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 Indische Legion Indian Nazi 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 Indische Freiwilligen-Legion 950(Indian Volunteer Legion Regiment 950)

Flag of Azad Hind

Active 1941—1945

Country Germany

The Legion Freies Indien German! "Free #ndia $egion"% or Indische Freiwilligen-Legion Regiment 950 

"#ndian &ol'nteer $egion (egiment 95)"%, referred to collo*'ially a+ the Indische Legion "#ndian $egion"%,ario'+ly kno-n al+o a+ the Tiger Legion and the  Azad Hind Fauj  Hindi! "Free #ndia Army"%, -a+ an #ndianmilitary 'nit rai+ed in 1941 in Germany attached to the German Army Wehrmacht Heer % and later fromA'g'+t 1944 attached to the Waffen-SS , o+ten+i.ly according to the concept of an #ndian li.eration force/10 d'ring World War ## .y it+ cofo'nder the prominent 2'.ha+ 3handra o+e chairman of the #ndian ational3ongre++ and a leader of the #ndian independence moement, -ho in 1941 came to erlin haing 6'+t e+capedriti+h ho'+e arre+t in #ndia7 The initial recr'it+ -ere #ndian +t'dent ol'nteer+ re+ident in Germany at thetime, and a handf'l from the #ndian pri+oner+ of -ar  8W+% capt'red .y (ommel d'ring hi+ orth Africa3ampaign7 #t -o'ld later dra- a larger n'm.er of #ndian 8W+ a+ ol'nteer+7

(ai+ed initially a+ an a++a'lt gro'p that -o'ld form a pathfinder to a German:#ndian ina+ion of the -e+tern

frontier+ of riti+h #ndia, only a +mall contingent -a+ eer p't to it+ original intended p'rpo+e -hen a h'ndredof the legionnaire+ -ere parach'ted into ea+tern #ran in ;peration a6adere; to infiltrate into #ndia thro'ghal'chi+tan and commence +a.otage operation+ again+t the riti+h in preparation for an anticipated nationalreolt7/<0 A ma6ority of the troop+ of the #ndian $egion -ere only eer +tationed in ='rope > mo+tly in noncom.at d'tie+ > from the etherland+, to Atlantic Wall d'tie+ in France 'ntil the Allied ina+ion of France7 A+mall contingent, incl'ding the leader+hip and the officer corp+, -a+ tran+ferred to Azad Hind  "Free #ndia"%after it+ formation and +a- action in the #A;+ 'rma 3ampaign7/?0

The 'nit +a- action again+t riti+h and 8oli+h troop+ and al+o 'ndertook anti parti+an operation+ in #taly in19447/40

At the time of the +'rrender of the Third (eich in 1945, remaining troop+ of the #ndian $egion made effort+ tomarch to ne'tral 2-itzerland oer the Alp+, .'t the+e effort+ proed f'tile a+ they -ere capt'red .y Americanand French troop+ and eent'ally +hipped .ack to #ndia to face charge+ of trea+on7

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Contents

 /hide0• 1 ackgro'nd

o 171 @apane+e and #talian recr'itmento 17< German recr'itment

• < rigino <71 rganization

o <7< niform and +tandardo <7? Bedal+o <74 2tr'ct're and 'nit+

• ? Freies Indien  in operationo ?71 etherland+ and Franceo ?7<  Indische Freiwilligen Legion der Waffen SS  o ?7? #taly

• 4 =nd of the Legion Freies Indien • 5 $egacy

o 571 8erception+ a+ colla.orator+o 57< A ;li.eration; armyC

• D 2ee al+o• E (eference+

o E71 ote+o E7< 2o'rce+

• =ternal link+

Backgroundedit source ! edit "eta #

General Field Bar+hal (ommel -ith the in+pection of a 'nit of the #ndian $egion in France, 1944

Banning an artillery piece, Fe.r'ary 1944

The origin+ of the idea of rai+ing an armed force that -o'ld fight it+ -ay into #ndia to .ring do-n the (a6 goe+ .ack to World War #, -hen the Ghadar 8arty and the na+cent em.ryo of the #ndian #ndependence $eag'e form'lated plan+ to initiate re.ellion in the riti+h #ndian Army from 8'n6a. to Hong ong -ith German+'pport7 Thi+ plan failed after the information -a+ leaked to riti+h intelligence, .'t only after the Hong onggarri+on had re.elled7

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$a%anese and Italian recruitmentedit source ! edit "eta #

I'ring World War ##, all the three ma6or Ai+ 8o-er+, at +ome +tage of their campaign again+t ritain, +o'ghtto +'pport the armed reol'tionary actiitie+ -ithin #ndia and aided the recr'itment of a military force fromdi+affected #ndian 8W+ capt'red -hile +ering -ith the riti+h 3ommon-ealth force+ and #ndianepatriate+, of -hich the mo+t famo'+, and +'cce++f'l, -a+ pro.a.ly the #ndian ational Army #A% thatcame into .eing -ith the +'pport of the @apane+e =mpire in the Far =a+t7

y 194<, Fa+ci+t #taly had created the Battaglione Azad Hindoustan "Azad Hind'+tan attalion"%7 Thi+ 'nit

-a+ formed from e#ndian Army per+onnel and #talian+ preio'+ly re+ident in #ndia and 8er+ia and 'ltimately+ered 'nder the Bilitary (egro'ping 3enter  Ragruppamento Centri ilitari%7/50 Ho-eer, the+e effort+

 proed 'n+'cce++f'l, gien the oertly propagandi+t nat're of their effort+ that 'ltimately fo'nd littleacceptance among the con+tit'ent +oldier+, and the lack of a leader+hip that -a+ deemed legitimate .y thetroop+7/50 y oem.er 194<, follo-ing the defeat+ in =l Alamein, #talian effort+ had failed7

