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The Art of Residential Lighting

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The Art of Residential Lighting

Legrand60 Woodlawn StreetWest Hartford, CT 06110

A comprehensive lighting plan is critical to the success of any residential design project. Proper lighting is effective and efficient and contributes to the comfort and functionality of the home. This course explores lighting concepts, sources, and controls. It discusses using layers of light to achieve design goals, and how to incorporate energy efficiency into lighting designs.

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The American Institute of Architects · Course No. AEC967 · This program qualifies for 1.0 LU/HSW Hour.

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AEC Daily Corporation has met the standards and requirements of the Registered

Continuing Education Program. Credit earned on completion of this program will be

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participant. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be

an approval or endorsement by the RCEP.






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Purpose and Learning Objectives

Purpose: A comprehensive lighting plan is critical to the success of any residential design project. Proper lighting is effective and efficient and contributes to the comfort and functionality of the home. This course explores lighting concepts, sources, and controls. It discusses using layers of light to achieve design goals, and how to incorporate energy efficiency into lighting designs.

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

• explain how we see and define key terms surrounding light and color

• specify the right lamp for the application based on lamp characteristics including efficacy, efficiency, and color attributes

• describe the types of lighting controls and automated lighting control systems available and how they contribute to energy-efficient design, and

• apply knowledge of lighting design fundamentals and energy-efficient design principles to create effective, flexible, and dynamic lighting designs.






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How to Use This Online Learning Course

• To view this course, use the arrows at the bottom of each slide or the up and down arrow keys on your keyboard.

• To print or exit the course at any time, press the ESC key on your keyboard. This will minimize the full-screen presentation and display the menu bar.

• Within this course is an exam password that you will be required to enter in order to proceed with the online examination. Please be sure to remember or write down this exam password so that you have it available for the test.

• To receive a certificate indicating course completion, refer to the instructions at the end of the course.

• For additional information and post-seminar assistance, click on any of the logos and icons within a page or any of the links at the top of each page.






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Table of Contents

Introduction to Light 7

Light Sources 20

Lighting Controls 27

Fundamentals of Lighting Design 36

Energy-Efficient Lighting Design 43

Residential Lighting Recommendations 51

Resources 66

Click on title to view






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Introduction to Light






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What Is Light?

By Philip Ronan, Gringer, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

Essentially, light is energy (electromagnetic (EM) radiation); it is nature’s way of transferring energy through space.

Visible light is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum—from approximately 360 nanometers (nm) to 770 nm—that can be detected by the human eye.

Using our sense of sight, light becomes an instrument for perceiving the world and communicating within it.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EM_spectrumrevised.png&oldid=182038021

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0






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How We See

There are many different parts of the eye that help to create vision. Light passes through the cornea, the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. The cornea bends, or refracts, this incoming light. The iris, the colored part of the eye, regulates the size of the pupil, the opening that controls the amount of light that enters the eye. Behind the pupil is the lens, a clear part of the eye that further focuses light, or an image, onto the retina. The retina is a thin, delicate, photosensitive tissue that contains the special “photoreceptor” cells that convert light into electrical signals. These electrical signals are processed further, and then travel from the retina of the eye to the brain through the optic nerve, a bundle of about one million nerve fibers. We “see” with our brains; our eyes collect visual information and begin this complex process.






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How We See: Rods and Cones

By OpenStax College, CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

Cones are the cells responsible for daylight vision (photopic vision). There are three kinds—each responding to a different wavelength of light: • red (long wavelength)• green (medium wavelength), and• blue (short wavelength). The cones allow us to see images in color and detail, and enable central vision.

Rods are responsible for night vision (scotopic vision). They are sensitive to light but not to color. In darkness, the cones do not function at all. The rods allow us to interpret black and white as well as motion, and enable peripheral vision.

Cones and rods work together for low light levels (mesopic vision).

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1416_Color_Sensitivity.jpg&oldid=188041660

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0






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How We See: Processing Visible Light

The visual system performs a number of processes as it receives and interprets light.

1. Eye recognizes contrast 2. Eye interprets luminance/brightness 3. Eye interprets color






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What Is Color?

Light is a wave and the frequency of light that our eyes detect is called color.

Color PerceptionWe see objects only when light is reflected or emitted from them. When white light (containing all colors in the visible light spectrum) hits an object, some of the spectrum of light is absorbed and some is reflected; only the reflected spectrum contributes to the viewer’s perception of the color of the object.

In the image to the right, the blue object is being struck by visible white light. It absorbs all wavelengths except blue, which is reflected, and so we see the object as blue.

White objects reflect all wavelengths and absorb none, while black objects absorb all wavelengths and reflect none.

White light Reflected spectrum

Selective reflectance of light from a pigment






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Spectral Power Distribution (SPD)

There is no such thing as pure white light.

IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America) definition of SPD:A pictorial representation of the radiant power emitted by a light source at each wavelength or band of wavelengths in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (360 to 770 nanometers).

So why is this important? Different light sources will have different spectral power distributions, directly affecting the ability of the light sources to render colors naturally. Lamp manufacturers publish graphs depicting the spectral power distributions of their light sources.

