Leonid Iomdin Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences...

Leonid IomdinInstitute for Information Transmission

Problems,Russian Academy of Sciences

[email protected], [email protected]

Program Overview: p. 11. Basic Principles of The Meaning-Text

theory by Igor Mel’čuk. Language as a Universal Translator of Senses to Texts and Texts to Senses. Text analysis and text generation. The theory of integral linguistic description by Juri Apresjan. The grammar and the dictionary of language.

2. Two syntactic levels of sentence representation: surface syntax and deep syntax.

December 14, 2009. Lectures 9-10 2

Program Overview: p. 23. The dependency tree structure as a

syntactic representation of the sentence. Dependency tree vs. Constituent tree: advantages and drawbacks of both types of representation. Limits of the dependency tree. The hypothesis of two syntactic starts.

4. The notions of syntactic relation. Major classes of syntactic relations: actant, attributive, coordinative and auxiliary relation classes.

5. The notion of syntactic feature. Syntactic features vs. Semantic features.


Program Overview: p. 36. Actants and valencies. Active, passive and distant

valencies. The government pattern of a dictionary entry. An overview of actant syntactic relations. The predicative relation. The agentive relation. Completive relations.

7. An overview of attributive syntactic relations. Grammatical Agreement. Numerals and Quantitative Constructions. The system of Quantification Syntax of Russian.

8. Grammatical coordination as a type of grammatical subordination. An overview of coordinative syntactic relations.


Program Overview: p. 49. Auxiliary syntactic relations. Analytical

grammatical forms as an object of syntax. 10 Microsyntax of Language. Minor Type

Sentences. Syntactic Idioms.11. Lexical Functions in the Dictionary and

the Grammar. 12. Syntactic description and syntactic rules.

Dependency Syntax in NLP. Dependency Syntax in Machine Translation. Syntactically Tagged Corpus of Texts.


Classes of Syntactic Relations1) actant relations;2) attributive relations;3) coordinative relations;4) auxiliary relations


Class of Coordinative Relations1) Coordinative Relation proper

2) Sentential-Coordinative Relation

3) Coordinative-Conjunctive Relation

4) Sequential RelationDecember 14, 2009. Lectures 9-10 7

Coordination as Type of Subordination

Why? 1)there is no distinct boundary between subordination

and coordination:slow and sure slow but sure slow if sure slow

though surebrave new world brave, new world brave and new

worldrus. Ivan i Marija prishli = Ivan s Mariej prishli Ivan and Maria came vs. Ivan with Maria cameDavid and Goliath fought = David fought with GoliaphSarkozy, Merkel to improve bilateral ties <to hold talks>



Why? 1)there is no distinct boundary between

subordination and coordination:John Hopkins, University Professor and Member of

the Parliament, once said… = John Hopkins, University Professor, Member of the

Parliament, once said…



Why? 2)they say that coordinated words are symmetrical

and permutative , while subordinated ones are not:

John and Mary = Mary and John vs. Lesson of wisdom ≠ Wisdom of lesson

However, this is not always so: Try and catch me ≠ Catch and try me. Moreover: and instantiates a valency of try: Try and catch me = Try to catch me



Russian has many more verbs that have such a property. Pytat’sja ‘try’ is not among them but its approximate synonym, starat’sja ‘do one’s best’, is:

On nakonec postaralsja i sdal ekzamen ‘Finally he did his best and passed the exam”

On oshibsja i poshel v protivopolozhnuju storonu ‘He made a mistake and went the opposite way’ : interpretation verb

Izlovchilsja i vyrvalsja iz ruk policejskogo ‘he contrived to tear himself away from the policeman’



No permutation in a sequence of actions: He stood up and said something ≠ He said

something and stood up. No permutation in simultaneous actions:They were sitting on the balcony and playing

chess vs.*They were playing chess and sitting on the

balcony.


Coordinative Relation properThe relation is restrictedly repeatable: a node my have one or two coordinative daughters, but not three.

You have to choose between very fast [X1, X2] but [Y1] expensive and [Y2] cheap [X3] but [Y3] slow processors


coord-conj coord-conj

coord-conj

Coordinative RelationIt always goes from left to right:John [X1], Mary [Y1,X2] and [Y2]

BillParents teach their children how to

behave [X1], think [Y1,X2], feel [Y2,X3] and [Y4] perceive.

Parents teach their children how to [X1] behave, to [Y1,X2] think, to [Y2,X3] feel and [Y3] to perceive.


coord-conj

Coordinative RelationCoordinated conjunctionsBefore [X1], unless [Y1, X2] and [Y2]

until they are corrupted, most infants seem to be loving.

Coordinated saturated prepositionsHe spoke with [X] passion and [Y]

with real eloquence.


coord-conj

coord-conj

Coordinative RelationCoordinated unsaturated prepositions

with [X] or [Y] without clothes. Coordination of words belonging to different parts of speech

… production [X1], commercial [Y1, X2] and [Y2] financial support


coord-conj

coord-conj

Coordinative RelationHow large can the group of those going

to the station be? Who may make up this group?