&erman recruitmentedit source ! edit "eta #

Ho-eer at thi+ time in #ndia, altho'gh the 3ongre++ 8arty had pa++ed re+ol'tion+ conditionally +'pportingthe fight again+t fa+ci+m,/D0 +ome #ndian p'.lic opinion -a+ more ho+tile at ritain;+ 'nilateral deci+ion to

declare #ndia a .elligerent on the +ide of the Allie+7 Among the more re.ellio'+ among+t #ndian politicalleader+ of the time -a+ 2'.ha+ 3handra o+e, -ho -a+ ie-ed a+ a +'fficiently potent threat that -hen the-ar +tarted, the (a6  p't him 'nder arre+t, and later, ho'+e arre+t7 o+e e+caped from 'nder riti+h +'reillanceat hi+ ho'+e in 3alc'tta on 19 @an'ary 1941J -ith the help of family mem.er+, mem.er+ of hi+ party > theFor-ard loc > and later the A.-ehr , he made hi+ -ay thro'gh Afghani+tan to the 2oiet nion7 nce in('++ia the &I tran+ported o+e to Bo+co- -here he hoped that ('++ia;+ traditional enmity to riti+h r'lein #ndia -o'ld re+'lt in +'pport for hi+ plan+ for a pop'lar ri+ing in #ndia7 Ho-eer, o+e fo'nd the 2oiet+;re+pon+e di+appointing and -a+ rapidly pa++ed oer to the German Am.a++ador in Bo+co-, 3o'nt on der2ch'len.erg, -ho arranged for o+e to .e +ent to erlin at the .eginning of April -here he met (i..entrop and later, Hitler7/E0 #n erlin, o+e +et 'p the Azad Hind (adio  and the Free #ndia 3entre -hich commenced

 .roadca+ting to #ndian+ on +hort -ae fre*'encie+7 The Azad Hind  (adio .roadca+t+ -ere e+timated to hae

 .een reg'larly receied .y ?),))) #ndian+ -ho po++e++ed the re*'i+ite receier7/0

 2oon o+e;+ aim .ecame torai+e an army, -hich he imagined -o'ld march to #ndia;+ orthWe+t Frontier 8roince -ith German force+thro'gh the 3a'ca+'+ and trigger the do-nfall of the (a67

'riginedit source ! edit "eta #

(ecr'it+ of the #ndian $egion at $acana', France7

The fir+t troop+ of the #ndian $egion -ere deried from (ommel;+ #ndian 8W+ capt'red at =l Bekili, $i.ya d'ring the attle+ for To.r'k 7 The #talian+ e+ta.li+hed three 8W camp+ to accommodate and indoctrinatethe+e capt'red 8W+ > Centro A e+ta.li+hed for Ara.+, Centro I  for #ndian+ and Centro !  for T'ni+ian+7 AtCentro I  the #talian+ e+ta.li+hed a Battaglione Hazad Hindouston Free #ndian attalion% .'t the #ndian+

ref'+ed to +ere 'nder #talian officer+ and the eperiment -a+ di+.anded7/90 The German force+ in the We+ternIe+ert then +elected a core gro'p of <E 8W+ a+ potential officer+ and they -ere flo-n to erlin in Bay1941, to .e follo-ed, after the Centro I  eperiment, .y 8W+ .eing tran+ferred to Germany7 The n'm.er of8W+ gre- to a.o't 1),))) -ho -ere eent'ally ho'+ed at a camp kno-n a+ Anna.'rg, -here 2'.ha+h o+efir+t met -ith the+e pri+oner+7/1)0 From the+e, a gro'p of approimately D,))) men -ere tran+ferred to theFranken.'rg/disam"iguation needed 0 camp, from -hich a f'rther core of ?)) +oldier+ -ere +ent to Knig+.rLck  fortraining and ind'ction7 #t -a+ at Knig+.rLck that 'niform+ -ere i++'ed, in German feldgrau -ith the .adge

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of the leaping tiger of Azad Hind 7 The formation of the #ndian ational Army -a+ anno'nced .y the German8ropaganda Bini+try in @an'ary 194<7/1)0 #t did not, ho-eer, take oath 'ntil <D A'g'+t 194<, a+ the Legion

 Freies Indien of the German Army7 y Bay 194?, the n'm.er+ had +-elled, aided .y the enli+tment a+ol'nteer+ of #ndian epatriate+ in Germany7/1)0

'rganiationedit source ! edit "eta #

The riti+h #ndian Army organized regiment+ and 'nit+ on the .a+i+ of religion and regional identity7 o+e,from ery early on, +o'ght to end thi+ practice and .'ild 'p one 'nified #ndian identity7 3on+e*'ently, the

#ndian $egion -a+ organized a+ mied 'nit+ +o that B'+lim+, Hind'+, 2ikh+, @at+, (a6p't+, Baratha+, 'maoni+ and Garh-ali+ all +ered +ide.y+ide7/110 Approimately 59M -ere Hind', <5M B'+lim and 14M2ikh ri+ing to <)M later% and 14M other gro'p+ +'ch a+ the G'rka+,/1<0/1?0 altho'gh +ome +o'rce+ claim thatthey -ere ma6ority 2ikh7/140 That o+e;+ idea of deeloping a 'nified racialnationali+t identity -a+ +'cce++f'li+ eident from the fact that -hen Himmler  propo+ed in late 194?> after o+e;+ Iepart're to the Far =a+t thatthe B'+lim +oldier+ of the #7(7 95) .e recr'ited into the 22 Handschar   Iii+ion that -a+ formed at the time,the head of the 22 head office Gottlo. erger  -a+ o.liged to point o't that -hile the o+nian+ perceiedthem+ele+ a+ people of a ='ropean identity, the #ndian B'+lim+ perceied them+ele+ a+ #ndian+7/150 Hitlerho-eer +ho-ed little enth'+ia+m for the #7(7 95), at one +tage in+i+ting that their -eapon+ .e handed oer tothe ne-ly created 1th 22 Horst Wessel   Iii+ion, eclaiming that #$$$$the Indian Legion is a %o&e'# /110

ni*orm and standardedit source ! edit "eta #

adge of the "#ndi+che $egion"