By Thorseth (Own work), CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons

Spectral power distribution of a 25 W incandescent light bulb, measured at the Department of Photonics Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Spectral_power_distribution_of_a_25_W_incandescent_light_bulb.png&oldid=186946896







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Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

IESNA definition of CCT: The absolute temperature of a blackbody whose chromaticity most nearly resembles that of the light source.

Correlated color temperature is essentially a measure of how warm or cool a light source appears, and it is measured in degrees Kelvin. Most light sources will fall into the range of 2700 to 6500 K, with the higher temperatures appearing cool (above 5300 K) and the lower temperatures appearing warm (below 3300 K). The correlated color temperature designation for a light source is an indication of the lamp’s general appearance, but does not give information on its specific spectral power distribution.

Light sources do not have an equal radiation at all wavelengths in their spectrum and have disproportionate levels when rendering certain colors. They are measured in their ability to accurately render all colors of their spectrum, in a scale called the color rendering index (CRI).

10,000 K

9,000 K

8,000 K

7,000 K

6,000 K

5,000 K

4,000 K

3,000 K

2,000 K

1,000 K

Blue sky

Cool white LED

Daylight fluorescent

Direct sunlight at noonClear metal halideCool white fluorescentHalogen Warm white fluorescentWarm white LEDIncandescent

High pressure sodiumCandle






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Color Rendering Index (CRI)

IESNA definition of CRI: Measure of the degree of color shift objects undergo when illuminated by the light source as compared with the color of those same objects when illuminated by a reference source, of comparable color temperature.

Color rendering index measures how well a given light source will render color on a scale of 0 (poor) to 100 (excellent). The CRI rating for a lamp is an average of eight test results and gives no insight into the effect on the appearance of any one color.

Incandescent radiators (halogen, krypton, xenon) have a CRI of 100. Any CRI rating of 80 or above is considered high and indicates that the source has good color properties. Fluorescents, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have CRIs from 70 to 90, and high-intensity discharge lamps (HIDs) are 70 and under. When used together, CCT and CRI can provide excellent benchmarks for the comparison of light sources.

Fair50–60 CRI

Standard warm white fluorescentStandard cool white fluorescent

60–70 CRIPremium high pressure sodium

Conventional metal halide

Better70–80 CRI

Thin coat tri-phosphor fluorescent

Best80–90 CRI

White high pressure sodiumWarm metal halide

Thick coat tri-phosphor fluorescent 90–100 CRI

High CRI fluorescentIncandescent and tungsten-

halogenPhoto courtesy of Department of Energy






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Measuring Light

Lumens measure brightness and watts measure the energy a bulb uses. A standard 60-watt incandescent bulb produces about 800 lumens of light. By comparison, a CFL bulb produces 800 lumens using less than 15 watts.

Luminous intensity: The amount of light that travels in certain directions from the source. It is measured in candelas.

Luminous flux: The amount of light being given off by a particular source, in all directions. It is a measure of the total perceived power of light. It is measured in lumens.

Illuminance: The amount of light falling on a surface. It is measured in lux (metric unit = lumen/m2) or footcandles (English unit = lumen/ft2). 1 footcandleequals 10.8 lux.

Luminance: The light reflected off of surfaces. It is measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m2), or nits (in imperial units).






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Measuring Light

Efficacy and efficiency are often interchanged; however, they are not the same thing.• Efficacy is the ratio of light produced by a

source to the power supplied and is measured in lumens per watt (LPW).

• Efficiency is the ratio of light utilized by a fixture to the actual light produced by a source and is measured as a percentage.

To demonstrate the difference, picture two lighting cans, one with a reflector bulb and one with a standard bulb, each with the same efficacy. When the reflector bulb is used in the can, all the light is directed downwards, making it very efficient. But when the standard bulb is used in the can, some of the light is directed upwards within the can where it is not needed, making it inefficient.






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Quantity vs. Quality of Light

The technology of light used to focus on light in terms of its quantity. Incandescent lamps were used to provide sufficient light for the tasks performed in a particular environment. Although providing adequate light is still essential to the design, it is now accepted that the quality of that light is also important. For example, the use of appropriate lamps, luminaires, and lighting techniques can eliminate glare, enhance people’s ability to perform tasks, and influence their emotional state. The Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) describes the goal of quality lighting as “achieving the optimum balance of the practical and aesthetic issues of the built environment.”1 These issues are pictured to the right.

