

attempttheformationofpolitical

the la tte rpa rto f the nin th

ndthe gre atM o ra via -nkingdo m e te nd ing

do wnthe lbe : e ve nthe Ze ch ia ns

andtothisday theyrecollect

toplukinMoravia.Atthis timearose

eneighbourhoodofGnesneand

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


25/546

N T s nn vm .

rstprince swho d idnotbe lo ngto the

vonic-Tshudishtribes,under-

e Russ ia n m pire waso rig inal ly

he rsta de cide dd ire ct io nto wa rds

onstantinople.Meanwhile,the

thodiusandC yrillus,traversedall

theDanube, andbecamedistin-

arly missionariesbytheirendea-

ardofthe nationallanguages,by

hservice.

a ro f the rsta ttem ptsm ade by

sformingpoliticalinstitutions.

tracetheoriginandmigrations

inglanguagesandmythswith

itm a y - sn ice - to sa y,tha t f ro m the

ndthe m in- the co untry wh ichthe y o ccupy

hensiveviewofancient ervia,

untry-fromacentralsummitof that-

te nding~f r= o m the Alpsto the

decl iv - it ie so f which ,with the riv e rsa nd .

f ro m the m,a ndthe v a lle y sthey f o rm ,con-

ante rrito ry be twee nthe Da nube .o n ,

andtheArchipelagoonthe other.

heseII10 ( 1I1l32tlD.ridges described

ariegatedwoods,wherethedarkness

lybywhiterocks, -orbyperpetual

e n inposse ssio no f the e rv ians.T he y

thebanksof theDrinaandthe

e ,a longthe co urse o f bo th the

be,and southerly,toUpper

ikewise,thecoastsof theAdriatic

vedunderthe governmentoftheir

sre ga rdle sso f the po l icy -of surro und in

o ,the e rv iansd idno t ,l ike th

co nst itu te a d istinct ta te,bu .

m a cy o f the a sternRo m a n m pe ror.

habitedhad,fromancienttime

erritory3 anditstill remainef

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


26/546

D ma nG R E K M PI R . 3

m pi r e wh e n th e / V c s t er n m p ir e

t im e o f Cha rle m agne .T he e r-

e m bra ce dthe Christ ia n f a ith but

bjectthemselvesentirely,either

rchof the Gre e ks.

nedonacknowledgingthesupremacy

didsoonlyon theconditionthat

ctto cagovernmentproceeding

o se ru le they a lo horre d ,a sbeing .e to r-

mperor,accordingly,permitted

bynativechiefs, -solelyoftheirown

patriarchalformofgovernment.

tywerealso.-givento themin

andwriting whetherthesewere

rf ro m the W e st .T he y ,l ike wise,

aliturgywhich wasintelligible-to

ndtha t ,e arly in the te nth ce ntury ,.a co n-

avonianpriests,fromallthedioceses,

hopo f N o na ,h imse lf a cla v on ia n

eenestablishedon earth,endea-

present,andto promotethosegeneral

stinyof thehumanrace,itwould

en allowedtodevelopitselftheunrestrainede erciseofitsown innatestrengthand

developmentdependsmaterially

anewlyemergingpeopleenters

a - sta te o f civ i l i a t io n , a ndre vie wingthe h istory o f the v a rio us cla v on ia ntribe s,it is

mentwasdeterminedbythe

e r ci s ed u p on t h em .

Moravians,Zechians,C aranta--

e nt ,e ve nthe P o le s - jo inedthe m se lv e s-

e,a sre ne weda m o ngthe Ge rm ans,a nd

a kingpa rt in the chang ing f orm so f

rose. i

rphyro ge nitus,De v .-a sBa si li i T he opha ne s.co nt i-

r ot g b ar a i . r C ' n 1 z c e iv w v n \ s yn 1 _ v o v g lc a i

ov p v o v g . i Q n d ps r ov g f ip o v ra g a i r ra r pu c p w p ii g

bs i \ o v- r c g e i iv o a v c ip s v a i r t v d t wp i aa r o.

C l o i a nu s , i i i. _

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


27/546

.

iatedwiththe asternC hurch,in

edbyit 3yetmuchdifferencewas

.

oopowerfulthroughthe German

tooremotefrom thecentreofthe

v ernm enta tC o nstant inop le to th ink

endencethefoundationfor the

ervians,onthecontrary,who had

reek mpire,andacknowledged

dtostrain everynerveagainstthe

ek mperorstoincreasetheir

e Greeks,despiteofthestipu-

to,attemptedto take erviaunder

ndto sub je ct it to the ir na ncia l

s design,aGreekgovernorwas

theproceedingincitedageneral

te phanBo ist law,who wa sim pri~

e,foundmeanstoeffecthisescape,

nd.Hequicklyassembledthe

theGreekgovernor,with his

sentedtohavebeen,like their

rannical,werecompelledtoleave

arstohave takenupaposition

omBy antium,ladenwithrich

ds andheenteredintoalliance

f the Gre e k m pire,who we re a t

obtaintheirfreedom.

3 , C o nstant ine Mo no ma chus,in

hthedominionhehadlost,sent anume-

dtopenetratefromthe coastinto

nsencounteredthemintheirmoun-

wisspeasantshavesooftenmet

reGreek armyWas annihilatedin

le s .

otonlydidit putaspeedy

hmentoftheC ourtofC onstan+

tgo v ernm e nt,but ita lso rm l

werofthe Grand hupanes5whos

thepreservationofthenationalinde-

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


28/546

E S .D

ntwas feltonbothsides.By

earanceofacometis believedtohave

h ichthe y e pe rience d in e rv ia. "

nhistory,thatbythe Presbyter

rtentwith alltheembellishments

eyhad,inaftertimes, tooppose

dva ntage to the e rv ianstha tthey

s ofW esternC hristendom:from

alwaysopenaid,atleast acertain

gerlysoughttoallythemselvesin

ho useso f W e ste rn uro pe 3a nd

lwaysmentionsuchallianceswith

erviansrejoicedinbeingcon-

ho se re lat io nswith the a ste rn

l2LI to the iro wn, the y a lso o ppo se d ,to the

attemptsofManuelC omnenusto

e W e ste rnC ro wn.W he n re deric

adein theyear1189,approached

stedanune pecteddevotion

gto ho ldN issa a sa e f f ro m him ,

sg.henceforward,asvassalsofthe

wish ing ,ho wev e r,to o ff e ndthe Gre e k

henthe re-conquestoftheHoly

d, re dericde cl ine dthe o if e r.T he

epart ofthe ervians,is,however,

rviansattimesappliedforredress

,buta lso to the co urto f Rom e ,

etensionstothe Illyriandioceses.

e rstwho sa lu te da Grand hu-

t thisco m etbe to kene d1-dgpshko a a g co o ; i .rcc u

a yd p 5 11 . p er o ; 1 - r ol u c r d a tg 5 1 / e p i a y y o v s p . 5 9- 1 ,

97.Dobroslawisdoubtlessoneand thesame

ordingto Diocleas,alltheGreek function-

day.

o ne ride rici Im pe ra to ris ,p .32 .P ro ipsa

percipiendahominumet delitatemipsioffere-

niimperiigloriam,nulloquidemtimore coacti

gni dilectioneinvitati.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


29/546

rT H E R V I A N S

e ctedtha tthe e rv ianna t io n,l ike

s, would,bydegrees,adoptthe

hurch.Gregoryaddressedthe

no to nly a s ing , buta s o n1

uld .hardlyhavebeenthoughtof

mayconcludethatall of

have,at onetimeorother,indulged in

ansm ightgra dual ly be wo no ve r.It

oliticalconsiderationsalonein-

cesto e v ince a le a n ing to wa rdsRo m e,

shedtheseopinions butit

aspast fortheprofessionofanew

aughtC hristianityby Greek

nople,attheverytimewhenthe

re ekC hurche s rstbro ke f o rth .