Troop of the Legion Freies Indien7 The .adge of the "$eaping Tiger" can .e +een on the 'niform7

The +tandard of the Legion Freies Indien7 The +ame de+ign came to .e adopted a+ the flag of   Azad Hind 7

The 'niform i++'ed to the #ndian $egion -ere the +tandard German Army 'niform of feldgra' in -inter andhaki in 2'mmer7 Additionally, the troop+ -ore on their right 'pper arm a +pecially de+igned arm .adge in

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-here the @apane+e troop+ -ere threatening #ndia7 o+e;+ army in 2o'th A+ia, the #ndian ational Army+'cce++f'lly engaged the allie+ along -ith the @apane+e 15th Army in 'rma and 'ltimately entered #ndiathro'gh Boirang to lay +iege on #mphal7 The German aal High 3ommand at thi+ time made the deci+ion totran+fer the leader+hip and a +egment of the Freies Indien to the Azad Hind  Goernment in 2o'th A+ia and on<1 @an'ary, it -a+ formally made a part of the #ndian ational Army7

-et.erlands and /ranceedit source ! edit "eta #

Troop+ of the #ndian $egion, in France

A ma6ority of the troop+ of the #ndian $egion, ho-eer, -ere to remain in ='rope thro'gh the -ar and -ereneer 'tilized in their original perceied role oer 8er+ia and 3entral A+ia7 The legion -a+ tran+ferred toPeeland in the etherland+ in April 194? a+ part of the Atlantic Wall d'tie+ and later to France in 2eptem.er194?, attached to ()) Infanterie-*i+ision, and later the ,. Infanterie-*i+ision of the Wehrmacht 7

From eerloo in elgi'm, # attalion -a+ rea++igned to Pandoort in Bay 194? -here they +tayed 'ntilrelieed .y Georgian troop+ in A'g'+t7 #n 2eptem.er 194?, the .attalion -a+ deployed on the Atlantic coa+t ofordea' on the ay of i+cay7 ## attalion moed from eerloo to the i+land of Teel in Bay 194? and+tayed there 'ntil relieed in 2eptem.er of that year7 From here, it -a+ deployed to $e+ 2a.le+d;lonne inFrance7/<10 ### attalion remained at lde.roek  a+ 3orp+ (e+ere 'ntil the end of 2eptem.er 194?,/<10 -herethey gained a "-ild and loath+ome"/<<0 rep'tation among+t the local+7

 Indische Freiwilligen Legion der Waen !! edit source ! edit "eta #

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The legion -a+ +tationed in the $acana' region of ordea' at the time of the ormandy landing+ andremained there for 'p to t-o month+ after IIay7 n A'g'+t 1944 Himmler a'thorized it+ control -a+ to .etran+ferred to the Waffen SS/110  a+ -a+ that of eery other ol'nteer 'nit of the German Army%7 3ommand ofthe legion -a+ ery +hortly tran+ferred from 'rt rapp to Heinz ertling7 The #ndian per+onnel noticed achange of command -a+ at hand and +tarted to complain7/citation needed 0 oting he -a+n;t "-anted" ertling kindlyref'+ed the a++ignment/citation needed 0 and headed .ack to erlin7 n 15 A'g'+t, the 'nit p'lled o't of $acana' tomake it+ -ay .ack to Germany7 #t -a+ in the +econd leg of thi+ 6o'rney, from 8oitier to 3hatro' that it+'ffered it+ fir+t com.at ca+'alty $ie'tenant Ali han% -hile engaging French (eg'lar force+ in the to-n ofI'n7 The 'nit al+o engaged -ith allied armo'r  at 'it+ 2t7 George+ -hile retreating acro++ the $oire to Ii6on7

#t -a+ reg'larly hara++ed .y the French (e+i+tance, +'ffering t-o more ca+'altie+ $ie'tenant al' (am and3aptain Bela (am%7 The 'nit moed from (emiremont, thro'gh Al+ace, to .erhofen near the to-n ofHe'.erg in Germany in the -inter of 1944,/<?0 -here it +tayed 'ntil Barch 19457

Italyedit source ! edit "eta #

## attalion, 9th 3ompany, of the legion al+o +a- action in #taly7 Haing .een deployed in the +pring of 1944,it faced the riti+h 5th 3orp+ and the 8oli+h <nd 3orp+ .efore it -a+ -ithdra-n from the front to .e '+ed inantiparti+an operation+7 #t +'rrendered to the Allied force+ April 1945, +till in #taly7/<40

nd o* t.e Legion Freies Indienedit source ! edit "eta #

A grae in #mmen+tadt, .elieed to .e of fie capt'red F#$ troop+ +hot .y French Boroccan +oldier+ at the

end of the -ar7 The #n+cription read+ "Fie 'nkno-n dead 475719457"

With the defeat of the Third (eich imminent in Bay 1945, the #ndian $egion +o'ght +anct'ary in ne'tral2-itzerland7 The remainder of the 'nit 'ndertook a de+perate <7Dkilometer 17D mi% march along the +hore+ of$ake 3on+tance, attempting to enter 2-itzerland ia the alpine pa++e+7 Thi+ -a+, ho-eer, 'n+'cce++f'l andthe legion -a+ capt'red .y 2 and French force+ and deliered to riti+h and #ndian force+ in ='rope7 Therei+ +ome eidence that +ome of the+e #ndian troop+ -ere +hot .y French Boroccan troop+ in the to-n of#mmen+tadt after their capt're7/<50 The capt'red troop+ -o'ld later .e +hipped .ack to #ndia -here a n'm.er ofthe troop+ -o'ld +tand trial for trea+on7 #t i+ alleged that a n'm.er of the #ndian +oldier+ -ere +hot .y Frenchtroop+ .efore their deliery to riti+h force+7/<?0

