Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas
description
Transcript of Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas
![Page 1: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services
Coastal & Marine Areas
Climate & Ecosystem HearingJackie AlderSea Around Us Project13 April 2008
![Page 2: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ecosystem ServicesCoastal
• Storm & flood protection
• Erosion control• Biodiversity• Food
![Page 3: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ecosystem ServicesMarine
• Climate regulation• Nutrient cycling• Food
![Page 4: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Climate ChangeCoast
• Sea level rise• Warmer inshore water• Increased cyclone incidences and
severity• Increased wave action• Increased rainfall
• Erosion• Flooding• Salt water contamination• Increased harmful algal blooms and
diseases• Coral bleaching• Invasive species• Biodiversity decline
![Page 5: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Regions Vulnerable to FloodingMid-estimate (45 cm) by ~ 2080
UNFCCC 2007
![Page 6: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Climate ChangeMarine
• Increased sea temperature• Acidification• Current patterns• Storm/waves• Fish distributions
• Changes to nutrient cycling - desertification of oceans
• Fish distribution changes
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Holbrook et al 2002
![Page 7: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chlorophyll Red = decliningBlue = increasing
Desertification
NOAA 2008
![Page 8: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
2003
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 9: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2007
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 10: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2011
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 11: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
2015
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 12: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2019
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 13: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2023
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 14: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2027
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 15: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
2031
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 16: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
2035
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 17: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
2039
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 18: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
2043
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 19: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
2047
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 20: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2051
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 21: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
2055
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 22: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
2059
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
![Page 23: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Can Anything Be Done?
Kleyplas et al 1999
UNFCCC 2007
![Page 24: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mitigation or Adaptation?Both are Needed
Mitigation - options limited in coasts and marine areas
Reduce GHGAdaptation - more options
ReactiveProactive
UNFCCC 2007
![Page 25: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Responding to Coastal Change(including sea level rise)
Retreat
Accommodation
Protect Soft Hard
UNFCCC 2007
![Page 26: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
(a) no hard defenses (b) hard defenses
Sea Level Rise
Coastal Squeeze(of coastal wetlands)
UNFCCC 2007
![Page 27: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Proactive
• Payout• Rebuild• Retro-fit• Accommodate• Retreat
![Page 28: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ReactiveProtection• Soft
– beach nourishment– dune rehabilitation– mangrove restoration
• Hard– Seawalls– Gryones
![Page 29: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Best Practiceswith a climate change lens
• Integrated coastal management– Set backs– Infrastructure– Access– Development/planning/urbanization– Disaster Preparation
• Strengthening traditional coping mechanisms• Habitat restoration and protection• Fisheries reconstruction and ecosystem
approaches• Marine Protected Areas
![Page 30: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Case Studies
• NAPA• Uruguay• Kiribati
![Page 31: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
National Adaptation Programmes of Action
For Lesser Developed Countries (49) supported by the UNFCCC– Human health– Socio-economic development– Water– Agriculture– Coastal management
32/49 NAPAs completed - Africa, Asia primarily
![Page 32: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Common Themes for Coasts and Marine Areas
(16 countries)
0
4
8
12
16
ICZM Planning
Fisheri
es
Infrastr
ucture
Habita
tMPAs
Awarenes
s/Cap
city B
ldg
![Page 33: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Uruguay
Working on Third Climate Change Action Plan (PMEGEMA)
MVOTMA declared Ministerial Interest in the implementation of the measures in the PMEGEMA
• Transportation • Agriculture• Forestry• Waste• Energy
Direct GHG Emissions (kt CO2 eq.): 1990 to 2000
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
1990 29373 14526 9037 5810
1994 28816 16178 9294 3344
1998 27967 16683 9327 1957
2000 20785 16030 8463 -3708
Total CH4 N2O CO2
UNFCCC 2007
![Page 34: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Adaptation Measures
Coastal Resources• Promote ICZM• Establishment monitoring system for
surge and beach profiles• Study and rehabilitation of degraded
coastal areas
Fishery Resources• Monitoring of oceanographic and
fishery variables• Sea farming: stocking lagoons with
shrimp post larvae for harvesting• Incremental controls to prevent
residual water dumping in coastal areas UNFCCC 2007
![Page 35: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Kiribati• Small Pacific Islands• Low lying coral caysClimate Impacts• Coastal erosion• Salt water
contamination• Flooding• Declining agriculture
and fisheries• Coral bleaching
MELAD 2007
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 36: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
NAPA - Kiribati
• Water - well improvements• Meterological - equipment & reporting• Agriculture- gene banking, salt tolerant crops• Coastal - roads and seawalls • Coastal Management• Coral reef rehabilitation
MELAD 2007
![Page 37: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Coastal & Coral Reef Adaptation Measures
• Risk management planning including adding resilience
• Coastal habitat protection• MPAs• Coastal infrastructure• Artificial reefs• Hatchery for stocking lagoons
MELAD 2007
![Page 38: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Ensuring Coastal & Marine Ecosystem Services
Put on you Climate Change Glasses and:Follow best Practices for Coastal Management• Setbacks• Coastal protection and rehabilitation• Risk management and disaster preparationAnd Fisheries Management (Ecosystem Approach)• Reduce effort• Ban destructive fishing practices• Precautionary catch limits• Property rights & economic incentives• MPAs
![Page 39: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Acknowledgements… • Thanks to the Pew Charitable Trusts,
Philadelphia;
• Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia;
• Members of the Sea Around Us project,and many others...
visit us at www.seaaroundus.org
![Page 40: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568163f7550346895dd58ad6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Sector Adaptation Measures
• Agriculture• Biodiversity• Coastal Resources• Water Resources• Fisheries• Human Health
UNFCCC 2007