they ha d im bibe dthe a ve rs ione nte rta inedby

the f o rmula e o f the W e ste rnC hurch :

hasoncetakenroot,has never

njawasdisposedfora unionwith

utd id rno tpre ve nt f ro m

rofessionoffaith,by theerectionof

oisters.Hisviews werenot

tican,buttothe centrepointofthe-

st-cloistersofMountAthos, which

a ste rn tribe s .He f o unded

edas oneofthererrovatorsofV ato-r

Gre e k a lo ier.

sentednotonlydifferencesin

systemof lifeandof goverent,

y o nthe d istinct ionbe twe enthe

.Aco unci lwh ich Inno cent III.

ea,in1199, foundedoneofits

epresumptionofa fundamental.oppo-

ers.

me da - to ta l ly d i e re ntaspe ct. ro m

e he rm itage o f C h i- la-nda r, t . a v a ,

motedtheworkofhis father3and

mtia e etDio clea e re gnis .T he VIIIthC a no n

um d-use s in tpo testa tesa -De cco nst itu tae f M a nsi 1 ..-

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


30/546

R N c nu no n. 7 5

PatriarchofC onstantinople

eprivilegeofalwayselectingtheir

na t iona lp riestho od . t . a v a

rsta rchb ishop- . He to o kuph isre s idence

ianM e cca ,a ndby h issp ir itua la utho -

wer tobereveredinthe eyesof

hichtheRomanPopewouldpro-

etoaccomplish.He raisedhis

according,toallaccounts,with

ern m pe ror,- - andcro wne dh im in

blageofclergyandlaity,who, upon

se a m ple in re pe at ingthe Cre e d in

e a dea d ly con ictwa sta kingp la ce

andthesecular powers, andare-

d magnaniinousprinceswere

ofotterssnakes,by there-

do f the Church andwe nd in

at, asimilarityofaction.Manyof

vertyrannicaltheirconductmight

n, were,afterdeath,honouredas

he la stthe y pe rf o re dso m e pio usa ct.

recountthedeedsof these-

e te ndedthe ira utho rity to wa rdsHun-

a nt ium ,a nd- ,a t the e pe nse of the

sufficetonotice theposition

fourteenthcentury,whenthey

fpower.

dominionoftheMongols

rneditby viceroyssentfromtheir

andhad,underthe lastPiasts,

o the W e ste rn ta te s,ino rde rto

milarsubjugation.Bohemia,

hadalreadybecome,underthe

e se ato f a - ce rta inde gree o f civ i l i a -

t the e rv ian . ra le s,o nthe

orest-mountain,remaineduncon-

on.

a uthe nt ich isto ry : o e rv - ta .ca nnotbe e pe cted ,

su c h as D o mi t i- a n s _ L if e o f t . i m eo n -, a n d t . a v a, a n d

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


31/546

N LA TI N S A N D G R E K S .

whoseforceandenergy,

edbytheirgreat distancefromtheir

e pe l le dby the e rv ians,a sco mple tely

Ge rm an ictr ibe so f i le s ia,a ndtho se on

n ervia,thearchbishop,after

cessors avaandArsenius,ledthe

e ld ,a nddro v e backthe he a the ntro ops.

medin thiscountrybythewar

e ls ,wh ichthe no ccup ie dthe wo rld.

onstantinoplewaspowerlessto

hadpreferredforthepossession

terhavingbeenrepulsed,con-

he d ispo se do f both e rv ia and

rwitho utda nge r a she thustrans-

seofAnjou.This familywas

assertitsright tothecrownof Hun-

d : but itwasno tto be e pe cted

solutelymaintained,asthe

m e srea dy to a id the e rv ians in

mperorscouldnolongerhope

no v er e rv ia 5a ndbe ingunde rthe

hostilityofthe Latinsbyan

nC hurchritual,theyinvoluntarily

hebigotedpopulaceof theirown

withdifficultye actedobedience.

eentheLatinsand Greeks,andthe

gup ina l lparts e cit ing fe udso n

dinthe interior,fromtheIonian

horus,and preventingtheestablish-

inggov e rnme nt ga v e the e rv ians

gorously ontheirownbehalf.

mentofC onstantinople,unable

dmakehumiliatingdemandsupon

thcentury,assumedthe

o kposse ssio ne pro vince so nthe U ppe r

hopDaniel andhissuccessors,arepublished

Bucho n,Re che rche se tM at ria u ,i .33 .Ita .

e ct erbieliceatnobisnostrisqueheredibus

eligere.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


32/546

A N D c a ur a cn a n us . 9

dto the a ncient e rv iantribe s.T he .

onstantinople,andtherelationsin

dwiththecontendingparties,

ervianstomakefurtherencroach-

r s t ha l f of t h e 1 t h c en t ur y , th e y no t

powerofthe Illyriantriangle,but

heywoulde ertapowerfulin-

ol i ti c s of u r op e .

ervianswasalwaystoact with

m pire whicho ppose dthe Co urt .

mselveswith theyoungerAndro-

atanotherperiodaffordeda

anuso f M a ce do n ia ,a nd phra n e so f

rsofprovinces,whohad quarrelled

us,andwho returnedstrengthened

a nta cu e nusa ssum edthe purp le ,

o pene dto the e rv ia ns.Ca nta cu-

gtha tne ithe rh is f r iendsa ndrela t ions,no rthe

omhehadassembled,could uphold

mountains,andprevailedupon

we rf u l ingo f the e rv ians,who m

ceatPristina,to joinhiscause.

elates,thattheseprincesentered

cordingtowhichneitherof themwas

s oftheother,andthe townsof

retobeleft atlibertytodeclarein.

rtheymightprefer. -iIfthis be

hataleagueofbrotherhoodwas.

accordingtothenationalcustom

oivocles Palatines accompanied

re tende r,Ca nta cu e nus,inh is

k throne.Betweenthe ervians

tedintheirearlyinstitutions,

tof theirreligion,afeelingof mu-

soofcommonopposition,directed

n m pire.Anda sa gre a tpart .

,i i .p .656.pnd rspo v / ujde r pcprro r -y ia /609a :

i a v iw r w ao v c a i av y w p ai v r ai g n iw B v r w ri w v

7 \e 0 w Z ir rp o i ko wr o rr po a w pe iv .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


33/546

.

ountrywereof clavonian,ifnot

n,therewasno feelingoftheirbeing

places,suchasMelenik and dessa,

e nus,a ndm a de o ve rto the e rv ia n

s,howe v e r,whe nhe be cam e m o re

ethat heshouldbeableto esta-

no longerallowthissystemto

disputeswith tephanDushan,

l le ve n in de ls the Osm a n liT urks

inAsiaMinor--tohis assistance,

e pe ctat io nthath isa dv ersa rie swo u ld nd

Butitwassoon evident,thatpro-

ustmust necessarilyturntothe

f e rv ia.T he f a ctthath isa rm y

instthe in de lse nde a re dh im to h ispe o ple .

mforhis victoriesovertheAgarenes.

nimityandpridepreventedhim

testwith hisleague-brother

deswouldhaveventuredtoattack.