Legacyedit source ! edit "eta #

The integral a++ociation+ of the Free #ndia $egion -ith azi Germany and later% @apan mean+ it+ legacy i+ 6'dged from t-o di+tinct ie- point+ > one of a colla.orationi+t army of the Third (eich, and the other a+ therealization of a ;li.eration; army again+t the riti+h (a6 in #ndia7 3ompari+on+ hae .een made to the &la+o moement in ('++ia7/<D0

The Free #ndia $egion -a+ conceied -ith the +ame doctrine a+ the #ndian ational Army and the entire Azad

 Hind  moement, it ha+ fo'nd little epo+'re +ince the end of the -ar een in #ndependent #ndia, po++i.ly d'eto a perception that their fight -a+ far remoed from the attlefield+ of 'rma, a land m'ch clo+er to #ndia

-here the troop+ of the #A fo'ght and died and ca'ght the p'.lic imagination7 To con+ider the legacy ofFree #ndia $egion, ho-eer, one ha+ to con+ider .oth the Azad Hind  moement of -hich the legion -a+

 po++i.ly a .irth mother, and certainly an integral plan of o+e;+ initial plan+% and the eent+ that happened atthe time, .oth in and a-ay from the p'.lic eye7

Finding it+elf de+perately in the need of a leader after the di+appearance of 2'.ha+ 3handra o+e, the legion+'rrendered to the riti+h and the American+ +oon after7

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1erce%tions as colla"oratorsedit source ! edit "eta #

#n con+idering the hi+tory of the Free #ndia $egion and the ramification+ of it+ creation, the mo+t controer+iala+pect come+ to .e it+ integral link to the azi Germany, -ith a preailing perception among +ome hi+torian+that they -ere mere mercenarie+ and colla.orator+ of the Third (eich .y the irt'e of their 'niform, oath andfield of operation7 To properly a++e++ thi+, one ha+ to fir+t a++e++ -hat action+ it i+ that may .e termedcolla.orationi+t7 Thro'gho't ='rope, d'ring and after the -ar, colla.oration came to .e defined .roadly a+J

 .eing party to the azi philo+ophy of Aryan and een more +o, German +'premacy a+ a raceJ actiely+'pporting and participating in the azi atrocitie+ again+t inferior  race+ and occ'pied people in +'pport of

f'rthering the azi ideology, andJ actiely +'pporting the azi -ar effort7

A+ a prolog'e to the main de.ate on the+e i++'e+, it i+ nece++ary to con+ider the ie-+ of the fo'nder andleader of the Free #ndia $egion, 2'.ha+ 3handra o+e for o+e -a+ the life .lood of the entire Free #ndiaBoement in Germany, and later in 2o'th A+ia%7 o+e, in 19?1, had organized and led prote+t marche+again+t the @apane+e ina+ion of Banch'ria and of 3hina it+elf in 19? -hen he -a+ 3ongre++ pre+ident7 #n19?E he p'.li+hed an article attacking @apane+e #mperiali+m in the Far =a+t, altho'gh he .etrayed +omeadmiration for other a+pect+ of the @apane+e regime7/<E0 o+e;+ earlier corre+pondence prior to 19?9% al+oreflect+ hi+ deep di+approal of the raci+t practice+ of, and ann'lment of democratic in+tit'tion+ in aziGermany7/<0 He al+o, ho-eer, epre++ed admiration for the a'thoritarian method+ tho'gh not the racialideologie+% -hich he +a- in #taly and Germany d'ring the 19?)+, and tho'ght they co'ld .e '+ed in .'ildingan independent #ndia7/<90

Ho-eer, thi+ doe+ not addre++ -hether the men of the Freies Indien -ere party to or in colla.oration -ith the azi machinery7 Altho'gh, the azi+ regarded #ndian+ a+ mem.er+ of the Aryan race, the +mall n'm.er of#ndian+ and their partic'lar '+ef'lne++ in Germany;+ +it'ation re+'lted in #ndian+ not receiing the .e+ttreatment7 #t i+ al+o fallacio'+ to +ay that the +oldier+ of the Free #ndia $egion -ere mere mercenarie+ -hofo'ght -ith the (eich, for money or po-er7 #ndeed, -hen the fir+t 8W+ -ere .ro'ght to Anna.'rg camp andmet .y 2'.ha+ 3handra o+e, there -a+ marked open ho+tility to-ard+ him a+ a azi propaganda p'ppet7/?)0 2'.+e*'ent to thi+, at a time -hen o+e;+ effort+ and ie-+ had gained more +ympathy, a per+i+tent *'eryamong the then% 8W+ had .een "Ho- -o'ld the legionary +tand in relation to the German +oldierC"7/?)0 

 either -ere they prepared to fight Germany;+ -ar for Germany;+ people for Germany;+ intere+t+7 #taly had in194< created the Battaglione Azad Hindoustan, -ith #ndian 8W+ capt'red .y #taly, and #talian+ preio'+lyre+ident in #ndia and 8er+ia and led .y an #ndian re+ident in (ome for a longtime, #*.al 2hedai, -ho+erallying cry -a+ to rai+e an #ndian nit to fight for #ndia7 #n oem.er 194< the 'nit -a+ three h'ndred andfifty +trong, haing .een trained .y #talian officer+7 B'ch ha+ .een +aid of the "d'.io'+ loyalty" of thi+ 'nit7n 9 oem.er, after the Allied landing in orth Africa, the #talian high command made the deci+ion to +endthe men to $i.ya to fight the allie+ in+tead of to #ndia to fight for #ndia;+ independence, contrary to 2hedai;+

 promi+e+7 The men ref'+ed to go and m'tinied, in+i+ting that they -ere only -illing to fight for the #ndianca'+e/?10 2hedai ref'+ed to interene7 3on+e*'ently, the 3entro Bilitare #ndia -a+ di+.anded7/?10/?<0 The men ofthe Battaglione Azad Hindoustan are later +aid to hae .een either integrated into the Free #ndia $egion or+ent .ack to 8W camp+7 #n another in+tance, immediately prior to the fir+t deployment of the Free #ndia

