Leo Craig

Business Continuity and Data Security

Leo CraigSales Manager

Riello Galatrek Ltd

UK Subsidiary of Riello Elettronica srl

Power QualityUPS Technologies

Specification Considerations

Leo Craig

Poor Power Quality

"Power Quality" - words that either mean absolutely nothing,or are absolutely vital to you.

Source www.marcspages.co.uk

General definition:

Poor Power Quality is any variation in electric power resulting in malfunction or failure of equipment.

General effect:

Loss of Data

Loss of Time

Premature Equipment Failure

General result:

Loss of Revenue

Loss of Customers

Costs MONEY!

Leo Craig

Power Quality

GRID & Distribution CodesStipulates max / min values of voltage, frequency etc.

BS EN 61000-4-7 (G5/4)Harmonics limits and regulations

BS EN 50160Details typical disturbances found on the system.

BS EN 61000-4-15Flicker measurement limits and methods

BS EN 61000-4-30Class A & B for monitoring compliancy

Leo Craig

Power Disturbances

Blackout – Power failure

Surge, over-voltage

Sag, under-voltage

Voltage Spikes

High frequency noise

Frequency variation

Waveshape faults – Frequency shift or Harmonics

Equipment FailureEquipment FailureCPU DamageCPU DamagePSU damagePSU damageHard Drive damageHard Drive damageData corruptionData corruptionComponent stressComponent stressComponent DamageComponent Damage

Leo Craig

Where do disturbances come from?

• Bird strike- O/H lines• Wind – O/H lines• Lightning – O/H lines mostly• Equipment failure• Operational errors• Aggravating factors

– Auto reclosers– Fault tracing

Leo Craig

Where do disturbances come from?

Inside the building ! Factory equipment Office equipment Air conditioning and

elevator drive motors

Leo Craig

The Effects of Power Disturbances

ReferenceReference: George W. Allen and: George W. Allen andDonald Segall, IBM Systems Donald Segall, IBM Systems Development Division. “MonitoringDevelopment Division. “Monitoringof Computer Installations for Power of Computer Installations for Power Line Disturbances” 1974.Line Disturbances” 1974.

Electrical Noise & Transients62.6/Month

48.79%

SpikesTransients50.7/Month

39.52%Mains

Failures0.6/Month

0.47%

Sags, Surges & Brownouts14.4/Month

11.22%

A typical mains supply is quite polluted.

Leo Craig

Did You Know!

A typical computer system is subjected to more than 125 potentially devastating power disturbances each month.

source - Business Week

Every hour of downtime for a typical mid-sized network costs its owner £18,000.  

source - Business Week

One-third of all data loss is caused by power problems.  source - Business Week

Half of all computer problems are traced to the power line. source - Business Week

Poor power quality costs U.S. businesses more than $26 billion each year!   source - Business Week

According to Larry Owens of Silicon Valley Power, a blackout costs Sun Microsystems "up to $1 million per minute."

source- www.nrel.gov

Network DOWNTIME costs:

£50,000 per hour when one megabyte of data needs to be restored or recreated £18,000 an hour for a PC network £90,000 for the transportation industry £6.5 million for large brokerage houses

source – www.unifiedcomputing.com

Leo Craig

CBEMA Voltage Tolerance Curve

Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA) curve

Leo Craig

ITIC Voltage Tolerance Curve

ITIC (Information Technology Industry Council) formally CBEMA curve

EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTION

EQUIPMENT DAMAGE RISK

Leo Craig

Power Solutions

PowerProblem

Standby Power

System Generator

Power Conditioner

CVT

TVSS AutomaticVoltage

Stabiliser (AVS)

UPS

(online) Dual Conversion

Mains Failures Sags /Brownouts Surges Spikes / Transients High Frequency Noise Frequency Variation

Leo Craig

UPS Technologies

Power Problem Off-Line Line InteractiveOn-Line

Double Conversion

Mains Failures Sags / Brownouts Surges Spikes / Transients High Frequency Noise Harmonic Distortion Frequency Variation No Break Change-over

Leo Craig

UPS - Line interactive (Off Line)

MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

BatteryCharger

UPS

VoltageStabiliser

Leo Craig

UPS - Line interactive (Off Line)

MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

BatteryCharger

Normal Operation

VoltageStabiliser

Leo Craig

UPS - Line interactive (Off Line)

MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

BatteryCharger

Mains Failure

VoltageStabiliser

£ = Square wave ££ = Stepped or Quasi sinewave

£££ = Sinewave

2-20mSecsbreak in supply (£)

Leo Craig

On-Line Dual Conversion (VFI)

MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

Battery

Converter

On line UPS

Static/Maintenance Bypass

VFI = Voltage and Frequency Independent

Leo Craig

On-Line Dual Conversion (VFI)

MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

Battery

Converter

NORMAL OPERATION

V +/- 20%45-65Hz

V +/- 1%+/-1%Hz

VdcVac Vac

Static/Maintenance Bypass

VFI = Voltage and Frequency Independent

Leo Craig

On-Line Dual Conversion (VFI)

MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

Battery

Converter

MAINS FAIL

V +/- 1%+/-0.05%Hz

Vdc Vac

Static/Maintenance Bypass

VFI = Voltage and Frequency Independent

Leo Craig

On-Line Dual Conversion (VFI)

MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

Battery

Converter

OVERLOAD/FAULT

Vac

Static/Maintenance Bypass

VFI = Voltage and Frequency Independent

Leo Craig

Specification Considerations

• Standards required

• Requirements of Load

• Site Considerations

• Type of System

• Autonomy (Back-up time)

• Battery Specification

• Communications

Leo Craig

Standards

BS EN 62040: UPS Industry standard

• BS EN 62040-1-1:2003 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS). General and safety requirements for UPS used in operator access areas

• BS EN 62040-1-2:2003 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS). General and safety requirements for UPS used in restricted access locations

• BS EN 62040-3:2001 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS). Method of specifying the performance and test requirements

Leo Craig

Standards

EN50091-1: Uninterruptible Power supply systems; general provisions of safetyEN50091-1-1: Uninterruptible Power supply systems; general provisions of safety used in

areas accessible to operatorsEN60950 : ITE Information technology equipment safetyEN50091-2: Uninterruptible Power supply systems (UPS) electromagnetic compatibility

provisionsEN50081-2: Electromagnetic compatibility (immunity)EN61000-4-2: Immunity: Electro Static Discharge (ESD)EN61000-4-3: Immunity: Electromagnetic FieldsEN61000-4-4: Immunity: Transient over voltages (BURST)EN61000-4-5: Immunity: Current surges (Surges)EN61000-4-11: Low frequency DisturbancesEN50141: Induced radio interferenceEN55022: Radio frequency disturbanceENV50091-3: UPS performance and test provisionsIEC146 : semiconductor electronic convertersIEC529 : degree of protection of casings

European directives73/23: Low Voltage Directive enforcing CE marking89/336: electromagnetic compatibility directive enforcing CE marking

BS EN 62040 replaces the EN50091 standard.

Leo Craig

Recommendations

UPS will put Harmonics back on to the mains6 Pulse Rectifier typical THD of 20-30%12 Pulse rectifier typical THD less than 8%.

Filters are required to give a THD less than 5%.Active or Passive.

G5/4 States-If load draws more than 16A / phase an assessment should be made.

If in Doubt - Ask the UPS Manufacturer.Remember the Building should comply with the standard not just the UPS

Engineering Recommendation G5/4

Planning levels for Harmonic Voltage Distortion and the connection of non-linear equipment to transmission systems and distribution networks in the United Kingdom

Leo Craig

Sizing the UPS

Total load of equipment – Load list

Manufacturers rating plate will always be maximum worst case load

Stated Amps is often rated at 110Vac and 50% less at 230Vac

Using the manufacturers Wattage and VA ratings may over-size the UPS by up to 50% or worse

Leo Craig

47.26TOTAL POWER REQUIRED Amps

10870TOTAL POWER REQUIRED Watts

702054013LAN switches

150752Screening router

6506501Voice Acquisition Mod

1001001Flat screen TFT

1501501KVM switch

20005004Server

8004002Telecoms Switch

Total Power (w)Power (w)QuantityItem

From the published information the UPS was sized with a load of 10.87kW. A 15kVA UPS that is capable of supplying 12kW was selected.