cu e nuswa senga ged ine te ndingh is

anDushanconsideredhimselfen-

onofMacedonia.C itieswhich

tsoftheir mutualambition- such

f e l l in to h isha nds.T he By a nt ine s

to a e r ce l y ra g in g r e , a t a no t he r

o wingf ara ndwide : bo thwild

hat te phanDushana ssume da m o st

rulee tendedfromtheoriginal

manjasdominion,theprovinceson the

av e to the co untry the .na me o f

.Hav ingrece iv edthe be ned ict io no f

repelaformidableinvasionof

o ,unde rLo u isL,we re m a kinggre a t

dedin drivingthemback.In seems

dposse ssio no f Be lgra de l a t le a st

ip .7 .He m e nt ionsthe be l ie f e nterta ine dby

thathewouldobtainthehighestrewardhereafter

theC hristians,orwhokilled. thegreatest

i i - .298 .

e r vi a , 35 - r . .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


34/546

R AG U A . 11

dBosniafrom-.anobstinateBan,

dentgovernment

shan is f o und inR-agusa ,whe re he

peanhonours,andwasacknowledged

kypetaresinAlbaniafollowedhis

o a nn ina we re inh ispo sse ss io n . ro m

es,whosedistrictsmayeasilybe

soverthewholeof theRoumelian

a ndthe M a ri z a ,a sf a ra sBu lga ria,

aprovinceofhis kingdom.Being

tensiveadominion,henowven-

ichwasstillin disputebetweenthe

m pires,a ndco u ldno trightly be

e rv ian ra le ,he cou ldne ithe r

enceoftheGreeks: thereforehe

f the Ro ume lia ns the M a ce do nia n

andbe ganto we a rthe t ia ra .Onh is

oldingin hishandaglobe,sur-

twa sin the o rtho do Gre ek m pire,

nd secularobediencee isted

werealmostinseparable,althoughthe

dependentrepresentation the

sessionofimperialpower, andthe

gnpatriarch,wouldhavebeen an

as arrangedwithoutmuchdifficulty:

sembledclergyofDushan sem-

efapatriarchof theirown.

cy o f the e rv ianna t io nto pre -

ntheconflict ofthe asternand

hristendom- beingpoliticallyopposed

tca l ly to the o ther a 11d itwa sa t

achievedthatindependence.

atlywhenthey ascribedto

wardstheW esternC hurch.By

d,whoeverendeavouredtopervert

eresy wascondemnedtoworkin

tion representshimonthefesti-

el, asaskinghisV oivodesto

rousthatheshouldleadthem-

sBe gum M y si e ,p .26 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


35/546

.

sAlemannia. Wliereverthou

z a r, wa sthe irre p ly , we wil l f ol-

ein accordancewithhischaracter.

vebeenreallyhisintentionto turn

underGermanprotection3 butthe

sess io no f tha tco n de nce which

acquiredindependence.

ur,whethersuch ademeanour,

ousitmightappear, wasnot

mentofcivilisation Apeople

sitiontomoreadvancednations,for

gitsown freedom,cannotbe

o se impre ssio nswh ichwo u ld,o the rwise ,be

a snote cludedf ro m inte rco urse with

t.Theminesshepossessed,and the

ctedmerchantsfromRagusa,who

o v o brdo , la do vo ,a nd m e dere v o,

ursewasmaintainedwiththe

jo yingthe bene tso f Ita l ia n

a hadsuf i icie n twe alth to ta ke into the ir

o f the C o ndo tt ie ri ,som e t ime sIta l ia n ,

ho we re cal le d Ce lts by the Gree ks ,

oops5andit wasprobablythrough

ervianmonarchswereenabledto

countries.Abouttheyear1355,

ngthegrandeesof theempire,as

r ing I usha Q

tthe W e st ,ca st le sa ndfo rtresse s

tinaccessibletopsofmountains:in

e rs inte rsectthe h i l ls ,a nd in the m idd le o f

yetstandingachurchof white

splendouroftheage,to thememory

yan-architectofC attaroii Manyother

undedthro ughthe m un i ce nce o f

handsofnativearchitects.W ith

o t i ie su l le Ant ich ita ,e tc.d iRa gusa , i . p .229

ance,the factthatthemostbeautifularchitec-

were erectedattheperiodofthis intercourse.

T urquie d E uro pe,i i i . 6 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


36/546

N . 1 3

ksandchurch-laws,the dawnof

close ly co nne cted .T he re e istsa

an,which,it mustberegretted,is

Itproves,however,thatthere

ia,a nAsse mbly - co m po se do f clergy

e ntsh ipo f the Cz a ra ndthe

edthelegislativepower3that it

ssemblytosecurethepossessionsof

tandsmall, fromtheencroachments

, ontheotherhand,to protectthe

ry e a ct ionso f the la ndo wners In

he stateofviolenceandrapineto

peoplewerestillsubject,as his-

yprove3but,at thesametime,we

ffortonthe partofthenationto

ese e v i ls .

whichconstitutesoneofthe most

e iste nce o f e v e ry na t ion -a sta te of

ltraditionsofthedarkest origin,

terperiod,and fetteredbylocal

a le gal i e do rdero f th ings,f o undedo nsp ir itua l

dingwiththegeneraldevelopment

ha nge wa se e cte d,no t inde ed

recedentsandforms,butstill very

e primitiveideasofthepeople.

sy ste m so f laws,tha to f e rv ia ,a cco rd-

e be stqua l i e dto judge,is the

arises,to whatresultswillthis

e e rv ianpe o p le re a l ly assum e a sta t io na mo ngst

T h isse em e dto de pe nd le sso nthe ir

ment,thanontheir relationswith

wasincreasingwonderfullyinstrength,

to wa rdsthe o utho f uro pe.

,in the Vie nna e a r-Bo o k,l i i i.Adv e rtise m entshe e t,

cheRechtsgeschichte,vol.i.part ii.sect.v.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


37/546

A N L IB R T .

e o f th e R om a n m p ir e i n th e o u rt e en t h C e n tu r y. - D ea t h of

o nse que ntDisse ns io ns.- E ncro achm e ntso f the

issova.- S ubj-ugationofthe ervian tate. The

igna lDef e a to f the e rv - ia nsne arV a rna ,in1 4 4 .

he P ata re ne e ct .- - u rre nde ro f Bo snia n o rt - re ssesto

e o f e r vi a i n th e i t e en t h C e n tu r y. - - x a c t i on o f

T he P e ace o f P a ssa ro v it .- -Orse n iC z e rno vich .

te negro . - Insurre ctio no f the e rv ians in1 ,7 37 .- -T he

C o m p1e te ub juga tio no f the e rv iana s.

n twe se e kto inv e st iga te the de v e lo p -

earealmostinvariablyledback to

h ich f orm s,a s itwe re ,a ce ntralpo in t

ina smucha sitsubdue dthe a ncie nt

hedbythemodern.

erorHeraclius--underwhom,

tion,the admissionofthe ola-

onthe Danubetookplace---the

a nt ine Ro m a n m pire were rst

adoptedthatformofbeliefwhich

rom the C hristia n f a ith . o rtuna te ,

nstantinopledidnot-earliersuccumbto

tthis period,however,the

inor,in theimmediateneigh-

strongermilitaryforcethanthey

ebefore.IntroducedbyGanta,cu

nlisgraduallypenetratedintothe

tl1\ey,,intheyear 1357.,independentfooting:3andeatllii alipolis,evenatthepresent

e ta in the nam e so f the rstT urks,W ho ,a ssa i l -

ithalltl1e1 -violenceof

ettherewhattheyconsideredtobe

ta te wa spowe rf ul inwa r,a nd

.Hithertothefeeble government

ce ssio no f the Rom a n m pire ha d

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


38/546

5

ghtofopposingonedivisionby the

snecessarythatall shouldunite

a insta co m mo ne ne my .