Human Needs• Visibility• Task performance• Visual comfort• Social communication• Mood and atmosphere• Health, safety, well-being• Aesthetic judgment

Architecture, Building-or Site-Related Issues• Form• Composition• Style• Codes and standards• Safety and security• Daylighting

Economics, Energy Efficiency, Environment• Installation• Maintenance• Operation• Energy• Environment

Quality of Light

1“What’s Your Quality of Light? The lighting industry’s call for a practical lighting energy policy.” Illuminating Engineering Society. IES, IALD, ALA, n.d. Web. https://www.ies.org/store/product/whats-your-quality-of-light-the-lighting-industrys-call-for-a-practical-lighting-energy-policy-1225.cfm. Accessed November 2016.

https://www.ies.org/store/product/whats-your-quality-of-light-the-lighting-industrys-call-for-a-practical-lighting-energy-policy-1225.cfm






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Why We Use Lighting

Light is a fundamental factor of our daily lives. We rely on light:• For visual functions

• Illumination of task areas• Lighting can provide safety and

security • To enhance visual environments

• Lighting can provide a sense of comfort or create a stimulating atmosphere

• Flexible lighting systems can create scenes, effects, and moods

• Lighting can enhance architecture, its character and mood






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Light Sources






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Types of Lamps

There are now more residential lighting options available to homeowners than ever before. In the interest of using energy wisely, fluorescent lighting technologies have been developed for residential applications. For even greater energy efficiency, light-emitting diode (LED) lighting technology is also finding its place in the residential market. The residential lighting industry is rapidly evolving.

Today’s energy-efficient bulbs are available in a wide range of colors and light levels and typically use about 25% to 80% less energy than traditional incandescents. While energy-efficient bulbs are normally more expensive, newer bulbs cost less to operate, saving money over the life of the bulb. The bipartisan Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) established new efficiency standards that do not ban incandescent or any specific bulb type: they say that bulbs need to use about 25% less energy.






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Types of Lamps: Thermal Radiation

• Halogen A-19 lamps (energy-saving)• This is a type of incandescent lamp with a capsule that holds a special

halogen gas composition around the heated filament to increase the efficacy of the incandescence. They are more energy efficient than standard incandescent bulbs. They are more costly to buy but are less expensive to operate because of their higher efficacy and longer life expectancy. They also provide excellent color rendition.

• Reflector or parabolic reflector (PAR) lamps, “flood” or “spot” lamps• Reflector bulbs (R-type) spread and direct light over specific areas. They

are used indoors and outdoors, mainly for floodlighting, spotlighting, and downlighting applications.

By KMJ, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

Incandescent Lamps There are three common types of incandescent lamps (called A-line lamps) used in residential applications:• Standard incandescent or pear-shaped A-19 lamps

• Commonly known as the screw-in “A”-type lamp that use a medium Edison (E-26) base, these lamps produce visible light by heating a tiny coil or filament of tungsten wire that glows when it is heated by an electrical current. They are the least efficient light source and have been largely phased out.

Incandescent Halogen

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg&oldid=131267684







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Types of Lamps: Gas Discharge

Fluorescent/Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) There are two general types of fluorescent lamps:• Fluorescent tube and circline lamps

• These require ballasts and are typically used for task lighting in areas such as garages, and for lighting large areas in commercial buildings.

• Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) • These are commonly found with integral ballasts and screw bases,

and are often used in household fixtures.

Compact Fluorescent Lamps

• Light is produced by an electric arc between tungsten cathodes in a tube filled with a low pressure mercury vapor and other gases. The arc excites the mercury vapor which generates radiant energy, primarily in the ultraviolet range. This energy causes the phosphor coating on the inside of the tube to “fluoresce,” converting the ultraviolet into visible light.

• They use about 75% less energy and last 6–15 times longer than traditional incandescents. They have a range of color temperatures and color rendering capabilities. They have good lumen maintenance, radiate little heat, and come in dimmable options.

Photo courtesy of Department of Energy






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Types of Lamps: Gas Discharge

High Intensity Discharge Lamps (HIDs)There are three types of HID lamps: • Mercury vapor: They have a bluish light that renders color poorly and have been

largely superseded by other HID lamps.• Metal halide: They are very energy-efficient sources of white light with excellent

color rendition, long service life, and good lumen maintenance.• Sodium: They are energy efficient with exceptionally long service life but render

colors poorly.

• Similar to fluorescent technology, an arc is formed between two electrodes in a gas-filled tube which causes a metallic vapor to produce radiant energy. A combination of factors shifts the wavelength of much of this energy to within the visible range. The light is produced without any phosphors. The electrodes are close together and the gases in the tube are highly pressurized. This generates very high temperatures, causing metallic elements to vaporize and release large amounts of visible radiant energy.

• The ballast must be specifically designed for the lamp type and wattage being used. They offer a range of color temperatures and color rendering abilities depending on the lamp type.

Metal Halide

Gerben49 from nl, CC-BY-SA-3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Metaalhalidelamp.JPG&oldid=155974188







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Types of Lamps: Electroluminescence

Light-emitting Diode Lamps (LEDs)• LEDs are solid state light sources with a chemical chip embedded in a

plastic capsule.• LEDs are small, and a mix of red, green, and blue LEDs is typically used

to make a range of white color temperatures.• LEDs emit light in a specific direction, reducing the need for reflectors

and diffusers that can trap light. This feature makes LEDs more efficient for many uses such as recessed downlights and task lighting. With other

LED Lamps

Photo courtesy of Department of Energy

types of lighting, the light must be reflected to the desired direction and more than half of the light may never leave the fixture.