The running load was estimated to be 6.5kWatts (28Amps) for battery sizing.

Once Installed, the load was monitored and the maximum RMS current drawn by the equipment above was 7.3 amps (1.68 kWatts). Power drawn was 15% of the manufacturers published data.

This is an extreme case but highlights the potential for over-estimating.

Sizing the UPS - Example

Leo Craig

Total load of equipment –

Manufacturers rating plate will always be maximum worst case load

Stated Amps is often rated at 110Vac and 50% less at 230Vac

Using the manufacturers wattage and VA ratings may over-size the UPS by up to 50% or worse

Measure current – RMS and Peak

Future Power RequirementUpgrading to ‘Blade or Edge’ servers (1U high servers -450Watts approx)Rack fully populated could exceed 18kW! ‘Power densities is rising’

What should not be supported

LightingAir – conditioningPhotocopiers/non essential printers

Sizing the UPS

Leo Craig

Multiple Small or One Large UPS

Price per kVA

£0.00

£100.00

£200.00

£300.00

£400.00

£500.00

£600.00

Question - Question - Should I select one large UPS of multiple small UPS Should I select one large UPS of multiple small UPS in my server room?in my server room?

Answer - Answer - Under most circumstances one large UPS is bestUnder most circumstances one large UPS is best

• Cheaper per kVA Cheaper per kVA • Better Build QualityBetter Build Quality• Cheaper and Easier MaintenanceCheaper and Easier Maintenance• Saves SpaceSaves Space

Leo Craig

Site Considerations

• Physical size of the UPS.Delivering and positioning – Will it go through the door?

• Physical weight of the UPSCan it go up the stairs?Will it fall through the floor?

• Location Access: Installation – Servicing - SecurityFloods, Chemicals and Gases.AC, Soil or water pipes overhead.Ventilation – Removal of heat

• Regulations Fire regulations. EPO requirement?Site specific regulations Hospitals, military etc

• Interface with Generator 1.6 times larger minimum than UPS

Leo Craig

400 400

400kVA Configuration - Options

400 KVA Single UPSCost effectiveUPS Fails – No Protection (Raw Mains)

2 x 200 KVABuild up system 200kVa to 400kVAUPS Fails – No Protection (Raw Mains)Expandable System

400

200 200

Parallel Redundant 2 x 400 KVA Full Protection if a UPS FailsExpensive

N+1 Redundant 3 x 200 KVA Full Protection if a UPS FailsTakes up space Expandable

400 400

200 200 200200 200 200200 200 200 200

400

200 200200 200 200

Leo Craig

External Bypass Switch

RECTIFIER INVERTER

STATIC SWITCH

TOEXTENSION

BATTERYCABINET

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)

INPUT MAINS

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)

Bypass Switch.

CRITICAL LOAD

Mains Supply

200kVA Single UPS with External Bypass

Leo Craig

Parallel System With External Bypass

RECTIFIER INVERTER

STATIC SWITCH

TOEXTENSION

BATTERYCABINET

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)

INPUT MAINS

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)

RECTIFIER INVERTER

STATIC SWITCH

TOEXTENSION

BATTERYCABINET

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)

INPUT MAINS

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)

Bypass Switch.

CRITCAL LOAD

Mains Supply

UPS A

UPS B

200kVA Parallel 2 x100kVA with External Bypass

Leo Craig

Parallel Redundant System

RECTIFIER INVERTER

STATIC SWITCH

TOEXTENSION

BATTERYCABINET

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)

INPUT MAINS

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)

RECTIFIER INVERTER

STATIC SWITCH

TOEXTENSION

BATTERYCABINET

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)

INPUT MAINS

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)

CRITCAL LOAD

UPS A

UPS B

Mains Supply

200kVA Parallel Redundant (2 x200kVA) UPS(No Bypass Required)

Leo Craig

Electrical Infrastructure

RECTIFIER INVERTER

STATIC SWITCH

TOEXTENSION

BATTERYCABINET

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)

INPUT MAINS

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)

UPS A

RECTIFIER INVERTER

STATIC SWITCH

TOEXTENSION

BATTERYCABINET

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)

INPUT MAINS

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)

UPS B

RECTIFIER INVERTER

STATIC SWITCH

TOEXTENSION

BATTERYCABINET

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (STATIC SWITCH)

INPUT MAINS

BYPASS LINE INPUT. (MAINTENANCE BYPASS)

UPS C

CRITCAL LOAD

Mains Supply

Leo Craig

Autonomy

Question - How long should the UPS support the load?