he e rv iansto re s ist the C sm a nlis

e ithe rre pe lthe e ne m y ore pe ct

itsohappened,thatat the

-beattempted,themightyrulerof

Dushan ,d ie d ,be fo re he ha dcom plete d

dlaidthefoundation,andere the-had

ehiilwarkof nationalinsti-

e ervianandtheTurkish tates

e f a ct ,tha tthe Osm a n lise h ib ited

mpactly-knitfellowship,beingall

wh i lst in S e rv ia,- o nthe contra ry ,the

ccordingtotheW estemsystem,ca

calpower.

te phenDusha nha d ,

een placedonthethronebefore

na llh ism e a sure s,e v en tho se

ad takenadecisiveshare.He

ingtheoutbreaksof disobedience

d but,afterhisdeath,disputes

nhis widow,his-son,and brother,whichoverthrewthesupremeauthority andthe

elvesoftheopportunitytocastall allegiance.

d, theBosniannobleshadalso

anaristocraticrepublic. C on-

eritance,-and,connectedwiththese,

rfulclasses,.atthat timeformed

sidera t~io n in uro pe 3whils t tho se

a n m pire,wh ichbo re the stro nge st

the 1-ma in tena nce .-o f a ha re m,a ndm urde ro f the brothe rso f the u lta n ha dthe e ff e ct o f

ndembarrassmentsofsort

ot,therefore,long

parties wenldprovevictoriousin

accountsof battlesnot,men-

e ste m -co untrie s .: the e rwian

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


39/546

O W A . .~

hat arenotrecordedbythe

riesarespokenof asdefeats,and

wsoeverimperfectourk now-

encesof thiswar,theirresult was,

DushanlosttheRoumeliandistricts

ors:his chiefvassalssubmitting

the a ncient e rv ianco untrie sa ny

tanteventsdecidedtheirnow

pyingconqueredcountries

d ,ca rry ingo the o rigina l inha b it -

onaloppositionin theyear1389.

s ,crowne dby the ch ie f sea to f the

e l d of o s so va t h e e r vi a ns , t he

hans deathhadregainedtheirinde-

anians,oncemorestoodunitedagainst

ks werestrongerthanallthese

oughtheparticularsofthebattle are

andthe vaguenessoftradition,

thatdaythe erviansbecame

"

anlisandthe ervian ralewere

ict .Buttheirsucce sso rs ,Baja e t ,

ch,enteredintoanagreementwhich

feriorpositionofthe ervians.

rin marriagetothe ultan,and

litaryservicein allhiscam-

ghouthislifehehonourablyperformed

. Inthegreatbattlesof N ico-

the Otto m a n m pire wasin

oughtbythesideof hisbrother-in-

ound.tothishouseby anoath

f with the e a lo f a kinsm a n in the

tononeoccasion brokeoutinthe

so do ing ,he o n ly con rm e dthe

on.During thelifetimeof

n to nto lera b ly we l l bu t ,a f te rh is

stene dto la y cla im to e rv ia o nthe

f Dukas,wh ich isra the rf re e,e pre sse s it :

te pha no so tto lsuo im pe rio e se rcita sse la mil i t ia,e d in

eratore,setrovasselasuapersona.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


40/546PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


41/546PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


42/546

AM O N G C HU RC H P AB 1 I E S . 1 9

o rha d the S cla v on ia n i ingdom sf a red

1 n o ur n fu l f at a li t y, t h ei r _ do v vn . f a l l w a s a c co m -

so f the C' hurch ' p a irt ies ._g_

relatesthatGeorgeBrankovitschonce

Hu ny a d,iwha t he in te nde d . to do with

e provevictorious.Hunyaddid

a n e v e t , h e s h ou l d n1 a k et h e c o un t ry

Bra i iko v it sch the re upona ddresse dthe

lta n3T who a nswe red ,tha the wo uld

e v e ry _ _m o s,que ,1a nd wou ld le a ve the

Athe mosqu_es,orto cross them-

cco rd ing to _ the ir resp j ct iv e * " " cre ds.

nwasthat it wastbetter tosubn1ittothe

lfaith, than toacceptthe

itsch ,who ,o e v en whe n he wa sn ine ty

ptthe Westemcreed, steadfastly

en, afterhisdeath,thefemalesofhis family

hurch,theirruinwas onlyhastened

,He lena ' P a la e o lo ga , o f f ere d he r

e f t o th e S e e f o f Ro me o a n a ct w h ic h e ' c i te d _* a

he rsub jects . T \ he i e rv ians the mse lv es inv ited

t h ei r ~ f o r t re s s e s , t h at t h ey _ ' I n i gh t ' n o t se e

g iv e no v erto a ca rd ina lo f the Ro m isl1

whose intentionitwas to

cess, a ndto un ite bo thcountries unde r

,a lso m ade a de e lara t i o no f f e a lty f

u lt .T he Pa ta rene se ct , wh ich

Bosnia,andhad beenforcenturies

whicha_ crusa_dehadbeenre-

alsotinfavourof Turkish- ratherthan,

a t io n . l A t t h e " i e t a t t a7 c k_ o f t he T u rk s ,

anydefenceii eightdays,

eso pe ned the ir ga te s to the T urks,

lin to the e ne m y s po wer.

r F r e de r ic , i n t he d e ed b y w hi c h he e e m pt s t he C o u nt s

ngf e udalse rv ice to the m pire 13thAugust ,

sre a son ,tha tthey gende nBo sne rnT urke nund

eC hristenheitandenselbenO rtenfaglichund

s uschaffen, --theBosnians,Turks,and

hte V01 ) .Bo sn ien ,1 5 ,1 7 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


43/546

RU T oT H I R A IT H.

entsmighthavebeenprevented,

anearlierperiod,adoptedthe

ta te s: buta a irsm ustha v e be en

d.Hungary ,wh ich f ro m the rst

m pire,wa sso o na fte rco nque re d

ns,whopreferredsubmittingto

mentofwhattheyweredoing,

dthemunderthenewrule.

here wa sno ne cess ity f orke e p ing

e l,the lastP rince o f the Bo snia ns,who se

ohim, was,inviolationofthis pro-

ndof the f a nat ica l he ikby who m

ted.

untry,whomtheTurksbeganto

adyannihilatedtheroyalhouse,

heironlysafetylayin embracing

prince ssha d e dto Ro m e,a nda t

deovertothePopeher rightto

uchingthe swordandshoe

m, astokensofthebequest,

dthatherchildren,a sonanda

ed.Islamism,had,thereby,become

er.Urgedby thee ampleofthe

erofrefusalon onehand,andon

ofasharein publicaffairs,ifthey

lustriousfamilieswereby degrees

ns.Thustheyretainedan here-

es a nd ,so lo nga sthe y re ma ined

ue nce in the pro v ince . o m e t im e s

lo we dthem .By th ism ea ns,ho we v e r,

esf ro m theirpe o p le ,who ,inde a nce

ainedtruetotheirold faith and,

o ld inga ny of f ice in the ta te ,a ndf ro m

monwith allthe_ C hristian

mpire,becameBayahs.

eofaffairswas insomedegree

atcertain C hristianchiefsmain-

htheaid ofanarmedpopulation.

me r sGe schichte derO sm a ne u,i i .552 .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


44/546

UTH .21

us obtained,byBemtesfromthe

mentoftheir rights,whichthe

respect.