• LEDs emit very little heat. In comparison, incandescent bulbs release 90% of their energy as heat and CFLs release about 80% of their energy as heat. LEDs use at least 75% less energy, and last 25–50 times longer than incandescent lighting. They are environmentally friendly (no mercury), resistant to breakage, don’t require warming up, and some are dimmable.

• According to the Department of Energy, use of LED lighting has the greatest potential impact on energy savings in the United States. By 2027, widespread use of LEDs could save about 348 TWh (compared to no LED use) of electricity: This is the equivalent annual electrical output of 44 large electric power plants (1000 megawatts each), and a total savings of more than $30 billion at today’s electricity prices.






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Light Fixtures

Architectural Luminaires Decorative Luminaires Utility Lighting Exterior LightingCove: Directs light upward. Suited for rooms with high or vaulted ceilings and above kitchen cabinets.Soffit: Directs light downward. Provides general lighting and wall-washing in rooms with low ceilings. Suited for direct lighting over a counter or a table in work areas.Valance: Directs light both upward and downward. Provides general lighting and wall-washing.Recessed lighting: Can provide general, task, and ambient lighting. Downlights for ambient and track lighting, and adjustable accent lights or wall-washers for accent lighting.Track lighting: Excellent for its flexibility and can provide ambient, task, or accent lighting.Under-cabinet lighting: Offers both task and accent lighting.

Wall-mounted luminaires: Can provide ambient, task, and accent lighting.Ceiling-mounted luminaires:Excellent source of ambient lighting and are practical in areas with a lot of activity.Chandeliers: Add style and a decorative focal point to almost any room in the house.Pendants: Provide both task and ambient lighting.Portable: Can deliver ambient, task, and accent lighting with flexibility in placement.

Ceiling-mounted luminaires: Simple, functional lighting with no specific intended design. Often used in garages and laundry/mud rooms. Generally mounted overhead.

Wall-mounted luminaires: Fixtures at entrance for decorative and safety purposes.Spotlighting or floodlighting: General area lighting with or without motion sensors for safety and security.Post-mounted: Safety and accent lighting. Can be used to define perimeters.Landscape lighting: Safety and accent lighting. Can be used to define pathways.






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Lighting Controls






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Common Lighting Controls: Switches

Switches are the most common and basic controls and allow the user to completely regulate the on/off function of the light.

Traditional toggle switches involve flipping a switch on or off.

Newer technologies include on/off options that involve tapping, pressing, waving, or pushing functions.

Switches can use motion-sensing and Wi-Fi technologies.






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Common Lighting Controls: Dimmers

Dimmer controls provide variable indoor lighting, allowing the user to change the mood of the room or change the intensity of light based on the activities being performed in the space. Dimming lights reduces their wattage and output, which helps save energy. Dimmers also increase the service life of light bulbs significantly. However, dimming reduces a traditional incandescent bulb’s lumen output more than its wattage. This makes the bulbs less efficient as they are dimmed, and is another reason to replace any remaining traditional incandescent bulbs with newer, more energy-efficient options.

Not all CFLs and LEDs are dimmable: check the packaging to verify. Dimmers must be properly teamed with the bulb types and fixtures they control. Fixture manufacturers provide specific recommendations for appropriate dimmers, usually from several manufacturers. Common applications for dimmers include the dining room, kitchen, breakfast area, family room, and entry hall.






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Common Lighting Controls: Dimmers

Types of dimmers include:

Toggle: They have a toggle switch and a slider. The toggle turns the lights on and off, and the slider is used to alter the intensity of the light. They can be preset to a favorite setting.

Slide: They are used for full-range manual dimming and may have a button to return to the previous level.

Touch/tap: They allow the intensity of the lighting to be changed while depressing a button or pad. Systems may permit touch-recall of the previous lighting level.

Integrated systems: They can be used to create multiple preset lighting scenes within a room. Scenes can be recalled with the touch of a button.

Dimmers can also use motion-sensing and Wi-Fi technologies.






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Common Lighting Controls: Sensors

Motion sensors automatically turn outdoor lights on when they detect motion and turn them off a short while later. They are very useful for outdoor security and utility lighting.

Occupancy sensors detect indoor activity within a certain area. They provide convenience by turning lights on automatically when someone enters a room, and save energy by turning lights off soon after the last occupant has left the room. Occupancy sensors must be located where they will detect occupants or occupant activity in all parts of the room. Ultrasonic sensors detect sound, while infrared sensors detect heat and motion. They are suitable for interior rooms that don’t receive daylight, closets, bathrooms, and exterior security lighting.

Photosensors can be used to prevent outdoor lights from operating during daylight hours. This can help save energy because you don’t have to remember to turn off outdoor lights. Photosensors sense ambient light conditions, making them useful for all types of outdoor lighting. These light-sensitive controls are less effective inside the home because lighting needs vary with occupant activity rather than ambient lighting levels. However, many LED nightlights have this feature built in, which makes them effective and easy to use.