$egion in the etherland+ in April 194?, after depart're of # attalion from oenig+.r'eck, t-o 3ompanie+-ithin the ## attalion ref'+ed to moe7 The Free #ndia 3entre in charge of the legion after the depart're ofo+e in @an'ary 194? for 2o'th A+ia came to face a n'm.er of grieance+, prime of -hich +tood o't t-o in

 partic'larJ +ome -ere infl'enced .y a r'mo'r that eta6i had a.andoned them and had gone off leaing thementirely in German hand+J a +econd grieance -a+ a perception that the Wehrmacht  -a+ no- going to '+ethem in the We+tern Front, in+tead of +ending them to the =a+t to fight for #ndia;+ li.eration7/?<0 =en in theea+t, -here the #ndian ational Army took it+ colo++al +hape, the fir+t effort+ 'nder 3aptain Bohan 2ingh came to no'ght e++entially .eca'+e (a+h ehari o+e, -ho led the #ndian #ndependence $eag'e of -hich thefir+t #A in the ea+t -a+ integrally linked% lo+t credence among the troop+, appearing a+ a @apane+e pa-n7/?<0 The+e goe+ to +ho- that the men neer po++e++ed loyalty either to the Fa+ci+t or the azi ca'+e or ideologyand that their motiation -a+ to fight for #ndia; li.eration, their loyalty lay to #ndia7/?<0 They -ere 'n-illing to

fight for an alien nation and for a ca'+e that -a+ di+tant to the one for -hich they had a.andoned their oath tothe ing =mperor7

 eta6i +o'ght and got agreement from the German+ that the Wehrmacht  -o'ld train the #ndian+ in the +tricte+tmilitary di+cipline, and they -ere to .e trained in all .ranche+ of infantry in '+ing -eapon+ and motorized'nit+ the +ame -ay a German formation i+ trainedJ the #ndian legionarie+ -ere not to .e mied 'p -ith any ofthe German formation+J that they -ere not to .e +ent to any front other than in #ndia for fighting again+t the

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riti+h, .'t -o'ld .e allo-ed to fight in +elfdefence at any other place if +'rpri+ed .y any enemy formationJthat in all other re+pect+ the legion mem.er+ -o'ld en6oy the +ame facilitie+ and amenitie+ regarding pay,clothing, food, leae, etc7, a+ a German 'nit7 Q:refR

A+ for haing participated in the azi -ar effort, in ='rope the 'nit;+ deployment+ in the etherland+ andFrance appear to .e +olely for training p'rpo+e+, according to o+e;+ plan+ for the 'nit to .e trained in +omea+pect+ of coa+tal defence7/??0 o+e had al+o had the German High 3ommand committed to not deploying the'nit for p'rpo+e+ of German military intere+t+ and +trategy7QrefnameSorra:R #ndeed after the ina+ion ofFrance .y the Allie+, the 'nit -a+ ordered .ack to Germany7 =en tho'gh the 'nit participated in atrocitie+,

e+pecially in the Bedoc region in @'ly 1944,/?40 and in the region of ('ffec/?50 and the department of #ndred'ring their retreat,/?D0 the allegation+ that the Free #ndia $egion -a+ nothing more than a colla.orationi+t

 Heer  'nit i+ a ery +impli+tic ie- of a formation of men -ho po++i.ly imagined them+ele+ a+ patriot+ and pioneer+ and not a+ azi+ or colla.orator+7/?E0 Ho-eer, the effect+ of the limited action+ the 'nit 'ndertook inantiparti+an role in #taly al+o o'ght to .e con+idered -hile making a definitie concl'+ion7 riefly, the Free#ndia $egion fo'ght for a azi and @apane+e ictory, in the hope of gaining an independent #ndia7 Whetherthi+ -o'ld hae al+o achieed a free #ndia in a azi German and #mperial @apane+e r'led -orld, or -hether3handra o+e;+ plan to e+ta.li+h a centralized +tate in #ndia -o'ld hae made it a free +tate, are .oth open to*'e+tion7

A 2li"eration2 army3edit source ! edit "eta #

The Free #ndia $egion did not engage in it+ original conceied role in the -e+tern front of riti+h #ndia, +o iti+ not po++i.le to hold any arg'ment+ a+ to -hether they did > or co'ld hae/altho'gh meant to .e0 > f'lfilledthe de+tiny that the men of the legion had dreamt of7 Boreoer, the legion -a+, and +till remain+, far remoedfrom p'.lic perception in #ndia .eca'+e it did not engage it+ enemy, the riti+h (a6 a+ did the #ndian ationalArmy in 'rma, -hich -a+ m'ch clo+er to the home of the common #ndian7 =en the 9th 3ompany;+engagement+ in #taly -ith riti+h force+ are hardly kno-n o't+ide tho+e circle+ -ith an intere+t in World War## hi+tory7

Were, then, o+e;+ plan+ for the Azad Hind  $egion too grandio+e for it+ o-n capa.ilityC #n term+ of military

capa.ility, that an+-er i+ a definitie ye+, for the fate of the Free #ndia $egion -a+ tied like a corp+e to that ofthe Ai+7/?0 't in political term+, to con+ider the Azad Hind  $egion a paper tiger can .e de.ated, for itignore+ a n'm.er of eent+ that occ'rred -ithin #ndia and more +pecifically the riti+h #ndian Armed Force+in the po+t-ar demo.ili+ation +cenario7/?90 To con+ider the effect+ that the legion had, it i+ nece++ary,ho-eer, to con+ider the effect+ that the entire Azad Hind  moement for they -ere a part of the +ame +trategyand moement/4)0% had on the c'lmination of the riti+h (a6 in #ndia7