n the M o ra v a ,the o lubara ,a ndthe

nthecontrary,was upheldinall

e Grand ignioralmostevery

ytothe seatofwaron the

sequentlyindependencecouldnot

deed,that thepeasantryinthe

eweresummonedtoC onstanti-

viceduring thehay-harvestinthe

The countrywasdividedamongthe

lthe inhabitantswerebound,bythe

aceboththeir personsandtheir

we re nota l lo wedto ca r1 y a ny

d istu rba nce swhichbro ke o ut ,we nd

staves. Theywouldnotkeep

robbedofthembytheTurks.

turydescribesthepeopleas

mdaredto liftuphis head.

rsthe tribute o f y o uthswa sco l le cte d: a

on,whichcarriedoff thebloomand

eimmediateserviceoftheGrand

heir ownnativestrengthagainst

wasgraduallyworking inthe

wallianceofHungarywithAustria,

eempireand militaryforcesof

advancesofthe O smanlis,and

eranceofHungaryfromthe

shaddividedthe nation but

developedthepowerandspiritof

slysecondedtheactiveinterferenceof

heseevents, agreatpartofthe

dpreviouslyemigratedwithinthe

gary,wasdirectlyset freefrom

is a ndthe pro specto f l ibe ra t io n

est ofthekindredtribeson the

heyprofferedtheassistanceoftheir

e o pold a ndho wla rge ly the y co n-

theimperialarmsiswell known.

t ,a ne te ns iv e po rtio no f e rv ia

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


45/546

= = 1 . - ,

R N O V I C H.

f the m pe ro r,who d idnotf a i l to

esoil bye oneratingthepeasants

ngin thearmy,andbypro-.

ation.

p la in.ho witha ppene dthat

not advance,butevenretro-.

thelapseoftwentyyears,_theconquered

o be g iv enba ck.a g~a in to the Turks.

sW asowingmoretothe complica-_

s ,thanto a ny incre a se o f the

may.remark, thatthisnewcatas-

tionoftheC hristianpopulationin

ithadbeen.N otonlywas

takenonthose serfs,whohadnot

of Alandweretransferredtoother

and deepestinjury,was.in.flicted

ution.Hitherto,whilst. under

the ervianpatriarchate,withthe

beenpreserved.Thisgavethe

gardedtheC hurch,acertainshare

ured fortheRayahsarepresenta

oftheGrandnorwas

e d .- _

nof = the m pe rorLe o po ld to

owerfulecclesiasticalauthority,

perialprotection-3by which

rian.nationHstood towardsthe

reiationofprotected tates.Itwason

a tthey ro se so 15 i 9m ptly ,in the ye a r.1689,in

the irpatria rch ,Arse ni.Cz _e pnov 1ch ,

a m pl,e ..-He ,with s6_ ,11 : f


46/546

y~seventhousandfamiliesaccompanied

ngarianterritory,wherethe

rivileges,securedtothemtheir

theTurkswould notsufferan

nlyhostileto themasC z ernovich,

ue nce in the irdo min io ns.T he y a to nce

ntercoursewithhim impracti

ppointeda ervianpatriarchat

onsthisproducedmaybegathered

edthe fateofMontenegro.The

ro,Daniel ofthehouseofPetro-

e gush i who ha dbee no rdaine dby

eniC z ernovich,hadnosooner

istrict thanhewastaken prisoner

ratedonlyonpayinga heavy

hepatronageofthe government,

nto Montenegro andDaniel,that

befreefromitin hisowndiocese,pre-

_ns_ ofthatterritorytorid themselves,

ometanbrethren.

otturnC hristians,orsecure

ght ,we re ,o na na ppoin te dda y ,sudde n ly

._.Thefactcannotbe disguised,that.

e GreekC hristianfaithhavebeen

sted.TheBishop,whohadever

inatinghissuccessor duringhis

rythedignityof PriestsandArch-

becamefromthattimethe headof

nstitutedanimportantmeansof

Austria ns in1737, the Alban ia ns

ro se ingrea tnum be rs the irf orce

,0003but theyweremetbythe

ra l e cke ndo rf ,which is f o unde do ngo oda utho -

07 tha tthe Pa triarcho f Ipe ka ndthe Archbisho p

im e e pre sse da wishto be m ade se cu la rlo rds

tobealloweda. seatandvoteinthe German

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


47/546

T R 1 11 .

a,andtheirentirehost slaugh-

thatcauses e isted,independ-

duceanentirenationaldefection

.

e PeterIII,succeededin

nsionsinMontenegro andhis

dfarintotheTurkish dominions.

everalbishops andthethen

hurchat Ipe kse nth im a va lua ble

U po nthisthe V i ie rso f Bosn ia

e lda gainsth im,a ndsuccee de d

o Montenegro whitherthe

self co m pe lle dto e e f o rsa fe ty .

thePortenottopermit the

ianPatriarch.Thedignitywas

riarchatC onstantinople,over

sedund ispute dpowe r. Gre e kBisho ps

ce do v e rthe e rv ianC hurch.

or thenation.W iththeinde-

,thepeopleweredeprivedof their

conductofpublicaffairs that

omemeasureinstrumentalin

he y no wf orthe rstt im e f ound

ttotheTurkishGovernmentat

rthe P atria rcha tC o nstant inop le ,quote dby M ura d-

a b lea ude l Em pire O tto ma n,v .p .120 ,the Ha ttische ri

wasdone.ThePatriarchtook uponhimself

0 aspers,whichIpekhad hithertopaid.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


48/546

T UR I H IN S T IT UT IO N S I N E R V I A .

e n Is lam ism a ndC hrist ia n ity.- - T he irD if fe re nce co nside re d

n issa rie s.- S ta te o f the Ra y a hso rN a t iv e Inha b ita nts .

. -T he pa h is. - ta te o f Af fa irsa tthe Clo se o f the

C o m me rcia lCha ra ctero f the P a tria rcha te a t

e Ch im ne y T a in e rv ia.- - T urkishDisse nsio ns.

bers .- -C hrist ia nse cludedf ro m a llP ub l ic

e ss io nandDe grada t iono f the e rv ians.- Pre se rv a t ion

.

entreligionswouldbenot only

s,ceremonies,and hierarchicalinsti-

the po l itica l in ue nce whichthe y

ousnations.

mismandC hristianityhavebeen

o p ingthe mse lve s ino ppo sit io n to e acho ther.

heprincipal distinctionofthe

se nunde rtheir in ue nces

shavetakeninW estem

ybecensuredandobjectedto 3butit

C hurchhas,throughout,contri-

tionofnationalcharacter.

evariouselementsofwhichthe

wascomposed -withthenume-

queststowhichthat countrywas

le a ges ho wco u ld the f o unda t ion

un ity a sthato f ra nce hav e be e n

ro ughthe in ue nce o f the C hristia n

entratingpowerof thePriest-

a sce ndancy in ue ncesf ro m witho ut

f rom with in a ndthe hab ito f

byaspirit ofresistance.Butthe

v elo pe d,be ingo nce rm ly e sta -

royedbyanydifferenceofopinion

onalfeelings.

e a st .