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Common Lighting Controls: Timers

Timers can be used to turn on and off outdoor and indoor lights at specific times. There are two types of timers: manual timers, which plug into an electrical outlet for controlling objects such as lamps or light strings; and in-wall programmable digital timers, typically used for exterior lights and garages.

Manual timers are generally compatible with LED, CFL, and incandescent lighting.

For programmable digital timers, photosensors, and motion sensors, check the package label to be sure it is compatible with the type of lighting desired.






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Automated Lighting Control Systems

Lighting automation can range from a simple one-room, scene-control system to a more involved, whole-house system that controls interior and exterior lighting. Lighting control systems can be tied into the home security system, home theater system, or a complete home automation system. They are no longer exclusively considered luxury items: their declining costs and complexity make them more lifestyle items. Hard-wired and wireless systems are available. The main functions of these systems include both on-demand and programmable dimming and on/off control for selected rooms or zones of light fixtures. Scenes can be programmed and implemented with the touch of a button.

Hard-wired SystemsA central control panel with low-voltage communication wiring is used to connect the components throughout the house. The homeowner controls the system with a keypad. When a button is pressed on a system keypad, a command is sent via the wires to the dimmers and switches assigned to that button, and in turn, a response is sent back to the controller to confirm the action.






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Wireless SystemsWireless systems can either require central control components or can be built from combinations of switches, dimmers, and scene controllers. Although the switches, dimmers, and scene controllers are hardwired, they communicate with each other wirelessly. Commands are sent via either radio frequency or existing power lines.

Through radio frequency technology, an RF lighting control dimmer, switch, or scene controller can control loads from any location of the home via keypad or smart device (smart phone, tablet, or even PC). This enables the homeowner to dim a variety of lighting types, set scenes, and even adjust lighting remotely, all with one button press. Radio frequency lighting control is easily configurable and installs using existing wiring, making it an ideal new-construction or retrofit solution. The systems use Wi-Fi ready switches and outlets, and manufacturers may offer apps for phones and other devices to control the system.






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Why use app-based lighting control?• Safety and security

• Set up timed lighting sequences for when the home is vacant. Turn on entryway lighting from a car using a remote control.

• Vacation mode• Manufacturers may offer a vacation

mode that remembers the previous week’s lighting activity to replay while on vacation.

• Save energy• Use the app to control when the

electricity goes on and off.• Set preferences

• Program in preferred lighting schemes.






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Fundamentals of Lighting Design






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Scope of the Lighting Designer

Rely on lighting design professionals for their knowledge and expertise. In his book Designing With Light: The Art, Science and Practice of Architectural Lighting Design, Jason Livingston identifies five key areas that fall under the scope of the lighting professional.

1. Provide light appropriate for visual tasks• The designer must identify the visual tasks that are likely to be performed within a space and use that information

to determine the appropriate light levels for the visual tasks.• The designer must also take into consideration any other factors that may dictate suitable light levels, such as the

occupant’s age, before selecting the target light levels.

2. Design light that supports the space’s aesthetics or environment• The lighting professional is responsible for providing light of the appropriate brightness and color for the space.• The professional uses lighting to define zones and boundaries, as well as link and/or separate spaces. Lighting

techniques are also used to visually change the perceived size of a room, indicate activity levels, and influence overall impressions of the space.






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Scope of the Lighting Designer

3. Create visual interest in the space• The lighting designer uses variations in light distribution to draw attention to important room elements/areas and

deemphasize unimportant ones.• Decorative lighting techniques and fixtures are used to add visual variety.

4. Conserve energy, environmental resources, and the client’s money• The designer should make choices that contribute to energy-efficient design, such as integrating daylighting,

selecting energy-efficient light sources, and selecting fixtures and lamps that offer the best value in terms of cost, quality, and performance.

• The designer should consider specifying lighting controls for increased energy savings.

5. Comply with building codes and energy usage regulations• The professional must design within the boundaries of applicable building codes and select a design strategy to

meet or exceed the limitations of the relevant energy code.• Where applicable, fixtures must comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and other relevant codes.






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Three Main Layers of Lighting

The most interesting and successful designs add depth and dimension and make use of more than one layer of lighting, and are usually a combination of all three main layers.

Ambient Lighting Ambient lighting is used to provide general background illumination indoors for daily activities, and outdoors for safety and security. It is the natural daylight from windows, and the lighting that substitutes for natural light. Chandeliers, ceiling- or wall-mounted fixtures, track or recessed lights, and table and floor lamps can provide ambient light.






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Task LightingTask lighting is usually a bright, directed light that facilitates particular tasks that require more light than is needed for general illumination. Under-counter kitchen lights, table lamps, or bathroom mirror lights provide visual clarity for performing tasks. Recessed and track lighting, pendant lighting, floor lamps, and desk lamps can all be utilized for task lighting.






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Accent LightingAccent lighting is used to draw attention to special objects or architectural features or enhance the aesthetic qualities of an indoor or outdoor environment. Recessed and track lighting, chandeliers with dimmer switches, specialty lighting such as LED strips, and wall sconces can enhance décor.