John and Mary or Steven and Jane will go to the station.


Sentential -Coordinative Relation The relation is restrictedly repeatable and

it also always goes from left to right, too:

John left [X], Mary stayed [Y]

John left [X], but [Y] Mary stayedDecember 14, 2009. Lectures 9-10 18

coord-conj

Sentential -Coordinative Relation

John left [X1,X2] but [Y1] Mary stayed and [Y2] Steven ran but Jane walked


coord-conj

Coordinative-Conjunctive Relation

In coordinative constructions, coordinative and coordinative-conjunctive relations normally match each other

He jogs and [X] swims [Y] every morning.


coord

Coordinative-Conjunctive Relation

An exception is the conjunction that opens a sentence:

But [X] I don’t [Y].Or [X] at least he seems [Y] to.

And where is he now? December 14, 2009. Lectures 9-10 21

coord-conj

Sequential RelationRussian [X] – American [Y] talks

Man [X] -machine [Y] interactionThe score was 2 [X] :3 [Y]. The score was 2 [X] to [Y] 3.


compos

prepos

Sequential RelationRussian [X] – American [Y] talks

Ground [X] - to [Y]- air missiles

100 [X] to [Y] 200 crowns

Levels one [X] through [Y] four


compos

prepos

appos

quantit

prepos

Class of Auxiliary Relations1) Analytical Relation2) Passive-Analytical Relation3) Quantitative-Auxiliary Relation4) Phrasal-Junctive Relation5) Parenthetical Relation6) Expletive Relation7) Explicative Relation8) Correlative Relation9) Colligative Relation


Analytical RelationHe will [X] write [Y]. Will [X] he write [Y]?I do [X] not know [Y]. I don’t [X] know [Y]. They will [X1] have [Y1,X2] been [Y2,X3] going [Y3] by now.

Had [X1] he arrived [Y1] sooner, it would [X2] have [Y2,X3] been [Y3] different.


adverb

Analytical Relation

He may have [X] written [Y] this.

She is the most beautiful of all.

She is more beautiful than Eve.


restr attrib

comparrestr

1-compl

Passive-Analytical Relation

He was [X] told [Y] to go. I don’t like him being [X] hassled [Y]. I don’t like him being ill.Please be [X] prepared [Y] by 5 o’clock.

Please be ready by 5 o’clock. December 14, 2009. Lectures 9-10 27

copulat

1-compl

Quantitative-Auxiliary RelationThirty [Y]-one [X] questions have been answered.

The thirty [Y]- first [X] question was the hardest of all.

Twenty [Y] two [X] and a half tons.


Quantitative-Auxiliary Relation


Quantitative-Auxiliary Relation


One hundred and twenty tons.

Phrasal-Junctive RelationHe turned [X] away [Y].She came [X] in [Y=IN2] . She came in [IN1] the room.

I go [X] in [Y] for sports.


2-compl

1-compl

Parenthetical RelationWe have [X], then [Y], the following results.

Honestly [Y], I’d [X]rather stay here.He runs the risk of being sacked, or, at [Y] any rate, of [X] making an enemy.


Parenthetical RelationYou are [X] right, I believe [Y].I believe you are right. I believe that you are right. You are [X] right, it seems [Y].It seems you are right. It seems that you are right.


Expletive RelationIt [X] seems that [Y] you are right.It shows that you are right. The experiment shows that you are right. *The experiment seems that you are right.It [X] seems you [Y] are right.It [X] is more useful to [Y] look for the missing

element.Must it [X] be decided which way to [Y] choose?I find it [X] strange that [Y] he didn’t show up.


Explicative RelationHe told [X]me that he had been to a concert, which was [Y] a lie.

I found [X] a room, which was [Y] nice.

I found a room which was nice.December 14, 2009. Lectures 9-10 35

relat

Correlative RelationNeither John nor Mary appeared.Both John and Mary appeared.Either John or Mary will come.Neither John, nor Mary, nor Jack will come.


Correlative RelationNeither John, nor Mary, nor Jack will come.


Colligative RelationThe relation describes pseudo-passive constructions with stranded prepositions:

He will be listened to by the authorities.

He was done away with.


Colligative RelationHer bed this morning had not been slept [X] in

[Y].This house was lived in by George Washington.*Virginia was lived in by George Washington.This house was remained in by George

Washington.The closet was slipped into by the thief.*The closet was slipped into by a piece of soap.


Colligative RelationHer child was taken good care [X] of [Y].The ship was soon lost sight of.*This should be put an end to.


Next lecturesLexical Functions in the Dictionary

and the Grammar. The hypothesis of two syntactic

starts.Microsyntax of Language. Minor

Type Sentences. Syntactic Idioms.


Leonid Iomdin Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences...

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