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


49/546

aliphs,andundertheMongo-

vast territorieswhichwere

e nde v e ry whe re a na nta go n ism

_ whosereligiongavethemtheclaim

in de ls , who we re conde mne dto

irreligion.

pretensionsoftherulingmilitary

belief thattheye clusivelyenjoy

shave, however,provedtothe

istwithout,theai_d_ofa_ subject

n .W ith a l l e a l ,the T urkis inge ne ra l

h iste to f the o ra n : T l10..11 .wilt

me a nso f e nl ighte n inghim who m God

If ,a s itha sbee na irm e d,a u lta n

ought..of-e tirpatinghisC hristian

av e ,be e n de te rre d f ro m the a ct ,by re e ct -

indispensable,__tohim.if romthis

beliefproceedsthewhole political

h m pire.T he two .princip le s .o f its

antagonistic.to_. each._ other, N o.

tion cancopsequentlybeenter -_.

the_r,,how. thisuneongeniality,is

teprinciplesof the _tworeligions

y .ess_e _nc_e ,o f a _ po pula rna ture a nd

tsdo ctrine so v e r he a the nna tio ns,_ . rstga ine d

e whilstIslainism,fromitsvery

n_iulgatedbythelswford.- _ l\T,.~ or,ne_ed

onismisconnect.e__d_.with. the,mitivetruthofthe onefa.ith. attimesunseen,but.always

alsehood.ofthe. o_th_e_r _ eno,ugh,thatit

ncemarksthe.,distinctiv ei.,character

rs_ to,,_ c1o n y e .rt,.na t ie ns. - Is la mism to

T he e arth is_ the_ I o rd > s,.a ndhe ._be sto __ws.

" AH AC L

> .nt ._ m re e ..e rPs-a sto be e .i11 .di-=

a _me ly ,that .the .a _et ,ua 1 pro perty in la nd

a te o rthe, .m pe ro r,, a nd ,po n ,l_y i ts .

mpire,apositivereality:grounded.011,the,_religi011$_-loelief

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


50/546

S .27

elo ngsto the C a l iph,the ha dow,-a nd

rth. * W he nhe f u l l le dthe wil lo f

spreadingthepurefaith, he

hhe.conqueredamongstthearmies

who ha da ss istedh im inh ise nte rprise s:

hereditarypossession,buttothe

1 . ,t h e, f o rm o f a e f .

avebeeneffected.in morepeace-

hisarrang.ementremainedinforce,

f ro m t he r s t. T h e en t ir e e t e nt o f t he

nthe e ighte e nth ,ce ntury ,a swe l la s

ry,parcelledout.amongsttheTimarlis

m the re a re said to ha v e bee n132,000+

s,computedtoconsistof 150,000

.-althoughit,wasreallycomposed.of a-

a ctua lse rv ice = f o rme da la rge

heralltheprovincesofthe . 1I.1pire.

onDshemaat,always,enjoyedthe

Pachas.inthe fortresses,thekeys

theircare.

the .a rm y of the a ith fu lwho - .

y -awarrior.-caste,whoseprivileges

on -wa s,in e rv ia,a s ina l lthe

thelotof theRayahs,Theywere

,a ndto pa y the ta e s.W e no w.co ns iderwha t .these ta e swe re .

ventofprovingrefractory,would:

risonment,payspoll-moneytothe...

e o rdina nce so f the o ra n : Oppre S

e in ,co nce rn ingthe In de ls , unt i l they

m ble d. T o th isv erse o f the o ra n,,

ealways.appealed,whenatany time

foundthemselvesunder.the.

la wsre ga rd ingta a t io uj v e ry

age,is obligedtopaythepoll-ta

pr,o vincia rum do m in ium pqpp l iRo me n i,e s-1 v e l

possessionemtantumetusumfructumhaber_e,v_idemur.,,

o f the T urkish m pire,1798 m e nt io nsthisnum ber -

estimonyofseveralpersonswhohadthemost

hit. -

e n inHa mm e r. s a a tsve rf a ssgng ,i .332 ,

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


51/546

teslceres,or stampedreceipts,

stantinople,serveatonceasproofs

io n,a sce rt i ca te sfo rpro tect io n,

by whomtheyarereceived.

stherewerestillsome districts

a n ne se s,o rprinces f o rinsta nce ,

der thehereditarydominionof

hoenjoyedprincelyauthority.And

ethattheypossessedtheprivilege

sebelongingto theTurkstoset

ad therightofrefusingto allow

to se tt le o nthe ir la nd.T he y pa id

Beg,whoresidedin ladovo.

metimekeptpossessionof tariwla

utschwasgovernedbyelective

Belgrade,however,whichby

ca l le d e rf vi ja le ti ,the pa h iswere

softhe villages.

antagewhichtheydid notpossess

s had,bydegrees,becomehere-

co nseque nt ly ,m o re rig id ly x e d

v eda t ithe o f a l l tha tthe e ld ,

duce d a nda lso a sma llta o ne a ch

heyhada righttodemandfor

dGlav n it a ,o f two p iastre s,f ro m

voidunpleasantinquiriesinto

e,manypersonsadded aportionof

a .Inso m e partso f the co im try

e pahisforeachmarriedcouple,

iastresa-yearinfull ofalldues.

d,asitenabledthe pahistoascer-

theymightannuallyreckon.

consideredasaclass

heyhadneitherestatesnor

the y hadno rightto jurisd ict io no r

werenotallowedto ejectthetenantry

venforbidthemfromremoving

hattheyhadto demandwas

hereditary,stipend,inreturnfor

nwarremainedunaltered.

ywereeverbestowedonthem

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


52/546

cse rv ice a ce rta in rev e nue wa sgra nte d - \ ,

vedforhimselfanumberof

thePachahadtobe provided

ationofthePachalicalsorendered

uenecessary.

ral,were veryburthensome,parti-

whe n ita ppe a rstha tthe pe asa ntso f e v e ry

re nde rbo ndserv ice to the P a cha

y e ar a nd inCo nsta nt ino p le a

e ho use s in the m pire l ia b le to

m o re ishe ardo f e a ct ionsso

htheclose oftheeighteenthcen-

o nco rn ,which " the P a cha ha d

dtocollectaboutC hristmas,had

ntheotherhand,however, he

moneyfromthe country.The

ulatedbycustom butitcould be

umstances.Afterconsultation

wa sim pose dpro po rt iona b ly onthe

soon thevillagesandhouseholds

re g iste ro f la nde dpro pe rty wa sin

oftheoccupiers, astheyhappened

allyknown, beingtakenasthe

e rated.

nwa ssentto C o nsta nt ino p le

y to supp ly the wa ntso f the pro vince :

a n issa rie s,& c.T he a n issa rie s,

thedutiesonimportshad been

otedi themselvestotrade,and had

m o st in ue nt ia lcla ss in the co untry .

onsiderednotonlyas thechiefin

theProphet,the administratorof

gio na nd lawa re b le nde d .W he n,

torenouncethetemporaldominionof

vedforhimself thespiritualauthority,

l lasa nd a d isth ithe rto e e rcise

he wordporesati,tocut intotallies,toappor-

e rv ianDict iona ry S e rb ische sW o rte rbuch ,p .607 .

t ionssurle sT urcs, re nchtra ns lat io n ,i i.127 ,-

ndthisalterationto MahmoudI.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


53/546

cond-resided -in~l-Belgradeto

rv ia. Insm alle rto wnsthe re we re a d iswho

ssulmafisas asto C hristians,to

ha d~ch i e y to - le e kf orthe ir incom e wh ich

ue ~ a ccru ingto the m, the ir jud icial

a dm in istrat io no nthe de a tho f hea ds

duesoncommerce increasedbythefees

ghtbeforethem.Itis, therefore,

musthavebeenwelcometothem.