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Additional Layers of Lighting

Decorative LightingThe fixture itself, or the light it creates, is the focal point. Decorative lighting can make a statement about individual style and affects the mood of the space. The decorative lighting may also be the ambient lighting.

Kinetic LightingKinetic lighting is light that is “moving,” such as a lit candle or a lit fireplace. It is most often used as a mood enhancer.






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Energy-Efficient Lighting Design






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Codes, Standards, and Guidelines

Several codes, standards, and guidelines are resources for the application of energy-efficient residential lighting. These include the following:

• Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) Residential Illuminance Guidelines

• ENERGY STAR® Labeling

• Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 Minimum Lamp Efficiencies

• U.S. Department of Energy CALiPER Program

• California Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency Standard

• U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Lighting Facts® Label

• U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Lighting Facts Label






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Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) GuidelinesThe 10th edition of The Lighting Handbook presents residential illuminance guidelines providing an extensive list of illumination values for different room types and activities. These cover both ambient and task lighting. Accent lighting is covered in a separate chapter. The guidelines are focused on light levels for good lighting and are not the same as the energy codes that are focused on energy consumption, although designing to IES light levels is a great help in meeting residential energy code requirements.

ENERGY STAR® LabelingThe ENERGY STAR labeling program, run by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), provides assurance of good levels of performance and quality construction for a wide selection of both lamps (bulbs) and lighting fixtures. For energy-efficient installations, ENERGY STAR-labeled lamps and fixtures should be employed to the greatest extent possible.

Please remember the exam password ENERGY. You will be required to enter it in order to proceed with the online examination.






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Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 Minimum Lamp EfficienciesEISA 2007 established minimum levels of efficiency for “general service” lamps. These are estimated to produce a reduction of 25% in operating energy from 2007 technology. The requirements were phased in from January 2012 to January 2014. The second part of the law, to go into effect in 2020, requires that most light bulbs be 60 to 70% more efficient than 2007 standard incandescent bulbs. Many CFLs and LEDs can meet this requirement today, shaving energy usage compared to standard incandescents by 75%.

U.S. Department of Energy CALiPER ProgramThe CALiPER (Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and Reporting) program was launched by DOE in 2006 to address a need for unbiased, trusted product performance information in the early years of solid state lighting (SSL). The program independently tests and provides unbiased information on the performance of commercially available SSL products.

California Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency StandardIn California, the Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency Standard sets requirements for fixture efficacy and control for many rooms of the house. It requires the use of high-efficacy fixtures or low-efficacy fixtures with lighting controls in different combinations in all rooms.






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U.S. Department of Energy Lighting Facts®

LabelThis label, first developed by the DOE, lists many of the key performance facts for a lamp. Of particular interest in the application of energy-efficient lighting are lumen output, lumens per watt (efficiency), CCT, and CRI. These factors, developed from independent testing, provide a good means of judging lamp performance. The DOE Lighting Facts labeling program is a voluntary program but is being adopted by most major lamp manufacturers. Initial application has been for LED replacement lamps and luminaires and has been extremely helpful in assessing incandescent equivalence in both light output (lumens) and quality (CCT, CRI).






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U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Lighting Facts LabelThe Energy Labeling Rule requires light bulb manufacturers to give consumers key information in an easy-to-read format. The Lighting Facts label gives consumers the information they need to buy the most energy-efficient bulb to meet their lighting needs. The label includes a bulb’s brightness, energy cost, life, light appearance, and wattage. In addition, the principal display panel on the front of packaging focuses on lumens, a measure of brightness, rather than on watts, a measure of the amount of energy used, and includes the estimated yearly energy cost for each bulb. Bulbs themselves also feature lumens, and in the case of CFLs, a mercury disclosure. The FTC Lighting Facts label and principal display panel information must appear on packaging for most general service “lamps” with medium screw bases. That includes most incandescent, CFL, and LED bulbs.






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Energy-efficient lighting design principles include the following:

• More light is not necessarily better: light quality is as important as quantity.

• Match the amount and quality of light to the performed function.

• Install task lights where needed and reduce ambient light elsewhere.

• Use energy-efficient lighting components, controls, and systems.

• Maximize the use of daylighting.






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To achieve energy-efficient indoor lighting:

• install fluorescent or LED light fixtures for all ceiling- and wall-mounted fixtures that will be on for more than two hours each day, such as kitchen and living room, bathroom, hallway, and other higher-demand locations

• consider installing fluorescent or LED fixtures, rather than using fluorescent or LED replacement lamps in incandescent fixtures

• use CFLs or LEDs in portable lighting fixtures that are operated for more than two hours a day

• use ENERGY STAR®-labeled lighting fixtures

• use occupancy sensors to automatically turn on and off lights as needed

• consider light wall colors to minimize the need for artificial lighting, and

• use only Underwriters Laboratories (UL) approved fixtures that are airtight, are IC (insulation contact) rated, and meet ASTM E283 requirements, if using recessed lights in a ceiling with an unconditioned space above it.