After the -ar ended, the +torie+ of the #A and the Free #ndia $egion -ere +een a+ +o inflammatory that,fearing ma++ reolt+ and 'pri+ing+ — not 6'+t in #ndia, .'t acro++ it+ empire — the riti+h Goernmentfor.ade the 3 from .roadca+ting their +tory7/410 The (a6 al+o .ro'ght to trial +oldier+ and officer+ of the#A a+ -ell a+ the Free #ndia $egion, of -hich not m'ch i+ kno-n%7 Ho-eer, the +torie+ of the trial+ at the

(ed Fort filtered thro'gh7 The (a6 o.+ered -ith alarm the t'rnaro'nd in the perception of Azad Hind  and it+army a+ traitor+ and colla.orator+ to the greate+t among the patriot+7/4<0

I'ring the trial, in+pired to a large etent .y the +torie+ of the #A +oldier+ that -ere going aro'nd theco'ntry at the time m'tiny .roke o't in the (oyal #ndian ay the m'tiny had other 'nderlying +ocial and

 political ca'+e+ a+ -ellJ +ee article%, incorporating +hip+ and +hore e+ta.li+hment+ of the (# thro'gho't #ndia,from arachi to om.ay and from &izag to 3alc'tta7 The mo+t +ignificant, if di+concerting factor for the (a6,-a+ the +ignificant militant p'.lic +'pport that it receied7/4?0 A -ae of nationali+t +entiment+ +-ept thro'ghthe #ndian troop+ -ho had fo'ght -ith the Allie+ and -ere in the proce++ of .eing demo.ili+ed7 The aym'tiny -a+ follo-ed 'p .y another among the gro'nd cre- in the (oyal #ndian Air Force7 Another Armym'tiny took place at @a.alp'r d'ring the la+t -eek of Fe.r'ary 194D, +oon after the ay m'tiny at om.ay7

Thi+ -a+ +'ppre++ed .y force, incl'ding the '+e of the .ayonet .y riti+h troop+7 #t la+ted a.o't t-o -eek+7After the m'tiny, a.o't 45 per+on+ -ere tried .y co'rt martial7 Fortyone -ere +entenced to arying term+ ofimpri+onment or di+mi++al7 #n addition, a large n'm.er -ere di+charged on admini+tratie gro'nd+7

#n the aftermath of the m'tiny, the -eekly intelligence +'mmary i++'ed on <5 Barch 194D admitted that the#ndian army, nay and air force 'nit+ -ere no longer tr'+t-orthy, and, for the army, "only day to daye+timate+ of +teadine++ co'ld .e made"7/440 #t -a+ decided that! if -ide+cale p'.lic 'nre+t took +hape, the

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armed force+ incl'ding the air force > for 'it #ndia had +ho-n ho- it co'ld t'rn iolent% co'ld not .e relied'pon to +'pport co'nterin+'rgency operation+ a+ they had .een d'ring the 'it #ndia moement of 194<, anddra-ing from eperience+ of the Tiger $egion and the #A, their action+ co'ld not .e predicted from theiroath to the ing =mperor7/450

(eflecting on the factor+ that g'ided the riti+h deci+ion to relin*'i+h the (a6 in #ndia, 3lement Attlee, thethen riti+h prime mini+ter , cited +eeral rea+on+, the mo+t important of -hich -ere the #A actiitie+ of

 eta6i 2'.ha+ 3handra o+e, -hich -eakened the #ndian Army > the fo'ndation of the riti+h =mpire in#ndia > and the (# B'tiny that made the riti+h reali+e that the #ndian armed force+ co'ld no longer .e

tr'+ted to prop 'p the (a67/4D0

Altho'gh ritain had made, at the time of the 3ripp+; mi++ion in 194<, a commitment/4E0 to grant dominion+tat'+/40 to #ndia after the -arJ the+e eent+ and ie-+ held in 194D .y the admini+tration+ of the (a6 -o'ld+'gge+t to the reader that, contrary to the '+'al narratie of #ndia;+ independence +tr'ggle -hich generallyfoc'+e+ on 3ongre++ and Bahatma Gandhi%, the #A and the reolt+, m'tinie+, and p'.lic re+entment itgerminated -ere one factor in the complete -ithdra-al of the (a6 from #ndia7

#n the +ame .reath, -hether a-arded any credit for #ndia;+ independence or not, the eent+ at the time +ho-that the +trategy of Azad Hind  deried from the em.ryo of the Free #ndia $egion% of achieing independencefrom ritain .y fomenting reolt+ and p'.lic 'nre+t > altho'gh militarily a fail're > remain+, politically, a+ignificant and hi+toric +'cce++7 #ronically, the military fail're, pro.a.ly -orked 6'+t a+ -ell for the ca'+e, a+the Ai+ ictory -o'ld hae likely led to .ondage for #ndia, .y the foreign dictator+hip+ it -a+ aiding7#t+ho'ld al+o .e noted that officer+ of the #A O o+e -ere ready to fight the @apane+e in ca+e of eploitationof the #ndian nation .y them7 A+ mentioned earlier in thi+ article, o+e -a+ again+t ina+ion of Banch'ria O3hina in 19? the fir+t place +o it -o'ld .e highly 'nlikely that the #A -o'ld hae left #ndia to @apane+e orthe ai+ eploitation7

,ee alsoedit source ! edit "eta #

• riti+h Free 3orp+• Free Ara.ian $egion

Re*erencesedit source ! edit "eta #

-otesedit source ! edit "eta #

17 4 Ai+ War Bake+ =a+ier Ta+k of #ndian+7 3handra o+e;+ erlin 2peech7 3handra o+e;+ erlin2peech7 S/onan Sin"un, <D @an'ary 194?7