a s a ss o cia t e d a M ussulm a no ' 1ce r,~a ppo in te d

cute i-h is judgme nts a nd who ,ha ving

po we r,o bta ine d%1Igre ate r- co ns ide ra t io ntha nthe

' a i1 so f the Ghrist ia : ns we re a dm in iste re dby

so,-sincethe~ Bishoprichadpassedto

* clo se r re la t io n to the ta te a utho rit ie sthan

e n in e t e r na l - ap p ea r a nc e he a d op t ed t h e

hemightbeseenriding insumptuousapparel,

nia:ofpower grantedhimbytheberate

the swordthebusdowim.

im porta nce to h isc ice -wa s its pe curi ia : ry

tC onstantinople---the E lTolyC hu_rch- -

alinstitution-or bank, inwhichcapitalists

st - the ir~ mo ne y a nd itsm ea nsa re

i e r en t t ri b ut e s to t h e P o r t e, ' r e gu l ar o r

e pre sents withwh ich it~is custo m a r y

f - i1 ie i iibe rs o f the go v ernrnent .T he

s< > u . 1 ~ e s = o f r e ve n ue b i 1t c h ie y

Bishops.- E v e ry Bisho p ,when rst

a ckno wle dge h iIi 1 s e l_ f a -de bto rto a ce rtain

accordingto therevenuesiof his

e - b ci id f o r the e a ct f pa y me nt o f the

Thesebonds,= called court-bonds,pass

asortofpublic stock, aiidareinmuch

epresentative-ofthePatriarchor

urle s F a na rio te s, " p . 158: De so b1iga t io ns qu i

re tde sd i rpo ur ce ntpara n , e tqu o nd signe so usle

ol0yes.#- eeMaurer:- DasGriechischeV olk, i.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


54/546

yaredrawn, daresnotbeback-

einterest.H

fortheBishopstopay oifthe

y hav e a cknowle dge d the m se lv es

sthey wouldbringthe ad1ninistra-

ntoembarrassment. Aftertheir

srespo nsib le f o rthe a m o unt .,

e re unde rthe ne c-e ss ity o f e pe nd ingco n- I

ntheirrank anddignityamongst,

ration,oppressiveeventothe/

uchm o re so to the S e rv ian - s ,by

asstrangers.r

ests whomtheyordained,pay

wh ichthe y we re ref e rredto the pa rish -

the y a lso ra ise da pe cul ia rt1a ' ca l led

a ,f ro m e v ery ho useho ld .T his im -

o f a * rm a n,wh icha utho rised - its

f cia ls, a nd e n f o rce d it inpre f ere no e to

andlords. Itisknown also,ithat,

Pachalics,lmoney constitutedfora

ration3 andthatwealthy ana-

rs ,o n g iv ingse curity f o ri the

moneytobe raisedintherespective

e rcisedthe gre ate st in ue nce - in the

and then,bymeansofsecreta ries

them, controlledtheiradministration.

a m they boughtpate nts f o r K a d isby l inn

a large pro tto suchca ndida tes a s

l_' _ school andobtained therequired

e pisco pa lo ice sco ns isted e h ie y

ariotescouldintroduce-their mm

h.

es,ofPacha, adi,andBi shop,~ in " whi ch

alandecclesiastical authoritywas

tainedformoney3and theirholders

mse lv es a gainst lo ssby e e rcis ingthe po we r

e o ple : the re v enue o f the pa h is

f o rspeci c se rv ice s.T husthe

y,in thelanguageof political

thelight ofcapital,theinterestof

strate,belongedtothegovern-

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


55/546

M A N S , A N D n n r nv c s.

t to som e pa rtie sa spa y f orthe pro -

toothersasrentsfarmedout of

omallsharein theconductofpublic

ersonstobe ruledover asthe

earevenuefor thesupportofthe

jugatedthem,andof providingfor

ce rs ,a nde v e nf orthe C o urt : i twa s

ystocarrythis arrangementof

foundindissensiononewith

ngconstantlyinthe country,had

at ofthePachas,whoresided

e a ndthe a n issa rie s,st ro ngby

formedthroughoutthe mpire,

o lo nga sthey ke pte a chothe rin

wiseeachassertedhis claim,which

lright, withalltheviolence he

retheC hristiansuniformlysubmis-

ppe arbe f o re the a d i,o rwhom the

th whetheronaccountofsome

edto oppressthemwithoutany

e d in to the fo re stsa ndturne dHe y ducs,o r

othe Italian uorusciti,ban-

e rio f so m e o f the pa n ishpro v ince s

ther ulerswhoseadministration

de ls ,gav e the m a m uchstro nge rf e el ing

heC ondottiericouldhave.The

such Turksastheyknew would

allythose sentwithtreasureto

wever,didnotpreventtheir claim-

sty a nd de l ity .W he ntwo o f

,onewasstyledAmmbasl a,captain

quentlyassembledinsmallbands.

i concealers ,whoshelteredthem,

homtheyservedas daylabourersor

ngtheyreturnedintothe forests,

a ndwhe none o f the m happe nedto

redthemselvesboundto avenge

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


56/546

s C O M MA N D . 7 I 3 3

proceedingsoftheseHeyducs

tin thenation:awakeningrecollec-

ingalivethespirit ofwarfare.Up

hadalwaysbeendisregarded

opulation- whowerenotverycon-

m,andwho alwayshadtomake

d- frequentlytookpartagainstthem.

isorders,thepositionofaffairs

the supre m a cy o f the f o llo we rsof Is la m a nd

st ia ns wa supo nthe who le ma in -

sedbyreligionwas themore

ctedwithdifferenceofdescent.

thoughnotinanyway tracingtheir

y ofthecountry weremostly

a nd la ngua ge .

tas anactofarbitraryinjustice,

dislike,thattheC hristiansshould

m ta te a ff a irs,f ro m m il ita ry com -

Ithadalwaysbeenso: the

, wasintimatelyconnectedwith

u lta n sC o m m ands, co m pile dby a

d ,in the f thce ntury o f the

iaours tl1atis,ofthose subjects

a re thusspe ci e d . T he y m ustbe

theirdwellingsmustnot beloftier

ans thesoundoftheir bellsmust

tnotrideeitherhorses ordrome-

e e ighte enthce ntury ,a de cre e o f Osm a r

e In de ls a re f o rb iddento study

e a chthe irch i ld re nthe o ra n .

, they m a y no twea ra rm s ' t

telya matterofcourse,thatit is

fterwards.TheRayahswerecon-

,whoseduty wasobedienceand

he ge ne ralsta te o f e rv ia in the

hcentury.

y Ha mm e r,Ve rwa ltungde sC a l i f ate s,p .112 .

f La ws,ho wev e r,isv e ry e p l icit C o de M ili -

sson : upp l.i .106. Ildo its inte rd ire le po rtde s

hevau ,etde touteautremonture.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


57/546

T o r C HR I T I AN S .

not,onlythoseofdistinction,

hohadgraduallyassembledaround

emselvesthemastersoftheRayahs.The

themselvesthe e erciseofarms,

ngonsuchtrades aswereinany

ikeournorthernancestors,or

ers amongstwhomthesonofa

sty manyaTurkhasbeen seen

veandshoea horse,anactwhich

toryto therankofa gentleman.

ussulmansleftwithcontemptto

instance,no Turkwouldhavecon-

verythingthattheythought

beautifularms,richdresses,magni-

the y claim e de clus ive ly f o rthe m selv e s.~

hristianswasmostoppressive:

in to a to wnonho rse ba ck: he wa s

oot 3andhewas boundtorender

kwho mightdemandit.W hen

d,itwashis dutytohalt,and

d if he ha ppe nedto ca rry sma lla rm s

,hewas obligedtoconcealthem.

uty, toresentthemwasdeemed

ent..

thecountrymadea separation

Towardsthecloseofthe last

kea foreignerpassingthrough-

nthedifferencebetweenthe cities

hvedinthe.towns, largeor

s , the e rv ians in the v i l la ge s.

advantage,wouldnotsufferthe

utthecountry and,inthee -.

ervianshadamplecausefor

ervianattainedtheageof

ngse ena to wn.

whichtheantagonistparties

p ir ito f the e rv ianswa sm a in -

d.