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Residential Lighting Recommendations






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General Lighting Design Considerations

A successful lighting design will take into account how both the quantity and quality of light affect the overall appearance and feeling of a space. Considerations should include:

• size and shape of the space

• furniture layout

• traffic patterns through the home; create a path of illumination throughout the home

• functions of the room; tasks involved in each space: use layering to provide an effective and flexible lighting solution

• ceiling height and shape: anticipate how reflection will contribute to the ambient light level in the room

• color of the walls: darker walls absorb more light and may require higher levels of illumination

• highlighting architectural details to strengthen the character of the home; highlighting artwork

• families of luminaries: recessed downlights should match in aperture size and trim finish; use similar lamp types and temperatures; use fixtures with similar finishes

• flexible lighting scheme to adapt from morning to evening, and to a variety of settings and moods, and

• integrating daylight in the overall design.






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Specific Lighting Recommendations: Kitchen

Kitchens have become multi-functional and are generally considered the heart of the home. They need an abundance of both ambient and task lighting to be fully functional.

A large ceiling fixture, when equipped with high color rendering, energy-efficient fluorescent bulbs will supply well-diffused ambient lighting. Recessed downlights installed approximately 12 inches away from the upper cabinets are popular in kitchen design and provide an overall layer of task lighting.






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Specific Lighting Recommendations: Kitchen

This can be supplemented with other task lighting such as under-cabinet lights to illuminate work surfaces and countertops, and to reduce glare and shadows. Over-cabinet lighting can also be used to add indirect illumination and visual interest. Low-voltage linear systems using xenon bulbs or LED lighting systems are perfect for this application. Task lighting in the form of pendant fixtures can be used for eating areas and desk areas and can be set on dimmers to accommodate a range of light levels.






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Specific Lighting Recommendations: Dining Room

The lighting in the dining room should be beautiful, functional, and flexible, accommodating casual family meals, intimate dining experiences, and even homework. Recessed lighting is perfect for ambient lighting in this space and can be directed to highlight decorative elements. A chandelier or a track system with pendant lights adds an element of elegance and can be a standout design feature to illuminate the dining table.






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Specific Lighting Recommendations: Dining Room

Track lighting can be used to draw attention to artwork, and wall sconces can flank sideboards and buffets, contributing to the ambient lighting and highlighting items. Low-voltage fixtures with tungsten-halogen bulbs or LED strips can be used in a china cabinet or hutch to showcase collectibles. They emit a bright white light that makes glassware sparkle.

Dimmers are especially suitable for dining spaces, setting the ambiance for a variety of functions.






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Specific Lighting Recommendations: Living/Family Room

Many different activities occur in the living room: watching television, computer work, homework, playing games, reading, etc. Using a variety of layers of light and lighting techniques is the best way to meet the needs of these various activities. For example, recessed lighting around the perimeter of the room and a central decorative fixture provide overall ambient lighting. Fireplaces can be emphasized with recessed downlights above the mantel or wall sconces on each side. Portable floor lamps that cast light over the shoulder are ideal for reading. Artwork can be highlighted with recessed adjustable fixtures or with low-voltage, tungsten-halogen picture lights.






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Specific Lighting Recommendations: Living/Family Room

Televisions, video games, and computers require low-level ambient lighting to minimize reflection and to prevent screens from being washed out. Miniature downlights or miniature track lighting can be installed in the near vicinity for task lighting. Indirect lighting, especially when used with a dimmer, will create a soft, non-glaring source for watching television. Pendant lights or recessed downlights can be used over game tables. Accent lighting can be used for navigational safety when the space is used as a home movie theater. The living room is the ideal location for an automated lighting system, allowing the user to set the stage for whatever activities are taking place.






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Specific Lighting Recommendations: Bedroom

Soft, ambient lighting accompanied by task lighting for reading or other activities is ideal for the bedroom. Ceiling fixtures, chandeliers, ceiling fans, recessed downlights, and wall sconces are popular choices for ambient light. Ceiling-mounted fixtures are perfect for closets. Table lamps, swing-arm wall lamps, or hanging pendant lamps provide task lighting. Wall sconces can be used to illuminate mirrored dressing tables. LED linear lighting added under beds and furniture enhances nighttime functionality. Track lighting can be used in children’s rooms to focus light on play and work areas.






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Specific Lighting Recommendations: Bathroom

Safety, function, and aesthetics are all design concerns for the bathroom. Shaded fixtures on both sides of the mirror provide shadow- and glare-free illumination to allow grooming practices, as do fixtures above the vanity. For larger bathrooms, a ceiling fixture may be required for adequate illumination. Recessed lighting can also be used for ambient lighting in the bathroom and in shower/tub areas.






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Specific Lighting Recommendations: Office

Home offices are increasing in popularity and are a place for work, homework, and paperwork and bills. A computer is the most important piece of equipment in the home office and it is important to minimize glare on the screen. The room should have general ambient light, such as recessed lighting, and task lighting over work areas. Track pendant lights work well over work areas and can help prevent eyestrain. Ceiling-mounted fixtures placed to the right and left of the desk will minimize reflections. A portable desk lamp will provide additional task lighting for desk areas. Accent lights can be used to illuminate wall-mounted certificates and pictures.