<7 U a " Weale, (enegade+, p7 1?E1?7?7 4 'ro-+ki, The randen.'rger+ > Glo.al Bi++ion7, p7 1?E

47 4 Antonio @7 B'noz > !he 0ast Came West 1 uslim2 Hindu 3 Buddhist 4olunteers in the 5erman Armed Forces2 ,.),6,.)7 Ai+ ='ropa ook, <))<7

57 U a " $'ndari, I 7aracadutisti Italiani ,.(89), p7 9)D7 4 fficial We.+ite of the #ndian ational 3ongre++, +'.link to article titled! World War II and the

Congress$ A#337org7in, acce++ed on <) @'ly <))DE7 4 'ro-+ki, The randen.'rger+ Glo.al Bi++ion, p7 1?D7 4 @ame+ $7 Ra%: a&ing and unma&ing of British India$ A"acus$ ,..8 7 p555797 4 $ittle6ohn, Iaid 19E%7 Foreign Legions of the !hird Reich7 #&! 8oland, the kraine, 'lgaria,

(omania, Free #ndia, =+tonia, $atia, $ith'ania, Finland and ('++ia <nd 1994% ed7%7 2an @o+e, 3alifornia! (7@ame+ ender 8'.li+hing7 p7 1<E7 #2 )91<1??DV7

1)7 U a " c Weale, (enegade+, p7 <1?117 U a " c $ittle6ohn p71<E

1<7 4 ('dolf Hartog <))1%7 !he Sign of the !iger1 Su"has Chandra Bose and His Indian Legion in5erman/2 ,.),-)7 ('pa O 3ompany7 p7 E47 #2 9E1E1DE54E)7 (etrieed << A'g'+t <)1?7#Compared to the distri"ution in the Indian Arm/ in the Classification Lists2 where the uslims were () per

cent2 the Hindus ), per cent2 the Si&hs ,, per cent and the 5ur&has and other races ,) per cent2 this points to

the fact that in the Indian Legion there were most Hindus and Si&hs and fewer uslims than in the Indian

 Arm/$# 

1?7 4 Ho'terman, =a+tern Troop+ in Peeland, The etherland+, 194?>1945, p7 D?

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147 4 2at I7 2harma Bay <)1<%7  India arching1 Reflections from a ;ationalistic 7erspecti+e7 inier+e7 p7 1)<7 #2 9E14E5914<<17 (etrieed << A'g'+t <)1?7

157 4 $epre, Himmler;+ o+nian Iii+ion, p7 11E1D7 4 Iai+, Flag+ of the Third (eich <! Waffen 22, pp7 4<71E7 4 #ndian &ol'nteer+ in the German Wehrmacht  17 4 Bedal+ of the 2econd World War 19?9 > 1945 #ndia197 4 Iai+, Flag+ of the Third (eich <! Waffen 22, p <<<)7 U a " 3a.allero @'rado, Foreign 4olunteers of the Wehrmacht ,.),6), p7 ?1<17 U a " Ho'terman, =a+tern Troop+ in Peeland, The etherland+, 194?>1945, p7 D?<<7 4 3 e-+<?7 U a " Iai+, Flag+ of the Third (eich <! Waffen 22, pp7 <<<47 4 Antonio @ B'n'z > The =a+t came We+t<57 4 2'.ha+ 3handra o+e! =r -ollte Freiheit fLr #ndien7 A'g+.'rger Peit'ng719 A'g'+t <)))<D7 4 *ie indische Legion 6 0in St<c& *eutsche 5eschichte, .y /---7'rmila7de:IG:i.lio:legion7html

rmila Goel0<E7 4 "@apan;+ (ole in the Far =a+t" originally p'.li+hed in the Bodern (eie- in cto.er 19?E%!

@apan ha+ done great thing+ for her+elf and for A+ia7 Her rea-akening at the da-n of the pre+ent cent'ry +ent athrill thro'gho't o'r 3ontinent7 @apan ha+ +hattered the -hite man;+ pre+tige in the Far =a+t and ha+ p't all theWe+tern imperiali+t po-er+ on the defen+ie > not only in the military .'t al+o in the economic +phere7 2he i+etremely +en+itie > and rightly +o > a.o't her +elfre+pect a+ an A+iatic race7 2he i+ determined to drie o't

the We+tern po-er+ from the Far =a+t7 't co'ld not all thi+ hae .een achieed -itho't #mperiali+m, -itho'tdi+mem.ering the 3hine+e (ep'.lic, -itho't h'miliating another pro'd, c'lt'red and ancient raceC o, -ith allo'r admiration for @apan, -here +'ch admiration i+ d'e, o'r -hole heart goe+ o't to 3hina in her ho'r of trial"

" !he 0ssential Writings of ;eta%i Su"has Chandra Bose =dited .y 2i+ir 7 o+e O 2'gata o+e Ielhi! fordnier+ity 8re++% 199E p19)

<7 4 o+e to Ir7 Thierfelder of the Ie't+che Academie, 'rha'+ Hochland, adga+tein, <5 Barch 19?D

"Today # regret that # hae to ret'rn to #ndia -ith the coniction that the ne- nationali+m of Germany i+ notonly narro- and +elfi+h .'t arrogant7 The recent +peech of Herr Hitler in B'nich gie+ the e++ence of azi

 philo+ophy777777The ne- racial philo+ophy -hich ha+ a ery -eak +cientific fo'ndation +tand+ for theglorification of the -hite race+ in general and the German race in partic'lar7 Herr Hitler ha+ talked of thede+tiny of -hite race+ to r'le oer the re+t of the -orld7 't the hi+torical fact i+ that 'p till no- the A+iatic+hae dominated ='rope more than hae the ='ropean+ dominated A+ia7 ne only ha+ to con+ider the repeatedina+ion+ of ='rope .y Bongol+, the T'rk+, the Ara.+ Boor+%, the H'n+, and other A+iatic race+ to 'nder+tandthe +trength of my arg'ment7777"

The =++ential Writing+ of eta6i 2'.ha+ 3handra o+e =dited .y 2i+ir 7 o+e O 2'gata o+e Ielhi! fordnier+ity 8re++% 199E p155

<97 4 2en, 27 19997 2'.ha+ 3handra o+e 19E>19457 From -e.archie of  andaman7org7?)7 U a " Toye, H'gh, The 2pringing Tiger, $ondon, 3a++ell, 1959, p7 D?