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


58/546

H AR AC T R , AN D P O E T R O F T H

T u te l ar y a i nt s .- B r o t h er l y an d i s te r ly A ' e c ti o n. -

ka b le Custo m o nthe De a tho f a Brothe r.- Inst itu -

o d . - F e st iva lo f the Ga rla nds.- -M arria ge

ve nge in -C a se so f M urde rno tkno wn in e rv ia.- -

l i. l 8 - S l 1 l S J ' . l ll 1 1l Z 6 f o r C h u rc h es . P o ve r ty o f t he

ss io n . - De pende ntsta te o f the Mo nks. C lo isters .

h. -V e ne ra t io n f orN a ture. F e st iva l inho nouro f

m of the W o m e no n t .Ge o rge s v e . W hitsunt ide .

a li e . - T he V i l i. - F e s ti v al o f t . o h n.

no f the Do do la ,a o rm o f Invo ca t io n f o rRa in. .-

f t . B ar b ar a . - w e ar i ng b y t he u n a nd b y t he

e rv ianT o a sto r e nt ime nt . Re rnarka b le Re l ig io us

a s. -Be l ief in ,V a rnpyre sa ndVV itches. P e r-

- P o werf u l in ue nce of the V i l i . - e rv iau

o na la ndHe ro ic o ngs. T he Gusle . F e st iva lM e e tings.

e P e op le . S o ngso f Husba ndry .- Am a tory

o nof He ro ic x p lo its .- H istoric- alBa l la ds.- M i tu re

u lous. Na t io na 1Co l le ct io no f o ngs. W ild

yad.

e tendfarupinto thegorgesofthe

sformedbyriversand streams,or

andsometimes,whenconsisting

o use s,they spre ado v e ra space a se te n-

ie nna a nd itssuburbs the dwel-

adistanceonefromanother.

swithinitselfan entirecommunity.

menclosedbyloamwalls,and

ofthelime,havingthe hearthin

omchambersareconstructed

te n tte dupwithpo l ishe dbo a rds,but

p la ce s.T he ho use o ste ns ib ly be lo ngsto the

mily3 towhoseusea separate

esappropriated.Thechambersare

ople.All themembersofthe

ousehold theyworkandeat

eveningsassemblearoundthe

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


59/546

rs .

enthe f a the rd ie s ,h isso ns,a ppo in t ingo ne o f

al i e da m o ngstthe m,a sm a ste ro f

na ,re m a in toge therunt i l to o gre a ta n

ersa separationdesirable.Itis

o formanentirestreet.A

tlittleassistancefromstrangers.

uildings constructintheirrude

waggons preparetheyokesof

o o pthe irca sks a ndm anuf a cture their

Theirotherclothing isprepared

o o la nd a ,we a v e l ine na nd

ta ndthe - a rto f dy eingwithm adde r.

ey require,sothatsalt isper-

y nd itne ce ssa ry to purcha se .T he

tbythe villagesaresmiths,tomake

oseveralhousesconjointly,and

usingit.

supplyingalltheirownW ants,

se lf a sta te o f thingswh ichwa s

k,be ca use the ta e swe re ch ie y

s - f o rme dthe ba siso f e rv ian

restwasthusmerged,as itwere,

thedayofthesaint whosename

day, buteachhouseholdhadits

heycelebratedwith mirthand

ns,familieswereheldtogether

rthe relationsonthemothers

brother being,accordingtoancient

pe rso na ge . In the cla v on ic-

v ai ls to a gre a te re te nta stronga nd

ndsisterlyaffection: thebrother

,thesisterswears bythenameof

sbandis notpubliclybewailed

o f ce ispe rf orm e dby h ism o ther

hisgrave.

tryaverystrangecustompre-

rum li is idem a puda vuncu lum qu ia dpa tre m

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


60/546

. it37

thersdies,whosebirthdayschance

thesurvivorisfastenedto the

inhisdeceasedbrother sstead,

homheis thenreleased.

iseto oneofthemostpeculiar

antribe T he Bro therho o d. P e r-

her inthe na me o f Go da nd t .

de l ity a nda idduringtheirwho le l ive s.

make thesafestselectionfor

hoosingone,ofwhom hemayatsome

ehadsolicited assistanceinsome

esignatethemselvesBrothersin

sby cho ice , P o bra t im i.N o e ccle sia st ica l

necessaryforconstitutingthisbond

in,itisc ustomarytorenewthe

ningofthesecondMondayafter

a fte rnoo no f tha tday the y o ungpe o p le

garlands:youths,eachonewith

,inthe samemanner,thenenter

ssingthroughtheirgarlands,

cha nge d .T h is rstbo nd,ho we v er-

- lastsonlytillthe succeeding

herhoodandsisterhood forever

t ion .O nthe f o l lowing a ste r

yhavebecomebetteracquainted,

m the iro rig inalcho ice o rm ake a ne w

epersons bywhomitis

thec ontrary,regardedasanaffair

mily.Thefathersoftwo houses

rtogether:e changingpresents,

toaconsiderablevalue.Thus, by

efula memberofahouseholdasa

eredbyonetoanother.The

sher tothesolemnprocession

e rto herne wa bo de a ndthere

er,orsister-in-law,ofthe bride-

h i ld,to ucheswitha d istaf f the wa lls

eroccupiedwith thisimplement,

ndwater,upto thetablewhichit

PublicDomain


ss_

use#pd


61/546

mmowu.

toprepare:withthesesymbo-

sintothe newcommunity.Her

eofsugar,to denotethatsheshould

sgood.As yetsheisonlya

ole y e a rshe isterm e dthe be -

mptionofcontinuedbashfulness,pre-

ps apartevenfromherhusband.

shescarcelyconverseswithhim

phrasebepermittedfromher

avepassed,andshe hasbecome

hild ren ,tha tshe in rea l ity nds

othermembersofthefamilyinto

feelingofblood-relationshipthat

s,itisr emarkablethattherevenge

peciallyasafeelingofretaliation,

arcondition,is aprominentcha-

Montenegro,theracemostnearly

rise fromthefactthatpowerful

t f ound in e rv ia: the y co uldno t

intaintheirascendancy,in conse-

cterof thenationalsubjection.

toa community,isacustommore

onefoundedoncommonoriginor

consideredmurderratheraloss

whicha murderhadbeenperpe-

ay,as compensation,thepriceof

a . T h is w a s x e d a t on e t ho u sa n d

communityallowedthemur-

d .Itwa sde em e dsuf cie nt i f he

mily ofthepartymurdered, and

circumstances,wasnot likelyto

ncerevengewouldoccasionnew

ageformedwas averyclose

ct ing itso wn lde rs,a ndP re -

adalreadyappearedinthelaws ofDushan,

i f w e ma y f ol l ow n g el s v e r si o n so f a r . I t i s a q ue s

Leopold Ranke-The History of Servia-Cyprien Robert-The Slave Provinces of Turkey

Documents

Transcript of Leopold Ranke-The History of Servia-Cyprien Robert-The Slave Provinces of Turkey