Legislatures Chambers of Representation? March 4 th, 2004.
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Transcript of Legislatures Chambers of Representation? March 4 th, 2004.
LegislaturesChambers of Representation?
March 4th, 2004
Structure
legislatures designed as mechanisms of representation who, or what, are they intended to
represent?
Structure
unicameralism vs. bicameralism unicameralism
Israeli (Knesset), Denmark (Folketing), Norway (Sorting), Sweden (Riksdag)
bicameralism Canada -- House of Commons, Senate US – House of Representatives, Senate Germany – Bundestag, Bundesrat Britain – House of Commons, House of
Lords France – National Assembly, Senate
Structure bicameralism
lower house is typically elected on the basis of representation by population
always is an attempt to represent interests that would not be represented in a elected lower house based on representation by population
may be elected or non-elected examples...
British House of Lords Canadian Senate American Senate German Bundesrat
Issues of Representation can interests of a group be
represented by someone who is not a member of that group??? elite democrats? majoritarian democrats?
Gender Representation in National Legislatures female representation in legislatures
is low female representation decreases as
the importance of the position increases
representation of women tends to be concentrated in certain types of roles
female representation varies significantly even within western industrialized countries
Gender Representation
Members of Parliament -- World, 2002
85%
15%
Male Female
Gender Representation
Members of Executive (Ministers) -- World, 2002
86%
14%
Male Female
Gender Representation
Presiding Officer of Parliament -- World, 2002
89%
11%
Male Female
Gender Representation
Head of State or Head of Government -- World, 2002
95%
5%
Male Female
Gender Representation
Head of Government -- World, 2002
99%
1%
Male Female
05
101520253035
% o
f Min
iste
rs
Social
Affairs
Women
's Affa
irsHea
lth
Justic
e
Educat
ion
Trade/I
ndus
try
Foreign
Affairs
Financ
e
Defenc
e
Female Ministers by Portfolio -- World 2002
05
1015202530354045
% o
f Mem
bers
Sweden
German
y
New Zea
land
Austra
lia
Canad
a UK US
France Ita
ly
Female Members of Parliament -- World 2002
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
of M
inis
ters
Sweden
Denmark
New Zea
land
France
German
y US
Canad
a
Austra
lia
Female Ministers - Select Countries 2000
Gender Representation in National Legislatures female representation in legislatures
is low female representation decreases as
the importance of the position increases
representation of women tends to be concentrated in certain types of roles
female representation varies significantly even within western industrialized countries
The Canadian Ministry (in order of precedence)
1.1. The Right Honourable Paul Martin, Prime MinisterThe Right Honourable Paul Martin, Prime Minister2.2. The Honourable Jacob Austin The Honourable Jacob Austin
Leader of the Government in the SenateLeader of the Government in the Senate3.3. The Honourable David Anderson, EnvironmentThe Honourable David Anderson, Environment4.4. The Honourable Ralph E. Goodale, FinanceThe Honourable Ralph E. Goodale, Finance5.5. The Honourable Anne McLellan, Deputy Prime The Honourable Anne McLellan, Deputy Prime
Minister and Minister of Public Safety Minister and Minister of Public Safety 6.6. The Honourable Lucienne Robillard, IndustryThe Honourable Lucienne Robillard, Industry7.7. The Honourable Pierre S. Pettigrew, Health, The Honourable Pierre S. Pettigrew, Health,
Intergovernmental Affairs, and Official LanguagesIntergovernmental Affairs, and Official Languages8.8. The Honourable James Scott Peterson, Trade The Honourable James Scott Peterson, Trade 9.9. The Honourable Andrew Mitchell, Indian AffairsThe Honourable Andrew Mitchell, Indian Affairs10.10. The Honourable Claudette Bradshaw, Labour and The Honourable Claudette Bradshaw, Labour and
Minister responsible for HomelessnessMinister responsible for Homelessness11.11. The Honourable Denis Coderre The Honourable Denis Coderre
President of the Queen’s Privy Council for CanadaPresident of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada12.12. The Honourable Rey D. Pagtakhan, Western The Honourable Rey D. Pagtakhan, Western
Economic DiversificationEconomic Diversification13.13. The Honourable John McCallum, Veterans AffairsThe Honourable John McCallum, Veterans Affairs14.14. The Honourable Stephen Owen, Public Works and The Honourable Stephen Owen, Public Works and
Government ServicesGovernment Services15.15. The Honourable William Graham, Foreign AffairsThe Honourable William Graham, Foreign Affairs16.16. The Honourable Stan Kazmierczak Keyes, National The Honourable Stan Kazmierczak Keyes, National
RevenueRevenue17.17. The Honourable Robert Speller, AgricultureThe Honourable Robert Speller, Agriculture18.18. The Honourable Giuseppe (Joseph) Volpe, Human The Honourable Giuseppe (Joseph) Volpe, Human
Resources and Skills DevelopmentResources and Skills Development
19.19. The Honourable Reginald B. Alcock The Honourable Reginald B. Alcock President of the Treasury Board and President of the Treasury Board and Minister responsible for the Canadian Minister responsible for the Canadian Wheat BoardWheat Board
20.20. The Honourable Geoff Regan, Fisheries The Honourable Geoff Regan, Fisheries and Oceansand Oceans
21.21. The Honourable Tony Valeri, TransportThe Honourable Tony Valeri, Transport22.22. The Honourable David Pratt, National The Honourable David Pratt, National
DefenceDefence23.23. The Honourable Jacques Saada, The Honourable Jacques Saada,
Democratic ReformDemocratic Reform24.24. The Honourable Irwin Cotler, JusticeThe Honourable Irwin Cotler, Justice25.25. The Honourable Judy Sgro, Citizenship The Honourable Judy Sgro, Citizenship
and Immigrationand Immigration26.26. The Honourable Hélène Chalifour The Honourable Hélène Chalifour
Scherrer, Scherrer, Canadian HeritageCanadian Heritage
27.27. The Honourable Ruben John Efford, The Honourable Ruben John Efford, Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
28.28. The Honourable Liza Frulla, Social The Honourable Liza Frulla, Social DevelopmentDevelopment
29.29. The Honourable Joseph McGuire The Honourable Joseph McGuire Minister of Atlantic Canada Minister of Atlantic Canada Opportunities AgencyOpportunities Agency
30.30. The Honourable Mauril Bélanger The Honourable Mauril Bélanger Deputy Leader of the Government in the Deputy Leader of the Government in the House of CommonsHouse of Commons
31.31. The Honourable M. Aileen Carroll, The Honourable M. Aileen Carroll, International CooperationInternational Cooperation
Gender Representation in National Legislatures gender parity laws
Tanzania, Bangladesh, Eritrea, India, Uganda, Belgium, France
France constitutional change in 2000 provides that 50% of all party
candidates must be female mandatory at local/municipal level violations subject to fines at the
national level