?17 U a " 8'.lic (elation+ ffice, $ondon7 War ffice7 <):ED1AJ @ame+ $7 Ra%: a&ing and unma&ing of British India$ A"acus$ ,..8$ p($

?<7 U a " c d  orra (7 @o'rnal of Hi+torical (eie-, ?, no7 4 Winter 19<%, pp7 4)E>4?97??7 4 Ganp'ley, 7G7, ;eta%i in 5erman/1 A Little-&nown Chapter , om.ay, haratiya &idya haan,

1959, p15??47 4 (/renc.) Iomini*'e $ormier, La poche du =doc, dition+ 3BI, 199, pp7?5>?D?57 4 37co7'k , Hitler;+ 2ecret #ndian Army?D7 4 (/renc.) $e pa++age de+ Hindo'+ dan+ le dpartement de lX#ndre fin aoYt 1944%, from French official

 p'.lic archie+, pre+ented and annotated .y @ean$o'i+ $a'.ry?E7 4 @ame+ $7 Ra%: a&ing and unma&ing of British India$ A"acus$ ,..8$ p($

?7 4 $e.ra, @oyce 37, >ungle Alliance1 >apan and the Indian ;ational Arm/7 2ingapore, A+ia 8acific

$i.rary pp7 19)>1917

When o+e heard the order to retreat he -a+ +t'nned7 He dre- him+elf 'p and +aid to a-a.e in ringing tone+!"Tho'gh the @apane+e Army ha+ gien 'p the operation, -e -ill contin'e it7 We -ill not repent een if theadance of o'r reol'tionary army to attain independence of o'r homeland i+ completely defeated7 #ncrea+e inca+'altie+, ce++ation of +'pplie+, and famine are not rea+on+ eno'gh to +top marching7 =en if the -hole army

 .ecome+ only +pirit -e -ill not +top adancing to-ard o'r homeland7 Thi+ i+ the +pirit of o'r reol'tionaryarmy7" #n an article in Azad Hind  on D oem.er 1944, after the retreat from #mphal, o+e -a+ reported to hae

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"reiterated hi+ firm coniction that final ictory in thi+ -ar -o'ld .elong to @apan and Germany 777 that a ne- pha+e of -ar -a+ approaching in -hich the initiatie -o'ld again lie in the hand+ of the @apane+e

?97 4 8'.lic (elation+ ffice, $ondon7 War ffice7 <):ED1AJ @ame+ $7 (a6J Baking and 'nmaking ofriti+h #ndia7 A.ac'+7 199E7 p59

4)7 4 Ai+ War Bake+ =a+ier Ta+k of #ndian+7 3handra o+e;+ erlin 2peech7 S/onan Sin"un, <D @an'ary194?

417 4 p 3it, $a+t 2ection! "B'tinie+" ($ acce++ed on )A'g)D4<7 4 =d-arde+, Bichael, !he Last ?ears of British India2 Cle+eland2 World 7u"$ Co$2,.@)2 p$ .(7

The Goernment of #ndia had hoped, .y pro+ec'ting mem.er+ of the #A, to reinforce the morale of the #ndianarmy7 #t +'cceeded only in creating 'nea+e, in making the +oldier+ feel +lightly a+hamed that they them+ele+had +'pported the riti+h7 #f o+e and hi+ men had .een on the right +ide > and all #ndia no- confirmed thatthey -ere > then #ndian+ in the #ndian army m'+t hae .een on the -rong +ide7 #t +lo-ly da-ned 'pon theGoernment of #ndia that the .ack.one of the riti+h r'le, the #ndian army, might no- no longer .etr'+t-orthy7 The gho+t of 2'.ha+ o+e, like Hamlet;+ father, -alked the .attlement+ of the (ed Fort -here the#A +oldier+ -ere .eing tried%, and hi+ +'ddenly amplified fig're oera-ed the conference that -a+ to lead toindependence7

4?7 4 Wikipedia entry on the (# m'tiny7 om.ay B'tiny ($ acce++ed on 9A'g)D7447 4 np'.li+hed, 8'.lic (elation+ ffice, $ondon7 War ffice7 <):ED1AJ @ame+ $7,  Ra%1 a&ing and

unma&ing of British India7 A.ac'+7 199E7 p597457 4 @ame+ $7, Ra%1 a&ing and unma&ing of British India7 A.ac'+7 199E7 p5E1, p59 andJ np'.li+hed,8'.lic (elation+ ffice, $ondon7 War ffice7 <):19A <53

4D7 4 "Ihan6aya hat, Which pha+e of o'r freedom +tr'ggle -on for '+ #ndependenceC"7 !he !ri"une7 1<Fe.r'ary <))D7 (etrieed 1E @'ly <))D7

4E7 4 @'dith ro-n odern India$ !he ma&ing of an Asian *emocrac/ ford nier+ity 8re++% 1999<nd =dition% pp?<??)

47 4 @ame+ $7, Ra%1 a&ing and unma&ing of British India7 A.ac'+7 199E7 p55E

,ourcesedit source ! edit "eta #

•

Wilmott, 3ro++, Be++enger "World War ##", page <49

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Legacy

• Ieath• Bi++ion eta6i• An'6 Ihar• hag-an6i• i.liography of 2'.ha+ 3handra o+e•

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