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Specific Lighting Recommendations: Stairways and Hallways

Stairways and hallways are used to connect spaces and require adequate lighting for safety. Ceiling fixtures or recessed downlights can be used. Other options include wall sconces or track lighting.

The entire stairwell should be well lit. A ceiling-mounted fixture can serve as a decorative accent as can wall sconces used along the stairwell. Switches should be placed at both the top and the bottom of the stairs.






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Specific Lighting Recommendations: Utility Room

General, well-diffused ambient lighting in the form of recessed lighting, fluorescent tube lighting, or a large ceiling fixture with energy-efficient fluorescent bulbs is usually sufficient for a utility room. Specific task areas may require more focused lighting such as track lighting or pendant fixtures. Mudrooms and laundry rooms are receiving more attention and designs focus on creating functional, efficient spaces with aesthetic appeal. Lighting can be used to define functional areas, and decorative fixtures add elegance to the space.






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Specific Lighting Recommendations: Entrance

The entrance to any home needs to be well lit to identify and welcome visitors and light the way to other parts of the home. Warm, ambient lighting is welcoming and inviting. A ceiling-mounted fixture is perfect for this location, and a decorative fixture can add sparkle and interest to the area.






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Specific Lighting Recommendations: Exterior

Wall-mounted fixtures on each side of the front door provide decorative illumination and safety. Recessed or hung fixtures can be used under a porch or overhang. Other entrances can be illuminated with a wall-mounted fixture affixed to the keyhole side of the door.

A fixture on the exterior of the garage will also provide illumination, safety, and security. Consider lighting steps, pathways, and even the driveway for added safety and to draw attention to architectural details and landscape elements. These can be installed with photosensor technology or with timer control. Floodlights can be used around the exterior of the home and can be installed with motion sensors.

Deck and patio areas can be illuminated in the same way as indoor spaces: general ambient lighting accompanied by task lighting over barbeque or serving areas, and accent lighting around landscaping and other features.






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Resources

Dilouie, Craig. “Introduction to Lighting Automation for the Home.” Lighting Controls Association (LCA). Lighting Controls Association, 14 Feb. 2005. Web. www.lightingcontrolsassociation.org/content/whitepapers/introduction-to-lighting-automation-for-the-home. Accessed December 2016.

Holton, J. “Strategy Guideline: High Performance Residential Lighting.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). U.S. Department of Energy, Feb. 2012. www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53467.pdf. Accessed December 2016.“How We See.” National Eye Institute (NEI). National Institutes of Health (NIH), n.d. Web. www.nei.nih.gov/healthyeyes/howwesee. Accessed December 2016.

Illuminating Engineering Society (IES). Illuminating Engineering Society (IES), n.d. Web. www.ies.org. Accessed December 2016.“Light Guide: Color Metrics.” Lightsearch. Lighting Research Center., n.d. Web. www.lightsearch.com/resources/lightguides/colormetrics.html.Accessed December 2016.

“Lighting Design.” Energy.gov. U.S. Department of Energy, n.d. Web. www.energy.gov/energysaver/lighting-design. Accessed December 2016.“Lighting Terminology.” Lighting Education Online. inter.Light, Inc., n.d. Web. www.lrc.rpi.edu/education/learning/intro.asp?mode=terminology. Accessed December 2016.

“Lighting Your Life.” American Lighting Association. American Lighting Association, n.d. Web. www.americanlightingassoc.com/Lighting-Fundamentals/2012-Lighting-Your-Life-Brochure.aspx. Accessed December 2016.

Lightopedia. Bulbrite Industries, Inc., n.d. Web. www.lightopedia.com. Accessed December 2016.Livingston, Jason. Designing With Light: The Art, Science and Practice of Architectural Lighting Design. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc., September 2014.

“Measuring Light Levels.” Autodesk Sustainability Workshop. Autodesk, Inc., n.d. Web. https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-light-levels. Accessed December 2016.

http://www.lightsearch.com/resources/lightguides/colormetrics.html

https://nei.nih.gov/healthyeyes/howwesee


https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-light-levels

http://www.lightopedia.com/

http://www.americanlightingassoc.com/Lighting-Fundamentals/2012-Lighting-Your-Life-Brochure.aspx

http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/education/learning/intro.asp?mode=terminology


http://www.energy.gov/energysaver/lighting-design




http://www.ies.org/


http://www.nei.nih.gov/healthyeyes/howwesee

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53467.pdf

http://www.lightingcontrolsassociation.org/content/whitepapers/introduction-to-lighting-automation-for-the-home






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Conclusion

If you desire AIA/CES, state licensing or CE credits for another organization, please click on the button to commence your online examination. A score of 80% or better will allow you to print your Certificate of Completion; you may also go to your AEC Daily Transcript to see your completed courses and certificates.

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©2016 Legrand. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and produced by Legrand and remains its property. Questions or concerns about the content of this course should be directed to the program instructor. This multimedia product is the copyright of AEC Daily.

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