Answer - Minimum autonomy as I have a generator!

WRONG!

The autonomy should be as long as it takes to carry out a controlled shutdown!

Answer – I want to keep going for 2, 4 or 8 hours

WRONG!

Temperature rise will be to great if there’s for no air-conditioning 30-45 minutes.

Take into account load shedding. Load reduced = increased autonomy & lower heat output

Battery sharing?Batteries are the weakest component in a UPS!!!

Leo Craig

Battery Specification

Vented - Old Specification, 3 Monthly top-up. Special battery room - gassing. Special Transport required and Handling. COSHH

Recommend to use 2 strings in single UPS applications

Valve Regulated Sealed Lead Acid (VRLA) 5 or 10 year design life and BS6290pt 4. Maintenance free. Used in office environment. Virtually No gassing. Safe to Transport. Mounted in any plane.

NiCad - 20 year design life, 3 Monthly top-up. Special battery room – gassing. Special Transport required. Due to be banned in Europe 2008! COSHH

Plante – 20 year design life, 3 Monthly top-up. Special battery room – gassing. Special Transport and handling required. COSHH

Leo Craig

Battery Gassing

Electrolysis produces Oxygen and Hydrogen on chargeElectrolysis produces Oxygen and Hydrogen on charge

Hydrogen production is 100ml per ah per cell per annum Hydrogen production is 100ml per ah per cell per annum on float chargeon float charge

E.g. 4 x 64 EN160-6 would produce 100ml x 160ah x 4 E.g. 4 x 64 EN160-6 would produce 100ml x 160ah x 4 strings x (4 x 64 cells) NB EN160-6 is 3 cells. (8960kgs strings x (4 x 64 cells) NB EN160-6 is 3 cells. (8960kgs of batteries)of batteries)

Total 12.3 cubic metres of hydrogen per annumTotal 12.3 cubic metres of hydrogen per annumi.e. 1 cubic metre per monthi.e. 1 cubic metre per monthi.e. 0.04 cubic metres of hydrogen per day.i.e. 0.04 cubic metres of hydrogen per day.

Result - negligible gas productionResult - negligible gas production

H2H2

O2O2

Leo Craig

Heat Output

Heat…. Heat….

Battery on charge is exothermic (gives out heat) Battery on charge is exothermic (gives out heat) Battery on discharge is endothermic (takes in heat)Battery on discharge is endothermic (takes in heat)

- On discharge heat is negligibleOn discharge heat is negligible

- On charge heat is 0.02 watts per ah per 12 voltsOn charge heat is 0.02 watts per ah per 12 volts

E.g. 4 x 64 EN160-6 gives off 410 watts of heat on charge. (8960kgs)E.g. 4 x 64 EN160-6 gives off 410 watts of heat on charge. (8960kgs)

Room temperature has a greater effect!Room temperature has a greater effect!

Leo Craig

Battery Life

Room temperature is important!

10 year Design Life Battery

10 year – 20oC

5 year - 30oC

2.5 year - 40oC

Temperature compensated charging avoids over/undercharge

Life increase of 15% max

Other influences

Quality of Charger will affect the life of the battery

Higher the DC ripple the shorter the battery life.

Fast recharges also shorten the battery life.

Leo Craig

COMMUNICATIONS

• Remote Indication – LEDs, LCD, mimics• Volt Free Contacts – BMS • Modem – Remote interrogation by phone • FCT (fixed cell terminals) for remote locations.• 24/7 Monitoring – Service Centre• Controlled Shutdown & Monitoring Software

• RS 232 – Direct connection to server/PC• SNMP – Presence on LAN – WWW• Keep critical servers running longer (load shedding)• Real time monitoring• 24/7 Monitoring - email alert, SMS, WAP

Leo Craig

Thank you for ListeningThank you for Listening

Any QuestionsAny Questions

www.riello-ups.co.uk

Electrical Review Article on Resiliencewww.riello-upspr.co.uk/view/57